introduction to interpreting study guide
TRANSCRIPT
Arabic & Translation Studies Division
INTRODUCTION TO INTERPRETING
Student Handbook
This is a first draft of STTI104 “Introduction to Interpreting”
Student Handbook (Fall ’13)
All rights reserved. No part of this handbook may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information or retrieving system without p
ermission in writing from the Arabic and Translation Studi es Division, School o
f Continuing Education, The American University in Cairo.
© 2007
ii
Forward
Changes in how professional translators practice their profession have been rece
ntly frequent. They are not only derived by the growth of the young discipline o
f translation, which is the success story of the 1980s, but also by changes in t
he world around us such globalized societies and economies, the spread of intern
et, and the need for intercultural communication, not to mention the changes in
the geography of translation with the move of the multi-million industry towards
the Middle East and the Arabic language. Translation in the era of globalizat
ion requires interdisciplinary approach to translation that stresses the n
eed for a translator with background knowledge in various fields. This necessita
tes training the learners in more than one field of specialization, and hence a
career certificate which focuses on the specializations of legal, UN and econom
ic translation on the one hand, and a career certificate which include
s journalistic, literary and audio-visual translation on the other hand.
Taking a quick path unto automation and digitalization, the translation
profession nowadays looks into practical techniques to help translators produce
more and waste less. The new course ‘Technology for Translators and Interpreters’ i
n the Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting with a focus on C
AT tools and translation software programs does not only train learners
on computer-assisted translation, but takes them directly into the on- line tran
slation environment. To satisfy a need for the translator as intercultural commu
nicator, also derived from globalization and the spread of new technologies, n
ew courses such as literary translation and audiovisual translatio
n were offered in a Career Certificate in Media and Literary Translati
on.
The changes in the translation market have been given due focus in t
he advanced courses such as Advanced Translation Problem-Solving Strategies and
Translation Portfolio and Project, which focus on topics such as translation mar
ket and environment, project management in translation, code of ethics etc. Lear
ners in the Professional Diploma in Translation and the Professional Diploma in
Translation and Interpreting are nourished from day one on the highest standards
of professionalism of translation as an activity in the market of service, of t
ranslation as a translator/client relationship and translation as a mental proce
ss.
Furthermore, the translation diploma at ATS can be viewed as comprising three st
ages. The first stage (The Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpretin
g) develops all basic translation skills required to produce an acceptable tran
slation including command of the language, familiarity with
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culture, computer skills and e-tools for translators, background knowledge, and
contrastive and transfer skills between the source and the target languages. Fi
nishing this stage, a trainee can produce a good translation of a general text b
ut not necessarily of a specialized text such as legal, UN and journalistic text
s. The second stage (The Career Certificate in Legal and UN Translation and The
Career Certificate in Literary and Audiovisual Translation) focus on the text- s
pecific features in translation so that a trainee can be able to produce a trans
lation in a specialized field. After the career certificate, the trainee can pro
duce a sound translation in a certain specialization, but he may not be aware of
many factors related to the environment of translation such as certain code of
ethics, rates, project management etc. The diploma is the leve
l of professionalism which makes the trainee ready to go to the market after b
eing enlightened on many issues related to translation theory and the translati
on market.
Dr. Hussein Ali
Director, Arabic and Translation Studies Division
iv
The American University in Cairo
School of Continuing Education
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
CURRICULUM DESIGN FORM
Course Title: Introduction to Interpreting
Course Code: STTI 104
Course Type: (Regular / Customized): Regular/Customized
Number of Continuing Education Units (CEUs): 3.0 1
Target Audience:
Learners with limited experience, knowledge sets and/or skills of interpreting
Course Pre-requisites (if any):
None
Course Description:
This course provides an overview of interpreting typology and training on the ma
jor techniques in the different types of interpreting with focus on interpreting
as a tool for enhancing the speed of the mental translation process.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of this course, learners will be able to
1. explain the differences among the different types of interpreting;
2. scan a page of print for main ideas;
3. reproduce main ideas in the target language while scanning;
4. interpret texts of up to 250 words at sight;
5. interpret consecutively up to 1 minute; and
6. interpret simultaneously up to 2 minutes.
Instructional Materials:
1. Introduction to Interpreting. ATS Student Workbook. (Updated Every Term)
2. Mizuno, A. (2005). Process model for simultaneous interpreting and working
memory [Electronic version]. Meta, 50(2), Retrieved Oct. 1-9, 2005, from http:
//www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2005/v50/n2/0110ar.html
3. Schaffner, C. (2004). Translation research and interpreting research. UK: M
ultiligual matters.
1 Offered as customized; the number of CEUs depends on client�s request.
v
Syllabus / Training Outline:
Serial* Title/subtitle Assignment
1 Typology of Interpreting
Introduction and Assignments
Selected readings on theories of interpreting
2 (At sight) General texts Translate texts o
n:
- Mass media
- - Child Labour
Prepare some texts on:
- Technology
- Ethics of translation
3 (At sight) General texts
Quiz Translate Texts on:
- technology
- Ethics of Translation
Prepare some texts on population and food
4 (At sight) Population & food
Quiz
Translate Texts on population and food
Prepare some texts on;
- World War II
- Water Crisis
5 (At sight) Environment
Quiz
Translate Texts on:
- World War II
- Water Crisis
Prepare some texts on management.
6 (At sight) Management
Quiz
Translate texts on management. Prepare some texts on diplomacy.
7 (At sight) Diplomacy
Quiz
Translate texts on diplomacy. Prepare some texts on elections.
8 (At sight) Elections
Quiz
Translate texts on elections. Prepare some texts on economics.
9 (At sight) Economics
Quiz
Translate texts on economics.
10 Consecutive interpreting
11 Simultaneous interpreting
12 Final Exam
Instructional Methods:
Learners will experience interactive, practice and skill-based learning.
* Session: In this course one session equals 2.5 contact hours.
vi
Assessment of Learning outcomes
Frequency** : Seven assessments and a final exam. Type: At sight Interpretin
g
An ongoing assessment scheme will be implemented with the class teacher as follo
ws: Session 01 and 02: No assessment
Sessions 03 to 09: 5 points for a written quiz
5 points for oral production
Sessions 12: End-of-term Examination
Sessions 03 - 09 70 points
Session 12: Final 30 points
Total 100 points
For further information or Inquiries: Please see the Assistant Division Director
for Regular Programs in Room 617 SCE, or call 2797-6873, or email m_shorbargy@a
ucegypt.edu
** Exact dates will be announced in class two sessions before the quiz, exam, or
project is due.
vii
viii
Classroom Guidelines for SCE Learners
CLASSROOM GUIDELINES FOR SCE
LEARNERS
Attendance Policy:
� You must attend at least 75% of the class sessions. Failure to do so will result in
failing the course, although you will be
allowed to attend classes.
������� ������� ����� ��������� ���� �������:������ ����� ��� �� % 57 �� ��� �� ���� ���� �� ��� � ��� ���� ��� .�������� �������� ��� ������� �� ����� ������ ����� ��������.��������� ����� �� �����Punctuality Policy:
� You are expected to arrive on time for all scheduled classes and laboratory sessions.
� You will be considered late if you enter the class any time after the start of instruction.
� You are allowed to be late twice without penalty. All successive instances of
:�������� �� �������� �������� ������ ������ �� ������ ������ ���� �.������ ������ ���� �������� ������������ ��� �� �� ����� ���� ��� ������ ����� �.����� ��� ����� .������ ��� ����� ������� �� ���� � ����� ���� ��� ������� ������
tardiness will be counted as absences,
although you will be allowed to attend the class.
Grading System:
������� ����� ��� ��� �����.���������
:���������� ������� ����� Learners are assessed throughout the�� �������� ���������� �������� ����� ��� �term by tests, quizzes, assignments,
projects or other means of evaluation. End-of-term achievement tests mea
sure
�� �������� ���������� �� ����������� ���� ���� ����� �� �� ���������� �� ���������learners’ overall performance in the
����� �� ������� �������� �����.�������course.
� The final grade in each course is based on learners’ performance on continual assessment measures and the final test.
� Final course grades are NOT based on���� �������� ����� ������ ������� �����.���������� ��� ���� �� �� ������� ������� ����� �.������� ��������� ������� ������� �� ������������ ��� ������ ����� ����� ����� �� �attendance, since in accordance with
��� ����������� ������ ����� �"������"SCE’s attendance policy, learners must
attend at least 75% of the class sessions
��� �� %57
����
��������
����in order to be allowed to take the final examination.
� At the end of each term, final course grades are posted on the divisional
bulletin boards along with learners’ ID
numbers, NOT their names. Accordingly, the ID number is necessary to know your
course grade.
����� ����������� ��� ���� ��� ���������.������ ������� ���� ������� ���� �� ����� �� � ��� ������ ��������� ���� ��������� ���� ��������� ������ ������ ���� ����� ������ ����� ������ ��� ��� �����.�������� ������Incomplete Grade:
:�������� ��� ���������� An incomplete grade (I) for any scheduled“I”, (
�������� ����� ���� ���� �course may be given at the discretion of
the course instructor only to learners who have attended the course, but cannot
sit for the final examination or cannot complete course requirements due to circ
umstances beyond their control.
���� ����� ��� ���� ���� )Incomplete ����� ������ �� ��� ������� ��� ��� ��� .������ ��.������� �� ����� ������ In order to record the final course grade,����� ������ ������� ������� �������� �� �all requirements should be completed
before the end of the second week of the following term. Failure to change an in
complete grade will result in the final grade being recorded as "F".
������ ������� ����� ��� ��������� ���� ������� ����� ��� ���� ��� .������ ������� ����� ."����" ��� �������
ix
Learner Evaluation of Instruction:
� Learner evaluation of instruction is very important. Based upon your response and comments, changes can be made.
� Please take these evaluations seriously and answer all the questions honestly. Remember that instructors are not permitted to see their evaluation results
until after your grades are posted.
� SCE values your input.:������� ������ ������ ����� ����� .������ ��� ������� ������ ������ ����� �� � ��������� ��.������� �������� ������� ������ �� ������ ������ ���� � ���� �� ��� ���� .������ .�������� �������� ���������� �� ������� ������� ������� ���� ���� �.�������Learner Petitions and Grievances:
:��������� �������� ��������� You may appeal to a divisionadministrator in any aspect pertaining to class instruction, learning environmen
t, or administration processes.
� You may seek resolution at higher administrative levels if the matter is not resolved. The decision of the Associate Dean for Instructional Affairs is fi
nal.
� Anonymous complaints or petitions will be completely disregarded. All petitions are handled with discretion, protecting your best interests.
Cheating:
� Cheating is not acceptable in an institution dedicated to learning. Cheating includes
giving or receiving information during an
examination, using unauthorized material during an examination, and other acts o
f academic dishonesty, including plagiarism.
� If you are caught cheating on the final examination, your final course grade will be recorded as ‘F’.
� The penalty for a second offense is automatic suspension from studying atSCE for one 12-week term and failing the
������� ����� ���� ����� ����� �� ��� �� �� �������� ������ ������� �� ��� ����� �.���������� ��� ���� ������ ������� ��� ������ �� ���� ������� ������ ���� ����� .������� �� ���.������ ����� ��������� ������ �� ���� ���������� �� ������� �� ����� ���� �� ���������.�������� ����� ���� ���� ������ �� ����
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�
�
:�����
�
�course.
� In instances of a third offense, you will be�� ������� ������21 ���� ���� �����.�������� ������permanently dismissed from SCE.
��� ���� �������� ����� ���� ����� ���� ��� �.������� ������� ���� �� ������ ������Harassment:
� SCE does not tolerate any form of harassment, including sexual harassment.
� Sexual harassment is any conduct of a sexual nature that significantly impairs a
person’s ability or opportunity to perform his or her job or educational pursuits.
� SCE is committed to providing a secure educational and work environment for itslearners, instructors, staff, and
administrators.
:�������� ��� ��� ������� ������� ���� ���� �� �.������ ������ ��� �� ��� ������� ����� ����� �� ���� �� �� ������ ������ � �� ���� ������ ������ ������� ������ �����.������� ������� ���� ���� ������ ������� ������� ���� ����� ����� ��������� ��������� ��������� ������.��������
x
Photocopying:
� Photocopying textbooks and original content including computer software is a violation of AUC copyright and photocopying policies and thus will not be all
owed in SCE classes.
:������������� �������� �������� ��� ��� ��� �
������ ������ ����� ��� ��� �� ��� ������� �������� ������ ����� ���� ������� ������ ����.������� ������� ���� ���� ��Smoking:
� Smoking is not allowed in any SCEbuilding, including classes, lounges, workspaces, single-occupancy
offices,
balconies, stairwells, open-areas within
:������������ �� ���� �� �� �������� ����� ��� �������� ��� �� ��� ������� ������� ���������� ������� �������� ��������� ������buildings, and outside the entrance of
����� ���������� ���� ������� ����buildings.
