introduction to liquid-wall chamber configurations and...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Introduction to Liquid-Wall Chamber Configurations and ...aries.ucsd.edu/LIB/MEETINGS/IAEAIFECRP/Peterson.pdf · May 20-24, 2001 Introduction to Liquid-Wall Chamber Configurations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051602/5b878aef7f8b9aa0218cf8f7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
UC Berkeley
Per F. PetersonDepartment of Nuclear EngineeringUniversity of California, Berkeley
IAEA TCM MeetingVienna, AustriaMay 20-24, 2001
Introduction to Liquid-Wall ChamberConfigurations and Phenomena
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UC Berkeley
The key heavy-ion thick-liquid chamber phenomenainclude liquid hydraulics and vapor condensation
1000200025001000
FinalMagnet
Solid Shielding/Gas Pumping
Liquid JetGrid
PocketVoid
1900 600
CL
Target
Schematic Liquid Jet Geometry
Rear Shielding SlabsVacuum Pumping Slots
Neutralizing Plasma Injection
Liquid VortexShutter
Front Shielding Slabs
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UC Berkeley
Cut-away view shows beam and target injection pathsfor a 160-beam example thick-liquid chamber
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UC Berkeley
IFE phenomena span an extremely wide range of scales
• Time: 10-8 sec — 109 sec– Target drive — chamber life time
• Length: 10-6 m — 103 m– X-ray ablation layers — driver dimensions
• Temperature: 10 K — 107 K– Cryogenic targets — post-ignition target debris
• Pressure: 1012 Pa — 10 -1 Pa– X-ray ablation layers — pre-shot beam-line vacuum
• Matter states– Solid — liquid — vapor — ionized plasma
Few topics share these scale extremes: Astrophysics, reactor safety analysis, global climate modeling…Complexity makes appropriate scaling methods essential
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UC Berkeley
IFE system phenomena cluster into distinct time scales• Nanosecond IFE Phenomena
– Driver energy deposition and capsule drive (~30 ns)
– Target x-ray/debris/neutron emission/deposition (~100 ns)
• Microsecond IFE Phenomena– X-ray ablation and impulse loading (~1 s)
– Debris venting and impulse loading (~100 s)
– Isochoric-heating pressure relaxation in liquid (~30 s)
• Millisecond IFE Phenomena– Liquid shock propagation and momentum redistribution (~50 ms)
– Pocket regeneration and droplet clearing (~100 ms)
– Debris condensation on droplet sprays (~100 ms)
• Quasi-steady IFE Phenomena– Structure response to startup heating (~1 to 104 s)
– Chemistry-tritium control/target fabrication/safety (103-109 s)
– Corrosion/erosion of chamber structures (108 sec)
Pri
ncip
al f
ocus
for
IFE
Tec
hnol
ogy
R&
D...
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UC Berkeley
IFE chamber time histories show that major subgroupsof phenomena are decoupled in time
-9 -6 -3 3 6 9
e) Pocket Im
pulse Loading, I
f) Pocket D
ebris Venting, md
g) Vent Path Closin
g, l vp
k) Structure Activation
a) Driver E
nergy Deposition, ED
b)Blanket Neutron Heating, En
h) Debris
Condensation, m c
d) Liquid Heating Relaxation, l r
c) X-ray Energy Depositi
on, E x
i) Pocket R
egeneration, lP
j) Structure Startup Heating, T c
10 10 10 1 10 10 100
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (sec)
ns µs ms quasi-steady
90%
10%
Nor
mal
ized
, Int
egra
ted
Eff
ect
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UC Berkeley
IFE has intriguing complexity characteristics
• Strong phenomena decoupling occurs in both time and space– Spatial decoupling boundaries
» small or unidirectional mass and energy fluxes
» large time scale differences—slow side sees integral effect offast
– Temporal decoupling boundaries
» large time scale differences —slowerphenomena sees integral effect of fast
– Inside these boundaries, phenomenainteractions must be considered
» integral experiments must preserve keyphenomena at reduced length/energy
S. Levy, 1999
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UC Berkeley
All IFE scientific topics can be identified andcharacterized by time scale and spatial location
Time Scale (Phenomena Duration)Spatial Volume Nanosecond
(Target Gain)Microsecond Millisecond
(Rep. Rate)Quasi-Steady
(Safety/Reliab.)Capsule Neutron/ion/
x-ray emission—
Hohlraum (if used) X-ray and debrisemission
—
Driver energy transport paths Beam transportand focusing
Debrisaccumulation
Pocket Void/Vent Paths — —
External Condensing Region —
Target debrisexpansion/
interaction withablation debris,venting, impulse
