Introduction to Introduction to

PathologyPathology

一、一、 History of PathologyHistory of Pathology

Autopsy → Organ pathology (1761)

LM → Cellular pathology (1854)

Ultrastructural pathology with the application

of EM (20 century 60s)

Immunopathology, Molecular pathology,

Genetic pathology, Quantitative pathology

1. The core of pathology: The four aspects of a disease process that

form the core of pathology :

(1) Etiology: causes of the disease

(2) Pathogenesis: the mechanisms of its development

(3) Morphologic changes: the structural alteration

induced in the cells and organs of the body.

(4) Clinical significance: the functional

consequences of the morphologic changes.

二、 The scope of pathology

2. Classification:2. Classification:

(1) Human pathology

(2) Experimental pathology

3. Position: It’s a bridging discipline involving both

basic science and clinical practice

Autopsy

Biopsy

Cytology

4. Text of Pathology:4. Text of Pathology:

(1) General pathology:

concerned with the basic reaction of

cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli

that underlie all diseases.

(2) Systemic pathology : dedcribe the specific responses of specialized

organs and tissues to defined stimuli.

三、三、 Techniques of PathologyTechniques of Pathology1. Human pathology

(1) Autopsy

(2) Biopsy: surgical or diagnostic pathology

(3) Cytology: smear, fine needle aspiration

2. Experimental pathology

(1) Animal experiment: animal model

(2) Tissue and cell culture

四、四、 Observation and New Observation and New Technique of Morphology Technique of Morphology

（一） Gross appearance: size, shape weight color consistency surface edge, section

（二）（二） Histologic and cytologic Histologic and cytologic observation: observation:

most common and basic formalin fixed

→ HE (hematoxylin and eosin) stained

Hemangioma of ventrical wall

（三）（三） Histochemistry and cytochemistryHistochemistry and cytochemistry

PAS→BM

（四）（四） ImmunohistochemistryImmunohistochemistry

1. Ag-Ab specific reaction

2. Applications

(1) Location analysis

cytokeratin→cell membrane

(2) Clinical diagnosis and distinguishing

diagnosis of tumor histogenesis

Leiomyosarcoma Actin (+)

（五）（五） Ultrastructural observationUltrastructural observationTEM (transmitting electron microscope)

Filtering membrane

SEM (scanning electron microscope)

Podocyte

（六）（六） Flow cytometry (FCM)Flow cytometry (FCM)

1. One kind of cells→quantitative

2. DNA ploidy analysis

3. Protein nucleus acid→quantitative

analysis

4. Selection of collection of cells

（七） Image analysis (IA)

Nuclei: diameter; circumference; area;

volume; morphology

（八） Laser scanning confocal

microscope (LSCM)

aliving cell→observation in situ or

development or quantitative

（九）（九） Molecular biology techniqueMolecular biology technique

1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

2. DNA sequencing

3. Biochip technique

(1) Gene chip (DNA chip)

(2) Protein chip (protein microarray)

(3) Tissue chip (tissue microarray)

Polymerase Polymerase chain chain reactionreaction (PCR) (PCR)