Cellular / Mobile Phone:
� SCE prohibits the use of cellular/mobile phones in the classroom and during the administration of entrance and end-of-
term testing sessions.
� You should turn off your phone during any class time and/or testing session.�������� ��������� ������ ���� ����������.������� ����� ����� �������� ����:������� ������ �������������� ������� ������� ������� ���� ���� �������� �������� ������ ������ �� ��������.������� ����� ����� �������������� �� ������ �� ����� ������ ����� ��� �.����������Misconduct:
� Acceptable adult behavior is expected of SCE learners in the classroom and on university campuses.
� Breach of such behavior will be reported by the instructor to the Division Director,
:������ ����� ������ ������� ������� ����� �������� �� ����� � ��� ����� ������ �� ������.�������� ������� ����� ���� �� ������ ����� ���� ������ �and learners involved will be referred to
�� ��������� �������� ����������������the Learner Disciplinary Committee.
.����� ���� ��� ������ ���
xi
Table of Contents
Session Title: One ............................................................
......................................................... 1
Theory of Translation and Interpreting .........................................
......................................... 2
Session Title: Two ............................................................
........................................................ 5
The Concept of Mass Media ......................................................
............................................ 6
The Electronic Media:...........................................................
................................................. 7
������� ���� ������� ����� ............................................................................... 9
Session Title: Three ..........................................................
...................................................... 10
General Topic...................................................................
.................................................... 11
�������� ������� ��� .......................................................................................... 12
Session Title: Four ...........................................................
....................................................... 14
Population�s Role in the Current Food Crisis; ..................................
................................... 15
Focus on East Africa ...........................................................
................................................. 15
East Africa and Food Security ..................................................
........................................... 15
Population and the Current Food Crisis..........................................
..................................... 15
�������� ������� ������ ���� ������� �������� ................................................
Demography......................................................................
................................................... 17
Session Title: Five ...........................................................
....................................................... 23
Environment after World War II..................................................
........................................ 24 �������� ������ ���� .............................
................................................................... 25 ������ ..............
................................................................................
......................................... 26
Session Title: Six ............................................................
........................................................ 35
What is Management?.............................................................
............................................. 36
������� ������� ���� ............................................................................................ 37
Expressions of Management ......................................................
.......................................... 38
Session Title: Seven...........................................................
..................................................... 40 ���������............................
................................................................................
.................. 42 ������� �������� ����� �� ����������� ��� ..............................
. 44
Diplomacy and International Relations Terminology...............................
........................... 45
Session Title: Eight ..........................................................
....................................................... 53
Elections in the world .........................................................
................................................. 54 ��������� �������� ������ ������� ��� ��
................................................................................
......................... 57
xii
��������� ���� �������� ��� .................................................................... 58
Elections, Parliament & Parties Terminology Elections...........................
........................... 59
Session Title: Nine............................................................
...................................................... 69
The need of information. Accounting as an information ........................
........................... 70 ��������� ������� .............................................
....................................................... 71 ����� ��� ��������� ������� �� ����
........................... 73
Expressions ....................................................................
...................................................... 74
Session Title: Ten ............................................................
....................................................... 75
Session Title: Eleven .........................................................
..................................................... 76
Session Title: Twelve .........................................................
.................................................... 77
xiii
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Certificate Title: Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Introduction to Interpreting
Session Title: One
Description of session and main activities:
Students learn how to differentiate among different types of interpreting, mainl
y at sight, consecutive and simultaneous interpreting. They also practice sample
s of each. Later, the learners will take one session of simultaneous interpretin
g in the simultaneous interpreting lab. In this session, however, they practice
chuchotage as a kind of simultaneous interpreting. Translation is practiced from
Arabic into English and vice versa.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
- differentiate among different types of interpreting;
- perform basic techniques and processes of consecutive interpreting
accurately; and
- perform basic techniques and processes of simultaneous interpreting accurat
ely.
Material:
- Selected readings on theories of interpreting
- General texts for interpreting
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 1
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Theory of Translation and Interpreting
Introduction:
At sight translation is often an important part of the interpreter training; bec
ause it
appears to be such a simple task, not much attention is devoted to it. In fact,
sight translation is just as difficult as simultaneous interpretation, and invol
ves some of the same mental processes. In the case of sight translation, the inp
ut is visual (the written word) rather than oral (the spoken word), but the inte
rpreter still has to process a thought in the source language and generate t
he target language version of that thought while simultaneously processing the
next source language thought, and so on. Some interpreters find sight translati
on more difficult than the other modes of interpreting because they have more tr
ouble focusing on meaning rather than words-- the essence of proper interpretati
on--when the message is written in black and white on a piece of paper. Reading
comprehension is an important element of sight translation, and the need to impr
ove and maintain reading comprehension is one reason why interpreters should rea
d as much and as widely as possible.
Another aspect of sight translation that should be emphasized is delivery. It is
very important that the interpreter speak loudly and enunciate clearly,
with proper intonation and voice modulation. Smooth pacing is also essential;
sudden starts and stops and long pauses while the interpreter figures out a dif
ficult translation problem are distracting to the listener. Ideally, a sight
translation should sound as if the interpreter were merely reading a document
written in the target language.
In sight translation, the interpreter may have to interpret carefully prepared w
ritten language into oral language, often without the opportunity to carefully p
repare it. Since formal written language usually involves longer, more complex s
entences than oral language, the task of interpreting the text can be more chall
enging, particularly in the areas of appropriate and natural expression and gram
matical coordination. Also, the interpreter has to move to a different system of
organizational cues, moving from punctuation to the use of pauses and intonatio
n, and this involves segmenting the ideas in a way that is often quite different
from the way ideas are organized in writing. Another reason why sight translati
on is difficult is because professional interpreters perform it less frequently
than other modes of interpreting.
Professional interpreters typically recognize three modes of interpreting: conse
cutive interpreting, simultaneous interpreting, and sight translation. Amo
ng these three modes of interpreting, some interpreters find sight translation
to be the most difficult, but this is possibly because they perform the
other modes of interpreting more frequently.
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 2
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Elements of Sight Translation
1. Conservation: the interpreter should conserve the register of the source lan
guage
text (complex vs. simple, formal vs. informal)
2. Written language:
– Written material is more densely packed with information than spoken
language.
– Punctuation may serve the function of intonation.
3. Reading Comprehension: Interpreters must be adept at grasping the meaning of
written texts and understanding the material explicitly and implicitly (interre
lationships of ideas)
4. Prediction: Interpreters should be versed in the various writing styles—legal d
ocuments, personal and business correspondence, technical reports so they can be
alert to common constructions that may pose translation problems.
Process of Sight Translation
1. Scan the document to determine the subject matter, context, style, and count
ry of
origin.
2. Make a mental note of common pitfalls unique to the source language.
3. Skim the passages quickly and identify key features, commas, parentheses, et
c.
4. Translate sentence by sentence, focusing on one unit of meaning at a time.
5. Maintain a steady pace, translating as smoothly as possible.
General Strategies for At Sight Translation
1- Reading Comprehension: is an important element of sight translation. Interpr
eters
should read as much and as widely as possible.
2- Pacing: The interpreter must translate the document quickly without omitti
ng anything. Going too fast results in translation error or in sudden stops and
long
pauses while the interpreter figures out a difficult translation problem. That s
ort of
jerkiness can be distracting to the listener. But going too slowly is disruptive
for both speakers and listeners. The interpreter should be familiar wi
th the terminology and phrasing of the type of documents being interpreted so t
hat the interprtation sounds as if the interpreter were merely reading a documen
t written in the target language.
Detailed Steps for Practicing
� Translate as smoothly as possible.� Look up and keep a glossary of any difficult terms.� Practice out loud always, with or without an audience.� Record yourself on audio (or videotape) so that you know how you sound (and look) to your audience.
� Practice with a variety of type faces and formats.
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 3
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Challenges of At Sight Translation
1. Time constraints
2. Distractions
3. Lack of time to look up a term
Specialized texts:
They are produced by technical or specialist writers , or more specifically, tex
ts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the prac
tical application of very specialized information. All in all, translating spec
ialized texts requires a high level of subject knowledge and mas
tery of the relevant terminology and writing conventions. Generally, t
here are some features that characterize specialized texts as the followings
:
Specialized texts:
• often contain bullets, and numbered items.
• often contain short sentences.
• contain no humor.
• use specific terminology.
Semi-specialized texts; The author of this sort of text also has the purpose of
explaining a specific topic, but a technical text�s language and structure disti
nguish it from other types as it contains specific terminology to address the te
xt�s issues, and avoids colloquial terms, humor and critical language. Like spec
ialized texts, vague terms and figurative language have no place in that kind of
text, while authors use few, if any, interrogative and imperative sentences.
General texts; the author handles a general topic, and the text�s linguistic str
ucture contains no specific terms to cover the text�s issues and may include col
loquial expression. Such texts can also include figurative language and differen
t styles of sentences.
Sources: http://www.cgu.edu/pages/905.asp http://www.classicalco-op.com/co_op_ne
w/ce_tiki/tiki-
http://ar.onehourtranslation.com/translation/translation-knowleadge-base/concept
-
back-translation-definition-and-what-it-used-for#sthash.X904eO3s.dpuf http://www
.geocities.com/~tolk/lic/LIC990329p4.htm http://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/b
itstream/10077/2443/1/01.pdf https://www.google.com.eg/#fp=d79654f60af1bc0f&q=At
+sight+translation http://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10234/19393/3
1449.pdf?...1 http://www.legallanguage.com/legal-articles/shortcomings-sight-tra
nslation/
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 4
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Certificate Title: Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Introduction to Interpreting
Session Title: Two
Description of session and main activities:
A practical session of at sight interpreting using general texts on the paragrap
h level. Translation is practiced from Arabic into English and vice versa.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
1. paraphrase a paragraph for meaning in the source language; and
2. reproduce the meaning in the target language while scanning.
Material:
� Selected readings on theories of interpreting� General texts for interpreting
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 5
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
English Text 2.1
The Concept of Mass Media
Mass media can be defined as the media used for addressing or communicating with
the masses. Anything that serves the source for communication amongst a large a
udience is included in the category of mass media.
Mass media is a broad term under which includes every thing or anything that con
veys a message to the masses is included. From news papers to books, from radios
to televisions, form the mobile phones to ipods and to the internet, all are in
cluded in the category of mass media.
Though the term was coined in the 1920’s when the radio and the television were re
volutionizing the world into modern times, the concept of mass media is as old a
s the human civilization itself.
Media like our lives do today. We can not live without mass media as it surround
s us like a shadow.
The mass media is used by the masses for the following basic purposes:
� To get news and information� For entertainment i.e. music, movies, sports and drama� For communicating with other people.
Serving the above purposes, below given are three broad categories of mass media
:
Publishing Media:
The publishing media is the oldest form of mass media. This media includes books
,
news papers and magazine. The concept of books is not new.
It is believed that the first ever book in the world was printed in 863 AD in Ch
ina. Though it was the first book to be officially published, many historians cl
aim that books has been released way before this time.
News papers are also not new. They were developed during the 17thcentury in
England and by the 19thcentury were common mass media.
The publishing media or the print media is now are the only source of mass commu
nication any more therefore there has been a decline in its popularity but still
is a very important source of mass media still popular amongst the huge masses.
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 6
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Broadcasting Media:
The broadcasting media includes radio and television.
These two media are probably the most highlighted inventions of the 20th century
. The invention of radio changed the face of the earth forever.
People could now hear news form around the world live sitting at their homes.
Where radio initiated the concept of audio mass communication, television revolu
tionized the visual form of communication. Now the people could not only hear th
e news but they could also see it.
Although drama and plays had been popular even before the concept of any particu
lar mass media, they were revolutionized into movies, films, and tele serials to
be displayed on TV.
Sports were also recorded or broadcasted live via radios and televisions making
the life of people easy who had to go to stadiums and buy tickets to watch a mat
ch of their favorite sport.
Similarly music videos, soaps, various talk shows started to become popular on t
elevisions.
Today the broadcasting media is the most popular media amongst the masses.
News channels cover a story and an event within seconds of their occurring, keep
ing people updated minute by minute details of all the important events occurrin
g in the world.
The Electronic Media:
The electronic media is the new age media which includes computers, mobile
phones, internet, ipods, CD players, tape recorders etc.
The electronic media is what our world revolves around today. Internet is believ
ed to be the services of the services.
It is the media which connects the entire globe. It is the wonder of the modern
world on which our modern age largely depends on.
If you want to search for something Google finds it for you in less than a secon
d, through emails you can get connected to some one form another part of the wor
ld in just few seconds.
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 7
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Another marvel of the modern age is the mobile phone. Mobile phones were first
introduced in 1979 in Japan but they weren’t popular amongst the masses until the
mid
‘90s.
