introduction to oil gas pipeline and tankers week 10

8/11/2019 Introduction to Oil Gas Pipeline and Tankers Week 10

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Introduction to Oil & Gas9th Week Lecture

By

AP Dr Nasir Shafiq

Civil Engineering Department

Pipe Lines and Tankers


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Learning objectives

The objectives of this chapter is to give the

basic understanding of the means of

transportation of hydrocarbons, which are:

Pipelines, and

Tankers


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Learning outcome

At the end of this chapter, students should

be able to demonstrate the following:

Difference between a pipeline and a tanker and

their application for transportation of

hydrocarbons.

Different types of pipe lines and the respective

application.

Different kind of tankers and their purposes


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Produced Oil & Gas are required to

transport (move out) from one part of

the world to the other.

Why?

How?


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Why?


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Oil & Gas value-chain


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Proved oil reserves at end 2008Thousand million barrels


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Proved natural gas reserves at end 2008Trillion cubic metres


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Why oil & gas are moved out?

Natural gas and crude oil must be movedfrom the production site to refineries/gasprocessing plant and from there to

consumers/end-users.

Earlier slides show the worldwide oil & gastrade movement according to theconsumption and demand in various

countries/region.


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How oil & gas are moved out?

n Similarly pipelines are used to move gas

from the field to consumers.

pGas produced from onshore and offshorefacilities is transported via gathering

systems and inter- and intra-state pipelines

to residential, commercial, industrial, and

utility companies.


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How oil & gas are moved out?

n In order to transport natural gas in

areas not served by pipelines, the gas

is liquefied to reduce its volume.pWhen the gas is liquefied, it shrinks to

l/600 of its gaseous volume.


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Oil pipeline


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Pipelines Definition

A pipeline system is defined as a

pipeline section extending from an

inlet point (may be an offshoreplatform or onshore compressor

station) to an outlet point (may be

another platform or an onshore

receiving station).


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Pipelines Definition


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These lines are used to transport oil from

field pressure and storage to large tank

where it is accumulated for pumping into the

long distance called trunk line.

Gathering pipelines typically consist of lines

ranging from 4?- 8? inside diameter,

operating pressure is higher than oil flowlines.

Pipelines: Types


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Gathering system throughput varies widely

depending on:

Number of field storage tanks. The producing capacity of well in each field.

Pipelines: Types


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From large central storage, oil is moved through

large diameter, long distance pipeline called trunk

line to refineries.

Pump are required at the beginning of the trunkline and pumping stations must also be spaced a

long the pipeline to maintain pipeline pressure at

the level required to overcome friction, change in

the elevation and other losses.

Trunk Lines


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Crude trunk lines operate at higher pressure than

gathering systems. These lines are made of steel

and individual sections are joined by welding.

These lines are almost buried below groundsurface are coated externally to protect against

corrosion.

Trunk Lines


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Transmission/Transportation

Transportation Pipelines - Mainly long

pipes with large diameters, moving

products (oil, gas, refined products)between cities, countries and even

continents.


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Transmission/Transportation

These transportation networks include

several compressor stations in gas lines

or pump stations for crude and multi-

products pipelines.

The large diameter may range from

24 to 60 inches

Example Trans ASEAN line

O S O S


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OFFSHORE LINES


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Distribution Lines


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Oil Pipelines

Crude oil is collected from f ield gather ing sys tems

consisting of pipelines that move oil from the wellhead to

storage tanks and treatment facilities where the oil is

measured and tested.

Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes with

inner diameter typically from 10 to 120 cm (about 4 to 48

inches).

Most pipelines are buried at a typical depth of about 1 - 2

meters (about 3 to 6 feet).

From the gathering system the crude oil is sent to a

pump station where the oil delivered to the pipeline.


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Oil Pipelines

The pipeline may have many collection and

delivery points along route. Booster pumps are

located along the pipeline to maintain the

pressure and keep the oil flowing usually flows atspeed of about 1 to 6 m/s.

The delivery points may be refineries, where the

oil is processed into products, or shipping

terminals, where the oil is loaded onto tankers.


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Oil Pipelines

A pipeline may handle several types of crude oil. Thepipeline will schedule its operation to ensure that theright crude oil is sent to the correct destination.

The pipeline operator sets the date and place when

and where the oil is received and when the oil willarrive at its destination.

Crude oil may also move over more than one pipelinesystem as it journeys from the oil field to the refinery orshipping port.

Storage is located along the pipeline to ensure smoothcontinuous pipeline operation.


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Natural Gas Pipelines

Natural gas pipelines are used to move gasfrom the field to consumers. Gas producedfrom onshore and offshore facilities is

transported via gathering systems and inter-and intra-state pipelines to residential,commercial, industrial, and utility companies.