Debriscondensation
—
Target-facing Surface Layers X-ray deposition Ablation/impulse
Blanket (liquid/solid) Neutron heatingrelaxation
Liq. hydraulics/solid thermal
mechanics
Activation, neutrondamage (solids),
safety
Final focus elements — — Damage rate
Chamber structures
Neutron andgamma
deposition
— —
Coolant recirc./heat recoveryloop
— — —
Safety, tritium,activation,corrosion
Accelerator/laser systems Driver physics — Driver rep. rate and reliability
Target injection — — Accel./heating —
Target fabrication — — — Safety/reliability
Balance of plant — — — Safety/reliability
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UC Berkeley
Nanosecond phenomena control scientific viability
Time Scale (Phenomena Duration)Spatial Volume Nanosecond
(Target Gain)Microsecond Millisecond
(Rep. Rate)Quasi-Steady
(Safety/Reliab.)Capsule Neutron/ion/
x-ray emission—
Hohlraum (if used) X-ray and debrisemission
—
Driver energy transport paths Beam transportand focusing
Debrisaccumulation
Pocket Void/Vent Paths — —
External Condensing Region —
Target debrisexpansion/
interaction withablation debris,venting, impulse
Debriscondensation
—
Target-facing Surface Layers X-ray deposition Ablation/impulse
Blanket (liquid/solid) Neutron heatingrelaxation
Liq. hydraulics/solid thermal
mechanics
Activation, neutrondamage (solids),
safety
Final focus elements — — Damage rate
Chamber structures
Neutron andgamma
deposition
— —
Coolant recirc./heat recoveryloop
— — —
Safety, tritium,activation,corrosion
Accelerator/laser systems Driver physics — Driver rep. rate and reliability
Target injection — — Accel./heating —
Target fabrication — — — Safety/reliability
Balance of plant — — — Safety/reliability
Nanosecond phenomena:
• Target gain > Must be understood to judge the scientific viability of IFE
• Target output > Must be understood to predict chamber response
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UC Berkeley
Millisecond phenomena control repetition rate
Time Scale (Phenomena Duration)Spatial Volume Nanosecond
(Target Gain)Microsecond Millisecond
(Rep. Rate)Quasi-Steady
(Safety/Reliab.)Capsule Neutron/ion/
x-ray emission—
Hohlraum (if used) X-ray and debrisemission
—
Driver energy transport paths Beam transportand focusing
Debrisaccumulation
Pocket Void/Vent Paths — —
External Condensing Region —
Target debrisexpansion/
interaction withablation debris,venting, impulse
Debriscondensation
—
Target-facing Surface Layers X-ray deposition Ablation/impulse
Blanket (liquid/solid) Neutron heatingrelaxation
Liq. hydraulics/solid thermal
mechanics
Activation, neutrondamage (solids),
safety
Final focus elements — — Damage rate
Chamber structures
Neutron andgamma
deposition
— —
Coolant recirc./heat recoveryloop
— — —
Safety, tritium,activation,corrosion
Accelerator/laser systems Driver physics — Driver rep. rate and reliability
Target injection — — Accel./heating —
Target fabrication — — — Safety/reliability
Balance of plant — — — Safety/reliability
Millisecond phenomena:
• Control the repetition rate > Must be understood to judge the engineering viability of IFE
• Initial conditions > Created by nanosecond and microsecond phenomena
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UC Berkeley
Quasi-steady phenomena control safety and reliability
Time Scale (Phenomena Duration)Spatial Volume Nanosecond
(Target Gain)Microsecond Millisecond
(Rep. Rate)Quasi-Steady
(Safety/Reliab.)Capsule Neutron/ion/
x-ray emission—
Hohlraum (if used) X-ray and debrisemission
—
Driver energy transport paths Beam transportand focusing
Debrisaccumulation
Pocket Void/Vent Paths — —
External Condensing Region —
Target debrisexpansion/
interaction withablation debris,venting, impulse
Debriscondensation
—
Target-facing Surface Layers X-ray deposition Ablation/impulse
Blanket (liquid/solid) Neutron heatingrelaxation
Liq. hydraulics/solid thermal
mechanics
Activation, neutrondamage (solids),
safety
Final focus elements — — Damage rate
Chamber structures
Neutron andgamma
deposition
— —
Coolant recirc./heat recoveryloop
— — —
Safety, tritium,activation,corrosion
Accelerator/laser systems Driver physics — Driver rep. rate and reliability
Target injection — — Accel./heating —
Target fabrication — — — Safety/reliability
Balance of plant — — — Safety/reliability
Quasi-steady phenomena:
• Control safety > Must be understood to judge the engineering viability of IFE and of experimental facilities
• Control reliability > Must be understood to judge the attractiveness of IFE
