introduction to pharmaceutical dosage forms
TRANSCRIPT
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS
BY ADJEKUKOR, UFUOMA CYNTHIA
OUTLINE Introduction
Tablets
Categories of Tablets
Capsules
Categories of Capsules
Liquid Preparations for Oral Use
Categories of Liquid Preparations for Oral Use
Parenteral Preparations
Categories of Parenteral Preparations
References
INTRODUCTION
Pharmaceutical dosage in Nigeria is mainly classified into four categories. They include:
Tablets
Capsules
Parenteral preparations
Liquid preparations for oral use
TABLETS They are solid dosage forms usually obtained by single or multiple
compressions of powders or granules (in certain cases, moulding) or extrusion techniques.
They can either be coated or uncoated.
They contain one or more active ingredients.
They may contain excipients such as: diluent binders, disintegrating agents, glidants, lubricants, etc.
CATEGORIES OF TABLETSUncoated tablets: a broken section when examined under a
lens shows,
either a relatively uniform texture (single layer tablets) or stratified texture (multi layer tablets), but no signs of coating.
Fig 1 Lumartem Artemether 20 mg + lumefantrine 120 mg (uncoated tablet)
Categories of Tablets
Soluble tablets: they are uncoated or film coated tablets.
They are dissolved in water giving a clear or slightly opalescent solution.
Fig 2 Panadol Extra soluble tablets Paracetamol + caffeine
Categories of TabletsDispersible tablets: they are uncoated tablets or film-coated
tablets.
They are dispersed in water before administration giving a homogenous dispersion.
It is usually made for children.
Fig 3 Nemoxil Amoxicillin Dispersible tablets 250 mg
Categories of Tablets Effervescent tablets: they are uncoated tablets generally
containing acid substances and carbonates or hydrogen carbonates.
They react rapidly in the presence of water.
They are dissolved or dispersed in water before administration.
Fig 4 Ca-C 1000 Sandoz + Vitamin C 1000 mg
Categories of Tablets
Chewable tablets: they are usually uncoated tablets to be chewed before swallowing.
Fig 5 Pauco Chewable Vitamin C tablets Ascorbic acid 100 mg
Categories of Tablets
Sugar coated tablets: they are coated with sugar because they are bitter for easy administration.
Fig 6 EBU 400 Ibuprofen tablets BP 400 mg (Sugar coated tablet)
Categories of Tablets
Film coated tablets: they are covered with thin layer of resins, polymers, and/or plasticisers capable of forming film.
Fig 7 Mextil Cefuroxime tablets BP 500 mg (Film coated tablet)
Categories of Tablets
Sustained-release tablets (extended/prolonged-release tablets): they are designed to slow the rate of release of the active ingredient(s) in the gastrointestinal tract.
Fig 8 Calcicor R calcium channel blocker tablets (Sustained-release tablet)
Categories of Tablets
Delayed-release tablets (gastro-resistant/enteric coated tablets): they are to resist gastric fluid but disintegrate in intestinal fluid.
This is achieved by coating substances such as cellacefate (cellulose acetate phthalate) and anionic, copolymers of methacrylic acid and its esters.
It is sometimes necessary to apply more than one layer.
Categories of Tablets
Fig 9 Zapazole Esomeprazole tablets 40mg (enteric coated tablet)
CAPSULES Capsules are solid dosage forms with hard or soft shells, which are intended
for oral administration.
They are of various shapes and sizes, and contain a single dose of one or more active ingredients.
Capsules may bear symbols or other markings.
Capsule shells are made of gelatine or other substances, the consistency of which may be modified by the addition of substances such as glycerol and sorbitol.
They may also contain excipients as mentioned in tablets.
CATEGORIES OF CAPSULESHard Capsules: they have shells containing of
two prefabricated cylindrical sections that fit together.
One end of each section is rounded and closed, and the other is open.
The contents of hard capsules are usually in solid forms: powders and granules.
Categories of Capsules
Fig 10 Gerdric-20 Esomeprazole capsule 20 mg (Hard capsule)
Categories of CapsulesSoft Capsules: they have thicker shells than hard capsules,
and antimicrobial preservatives are usually added.
The shells are of one piece and various shapes.
The contents of soft capsules are usually solutions or suspensions of the active ingredient(s) in non-aqueous liquids.
Partial migration of the contents into the shell may occur (and vice versa) depending on the nature of the material used and the products in question.
Categories of Capsules
Fig 11 LEBEST ALOE SOFT CAPSULE Per 100g: aloe glucoside 1.22 g
Categories of Capsules
Enteric Capsules: they are delayed release capsules which are either hard or soft capsules.
