introduction to pharmacology part i

8/8/2019 introduction to pharmacology PART I

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PHARMACOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO NURSINGPHARMACOLOGY



Review principles of medication

administrationLearning outcomes.

� The nursing process in medication

administration� The rights of medication administration.

� Patient education.

�Ethical considerations of medicationadministration.



NURSING PROCESS

� Assessment

� Diagnosis

� Planning� Action

� Evaluation



� The nursing process

Nursing diagnosis

1.problems related to

medication, riskfactors

2.Formulate nursing

diagnosis

3.Seek help and

direction from health

team



� Nursing Diagnosis

e.g.

Delayed healing related to defaulting( failure totake drugs)

Defaulting related to lack of knowledge.



The rights of medication administration.

� Right drug - Read the instructions and the

drug label.� Right time

� Right patient.

�Right dose calculate dose accurately.

� Right route



Ethical considerations.

� Medication must be prescribed.

� Do not record medication until after it has

been given.� All medication errors should be reported and

documented.

�

Record all teaching given to patient.



PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ACTION

� Drugs interact with body in several differentways.Drug forms chemical bonds withreceptors.The study of interactions between

drugs and receptors is pharmacodynamics.

� Adrug molecule has to fit well in the receptorand affect a large number of effectors to beeffective.

� Drugs that interact with receptor to stimulatea response are known as agonists



� Drugs that attach a receptor but do not

stimulate a response are called antagonists.

� Drugs that stimulate response but inhibit other

responses are called partial antagonists.

� Drugs go through four stages :

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and

excretion. the study of drug relationships

through this stages is called pharmacokinetics



Absorption

� The process by which a drug is transported

from site of entry, to the circulating fluids of

the body.this depends on the route of

administration and blood flow through the

tissue.If it is drugs applied on skin the it

depends on drug concentration,length of

contact time and size of affected area.



Distribution

� This refers to the way drugs are transported to

sites of action, metabolism, and excretion by

body fluids.

� Organs with extensive blood supply like heart,

liver, kidneys, and brain, receive the drug

more rapidly.

� Distribution of drug depends on chemical

properties and solubiliy.



� Some drugs cannot pass through certain types

of cell membranes such as the blood brain

barrier( central nervous system ). Also the

placental barrier.

� T he amount of drug that actualy gets to the

receptors determines the effectiveness of thatdrug.Any interruption in distribution will

therefore affect the way the drug works.



Metabolism.

� This is the process by which the body

inactivates the drug.Most of this action takesplace in the liver.other tissues and organs

involved are white blood cells,gastrointestinal

tract, and lungs.



Excretion

Elimination of drugs after they have been

inactivated through metabolism takes placethrough the gastro intestinal tract

( fecal matter) or through the renal

system(urine)



Factors that affect drug action

� Age

� Body weight

� Metabolic weight

� Illness� Psychological aspects

� tolerance

� Dependence

� Cumulative effect.

� Drug interactions



PATIENT EDUCATION

� Should be part of the nursing process.

� Should be part of discharge planning

�Explain expectations of therapy

� Inform about any changes in expectations

� Set goals with patient and family

� Document all teaching done.



Example of diabetic patient on insulin

Teaching plan

� Understanding of health condition.

� Food and fluids

� Monitoring tests� Medications and treatments

� Personal hygiene

� Activities

� Home or follow-up care.

� Special equipment and instructions

introduction to pharmacology part i

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