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UC Berkeley
Nanosecond/Microsecond Phenomena Overview• Nanosecond Phenomena:
– Driver final transport
» Coordinated with HI-VNLresearchers
– Target x-ray/debris/neutron emission
» 1-D Lasnex calculations have givenbetter understanding of target output
– Neutron shielding/energy deposition
» 3-D TART calculations have been performed
• Microsecond Phenomena– Upcoming Z experiments will study x-ray ablation with prototypical
chamber coolants
– Extensive 1-D (Bucky) and 2-D(Tsunami) calculations have been done
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UC Berkeley
Scaling for millisecond liquid hydraulics preserves theliquid trajectory and surface configuration
Mass and momentum conservation (incompressible flow)
∇ ⋅v = 0 ∂v∂t
+ v ⋅ ∇v
= −∇p + ∇2v + g
Free surface pressure boundary condition with impulse load I
p − pv =1
r1
+1
r2
where pv ,ave =
IU
L=
U
Lpv dt
0
L U
∫Nondimensionalize with appropriate scaling parameters:
v* = v/ U ∇* = L∇ p* = p/ U 2 t* = f t r* = r / L pv* =
pv L
IUGiving governing equations:
∇* ⋅ v* = 0 St∂v*
∂t*+ v* ⋅ ∇*v* = −∇*p* +
1
Re∇*2
v* +1
Fr
gg
p* − I*pv* =
1
We
1
r1* +
1
r2*
Major IFE simplification: No EOS, No energy equation No MHD
A scaled system behaves identicallyif initial conditions and St, Re, Fr,I*, and We are matched...
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UC Berkeley
Recent experiments show that cylindrical jets can besufficiently smooth for beam-line protection
honeycombRe = 100,000
screen/nozzle
cutter blade Re = 70,000 (no conditioning)
Re = 186,000
Jet with 1.5 : 1.0 nozzlecontraction ratio
Flow Conditioning
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UC Berkeley
Cylindrical jets can be arrayed for beam-line shielding
• Staggered geometry reduces collimation of liquid droplets and slugsdown beam lines
• Pitch to diameter ratio Pn/2rJn will be between 1.6 and 2.5
rJnj
rEnj
rNnj
n
n-1/2
n-1
Pn
Staggered Jet Array Cross Sections Nozzle Cross Section
Cutter DischargeCollection Tray
Cutter BladesAttach to Bottomof Nozzle Block
Beam StandoffEnvelope
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UC Berkeley
Single-jet experiments provide jet geometries forconstructing integrated pockets
UCB Stationary Jets (1.6 cm x 8.0 cm,view from flat side, Re = 160,000, We = 29,000)
Bad:Breaks up Better: No Droplets
Stationary Oscillating
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UC Berkeley
Vacuum Hydraulics Experiment (VHEX) studies IFEjet disruption and regeneration
• Create hydrodynamically similar singlejets and several jet arrays
• Transient flow into large vacuumvessel—water simulates flibe
t = 0 t = 0.8 ms(muzzle flash)
t = 1.6 ms(plume has hit)
t = 32 ms(peak deflection)
Impulse loadcalibration underway
UCB
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UC Berkeley
Cartridges can provide required impulse loading
Single-jet disruption at 10.3 Hz
0 ms 11 ms 22 ms 34 ms
45 ms 57 ms 68 ms 80 ms
92 ms 104 ms 116 ms 127 ms
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UC Berkeley
Models predict that porous liquid will strongly mitigateshocks
• Impulse from x-ray ablationand pocket pressurizationgenerates shock
• Simple “snowplow” modelgives shock transit time asfunction of liquid void fraction
:
• Shocks require > 100 ms toarrive at outside of porouspocket liquid
• Caveat: pocket openings maycollimate high-velocity liquid
xxs
vs
xi
t = t1vl
t = 0
0
I
PjDj
t =1 −( ) xs
2
2I
Tim
e (s
ec)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2Shock Position (m)
I = 1000 Pa sec
- 50 cm line density
= 0.5
0.7
0.3
0.1
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UC Berkeley
Multiple jet experiments will start soon
• Numerically controlled machining allows precision fabrication ofmultiple nozzles
96-nozzle system uses sheet jet and multiple cylindrical jets
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UC Berkeley
Future directions
• Build further our understanding of multiple jet interactions– Colliding jets (G. Tech. experiments, UCLA CFD)
– Shock transport through multiple jet arrays (UCB experiments)
– Clearing between crossed jet arrays (UCB experiments)
– Effect of debris on droplets, films and jets (UCLA experiments)
• Continued exploration of fundamental fracture andrecombination phenomena (EOS/modeling/design data)
– Z experiments on flibe ablation
– Laser fracture experiments to measure liquid strength (UCLA,UCSD)
– Flibe electrathermal plasma source (UCLA)