Within the span of ten to fifteen years mobile phones have become so popular tha
t the young generation can actually not live without it. Today mobile phones are
not just simple portable telephones but they are more of computers.
Cassette players which have now been revolutionized into ipods and CD players we
re also an important invention.
The most important invention of them all is perhaps the computers which not only
turned the electronic media around but also changed the face of modern technolo
gy. Without computers internet would have been impossible.
http://hassam.hubpages.com/hub/Types-Of-Mass-Media
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 8
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Arabic Text 2.1
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���� ����� ���� ������� ����� �� �������� ������ ��� ����� ���� �� ������� ����� ����� ����� ������ ������ ������� ������� ���� ����� �� �� � ��� ��� ����� ���� ��� �������� � ���
�� � ���� � �� ����� ��� ������� ����� ����� �� ��� )9-53(������ �� ��� ����� 9191��� .��������� �� ������� �� ������ �� ������ �� ������ ����� �� ����� ���� ����������� ������ ������� 995 ��� �� ������ � ��� ���� ������� ������� 91 � ������ �� ��� 9191 ��� ������� ���
��� ������� ���� �� ����� ������� ����� ���� ��� ���� ������ ���� ����� ��� ��� �� ���� ����� ,����� ��� ������ �� %1.7 ��� ���� ���� ������ ������� ������ �� %92 �� �������� ����� �� . ����� ��� ���� � ������ ������� �� ��� ���� �� ��� �������� �������
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2195 ���� 22 ������� �����
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 9
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Certificate Title: Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Introduction to Interpreting
Session Title: Three
Description of session and main activities:
A practical session of at sight interpreting using general texts on the paragrap
h
level. Translation is practiced from Arabic into English and vice versa.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
1. paraphrase a paragraph for meaning in the source language; and
2. reproduce the meaning in the target language while scanning.
Material:
� Selected readings on theories of interpreting� General texts for interpreting
Assignments:
Prepare texts on ‘Population and Food’ for session four.
Learners should read widely on ‘Population and Food’. They should not only collect t
he key terminology in the field, but also get all necessary background knowledge
to compensate for any shortage of comprehension. At the beginning of the next s
ession, learners will take a quiz of terminology on ‘Population and Food’. The quiz
consists of key terms that learners will most likely encounter while reading on
the subject. The objective of the quiz is to translate 60% of the terms correct
ly, i.e. 60% enables the learner to get the full mark.
The quiz is out of 5 marks; it consists of 50 key terms to translate in 30 minut
es. Another 5 marks are given for the oral production of the learner during the
session.
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 10
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
English Text 3.1
General Topic
Technology
Technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machine
s, techniques, crafts, systems, and methods of organization, in order to solve
a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle
an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can al
so refer to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modificat
ions, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as
well as other animal species� ability to control and adapt to their
natural environments. The term can either be applied generally or to s
pecific areas: examples include construction technology, medical technology, a
nd information technology.
The human species� use of technology began with the conversion of natural resour
ces into simple tools. The pre historical discovery of the ability to co
ntrol fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the w
heel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent
technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone,
and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed
humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has be
en used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing de
structive power has
progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.
Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In ma
ny societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including
today�s global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many tech
nological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deple
te natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment.
Various implementations of technology influence the values of a soc
iety and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the
rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term origin
ally
applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 11
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Arabic Text 3.1
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�� ��� ������ �� �� ��� ��������� ���������� �� ��� �� ��� �������� �� ��� ������ ������� ����� .������� ��������� ���� �� ���� � � ���� �� ������������ ����������� ��� ���� ��� � ����� ����� ��� ������ ����� ����� ��� �������� ������������ ����� �� ��� ������ ���� �� ����� �� ��� ������ �� ��� � �������� ��������.������ ����� �� ������
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��� ���� ��� ���� ������ ������ ����� �������� ��� �� ��� �������� ����������� ������� ����� �������( ��������� ������ ������ ����� �� ������ ������� ��������� �� ��������� ������� ���� ������� ��������� ��� ������� ���� ..)���044 ��
�����( ��� �� ���� ���� ������ ��� ������ �� �������� ��� ���� ������� ������� ��� ���.����� ���� ������� �� ����� ������ �������� ������ ����� �������
��� ��� ���� ������ ����� �� ����� ��� ����� �� ��� ������� ������� �������� ���� �� ������ �������� ��� �� �������� ������� �������� ������� �� �� ��� ��.������ ������
������� ���� �� ����� �� ������ ����� ����� ���� ��� ��� �� ���� ��������� ����� �� ���� ������ ��� ����� ������ ��� ���� ���� ���� �� ��� )...( ��������� ������� ��� ����� �� ��� ������ ����� �� ������ ���� ����� ���� ����� � �� �� �� ��� ����� ������ �����.��������� ��������
��� �� ���� ���� ���� ������� ���� �� ����� ������ ������ ����� ���� ������ ���������� ������� ��� �� �������� ���� �������� ����� ������ �������� ������ ��������
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 12
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
��� .������� ������� ����� ����� �� ������ �������� ��� ���� ����� ����� ������� ��� ���� ���� ����� ����� �� ��� ���� ����� ��� ���� ��� �� ����� ����� ���� ������ ����� ������� ��� ��� ���������� ��� ����� ���� �� . ���� �� ����� � ������� ������������������� ���� �� ��� ����� ��� ��� ���� ���� ����� ������ ���� �� ������ ������ ������ �� ��������� )� �������(������ ������� ������� ����� ����� ��������� ������������� ���� ����� ��� ��� �� ����� ������� �� ������ ��� ����� �������� .. � �������..�������� ������� ��� ��� ��� �� ������� ��� ������ .. ���� ����� ������� ��������������� ���� �� ������ ��� ���� ��� .. � ��� ��� � ������� � �� ���� �� � ��� �� ����� ������������ ���� �� ����� ���� ��� �� :������ ����� ��� ������ ������ �������
�������� ������� ������ ����� ���� ���� ����� ������ ����� � ����� �� ��� �� �������� ���� ���� ��� ������� ����� �� ��� ��� ����� ��� �������� ��� ��� ����� �������� ������ ��� ������ �� � � � � ������� �������� ���� �������� �������� �� ���������� ���� �� ��� �������� ������� ���� �� ����� ������ �� ��� ���� ����� �� �����.������� ����� ����� �� ������� ������� �������� ��� �������
��� ���� ������ ���� �� ����� ��� ������ �� ������ �������� ������� ����������� ���� ..������� ��� ������� ����� ������� ���� �� ���� ���� �����
����� ������������ ������ ��� ���� ����� ..������� ���� ���� ����� �� ����� ����� ��� ������ �� .��������� ����� ����� ��� ������� ..������� ..������ ����� ���������� ������ ���
����� ���� ��� ��� ������ ������ �� �������� ����� ���� ����� �� ��������������� ������ ��� ��������� ������ ������� �������� ������� ..������ ��� ������������ ��������� ������ �� ��� � ����� ��� ��������� ���� ��� .. ������ ���� �� �� � �� ����� �� �� ������ ��� �� ����� ������ �������� ����� �� ����� ���� �� ��� ��� ���.��������
����� ��� ������ ������� ��� ��� �� ����� ��� �������� ������� ������������� ������ ���� ���� � ���� ������ ���� ���� �� ������ �������� ������ �� �������.������ �����
���������� ����4041 ����� 1499 ����� 19 ������� .�� 9041 ��� 91 ��������2195 ���� 22 ������� �����
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 13
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Certificate Title: Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Introduction to Interpreting
Session Title: Four
Description of session and main activities:
A practical session of at sight interpreting on the paragraph level, using texts
on
‘Population and Food’. Translation is practiced from Arabic into English and vice
versa.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
1. paraphrase a paragraph for meaning in the source language; and
2. reproduce the meaning in the target language while scanning.
Material:
� Selected readings on theories of interpreting� Texts on ‘Population and Food’
Assignments :
Prepare texts on ‘Environment’ for session five.
� Learners should read widely on ‘Environment’. They should not only collect the key terminology in the field, but also get all necessary background knowledge to co
mpensate for any shortage of comprehension. At the beginning of the next sessio
n, learners will take a quiz of terminology on ‘Environment’. The quiz consists of
key terms that learners will most likely encounter while reading on the subject
. The objective of the quiz is to translate 60% of the terms correctly, i.e.
60% enables the learner to get the full mark.
� The quiz is out of 5 marks; it consists of 50 key terms to translate in 30 minutes.
Another 5 marks are given for the oral production of the learner during the sess
ion.
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 14
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
English Text 4.1
Population�s Role in the Current Food Crisis; Focus on East Africa
East Africa and Food Security
East Africa, which includes Burundi, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia,
Tanzania, and Uganda, imports fertilizers and food and contains some of the poor
est countries in the world. Periodic drought, dependence on rain-fed agriculture
, low agricultural productivity, and frequent conflict undermine loc
al food production, contribute to food insecurity, and create greater depend
ence on food aid. For example, the December 2007 post-election conflict in Kenya
disrupted production and trade and displaced farmers and laborers, which caused
the normally food-secure regions of Central and Western Kenya to become food in
secure. The conflict resulted in a post-harvest loss of
300,000 metric tons of maize.4 While East Africa is not as dependent on food imp
orts (such as rice) as West Africa, this combination of factors makes most count
ries in East Africa especially vulnerable to higher global food prices. Recent r
esearch in nine developing countries found that higher prices of staple food com
modities were associated with a significant increase in poverty.5 This increasin
g poverty and food security have led to an immediate need for food aid in
several East African countries. Unfortunately,
however, food aid volumes are near a 50-year low and the higher food prices mean
that money dedicated to food aid simply doesn�t provide as much food as in the
past.6
One might expect higher food prices to benefit rural farmers and lead to higher
incomes and increased production, but in East Africa this isn�t necessarily the
case. It is difficult for small farmers to increase production in response to hi
gher prices for several reasons, including: lack of available land, inadequate i
rrigation, rising fertilizer prices, inability to get insurance and loans, and r
eluctance to risk investment with no guaranteed return. In fact, despite the hig
her prices of the foods they are producing, farmers in some parts of East Africa
have actually planted less this year.7
In recent history, East Africa has been one of the most food-insecure regions in
the world. Food security, which is defined as "when all people at all times hav
e both physical and economic access to sufficient food to meet their dietary nee
ds for a productive and healthy life,"8 is a broad and complex measure.
Population and the Current Food Crisis
The majority of recent reports on the food crisis focus principally on populatio
n
growth and an increasing demand for food. Population growth, however, is one of
several demographic factors likely contributing to the current food crisis. Urba
nization, the growth of the middle class and associated changes in consumption p
atterns, migration and wage employment, large family size, and HIV/AIDS are all
contributing factors as well.
http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/foodsecurityeastafrica.aspx
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 15
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Arabic Text 4.1
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������ ����� ����������� �� ���� ������ �� ��� ��� ����� ������ ������� ��� ������ ������� ����� ������� ��� �������� ���� �� ������� ���� ���� �������� ���� ���� ���� ��� ���� .����� ������� �� ������� ������ �� ��� ���� �������� ������ �����
)...(
.������ ��� �� ���������� ��� ��� ���� ���� �� ��� �� � ��� ������������� ������ ����� ����� ��� ������� ��� .������� ��� ����� ���� �� � ��� �� ��������� ���� ����� �� ����������� ������ ������ ���� ��� ������ ������ �������� ����� ��������� ������ ������� ����� ��� �������� ������.������� �� ����� ����� ������ ��� ��������� ��� ������� ����� ��� �������� �� �� ������ �� �� ��� �������� ���� ����� ��� ������������ ��� ������ ����� ���� ���)...(
.������� �� ������ �� ������� ����� ������
.���� �� �� ������� ���� ������ ��� ��� ��� ������� ����� ���� �� �����������
)���� 512(�������� ������� ������ ���� ������� ��������www.majalla.com/arb/2011/11/article5522951
2199 ������ ��� �� ������ ���2
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Demography
Prepared by
Iman Ibrahim Rania Fawzy Khaled Samra
Rosette Francis Mahmoud Omar
Sally Mohamed Emam Nermeen Yehia Sherine
Nabih
A. Demography
������ ���� � ���1. Aboriginals
�������� ������
2. Demographic statistics
3. Pilot survey
4. Intercensal population estimates
���� ����� /����� ����� ���� ��� /�������� �������������� ��� ������ ��� ��� ����
B. Statistics
��������5. Statistical chart
����� ���6. Epidemiological statistics
������� �������7. Statistics on migrants
��������� �������8. Statistical estimation
������ �����C. Rates
������9. Annual migration rate
10. Illegitimate birth rate
������ ������ ���� �������� ��� �������� ����11. Infant mortality rate
����� ����� ����12. Remarriage rate
13. Reproduction rate
14. Morbidity rate
�������� /�������� �� ���� ��� ���� ���� ������� /������� ���������� ������� /�������� ����15. Age-specific fertility rates
������� ��� ������� ������16. Age-specific birth rates
������� ��� �������� ������17. Crude death rate
������ ������� ����18. Optimum rate of growth
������ ����� ����19. Neo-natal mortality rate
������� ����� ����� ����20. Depopulation/ Population decline
������ ��� ��� /������
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
21. Working population
������ ����22. Unoccupied population
������ ��� ����23. Self employed
������� ��������24. Population census
������ �����25. Overpopulation
26. Actual / De facto population
����� ���� /������ ����� ������ ������ ��� /������ ����27. De jure population
)��� �������( ������
28. Agricultural population
������ � ����29. Drifts of population
30. Population density
31. Population explosion
������ ���� /���� ��� ��� ������ ����� /������ ����� ������� ��������32. Population forecast
������� ������33. Population mobility
������ ���� /�������� /��� �34. Adventitious rural population
����������� ��
������ �� ���� ��
35. Age distribution in a population
����� ���� ������ ��� ��������
36. Population statistics
������ ��������37. Population growth
������ ���38. Redistribution of population
������ ����� �����39. Population cluster
����� ����40. Young population
��� �����41. Old population
)������ �� ���� ����( ��� �����42. Urban population
����� ����43. Population at risk
����� ������ ����44. Age–specific mortality
������� ��� ������� ������45. Age group/ bracket
������� �����46. Birth record/ register
Birth registration
�������� ��� �������� �����47. Stillbirth (n.)