For natural gas, pipelines are constructed ofcarbon steel and varying in size from 2 inches

(51 mm) to 56 inches (1,400 mm) in diameter,depending on the type of pipeline.


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Pipelines Components

Pipeline networks are composed of several

pieces of equipment that operate together to

move products from location to location.

The main elements of a pipeline system areshown in the figure on the next slide.


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Initial Injection Station - Known also as

Supply or Inlet station, is the beginning of

the system, where the product is injected

into the line.

Storage facilities, pumps or compressors

are usually located at these locations.


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Partial Delivery Station - Known also as

Intermediate Stations, these facilities allow the

pipeline operator to deliver part of the product

being transported. Block Valve Station - These are the first line

of protection for pipelines.

With these valves the operator can isolate any

segment of the line for maintenance work orisolate a rupture or leak.


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Block valve stations are usually located every

20 to 30 miles (48 km), depending on the type

of pipeline.

Even though it is not a design rule, it is a veryusual practice in liquid pipelines.

The location of these stations depends

exclusively on the nature of the product being

transported, the trajectory of the pipeline and/orthe operational conditions of the line.


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Regulator Station - This is a special type of

valve station, where the operator can release

some of the pressure from the line. Regulators

are usually located at the downhill side of apeak.


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Final Delivery Station - Known also as Outlet

stations or Terminals, this is where the product

will be distributed to the consumer. It could be

a tank terminal for liquid pipelines or aconnection to a distribution network for gas

pipelines.


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Pipelines Installation

Onshore

Buried

Overhead

Hanging


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Buried Lines


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Overhead Lines


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Overhead Lines


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Offshore Pipelines Installation


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Pipelines Inspection

Crude oil contains varying amounts of wax, or

paraffin, and in colder climates wax buildup

may occur within a pipeline.

Often these pipelines are inspected and

cleaned using pipeline inspection gauges

pigs, also known as, scrapers or Go-devils.


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Pipelines Inspection


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Tankers

Oil tankers, also known as petroleumtankers, are ships designed for the bulktransport of oil.

There are two basic types of oil tanker: the crude tankerand the

product tanker

Crude tankers move large quantities ofunrefined crude oil from its point of extraction

to refineries.


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Tankers

Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designedto move petrochemicals from refineries to points nearconsuming markets

Crude oil tankers are used to transport crude oil from

fields in the Middle East, North Sea, Africa, and LatinAmerica to refineries around the world.

Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well astheir occupation. Tanker sizes are expressed in termsof deadweight (dw t) or cargo tons. The smallesttankers are General Purpo se which range from 10 to25,000 tons.


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Tankers Types and Capacity

The average age of the fleet was 11.9 years.

68% of the vessels are doub le hul lships.

Tankers move approximately 2 billion tons of oil

every year. Second only to pipelines in terms ofefficiency, the cost of tanker transport amounts to

only two or three U.S. cents per gallon.


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Tankers Architecture

Oil tankers generally have from 8 to 12 tanks.

Each tank is split into two or three independent

compartments by fore-and-aft bulkheads.

The tanks are numbered with tank one beingthe forward most.

Individual compartments are referred to by the

tank number, such as "one port", "three

starboard", or "six centre."


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Tankers Architecture (Hull Design)

A major component of tanker architecture is the

design of the hull or outer structure.

A tanker with a single outer shell between the

product and the ocean is said to be single-hulled.

Most newer tankers are double-hulled, with an

extra space between the hull and the storage

tanks.


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Tankers Architecture (Hull Design)

Hybrid designs such as double-bottom and

double-sided combine aspects of single and

double-hull designs.

All single-hulled tankers around the world will bephased out by 2026, in accordance with the

International Convention for the Prevention of

Pollution from Ships, 1973.


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T k A hit t (H ll D i )


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Tankers: Architecture (Hull Design)

The same report lists the following as some

drawbacks to the double-hull design:

n more expensive to build,

n more expensive in canal and port expenses,n ballast tank ventilation difficult,

n ballast tanks need continual monitoring and

maintenance,

n increased transverse free surface,

n more surfaces to maintain,


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Tankers Floating, production,


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Tankers Floating, production,

storage and Offloading (FPSO)

LNG Tankers


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LNG Tankers

Tankers equipped with pressurized, refrigerated, and

insulated tanks are used to transport natural gas

liquids and liquefied natural gas (LNG).

Natural gas is liquefied at the destination point and

transported by special LNG cryogenic tankers to itsdestination. At the delivery point the LNG is

re-gasified and charged into a gas pipeline system.

LNG Tankers


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LNG Tankers

In order to liquefy the gas its temperature is lowered

to -259F (-162C).

Natural gas is kept in refrigerated and insulated tanks

to maintain in its liquefied state during transport.


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introduction to oil gas pipeline and tankers week 10

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