They are prepared in such a manner that either the shell or the contents resist the action of gastric fluid but release the active ingredient(s) in the presence of intestinal fluid.
Categories of Capsules
Fig 12 Glomeprex Omeprazole Delayed Release Capsule 20 mg
PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS Parenteral preparations are sterile preparations containing one or more
active ingredients intended for administration by injection, infusion or implantation into the body.
They are in single dose or multi dose containers.
It may require the use of excipients such as solvents, substances to enhance solubility, suspending agents, buffering agents, and substances to make the preparation isotonic with blood, stabilizers or antimicrobial preservatives.
The addition of excipients is kept to a minimum.
CATEGORIES OF PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS
Injections: injections are sterile, pyrogen-free solutions or dispersions (emulsions or suspensions) of one or more active ingredients in a suitable vehicle.
Fig 13 Quinine DIHCL Injection 600 mg/2 ml
Categories of Parenteral Preparations
Intravenous infusions: they are sterile, pyrogen-free aqueous solutions or emulsions with water as continuous phase, usually prepared to be isotonic.
They are intended for administration in large volumes (usually more than 100 ml) and do not contain any antimicrobial preservatives.
Categories of Parenteral Preparations
Fig 14 UNIDEX-5 5% Glucose Intravenous Infusion BP
Categories of Parenteral Preparations
Powders for injections or intravenous infusions: they are sterile, pyrogen-free solid substances (including freeze-dried materials), distributed in their final containers.
When shaken with the prescribed volume of the appropriate sterile liquid, they rapidly form either clear and practically free solutions or uniform suspensions.
Categories of Parenteral Preparations
Fig 15 Supraxone Ceftriaxone Sodium powder in vial and sterile water in an ampoule
Categories of Parenteral Preparations
Concentrates for injections or intravenous infusions: they are sterile, pyrogen-free solutions intended for injection or infusion after dilution.
They are diluted to a prescribed volume with a prescribed liquid before administration
Categories of Parenteral Preparations
Fig 16 Supraxone Ceftriaxone Sodium concentrate in a vial
Categories of Parenteral Preparations
Implants: they are sterile solid preparations containing one or more active ingredients.
They are of a size and shape suitable for parenteral implantation, and provide release of the active ingredient(s) over an extended period of time.
They are presented in individual sterile containers.
LIQUID PREPARATIONS FOR ORAL USE
Liquid preparations for oral use, are usually solutions, emulsions or suspensions containing one or more active ingredients in suitable vehicle.
They may in some case consist simply of liquid active ingredient.
The vehicle to any liquid preparation for oral use is chosen having regard to the nature of the active ingredient(s) and to provide organoleptic characteristics appropriate to the intended use of the preparation.
They may still contain excipients as mentioned in tablets.
CATEGORIES OF LIQUID PREPARATIONS FOR ORAL USE
Oral Solutions: they are clear liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle.
Fig 17 Esimol Paracetamol Syrup 200 mg/5 ml
Categories of Liquid Preparations for Oral Use
Oral Suspensions: they are liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle.
Oral suspensions may show sediment, which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a uniform suspension, which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be delivered.
Categories of Liquid Preparations for Oral Use
Fig 18 Amibagyl Metronidazole suspension 200 mg/5 ml
Categories of Liquid Preparations for Oral Use
Oral Emulsions: they are liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients.
They are stabilized oil-in-water dispersions, either or both phases of which may contain dissolved solids.
Solids may also be suspended in Oral emulsions.
Categories of Liquid Preparations for Oral Use
Fig 19 Frelax Magnesium Hydroxide and Liquid paraffin
Categories of Liquid Preparations for Oral Use
Oral Drops: oral drops are liquid preparations for oral use that are to be administered in small volumes with the aid of a suitable measuring device.
They may be solutions, suspensions or emulsions.
Categories of Liquid Preparations for Oral Use
Fig 20 Ambroxol Ambrolex 7.5 mg/ml
REFERENCES WHO (2007). International Pharmacopoeia Monograph on Liquid Preparations for Oral
Use. Revised Draft for Discussion. Working document QAS/07.19/rev.1.
WHO (2011). Revision of Monograph on Tablets. Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia. Document QAS/09.324/final.
WHO (2011). Revision of Monograph on Capsules. Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia. Document QAS/09.339/FINAL.
WHO (2012). Draft Proposal for Revision of General Monographs: Parenteral Preparations. Working document QAS/12.479.
http://www.tesco.com/groceries/product/details/?id=251483642
http://www.beximcopharma.com/products/gastrointestinal/438-frelax.html
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING