Pathophysiology of DiseasesNeoplasms

Dr. Nermeen BastawyFaculty of Medicine

Cairo University

NEOPLASMS

• Abnormal growth due to uncontrolled cell division. • Tumor is a growth of a mass. • Benign tumor• Malignant tumor (Cancer)

Tumor is monoclonal

CompressionHge Compression

Hge , mets, death

Benign or malignant ?

Incidence of Tumors

Classification of Malignancy

Germ cell tumors

Carcinogens

Metastasis • The ability to produce 2ry tumors at a new

location away from the primary origin.• Malignant cells spreads through blood &

lymphatics

Pathogenesis of Metastasis

LLBB mets

Bone

How Tumor Escape Immune Defenses ?

• Low immunogenicity: Antigen: Absence / Masked / Induce

immunologic tolerance.• Antigen Modulation• Production of immunosuppressive

factors• Immuno suppressor drugs

Cachexia

Cachexia A complex syndrome characterized by

Anorexia Weight loss Lean body wasting Cannot be reversed nutritionally End stage cancer death

Pathogenesis of cachexia

Complications of Malignancy

• Anemia• Fever• Venous obstruction• Backache• Depression

Complication of Radiotherapy

Acute nausea, vomiting,

erosion of GIT mucosa,

dermatitis, bone marrow

suppression

Chronic Sterility

Complication of Chemotherapy

Acute Organ toxicity due to uptake of the drug

Inhibition of cell division of lymphoid tissue,

bone marrow, GIT mucosa, skin & gonads,

Chronic Occurs months or years after chemotherapy:

anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia

Cancer Screening and Diagnosis

Test Cancer Sex Age Frequency Breast self-examination Breast Female 20+ MonthlyMammogram Breast Female 40-49

50+Every 1-2 yearyearly

Pelvic examination Uterus/ Ovaries/ Cervix

Female 18-3940+

Every1-3 years Yearly

Testicle self-examination Testicle Male 18+ MonthlySigmoidoscopy Colon Both 50+ Every 3-5 yearsFecal occult blood test Colon Both 50+ Yearly

Digital rectal examination Prostate/ Colorectal Both 40+ Yearly

General checkup Both 20-39 40+

Every 3 years Yearly

Breast Self Examination