��� ���� �����48. Dependent children
�������� �������
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
49. Child/ family allowance
������ /������� �����50. Adolescence
����� ���51. Adult
����
52. Age of majority
����� ��53. Adult mortality
�������� �����54. Minor
����55. The Aged/ The Elderly
������� /���� ����56. Dependent elderly
�������� ���� ����57. Pensioners
�������� ����� /��������58. Old age/ Senescence
������59. Long-lived person
����60. Centenarians
��������D. Gender and female ������� ��������� 61. Birth attendant/ Midwife
����� /����62. Female circumcision
������ ����63. Female genital mutilation (FGM)
������ ��������� ������� �����64. Infibulation
������ ������ ������ �������� ������
65. Incrimination
������� �����66. Decriminalization of abortion
������� ����� /��� ������� ������ �����67. Legal abortion
���� �����68. Gender bias
69. Lactating mother / Nursing mother / breast- nursing
����� �� ����� ���� ��� ���� ������� ����70. Menopause
����� ����71. Menopausal age
����� ��72. Multigravida
����� ������ ��� ���73. Family planning program
������ ����� ������74. Head of the household
������ ��75. Married life
����� ����
76. Sterility
)����( ���
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Infertility )������ ����( ���77. Sterilization
:�������78. Conception
��� ���79. A barren woman
���� ��� ��80. Fecundity
������� /������� ��� ������81. Average parity
������� ��� ��� �������� ��� �����
82. Biological family
�������� ����83. Nuclear family
������� ������84. Bread winner
������ ����85. Civil marriage
���� ����86. Consensual marriage (
������� ���� ����87. Common law marriage
���� ����
88. Dowry
���89. Endogamy
90. Foster parents
������� ���� /����� ����)����( ������� ���� �������� ����91. Child adoption
������� ����92. Marital status
���������� ������93. Widower
Widow
���� �����94. Polyandry
������� ����
95. Monogamy
����� �� ������96. Polygamy
������� ����
97. Post-natal care
������� ��� �� �����98. Pre-marital examinations
99. Spouse
������ ��� �� ������ /������ ���� /���100. Sibling
������� �������� �� ����� /����101. Spacing of children
)��������( ������� ��� �� ��� ����� /�����
102. Social Security Record
��������� ������ ���
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
103. Family disintegration
������ ������104. Kinship
���� ���105. Internal migration
������ ����
106. Rural-urban migration
����� ��� ����� �� ������107. Emigration
������� ������
108. Immigration (
������� ������109. Labor migration
����� ������
110. Brain drain
������ ����(
111. Forced migration
������� ������112. Displacement
������113. Evacuation
Evacuees
�������
��������114. Repatriation
����� ��� �������115. Resettlement
������� �����116. Communicable disease
����� /��� ���117. Endemic disease
������ ���118. Epidemic disease
����� ���119. Genetic disease
���� � ���120. Annual death probability
������ ������� ������121. Religious minority
����� �����122. Ethnic minority
����� �����123. Built-up area
����� /������ �����124. Informally - built area
������� �����125. Concealed (much less frequent)/ Disguised unemployment
126. Cosmopolitan society
�������� �� ������� �������
������� /�������� ����� �����127. Public housing
����� �����128. Residential density
�������� �������129. Urbanization
������
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
130. Social mobility
������� ��� �131. Social stratification
������� ���� /���������� ������� �����
132. Socialization
���������� �������133. Occupational qualifications
������� ��������134. Squatter
���� ���� /)�� ��� ���( ����� �� ����� ����
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Certificate Title: Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Introduction to Interpreting
Session Title: Five
Description of session and main activities:
A practical session of at sight interpreting using texts of about 250 words on
‘Environment’. Translation is practiced from Arabic into English and vice versa.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
reproduce meaning in the target language while scanning a 250-word text.
Material:
� Selected readings on theories of interpreting.� Texts on environment.
Assignments:
Prepare texts on ‘Management’ for session six.
� Learners should read widely on ‘Management’. They should not only collect the key terminology in the field, but also get all necessary background knowledge to com
pensate for any shortage of comprehension. At the beginning of the next session
, learners will take a quiz of terminology on ‘Management’. The quiz consists of key
terms that learners will most likely encounter while reading on the subject .
The objective of the quiz is to translate 60% of the terms correctly, i.e.
60% enables the learner to get the full mark.
� The quiz is out of 5 marks; it consists of 50 key terms to translate in 30 minutes.
Another 5 marks are given for the oral production of the learner during the sess
ion.
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
English Text 5.1
Environment after World War II
Refugees: When warfare causes the mass movement of people, the resulting impacts
on the environment can be catastrophic. Widespread deforestation, uncheck
ed hunting, soil erosion and contamination of land and water by human waste oc
cur when thousands of humans are forced to settle in a new area. During the Rwan
dan conflict in 1994, much of that country�s Akagera National Park was opened to
refugees; as a result, local populations of animals like the roan antelope and
the eland became extinct.
Infrastructure Collapse: Among the first and most vulnerable targets of
attack in a military campaign are the enemy�s roads, bridges, utilities and o
ther infrastructure. While these don�t form part of the natural environment, the
destruction of wastewater treatment plants, for example, severely degrades regi
onal water quality. During the 1990s fighting in Croatia, chemical manufacturing
plants were bombed; because treatment facilities for chemical spills weren�t fu
nctioning, toxins flowed downstream unchecked until the conflict ended.
Increased Production: Even in regions not directly affected by warfare,
increased production in manufacturing, agriculture and other industries that su
pport a war effort can wreak havoc on the natural environment. During World War
I, former wilderness areas of the United States came under cultivation for whea
t, cotton and other crops, while vast stands of timber were clear-cut to meet wa
rtime demand for wood products. Timber in Liberia, oil in Sudan and diamonds in
Sierra Leone are all exploited by military factions. "These provide a revenue st
ream that is used to buy weapons," said Bruch.
Scorched Earth Practices: The destruction of one�s own homeland is a time-honore
d, albeit tragic, wartime custom. The term "scorched earth" originally applied t
o burning crops and buildings that might feed and shelter the enemy, but it�s no
w applied to any environmentally destructive strategy. To thwart invading
Japanese troops during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), Chinese auth
orities dynamited a dike on the Yellow River, drowning thousands of Japanese sol
diers -- and thousands of Chinese peasants, while also flooding millions of squa
re miles of land.
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Arabic Text 5.1
�������� ������ ����
����� �������� ���������� ��
: (Water Shortage) ����������� ������ �� �� : (Water Crisis) ����������� ������ ������ ������� ��� .����� ������ ����� ���� ������ �� ������� ������� ���� ��� ���� ����� ��.������ �������� ��������� ������� ����� ��� �� ������ ����� ���� �� ������ ���� ��� ������ �.������ ����� ���� �� ��� ������ �� ����� ���� �� ���� �� ������ ����� �������� ��������
: ���� �� ����� ����� ��� ����� �� ��. ���� ����� 992 ���� �� ��� ������� ������ ��� ������ ����� ��� ����� ����� 2.3 ���� � ���� �� ��� ������ ���� ��� ������ ����� ��� �. �������� ������ �� ���� ����� ��� ���� ��� � ��� ��� ���� �� ���� �.������ ������� ����� ������ ������ ����� ���� �� ������� ���� ���� ��� ������� ��� �� ������� ������� ������� ��� ��������� �������� �.����������� ���� ���� ��������� �� ����� ����� ��� � 2117 ��� ������� ����� ����� ������� �� ������� �� ���� �� ������ ����� ���"� "������ �������� ���� �� ����" :��� ������������� ���� ����������� ������� � �������� �������� ���� ���� �������� ������� ���."������� ������� ������� ������� ��
������ ��� ��� ��� ��� �������
������ ������� ����� ����� ���.������ ������ ��� ����� ����� ������ ���������� ������������ �������� ������� ��������� ��� ������ ���� ������ �� ������� ������ ����� ��� ���� �� ����� ���� ������ ������ ����� ������ ������ �� ���� ������ ������� �� ����� .�������.������ ��������� ��� �� ���� �� ����� ������
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Arabic Text 5.2
������
������� ����� ��������� ����� ���� ��� ������ ������ :��� ������ ������� ��������� ������ -:....��������� ��������� ������� ���������� ������� ������� ������� ���������..�������� ���� �������� ������� �������� ����� ��� �����
��� ���� ��� .��� ��� ������ ������ ��� ���� ������ ���� ���� ������� ����� .������� ��� �� ��������� ������ ���� ���� ������ ����� �� ��� ������ ����� ��.��� ���� ���� �������� �� ����� ����� �������� ���� ���� ���� �������� ������ ����� ����� .������� ��� ��� ������� ������ ��� ��� .���������� �������
http://ar.wikipedia.org
)���� 915(
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Prepared by
Environment and Ecology
Ahmed Abdel Moneim Mohamed El Husseiny Dalia Raouf
Ms. Rosette Francis Hanan El Sanhoury Nerme
en Yehia
Marwa Farouk Hassan Rania Magdy
A. Ecology
������ ���1. Ministry of Environmental Affairs
������� ������ ���� �2. Ecosystem
������ ����3. Ecosphere
������ ����� ������4. Ecoclimate
���� ����5. Ecodevelopment
����� �����6. Ecologist
���� ����7. Ecology
������ ���8. Earth Charter
����� �����9. Earth Day
)����� ���( ����� ���10. Abyssal environment
������� ����11. Aquatic life
������� ������12. Affordable water
������ ������ �� /����� ����13. Running water
����� ����14. Groundwater
����� ����15. Coastal area/ Littoral zone
������ �����16. Coastal waters
�������� ������
17. Ocean floor
�������� ���18. Sea bed
����� ���19. Fisheries
����� �����20. Shellfishery
��������� ���21. Fish shoal
������� �� ���
22. Juvenile fish
����� ��� � – ����� ����23. Juvenile water
����� ����
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
24. River-borne sediments
����� �����25. Climatology
������ ���26. Agro climatology
���� ��� ������ ��� ������ �������27. Ambient air
������ ������28. Ambient temperature
������� ���� ��� ����
29.
and Fauna Flora
���������� �������� )���� /����(30. Forestry
������� ���31. Arable land/ Cultivable land
���� ��� ����� ���32. Seasonal crops
������ ������33. Vegetarian
����� �����34. Glaciology
��������� ���35. Ice cap
����� ����
36. Ontology
���� ������ ��� �����
37. Biodiversity
������ ����38. Metabolism
������� ������� /�����39. Acclimatization
�����40. Wild animals
���� �������
41. Wildlife
������ ������42. Captive animals
����� �������43. Semi-captive animals
����� ��� �������44. Cattle grazing
������� ���45. Sedimentary rocks
������ ����
B. Climate Changes
�������� ��� �����46. Adverse climate change
����� ����� �����47. Global climate change
�������� �������� ��� �����48. Air mass
������ ����49. Cyclone
������ �����50. Hurricane
)���� ���� ���� �����( �����51. Smog
)����� ����(������� ������ �� ����52. Dust storm
������ �����53. Sand storm
����� �����
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
54. Wind storm
������ �����55. Easterlies
����� ����56. Westerlies
����� ����57. Monsoon winds
������ ����58. Storm abated
���� ������59. Equator
�������� ��60. Dew
���61. Humidity
�����62. Mist
����� /����63. Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA)
������ ������ ���� ����64. Environmental friendly
������ ����65. Green belt
���� ��� �
66. Conservation of nature
������� ��� ������67. Clean technology
������ ����� ���������68. Clearing up pollution
������ ��� ������69. Air-quality control
������ ���� �� ������70. Decontamination/ Depollution
������ ���� �71. Desalination
)����� ���� �����( ������� ���� �72. Detoxication
)������( ������ ���� �73. Disaster management
������� �����74. Pollution control
������ ������75. Restoration of soil
������ �����76. Afforestation
)������� ���� �( �����77. Ozone hole
������� ���78. Ozone-friendly technology
�������� ���� ��� ���������79. Energy conservation law
������ ��� ������80. Green car
������ ����� �����81. Biofuel
������ ������82. Smokeless fuel
������ ���� ����83. Zero Emission Vehicle
����� ���� ����� �� ������84. Collection of household refuse
������ ������� ���85. Sorting of refuse
������� ���86. Sanitary landfill
��� ����� ����87. Rational Waste Management
�������� ����� �����
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
88. Hygienic waste disposal
�������� �� ����� ������89. Rationalization of hunting animals
��������� ��� �����90. Hazard prediction
������ ������C. Natural Phenomena
�������� �������91. Age-old forests
����� �����
92. Air current
����� ����93. Beach erosion
������� ����94. Land erosion
����� �������95. Coral reefs
��������� �����96. Deglaciation
����� ������97. Desertification
������98. Ebb and tide
���� ��99. Marshlands
��������100. Pristine area
������ ��� ����� /��� �����101. Quick sands
�������� ������102. Sand dunes
����� �����103. Sand flats
����� ����104. Uplands
�������105. Vortex
�����106. Water falls
������D. Natural Disasters
������ �����107. Biodeterioration
������ �����108. Bush fire
������� ����109. Conflagration
������� ����
110. Disaster-prone area
������� ����� �����111. Disaster-stricken area
����� ������� �����112. Distressed area
������ �����113. Drought- prone area
������ ����� �����114. Endangered natural resources
����� ������� �������� �������115. Endangered species
��� ������ ����� �����
116. Extinct species
�������� )�������( �������117. Famine
�����
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
E. Environmental Abuse
������� ������� ������� �����118. Environment degradation
������ �����119. Agrochemicals
����� ��� ����������120. Deforestation
������� ���� �121. Soil degradation
������ �����122. Over grazing
������ �����123. Overcropping
������� ���� ���124. Overfertilization
������� /������� �� ��� ����125. Overfishing
������ �����126. Air pollution load
������ ���� ����127. Airborne contaminant = Air pollutant
��� ���� /����� ����128. Airborne emissions
���� ���������129. Airborne particles
������� ����� ������130. Airborne pollutants
������ ������ ������131. Airborne pollution
��� ����132. Breakdown of wastes
�������� ����133. Build up of pollutants
�������� ���� �134. Disposal of wastes
�������� ����� )�� ������(135. Dump
)�����( ����� ����136. Dumping at sea
����� �� �������� �� ������137. Effluent discharge
������� �������� �� ������138. Incineration of wastes
�������� ��� ��� /���139. Refuse/ Garbage collection
������� ���140. Contaminant
Contamination
���� ���� /����� ��)������ �����( ����141. Contaminated food
���� ����142. Dust deposit
������ �����143. Emission trading
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���������� �����
144. Energy- intensive technology
������ ��������� ����� ���������145. Noxious emissions
���� ��������146. Off-gases
������ ��� ��147. Off-odor
������ �����148. Exhausts
�����
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
149. Fossil fuel
������ ������150. Fumes
�������151. Fumigation)
�������152. Vapors
�����153. Global Warming
���� ����� �������� �����154. Greenhouse effect
������� �� ������� �����155. Greenhouse gases
������� ��� ��156. Radiation
�������157. Carcinogen
������� �����158. Carbon release
������� ������159. Cement plants
������� �����160. Combustion residue
��� ����� ������161. Depletion of Ozone Layer
������� ���� ����162. Sanitary drainage
����� �����163. Sewer
����� ������164. Toxics
����165. Thermal pollution
���� � ����166. Marine pollution
������ ������167. Oil spill
��� ����F. Miscellaneous
�����168. Pumping station
�� ����169. Organic components
����� ������ /�����170. Hygiene
������ �����
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Environment and Ecology
1. Deforestation
2. Recycling
3. Wetlands
4. Asbestos
5. Infrared Radiation
6. Ultraviolet Radiation UV
7. Aerosols
8. Global Warming
9. Cleaner Production
10. Environment
11. Eutrophication
12. Bioaccumulation
13. Biodiversity
14. Drought
15. Sanitary Landfilling
16. Dioxins
17. Over Grazing
18. Organic Farming
19. Food Chain
20. Renewable Energy
21. Algea
22. Biogas
23. Atmosphere
24. Biosphere
25. Hydrosphere
26. Lithosphere
27. Composting
28. Environmental Disasters
29. Pesticides
30. Natural Park
31. Environmental Auditing
������� ���� � ������� ����� ������ ���� ��� ������������ ���� ��� ������ ��������� ��� ������ ��������������� ��� �������� ������ ������� ������������ ������ ������� ������ ������ �������������� ����� ����� ��������� ������ ������������ ���� ��� �������� ������� �������� ������ ������������� ���������� ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ ������������ ������� ���������������� ��������������� ����� ���
Introduction to Interpreting
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32. Acid Rain
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
������� �����33. Hazardous Substances and Wastes
34. Phytoplankton
35. Ecosystem
36. Stabilization of organic matters
37. Environmental Risk Assessment
38. Environmental Impact Assessment
39. Ozone Layer
40. Greenhouse Effect
41. CFCs
42. PCBs
43. End of Pipe Treatment
������ ��������� ������ ������� �������� ���������� ������ ������� ������ ����� ������� ������������� ����� ���������� ����� ����� ������� ��������������� ������������� ����� ������
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 34
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Certificate Title: Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Introduction to Interpreting
Session Title: Six
Description of session and main activities:
A practical session of at sight interpreting using texts of about 250 words on
‘Management’. Translation is practiced from Arabic into English and vice versa.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
reproduce meaning in the target language while scanning a 250-word text.
Material:
� Selected readings on theories of interpreting.� Texts on management.
Assignments:
Prepare texts on ‘Diplomacy’ for session seven.
� Learners should read widely on ‘Diplomacy’. They should not only collect thekey terminology in the field, but also get all necessary background knowledge to
compensate for any shortage of comprehension. At the beginning of the next ses
sion, learners will take a quiz of terminology on ‘Diplomacy’. The quiz consists of
key terms that learners will most likely encounter while reading on the
subject. The objective of the quiz is to translate 60% of the terms correctly,
i.e.
60% enables the learner to get the full mark.
� The quiz is out of 5 marks; it consists of 50 key terms to translate in 30 minutes.
Another 5 marks are given for the oral production of the learner during the sess
ion.
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
English Text 6.1
What is Management?
As there is no universally accepted definition for management, it is difficult t
o define it.
But a simple traditional definition, defines it as the "art of getting things do
ne by others". This definition brings in two elements namely accomplishment of o
bjectives, and direction of group activities towards the goal. The weaknesses of
this definition is that firstly it uses the word "art", whereas management is n
ot merely an art, but it is both art and science. Secondly, the definition does
not state the various functions of a manager clearly.
A more elaborate definition given by George R. Terry, defines management as a pr
ocess "consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed
to determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and resources."
Firstly it considers management as a "process" i.e. a systematic way of doing th
ings. Secondly it states four management activities: Planning, organizing, actua
ting, and controlling. Planning is thinking of an actions in advance.
Organizing is coordination of the human and material resources of an organizatio
n. Actuating is motivation and direction of subordinates. Controlling means the
attempt to ensure no deviation from the norm or plan. Thirdly it states that man
ager uses people and other resources. For example a manager who wants to increas
e the sales, might try not only to increase the sales force, but also to increas
e advertising budget. And fourthly, it states that management involves the act o
f achieving the organization�s objectives.
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Management_Concepts_and_Applications/Management
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Arabic Text 6.1
������� �����������
:������� ������� ������������ ��� ���� ������ ����� ���� ����� ����� ���� �� � ������ ��� ��� ��� �� ������� ������� ������� �� ������� .�������� ������� ������ � ����� �.���� ����� ����� ����� ��� �������� ��������� ���� �� ����������� �� ���� ������ �� ��� �� ������ �������� ��������� �� �� ����� �� � ��� � �� �.���������� ��������� �� �������� �������� ������� ������� �� ��������� .��������� �������� ���� �� ����� ������ ��� �������� �������� ��� ������� �������� � ��� � ������ ��� ������. �������� �� ������� �� ������� ���� ������ �������� �� ����� ��� �� �� �.������� ����� ��� �������� �������� ����� �������� ���� ������� ���� � �.������ �������� ������ �������� �.������� ���� ������� ���� ������ ����� �������� �� ������� �.����� ����� ����� �� ������ ���� ��� �������� ������� ������� ����� ������� ���� �� �������� ������ ������� ������ � ������ ��� �� �� �.���� ��� �� �������� ������� ��������� �������� ������ ��� �� �������.������� ������� ��������� ������� ������� ���� ���� ������� ���������� ����� ���������� ��������� ������� ���� ��� ���� �� �� ��� �������� ����� �� ����� ���� ���� �� �������� ���� ��� ����� � �� ������ ����� ���� ������� ��������. ����� ������ ����� �� -������� ������ ���������� ���������–�������� ��� ����� ��� �.������� �� �������� �� ��� ����� ���� ���������� ���� �������� ������� � ������ � �������� ������� �� ��� �.���� �������
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Expressions of Management
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Management planning organizing directing controlling System analysis Iinputs Pro
cesses Outputs Feedback
Educational policy
Politics manager
middle managers top management skill
efficiency effectiveness humanism
human relations approach
Goals organization Organizational functions career
performance productivity authority bureaucracy decision making
Management by objective
scientific Management
������� ������� ������� ������� ������������ ����� ��������)��������( ������� �������� ������� ������� ������� ����� ������������� ������ ������� ������ ������� ������������ �������� �������� �������������� �������� ����� ������������ ����� ���� ������ ��������� �������������� ������ ��� �������� �������������� �������
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
Management total quality (T.Q.M( control total quality (T.Q.C( centralization
classical school leadership
trans formational leadership systems theory
contingency theory Information systems strategic planning organization structure
delegation of authority
Centralization and decentralization formalism
informal organizational manual job description incentives communication barriers
human resources
������� ������ ����� ������� ������ ������ ����������������� ������� ���������������� ������� ����� ����� �������� ������� ��������� �������������� ������� �������� ������ ������ ���������������� �������� ������� ���� ����������� ������ ������� ����� ������������ ������������� �������
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 39
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Certificate Title: Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Introduction to Interpreting
Session Title: Seven
Description of session and main activities:
A practical session of at sight interpreting using texts of about 250 words on
‘Diplomacy’. Translation is practiced from Arabic into English and vice versa.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
reproduce meaning in the target language while scanning a 250 word text.
Material:
� Selected readings on theories of interpreting.� Texts on diplomacy.
Assignments:
Prepare texts on ‘Elections’ for session eight.
� Learners should read widely on ‘Elections’. They should not only collect the keyterminology in the field, but also get all necessary background knowledge to com
pensate for any shortage of comprehension. At the beginning of the next session
, learners will take a quiz of terminology on “Elections”. The quiz consists of key
terms that learners will most likely encounter while reading on the subject. The
objective of the quiz is to translate 60% of the terms correctly, i.e. 60% enab
les the learner to get the full mark.
� The quiz is out of 5 marks; it consists of 50 key terms to translate in 30 minutes.
Another 5 marks are given for the oral production of the learner during the sess
ion.
Introduction to Interpreting
Page 40
Arabic and Translation Studies Division
English Text 7.1
The Functions of Diplomacy
The act of conducting negotiations between two persons, or two nations at a larg
e scope is essential to the upkeep of international affairs. Among the many func
tions of diplomacy, some include preventing war and violence, and fortifying rel
ations between two nations. Diplomacy is most importantly used to complete a spe
cific agenda. Therefore without diplomacy, much of the world’s affairs would be ab
olished, international organizations would not exist, and above all the world wo
uld be at a constant state of war. It is for diplomacy that certain countries ca
n exist in harmony.
There has not been a documented start of diplomacy; however there have been inst
ances ranging back to the 5th century where diplomacy arose in certain nations.
Dating back to 432 B.C, the Congress of Sparta was an “illustration of diplomacy a
s organized by the Greek City States. The origin of the word “diploma” comes from di
fferent sides of the earth. In Greece diploma meant “folded in two”, while in Ancien
t Rome the word was used to describe travel documents. Often times the word dipl
omacy is given many meanings. Many times will the words “policy” and the word “negotia
tion” be seen as
synonyms; hence the word “diplomacy” and “foreign diplomacy” are deemed to be
similar. These “synonyms” of diplomacy are all faulty. While they may be very simil
ar in some cases, they are not the exactly the same.
While many are not able to find a clear beginning or creation of diplomacy, mode
rn diplomacy has become much more advanced and many aspects have changed over th
e years. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 created the first modern diplomatic con
gress in addition to creating a new world order in central Europe based on state
sovereignty. Much of Europe began to change after the introduction of modern di
plomacy. The New World Order began to bloom in all of Central and Western Europe
.
Great Britain argued for the “balance of power” which kept European diplomacy alive
for the next 200 years. Every country in Europe contributed a little to the dipl
omacy the world has today. Many could argue that diplomacy is a product of socie
ty and history itself. As countries progress different aspects are added to dipl
omacy. Separation of powers, national interest, and a country’s sovereignty are on
ly a few elements that were added to modern diplomatic history. Therefore,
diplomacy can be seen as an ever- changing concept, the same way Internat
ional Relations between countries fluctuate.
http://www.e-ir.info/2011/07/20/the-functions-of-diplomacy/
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Arabic Text 7.1
���������
.����� ��������� ����� ���� �� ��������
����� �� ������ ������:���������������� ����������� ����� ������ ����� ���� ����� �diploma ��������� ������ �� ������( ������������������ ��� �� )����� �����/���� ���� ����� �δίπλωμα��������������� �� �����.����� ��� ��������� ����� ����� ��� �������� ������� �� ������� ����� ��� ������� ����� ����.������� ���� ������ ���� ������� �������� ��� ��� ������� �� ��� ���� ��������� ������� ��� ������� ������� ������� ������� �������� �� ������ ����� ��� �� ������ ��� .����
:�������������� ����� ������ ��� �������� �������� �� �� ������� �� ���� ����� ������ ������ �������� ��� �������� ������� ������� ���� .��� ���� ������ ������������ �������� �� ��� ������ ����� ���� �������� �������� ���� ��� �� �������� ������� ���������� �� ��������.�������� ���� ������ ��� �� ������� ��� ������������ �������� �� ������� ��� ���� ����������� ��.�������� ����� �� ������ ���� �� ��������
����������� �����:����� ��� ������������������ ��� ����� ���� ������� �� ������� ������� ���� : ��������� �� ����������� -9.)������ ����( ������ �� ��� ���������� �� ���� �������� ��������� ����� ������� ������� ���� : ������ ������ ��� -1
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
.)������� �� ������� ����� �����( ���������� ����� ������ �� �������
����������� �������� �� ���� �� ��� �� �� ��������� ���� ������� ���� ������������ �������� ��.������������ ������ ��������� �� ����������� ������� ����� ������������ ����� ����������� �������� ���� ������� ������ ���������� ���� �� ��������� ������� ���.�������� ���� ������
����������� ������������.������ ���� ������ ����� ���� ������ ������� ��������� ������������ �����
�� ������������ ����� ������� ������ ��� ���� ��������� ��������� ������ ���������� ��� ������.������� �������� ����� ���� �� ������ ����� �� ������ ����� ����� ����
:�� ��������� ������� ����� ���� �������������� ���� ����� ����� ������ .��� ��� ����� ����� ����� ���� �� ��������� �������� ������� ������ �� ����� ���� �� � ���� ������ ���� ������ ��� �� �������
)���� 705( ��������� �� ����
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Arabic Text 7.2
������� �������� ����� �� ����������� ���
:������� �������� ����� �� ����������� ���
�������� ���� �� ���� ���� ���� ������ ����� �� ����������� �������� ������ ��� .����� ����� ���� ���� ������ ���� ������� ��������� ��������� �����
��� ������ ������ ������� ����� �� ����� ����������� ����� ���� ��� �� ����� ����� ������ ���.�������� ��������� ������ �� ����� ������� ������ ������ ������� ��
http://www.siironline.org
)���� 71(
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Prepared by:
Marwa Anas Rania Magdy
Marwa Farouk Hassan Yasser Taha
Diplomacy and International Relations Terminology
A. Diplomatic Relations and Missions
��� ������ �������� ����������� ��������1. Diplomacy (n.)
������� ���� /�����������2.
Courtesies of Diplomacy
����������� ���������3. Shuttle Diplomacy
������ ���������4. To practise diplomacy
����������� )����� /���� �( �����5. Diplomat (n.)
����������
6. Diplomatic affairs
7. Diplomatic bag
Diplomatic pouch (Amr.)
��������� ���� ��������� �����Diplomatic courier )����������� ������� ����( ��������� ����9. Diplomatic Corps
/���������� ����� /)�������( ����������� ������ ���������� ����� ����� ����
10.
Diplomatic channels
��������� ��� ��� /���11. Diplomatic crisis
��������� ����12. Diplomatic correspondent
)������( �������� ���� �13. Diplomatic efforts
����������� ��������� /������14. Diplomatic entry visa
��������� ���� ������15. Diplomatic exemption
���������� �������16. Diplomatic gallery
��������� ����
17. Diplomatic hitch
��������� ����18. Diplomatic immunity
����������� �������
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
19. Diplomatic Parlance (F.)
��������� ���20. Diplomatic privileges
����������� ��� �������21. Diplomatic representation
���������� �������22. Diplomatic status
�������� ���23. Diplomatic ties
��������� �����24. To establish diplomatic relations
��������� ������ ����25. To re-establish/ resume diplomatic relations
����������� �������� ������26. - Break off diplomatic relations
����������� �������� ���
27. Suspension of diplomatic relations
����������� �������� ����� /���28. Freezing diplomatic relations
����������� �������� �����29. Normalization of relations
�������� �����
30. Diplomatic corps
)��������� ����( ���������� �����31. Statesman
����� /���� ���32. Statesmanship = Statecraft
)������ ��� �����( ��������� �����33. Dean Of Diplomatic Corps
���������� ����� ����
34. Doyenne:
���������� ����� ���� ����35. Acting Secretary General ����� ������ ��36. Charge d’affaires (F.)
:�������� ����37. High Commissioner
������ �����38. Persona grata (L.)
����� ���39. Persona non grata (L.)
��� ����� ��� /����� ��� ���40. Foreign community
�������� �������41. Extraordinary envoy
������ ��� �����42. Itinerant envoy (eye)
����� �����43. Fact-finding mission
������� ���� ����
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
44. Agrement (F.)
45. Ad referendum (L.)
���� /���� ������ ���� /�������� ���� ���� �������� ���� ��� ���������� ���� ������� /��������� ���46. Unfriendly act
��� ��� ���47. Act of courtesy
�������� ����� �� ���48. Exchange of courtesies
��������� �����49. To abide by the resolution
��� ���� ���� /���� /�����50. Abidance by the law
�������� ���� /���� /�����51. To accede to a treaty
������ ��� ����52. Accession to an alliance
Entering into an alliance
53. Balance of power
����� ����� /����� ��� ��
54. Tripartite representation
����� �����55. Multiple representation
)���� �� ���� �� ����( ����� �����56. Accredited representative
����� ����57. Common interests
������ �����58. International solidarity
���� �����59. Espionage (F.)
���� /�������60. Coup d’etat (F.)
)�����( ����� ���� �� ������61. Reformation of the government
������� ����� �����62. De facto recognition (L.)
����� ��� ���63. De jure recognition (L.)
������ ��� ���64. Fait accompli (F.)
���� ��� /���� ���65. Status quo (L.)
���� �� ���66. Striking force
����� ���67. Force Majeure (F.)
���� ��� /����� ���68. Goodwill mission
������ ������� ����69. Good offices
����� ����
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Bona fide ����� ���� /��� ����71. Hard-liner
�����72. The Haves and Have-nots Countries
��������� ������ �����73. Political impasse
���� ��� �� ����� ���� /����� ����74. Mediation
)������ ��� ���� ��� � �� �� ���� ��� ���( �����75. Memorandum (memo) (L.)
�����
76. Subjects
������ �����77. Native born citizen
���� �����78. Acquired nationality
������ �����79. Right of Asylum
������� ������ ��80. Square report
���� �����81. Square refusal
����� ��� ���82. Discriminatory treatment
������� ������83. Walkout
)������� �� �� ������ ������ ��( ������B. Diplomatic Meetings
84. Audience: a formal meeting with a very important person
����������� ��������� /���������������( ���� ���� �� ��� �� ����� ������)���� ����� /�������85. Audience room
������� ��������� ����86. Ceremonials (Protocol)
���������� /��������� /���� ���87. Ceremonial mission
����� ����88. Protocol book
��������� ���89. Chief of protocol = master of ceremonies
���� ��� ����90. Red carpet reception
C. Diplomatic Instruments and
Documents
)������� ����( ���� ���������� ������ ���������� ����������� �������91. Treaty of alliance
����� ������
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92. Pact of non-aggression
������ ��� �����93. Credentials (from ambassadors to heads of states)
�������� ��� �� /����D. Functions and Authorities ������ ����94. Terms Of Reference (TOR)
�������� /�������95. Prerogatives
96. To grant a concession
To withdraw a concession
��� ��������� ���� ������ ��� ������� �����( ������ ���)������������ ���97. Absolute government
������ �� ����� �����98. Absolute power
������ �� ����� ����99. Ex-officio member (L.)
������ ���� ���100. Abuse of right
���� ������� �����101. Abuse of office
������ ������� �����102. Abuse of power
������ ������� �����103. Vested with full powers
������� ����� ���� /����� ����� ����104. To curtail the powers
������� ���105. Authorized official
���� �����106. Central authority
������ ����
107. Concerned authority
����� ����108. Constitutional authority
������� ����109. Delegation of authority
������ �����110. To exercise authority
To exercise patience
����� ���������� ���� /���� /����� �� ����
E. Ambassadorial Related Terms ��� ����� ���� �������111. Ambassador Extraordinary
������ ��� ����
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112. Ambassador Plenipotentiary
Minister plenipotentiary
������ ����113. Ambassador at large
����� ����114. Roving ambassador
����� ����115. Ambassadorial rank (order)
116. To recall (summon) an ambassador
���� ���� /���� �� ��� ������117. To withdraw an ambassador
���� ���118. Notification on arrival of an ambassador
���� ����� �����119. Offence against an ambassador
���� ��� ����� �����120. Official residence of the ambassador
������ ������ �����121. Embassy Spokesperson
������� ���� ���� �� �����122. Embassy Staff
������� ����� /������� ����123. First Secretary of an embassy
������� ��� ������F. Consulate
��������124. Consulate General
���� ������125. Consul General
��� ����126. Honorary Consul
���� ����127. Vice-Consul
���� ����128. Consular Agent
����� ����129. Consular Corps
������� �����130. Consular immunities
������ ������131. Consular jurisdiction
������ ����� /����� ��� ��132. Consular privileges
������ ��� �����G. Attaché
����133. Air Attaché
��� ����134. Commercial Attaché
����� ����135. Cultural Attaché
����� ����
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136. Press Attaché
���� ����137. Naval Attaché
���� ����138. Military Attaché
����� ����139. Scientific Attaché
���� ����H. International Policies
����� ������140. Policy of appeasement
������� �����141. Policy of austerity
������ �����142. Policy of deterrence
����� �����143. Policy of fait accompli
������ ����� �����144. Policy of rapprochement (F.):
������� �����145. Wait and see policy
������� �������� �����146. Détente (F.):
/�������� ������� �������� ��( ��� ����� )�����()��������147. Entente(F.): international understanding
������ )�����(I. State of War
��� ����148. Adverse attitude
����� ���� /�����149. Adverse interests
������� /������� �����150. Adverse opinion
����� /���� /����� /����� ���151. Aggravated assault
����� ��� /������ ����152. Alliance for peace
������ ��� �� �����153. Breach of peace
������ ���154. To bear the brunt
���� ����155. Banishment/ Exile
Local banishment
��� /�����
156. To impose a curfew
���� ��� ���157. Coalition government
�������� �����158. Colonialism
���������
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159. Grip of colonialism
��������� ����160. Decolonization
��������� ��� ������161. To reach a compromise
162. Deadlock
(Stalemate)
��� �� ��� �������� ���� /���� /��� ���� ����163. World denunciation
����� �������164. Deterioration of relations/ situation
������ /�������� �����165. Treason
���� ����� /)������ �� ������ �� ���( �����166. War of extermination
(Genocide)
������� ���)�� ����� �� ����( ������ �����167. War reparations
����� �������168. Repatriation of Prisoners Of War (POWs) ����� /����� ��� ���169. Repatriation of refugees
����� ��� �������� ����� /�����170. Redeployment of troops
)������( ���� ����� �����171. Ethnic cleansing
���� �����
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Certificate Title: Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Introduction to Interpreting
Session Title: Eight
Description of session and main activities:
A practical session of at sight interpreting using texts of about 250 words on
‘Elections’. Translation is practiced from Arabic into English and vice versa.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
reproduce meaning in the target language while scanning a 250-word text.
