introduction to organizational behavior (ob)
DESCRIPTION
Introduction to Organizational Behavior (OB). Savita Damle. How effective are you at what you do? Where do you have an edge over others? What makes you feel bad?. What Managers Do. Managers get things done through other people. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Introduction to Organizational Behavior (OB)
Savita Damle
How effective are you at what you do?
Where do you have an edge over others?
What makes you feel bad?
What Managers Do Managers get things done
through other people. Managers make decisions,
allocate resources and direct the activities of others to attain goals.
Allocation of Activities by Time
Open Systems View of Organization
Formal vs. Informal OrganizationFormal Organization – the
official, legitimate, and most visible part of the system
Informal Organization – the unofficial and less visible part of the system
Hawthorne Studies: studies conducted during the 1920’s and 1930’s that suggested the importance of informal organizations.
Formal & Informal Elements of Organizations
Formal organization (overt)Goals and objectivesPolicies and proceduresJob descriptionsFinancial resourcesAuthority structureCommunication channelsProducts and services
Social Surface
Informal organization (covert)Beliefs and assumptions Perceptions and attitudesValuesFeelings, such as fear, joyanger, trust, and hopeGroup normsInformal leaders
Where Managers WorkOrganizationA consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals.
Management Functions
ManagementFunctions
Planning Organizing
LeadingControlling
Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles
Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles (cont’d)
Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles (cont’d)
Management SkillsTechnical skillsThe ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise.
Human skillsThe ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups.
Conceptual SkillsThe mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations.
Enter Organizational Behavior
Organizational behavior (OB)A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.
Replacing Intuition with Systematic Study
Systematic studyLooking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence.Evidence Based Management (EBM)- basing management decisions on best available scientific evidence.
IntuitionA feeling not necessarily supported by research.
There Are Few Absolutes in OB
ContingencyVariablesx y
Contingency variablesSituational factors: variables that moderate the relationship between two or more other variables and improve the correlation.
The Dependent Variables
x
y
Dependent variableA response that is affected by an independent variable.
Psychology the science of human behavior
Management the study of overseeing activities and supervising people in organizations
Anthropologythe science of the learned behavior of human beings
Medicine the applied science of healing or treating diseases to enhance health and well-being
Engineering the applied science of energy & matter
Sociology the science of society
Interdisciplinary Influences on Organizational Behavior
WorldCom Whistle – blower Cynthia CooperWhat happened /Key Events By 2000 WorldCom was facing a consumer price war, the rise of mobile telephone usage and a
vast over- capacity of bandwidth coverage. Consumer demand for the provision of internet services offered over broadband networks was dwindling and the log – distance sector was characterized by falling rates and the rise of local competition.
Ghost Profits In June 2002 the WorldCom group admitted to overstating profits by nearly $4 billion through the
use of illusory accounting practices. In order to improve the appearance of the company’s financial situation, Scott Sullivan authorized
the improper recording of expenses as capital investments. Operating expenses are immediately deducted from revenue, whilst capital investments are subject to depreciation over a number of years. This incorrect spreading of operating costs resulted in the overstatement of WorldCom’s profits.
Manipulation of Reserves: Companies often set aside reserves in order to cover foreseeable estimated costs and losses. WorldCom allegedly inflated the value of its reserves so as to create a hefty ‘slush fund’ that could be used to boost profits. The manipulation of reserves resulted in a profit irregularity of roughly $3.3billion. At the time of WorldCom’s disastrous announcement in June 2002, Bernard Ebbers had more than $ 400 million in personal loans outstanding from the company.
Subsequent investigation has brought the total losses resulting due to fraudulent behavior by WorldCom executives to $11 billion.
The Whistle –blower Cynthia Cooper the then – vice president of internal audit at WorldCom, decided to
investigate anomalities in the company’s accounting entries and ended by inspiring critical – and heavily critized – legislation: the US Senate responded to revelations about massive accounting fraud at the telecom giant. She brought it out to the world the anomalies in the Companies Accounting.
Consequences Shortly after WorldCom’s announcement the SEC filed a civil lawsuit
against the company, charging it with fraud. In July 2002 WorldCom filed for bankruptcy. The company was forced to sell off most of its peripheral business units
and cut 17,000 jobs. In 2003 WorldCom was forced to pay a $ 500 million penalty to the SEC.
Consequences for Cynthia Despite being lauded moths later in Time magazine, Cooper says
she never felt like a hero. Just the opposite: In the aftermath of the disclosure of the fraud, with the press and lawyers and congressional investigators constantly on her trail, Cooper was seized by depression and anxiety.
She has come to understand that her life will never be the same. These days, Cooper spends most of her time talking to high
school students and college students, urging them to be prepared for that moment when an ethical choice presents itself. “People don’t often realize that they’re facing a dilemma, “Cooper says. “There are a lot of pressures that come to bear in the workplace and people should prepare beforehand.
In your life/jobWhat were/ are some of the
challenges you face?
Challenges and Opportunities for OBResponding to Globalization
◦ Increased foreign assignments◦ Working with people from different cultures◦ Coping with anti-capitalism backlash◦ Overseeing movement of jobs to countries
with low-cost labor◦ Managing people during the war of Terror
Managing Workforce Diversity◦ Embracing diversity◦ Changing U.S. demographics◦ Implications for managers
Recognizing and responding to differences
Challenges and Opportunities for OB (cont’d)Improving Quality and Productivity
◦Quality management (QM)◦Process reengineering
Responding to the Labor Shortage◦Changing work force demographics◦Fewer skilled laborers◦Early retirements and older workers
Improving Customer Service◦Increased expectation of service quality◦Customer-responsive cultures
Challenges and Opportunity for OB (cont’d)
Improving People SkillsEmpowering PeopleStimulating Innovation and ChangeCoping with “Temporariness”Working in Networked OrganizationsHelping Employees Balance Work/Life
Conflicts Improving Ethical Behavior