Material:
� Selected readings on theories of interpreting� Texts on ‘Elections’
Assignments:
Prepare texts on ‘Economics’ for session nine.
� Learners should read widely on ‘Economics’. They should not only collect the keyterminology in the field, but also get all necessary background knowledge to com
pensate for any shortage of comprehension. At the beginning of the next
session, learners will take a quiz of terminology on ‘Economics’. The quiz consists
of key terms that learners will most likely encounter while reading on the subj
ect. The objective of the quiz is to translate 60% of the terms correctly, i.e.
60% enables the learner to get the full mark.
� The quiz is out of 5 marks; it consists of 50 key terms to translate in 30 minutes.
Another 5 marks are given for the oral production of the learner during the sess
ion.
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
English Text 8.1
Elections in the world
Citizens determine their nation’s interactions with the world through elections, c
ollectively and even with individual acts. As globalization’s forces buffet the wo
rld, seen time and time again since the start of the 21stcentury, the internal p
olitics of any state can permanently alter course for other nations:
the ruling Taliban in Afghanistan allowed jihadists to plot air attac
ks on the US World Trade Center and Pentagon; rising
home prices in the US and unsustainable mortgages triggered a global credit cris
is and recession; budget mismanagement and debt in Greece spread panic which cal
led for austerity measures throughout the European Union; and the self-immolatio
n of a hopeless street vendor in Tunisia stirred thoughts of revolution and unre
st throughout the Middle East and beyond.
Citizen reactions are only magnified by rapid growth of satellite television net
works, cell phones, the internet, and social media like Facebook and Twitter. Wi
th a click of button, thousands and then millions can view a politician’s embarras
sing slip of tongue, widening inequality, pollutants crossing borders, work cond
itions of factories that make favorite products, devastation left by natural dis
aster followed by spontaneous generosity whether for victims of a hurricane in L
ouisiana or earthquake-tsunami victims in Indonesia and Japan. Foreign policy in
action viewed on global media prompts strong citizen reactions, and elections m
old foreign policy.
The electoral systems and forms of government are many and varied – plurality, maj
ority or proportional representation; presidential and parliamentary. Yet
citizens expect their leaders to provide jobs, education and healthcare, whil
e ensuring adequate supplies of energy and clean water, overseeing fair pricing
and regulations, and protecting borders and culture. And of course, citizens exp
ect leaders of other states to reciprocate in their trade and other policies.
In 2012, election campaigns are underway for choosing leaders of Egypt, France,
Russia, Mexico, Turkey, the United States and other nations. While confronting e
lections, the primary concern of these leaders is to satisfy their citizens’ deman
ds, and yet that can set them up against other countries’ interests.: France’s i
ncumbent president seeks to mollify citizens by announcing early withdrawal o
f troops from the NATO operation in Afghanistan, enraging other members; US cand
idates, blaming China for a loss of jobs, call for a protectionist stance; Russi
a’s candidates rail against corruption while trying to present a positive outlook
for foreign investors. In China, the leaders are selected by the Communist Party
which must also take into account public sentiments. The next set of leaders in
China must reassess past policies of lending to troubled economies in the West
and still deliver growth, jobs and improvements in the standard of living – or ris
k unrest
This YaleGlobal special section presents articles that analyze the national elec
tion campaigns and the consequences that so often reach beyond borders.
http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/world-elections-global-challenges
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Arabic Text 8.1
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.������� �������� �� ���� ��� ������ ����������
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��� ��� ����� ������� ������ ������� �� ������� ������ �� �������� ���� ���������� 1440 ����� ����� �� �������� ����� ����� ���� ���� ���������� ����� �� 911 ��� ���� �����.������ ��� �� �� ���
:����� ����������� ������� ������ ������ �� ���� ����� ������ ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ����� ����� ��� ���� ������ ��� �� ������� ����� ��� .�������� �� ����� ����������������� ������� ��������� ��������� ��� ������� ����������� ��� ��� �� ������� ��� �� ��.������ �����
���� ������� ����� ��� ��� ���� ���� ���� �� ��� ������ �������� ���� ��� ���������� ������ ������� �������� ������ ��� ����� ����� ������� �� ����� ������� ����.������� ��������
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
�������� ���� ����� ��� ���� ������� �� ���� ���� ���� ��� � ���� �� �� ����� ���� ���.�������� �������
��� ���� ��������� ����� ������ ��� ����� ��� ������� ������� ���� �� ����������� ���� �������� ��� ���� �������� ������� ������� ����� ��� ���� � ��� ��� �����.������ ����� ��� ������� ���� ���� � ������� ������ ��� ������
�� ��� �� ���� ���� ��� ���������� ����� ��� ����� ����� ��� ��� �� ��� � ������ ���� ���� �� �������� ��� �� ������� ��� ���� ���� ���� ������ �������� ����� ���� .������� ������ ���� ���� ��� ��� ���� ������� ����� ����� ��� �������
���������� ������� ����� ��� ����� ������ ������� ��������� ������ ���� �� � ������ ����� ����� ��� ������� ���� ��� ��� ����� ������� �� ���� ��� ������� �� ��� ������ �� ���� ( � ����� �� ���� ��� �� �� �� ����� ���������� � ��� ���� � .������ �� ���� ��� ������ �������� ������� ������� ������� ���� �)�����
���� ������ ������� ���� �� ������ ���� �������� ���� �� ��� ��� �� ��������:������ ���� �����
��� �������� ����� ��� ��� ��������� ����� ������ ������� �������� ������ .9.���� ���� �������� ������ ������� ������ ���� ��� ���� ������� ������ ����� �� ��� ������ .���� ���������� ������ ������ ��� ��� ����� ���� ��� ���� �� ���� ����� ������� ������ �� ����� ����� .5�� �������� �������� ������ � ��� ���� ������ �� ��������� ����� ���� ���������� ������� ������� ��� ������ ��� ��� ���� �� ��� �������� ������ �� ������ ���� ����.��� �������� ������� ������ �� ����� ��� .������ �� ������� � ����� ����� ����� ������ ����� ������ �������� �� � ������ ������� ������ ��� .2������ ����� ���� �������� �������� ������ ������� ���� ��� �� ��� � ������.������� ��� ������� ������� ����������� ��� ������� ������� ���� ���� �� �� ������� ������ ����� �� �� ������ .3���������� ������� ��� �� ��� ������� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���������.������������ ��� ���� ���� ����� �������� ������ ������� ���� �� ���� ��� .4.�������� �� ������ ��������
)���� 471( ������ ������ ���� : ��
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Arabic Text 8.2
����������
���� �� ,���� ���� ����� ��� ������� ������� ������� �� �������������������� ��� ��� ������� ����� �� .������� ������ ����� ��������� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ��� ���������� ���� ������ ������� .��������.������� ��� ���� ���������� �� ������
����� �������� ����� �� ����� ��� ��� .������� �� ��� �� �� ������ ���������� ��� .�.��������� ������� ������
http://ar.wikipedia.org
)���� 92(
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Arabic Text 8.3
��������� ���� �������� ���
: ��� �� ����� ����� �� ����� ��� ��� ��� ���������� �� ������� ��� ���� ����� �������� ������� �� ���� ������ �������� ���� �� ����� ���� ��� ��������� ���� �� ��� ������ ������ �� ������� ��������.������� ��� ��� �� �����
������ ����� �������� ��� ���� ���� �������� ������ ������ ���� � ������� ����� ��� ��� ������ ����� ���.���� ���� �� ���� ������� �� �������� ���� ��� ���� ���� ��������
����� �� �� ������ ����� ��� �������� �� ���� ����� � ��� � � � ��� ������ ������ ���������� ������� ��� ����� ������� ������� ���� ��� ���� �� ������� � �� ��� ��� ���� ���� �������� ����� ����� ��.����� �� ���� ���� �� ���� �� ������ ������� �� ��� ����� ��������������� ������� �� ������� ������� ��� ���� �� ������� �������� ���������
����� � ��� � ���� �� ��������� ������� �� ���� ������ �� ����� ����� ������ ���� �� ����� ����� �� ������� �������.�����
����� ��� �������� �������� ������� ���� ���� �� ������ ����� �������� ������� ���
��� ������� �� ����� ��� ������ ���� �� ��� ����� ��������� ������ ���� ���� ������� ������ �.�����
��� ������� ����� ��� �� �������� �������� ������� ������� ��� ������� ������������ ���� ������� �� ������� ����� ��� ���� ������� ������� ���� �� ������� ���� �� ��������.����� ������ ���� ������� �� ������ ����
)���� 275 ( ���������� ������ �������� ����� ������ ������ ��
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Elections, Parliament & Parties Terminology Elections
Prepared by:
Dalia Raouf Rania Magdy
Marwa Anas Samar Abul Nur
Marwa Farouk Hassan Sherine Nabih Mona G
obba Yasser Taha
A. Types of elections
1. One- man- one- seat system
2. Presidential elections
3. Ticket/Slate Election System
4. Municipal elections:
5. Rigged elections
6. Election by acclamation
7. Election by general consent
8. Election by secret ballot
9. Run-off vote
���������� �����
���� ������ ���� ������ �������� �������� �������� ���� ������� ������������� �������� ���������� ����������� /�������� ������ ������ ��������� ������ ����� ��������� ������������� ��������
B. Election supervision ���������� ��� �10. Electoral College
11. Judicial supervision
��������� ������
������� �������
C. Before Elections ���������� ��� 12. Polling station
13. Elector / Voter
)������ ����( ���������� ������
����� /����
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
14. Election round
15. To campaign for the election
16. Platform
17. Rally
18. Canvass (n.)
19. Stump Speeches
20. Electioneering:
21. Electioneerer (n.)
22. He is fighting the election
23. Poll
24. Party Slates
25. Turnout
26. Proportional representation
27. Independent candidate
28. Labo(u)r
29. Professional candidate/ Brackets
30. Workers and Farmers
31. Opponents
32. To muzzle opposition
�������� ���� �������� ����� ���� ������� ��������� �� ���� ������ ������ /��������
)����( ����
)������ ����� ��( �������� ������ ���������� ����������������� �������� ���� ���������� ����� ���� ����� ����������� �����
���������� �� ��������� ���� /���
�� ������ �� �������� ����( ������ �������)������� ��� �������� ���...��������
)��� �� ���� ��( ����� ���� ������ )��( ���������� ���� ������� ���� ������������ ����� ���
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
33. Staunch Supporters
34. Public protests
35. Mobilization of the public
������ ������� /������ ����� ��������Mobilization of the masses �������� �����36. Electorate
�������� �����
37. To carry out an election
38. To challenge the result of the elections
39. To conclude the election
40. To conduct the election
41. To declare the election invalid
42. To withdraw from an election
43. Election day
������� ����
���������� ����� �� ��� �� ��� ����� �������� ������������ ���� /��� ����� �������� ���� ������ �� ������������� ���
44. Election nominations
45. Impartiality of elections
���������� �������Neutrality of elections ���������� ������ /����46. Integrity of elections
47. Manipulation of elections
48. Eligible for immediate election
49. Disqualified for elections
50. The election is valid
51. Balloting
���������� �����
���������� �� ������� �� ������� ������ /������� �������� ���� �������� ���� �� ���� ��� ���� ������
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
52. Ballot booth
53. To cast one’s ballot
54. Valid ballot papers
Invalid ballot papers
55. Ballot boycott
56. Vote (n.)
57. Voteless
58. Voting card
59. To cast one’s vote
60. Votes cast
61. To put sth. To the vote:
62. To vote sth down:
63. To vote through:
64. To Count the votes
Sorting votes
Sorting machines
)��� ����� ������ ���� ��� ���� ������( �������� ����������� ����
����� ������ ���������� ��� �� ����� �� ����� ������ �����
)���������� ����� ������ ���( �������� ������ ������ ���)���� ��������( ������� )��( �� ��� �� �������� ���������� ���� ������� �������������� )��� �����( ��� �������� ���� ������� ��������� ������� ������� ���� �� ��������� ���
65. To deprive the right to vote
66. To Exercise one’s right to vote
67. To pool the votes
68. To poll the majority of votes
������� ��� ������� ������� �� �� ���������� �� ��� ���� �� ���� ������� ���������� ������ )��� ���( /���
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
69. To vote on (a motion)
70. To vote (somebody) in
71. To vote (somebody) out
72. To vote for
������ /��� ���
.. ��� ������ ����� �������� �������� ����
.. �� ����� )����( ���To vote in favor of ����� ����� ���73. To vote against
74. To Vote article by article
75. To vote by roll call
�� ����� ���
����� ���� ����� ���Roll = list of names ������ ��������� ���76. To vote by secret ballot
77. To vote by show (raise) of hands
78. To vote by standing and sitting
79. To abstain from voting
80. Abstentions
81. Casting vote:
82. Dissenting vote
83. List of voters
84. Non-voting
85. Members present and voting
86. Nomination: 1)
87. To close nominations
88. To Second a nomination
����� ��������� ���
������ ���� ��� ������� ������� ��� ������� �� ����� ������� �� ��������� ���� �������� �� ����� ��� �������� ����� ������� ������������ �������� ������� ����� /����� /����� /����� ��������� ��������� ��� �� ��� �� ���
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
89. Nominee
90. Null and void
91. Candidacy/ Candidature:
92. List/ Slates of candidates
93. The Presidential Candidate
94. To declare a candidacy in order
95. To declare a candidacy out of order
96. To waive his candidacy
97. Chairman (president)/ chairperson/ chair
98. Elected Chairperson
99. Constituency
100. Carving out the constituencies
101. Motion:
102. To vote on the motion
103. Debatable motion
���� ����� ��� ����� ������ ������������ ������
����� ��� �� ����� ���� ����� ��� �� ����� ��� ���� ������ �� ������������ ����� ������������ ����� �� �������� ����� /�������� ����� ���������� ������� �����������
������ ��� ���Undebatable motion �������� ���� ������
�������� ���� ��� ������104. Motion of confidence
Motion of non-confidence ������ ������
����� ���� ������
105. Procedural motion
106. Substantive motion
������ ������
)������ ���( ������ ������
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
107. Opinion poll:
108. Referendum:
��� ������� )�������)
/������� �� ���� �����( )����( �������)������� ����
109. Plebiscite:
110. Questionnaire:
111. Rapporteur (F.)
112. Elective seats
113. Unanimity
114. Disguised unanimity
������� ����
��� ����� ������ ��� ����( )����( ��� �������)������ ������ �� ����� �������)������ ��������� �������� ������( ����� �������� ����������
���� �����
D. After Elections and Scrutinizing ���������� ��� ��� ��� ����� �����
115. Tie (usually singular):
116. Nays
117. Quorum
118. To ascertain the quorum
119. The teller
120. Scrutineer: (
121. Re-election
122. By-election
������� �����
�� /����� ����� /������ ���( ������� �������)����� �������� ������������ ������ �� ����� ������� ���� ������� ������� ������ /������ ����� �� �����
)������� ���� ��� ���( ���� ������
E. Winning the elections ���������� �� ��
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
123. To win uncontested/ unopposed
124. (win by a) Landslide
125. Thin/ narrow majority
126. Absolute majority
127. Sweeping majority
128. Overwhelming majority
129. Consensus
�������� ���� ����������� ������ ����� ������ ����� ������ ����� ������)����� �� ����� �����( �����
F. Parliament ����� ���� ���130. Member of Parliament (MP)
131. Parliamentarian
132. The Speaker: an official who controls
������ ���
�������� ����� ��� /�������discussions in a parliament �������� ����133. Dissolution of parliament
134. Parliamentary immunity
135. Parliamentary session
136. Ad hoc committee
�������� ��
�������� ����� �������� �������� ����
G. Types (names) of Parliaments �������� ������� )�����( �����137. US Congress
138. Congressional hearings
139. Congressman
140. The Senate:
141. Senator
)�������� ��������( �������� ��������
�������� ����� ������ ��� ������ ���������� ���� ���
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
142. House of Representatives
143. House Member
144. The British Parliament
145. House of Commons (lower house):
146. House of Lords (upper house):
147. The French National Assembly
148. (the west German) Bundestag
149. The People’s Assembly
150. The Shura Consultative Council
151. Duma
152. The Diet
153. Keneseth
������ ���� ������ ���� ��� ��������� ��������)������( ������ ���� �������� ������������ ������� ������� ��������� ������� ������ ����� ���������� ����
)����� �� ��������( ������ ����)������� �� ��������( �������� ������ ���������� ��������H. Constitution
�������154. To abide by the Constitution
155. Preamble of the Constitution
156. Provisions of the Constitution
157. Constitutional Act
158. To Constitutionalise
159. To amend the Constitution
160. To introduce amendments
�������� �����
������� ������ ������� ����� ����� ������ ��������� /������� ���� ����� /������� ���� ����������� ��� ��������� ����
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
161. Appendix (a part at the end of a book
containing additional info.) ����162. Legislative action
163. Legislation (law making)
164. Legislator (law maker)
165. Legislature
166. Legitimacy
������ �����
)�������� ��( �����
�������� ��� ������� ����� /�����)�������� ���� ����� ����( ������� ���� ����� /�������I. Political Parties
�������� �������167. Liberal Party
168. Ruling Party
169. Opposition Party
170. Marginal Parties
171. Socialist Party
172. Communist Party
173. Centrist Party
174. Right-wing
Left-wing
175. Clandestine Party
)��������� /�������( ������� ���
������ ����� �������� ��� �������� ������� ������� ��� ����� ��� ��� �������� �� ������� ������ ����� �� ������� ������Clandestine = secret ��� ���176. Banned Party (outlawed)
177.
����� ���Party�s Manifesto ����� ������ ������ ������ ��������� ������
J. Miscellaneous
�����
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Certificate Title: Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Introduction to Interpreting
Session Title: Nine
Description of session and main activities:
A practical session of at sight interpreting using texts of about 250-words on
‘Economics’. Translation is practiced from Arabic into English and vice versa.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
reproduce ideas in the target language while scanning a 250-word text.
Material:
� Selected readings on theories of interpreting.� Texts on economics.
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
The need of information. Accounting as an information
Our economic environment is one where the production and distribution of goods a
nd services is primarily left to individuals or to a group of people. It is base
d on the principle that these entrepreneurs can own property and conduct their b
usiness with the view of making a profit from their efforts. All businesses nee
d a system of planning and maintaining information about their financial affairs
.
Different types of information might be useful to people interested in the firm.
Information can be either quantitative or non-quantitative. Examples of nonquant
itative information are visual impressions, conversations, television programs,
newspaper stories. Quantitative information is such information that is expresse
d in numbers.
Accounting is primarily concerned with quantitative information but it is one of
several types of quantitative information which is distinguished from the other
types in that it usually is expressed in monetary amounts (i.e. acquisition cos
t of purchased equipment). Nonmonetary information is often included in accounti
ng reports for reader�s understanding the report (i.e. number of employees or pr
oducts sold).
Accounting information consists of operating information, financial accounting a
nd management accounting. Operating information is required to conduct an organi
zation�s day-to-day activities. This information constitutes the largest quantit
y of accounting information and provides the basic data for both management acco
unting and financial accounting. (Example: In the stockroom the material list ha
s to be known to order new supply of depleted sorts).
Financial accounting provides information both for internal users (owners,
managers) as well as external users (shareholders, banks, trade partners,
government, investors, general public). Content of financial accounting reports
is
identical for every entrepreneur (it is needed for comparison among firms and se
ctors of industry) and users will not understand them without knowing the ground
rules of their preparation.
Management accounting information is shaped from summaries of operating and othe
r information. This information is used by persons who have to carry out their m
anagement responsibilities and it is used in three management functions – planning
, implementation and control.
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Arabic Text 9.1
��������� �������
������ �������� �������� ������ ��� )������� ����������( �� ��������� ������� ������ ���������2112
���� ������� ������� �� ������� ����� ������ ����� .�����������( � ����� ��� � ����� ��� � ������ � ���� �� � �� �� �� ��� ����� �� ������ ����� �����9992�2271
�22917:������ ����� ��� ) ����� �� ����� � ���� �� � �� ���� ��� � .)�������� ����� ����� ����� ���(
����� ����� �����(
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�������� �� )���� �����( ������� ����� �� �������� ���� ������� ������ �����.����� ��
����� �����( ����� �� �23������ ������ ���� �� �95��� ������ ��������������� �������� �������� �������� ������� �������� ��� �������� ��� .������ �� )��������99311 �� ���� ������ ����� ����� ��� ��� ����� 311 ���� ���������� ������.�����
���� .������� ����� �� ��� �1 ������ ������ ���� �� �22 ��� ������� ������������� ����� �� ���� ����� 2911 �� ������ ������� ���������� ����� ��� ��������)59 � �2119 ����������( .����� 9111 �� ���
�������� ����� �� ���������� ������ ��� ���� ������ ���� ��� ������� ����� ������� �� ��������� ������� �� ������� ������� �������� ��� ������ ����� ������ .������� ������.�������� ����� ��� ������� ������� �� ����� ���� ���� ����� ������ ���� ���� ��� ������
��( �������� ������� ������ ��� ����� ���� ���� ������ ������� ����� �����:������ ���� ��� ���������� ���� ���� .������� ������� �� )������� ������ �� �������� ���������� ��� �����2.1
��� ��� ������ �������� �� ��� �����31 �� ��� �����."�������
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
.������ ���� ���� �� �91 �� ���� � ���� ���� ������� ������ ���� ���� �� ����� ��
����� ������ �� �� ������ ������ ���� �� ����� �� ��� ���� �2113 ���� ������� ���� �������( ��������� ������ ������ �� ����� ��� ���� 21 �� �������� ������ ������ �.)������������
���� ��� ���.����� ������� 923 �������� ������ ���� ��� -�31 ������ �� ������ �� ���� 2 �� ���� �� .����� ������� 2�2 ������������ ����� -.������� ������ ���� ���31 �� ����� .����� �� ����� 91 �� ��� ��� ������ ������ ���� �� �91 �� ���� - ������ ���.����� �� ����� 9.23 �� ��� ��� ������
.������� �� ������ ������� ����� ���� �� � 17 �2008 -
.�19 ����� )����� �� ����� 5211 �� ���( ����� ���� ����� ������� ��� ���� ���� -����� )����� �� �����9111
�� ����( ����� ���� ����� �������� ��� ���� ���[1[.�99
������ ����
� ���� �� �� ������ ��� ������� �����.��������� ������� ���� ������� �� ������ ����� ������ ���� �� ������� �� �������� ����������� ���������� .����� �������� ��� ��� ������� ����� ��.������ ����� �� �������� ��� ��� ����
)���� 391( ����� �������� ���������� ��
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Arabic Text 9.2
����� ��� ��������� ������� �� ������ �������
���� ���� ���� ������ ������ ���� ��������� �������� ����� �� ��� �� �� ��� ������� ��������� ���� �� �������� �������� ���� �� ������� ����� ��� ���� ������� �� ���������� ������� ��2117
��� ������ �� ���������� ��������� ����� ��� �������� ������� ���� ������ ��� ���� ��� �
9191
��� ��� ���� ���� ����� ��������� ���� ��� ������� ��� ����� �� ��� ���� ������ ���� �� %21 ���� ����. ��� )2 � 1( ������ % 21
http://islamtoday.net
)���� 922(
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Expressions
Entrepreneurs
����� ���� planning and maintaining information
�������� ������� ������� quantitative or -quantitative ���� �� ��� monetary amounts ����� ����� Nonmonetary infon ����� ��� ������� fing
����� �������� management accounting �������� �������� Operating information ��������� ��������� internal user ����� ������ external users ����� ������
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Certificate Title: Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Introduction to Interpreting
Session Title: Ten
Description of session and main activities:
A practical session of consecutive interpreting. Students should be able to inte
rpret consecutively up to one minute from Arabic into English and vice versa.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
1. take notes based on a one-minute text;
2. list key words reflecting the meaning of the text;
3. reformulate messages in the target language; and
4. interpret consecutively for up to one minute.
Material:
� Selected texts.
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Certificate Title: Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Introduction to Interpreting
Session Title: Eleven
Description of session and main activities:
A practical session of simultaneous interpreting . Students should be able to i
nterpret simultaneously up to two minutes from Arabic into English and vice vers
a. This session should be conducted in the simultaneous interpreting lab.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the class session, students will be able to
1. respond to input with good voice quality;
2. use adjustment strategies such as addition, inference, omission, and self-c
orrection;
3. deliver at a steady rate; and
4. interpret simultaneously for up to two minutes.
Material:
� Selected texts.
Introduction to Interpreting
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Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Certificate Title: Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
Course Title: Introduction to Interpreting
Session Title: Twelve
Description of session and main activities:
The final test.
� The test will be conducted on a one-on-one basis.� Learners will choose, at random, a text of about 50 words out of 4 Arabic texts, and another out of 4 English texts.
� Learners will be asked to interpret each text at sight in not more than 5 minutes.
� Learners should start interpreting within less than 30 seconds from the time they receive the texts.
� Each text will be evaluated out of 15 marks by the class instructor.� Grade distribution is as follows;� 10 marks on accuracy� 3 marks on voice clarity and intonation� 1 marks on starting within 30 seconds� 1 marks on finishing within the given time
Introduction to Interpreting
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