HSC: Key Definition

• Haematopoietic Stem Cell

Cell produced in bone marrow that gives rise to all other blood cells (white cells, red cells, and platelets)

• Replenishes itself

• Relatively resistant to injury

• But, that can be eliminated with high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy

Haematopoietic Stem Cell

HSCT: Key Vocabulary

• Stem Cell Transplant

to re-infuse HSC in patients who have received high doses of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy

• Allogeneic transplant

uses stem cells from another person (who is a perfect match)

• Autologous transplant

uses stem cells taken from the patient

Types of Transplants

• Autologous

• Allogeneic

• Syngeneic

Concepts of HSC Transplant

• Allows delivery of high dose chemotherapy and/or total body irradiation

Destruction of tumor Creation of marrow space Prevention of *graft rejection

*stem cells from allo donor

Diseases Commonly Treated with HSCT.

Indications for Blood & Marrow Transplantation in North America, 2002

Overall Numbers of Stem Cell Transplant

HSCT

How is it done?

Patients are carefully screened Disease responsive to HSCT(i.e.., AML, NHL) Comorbidities and Performance Status (CHF, COPD, CRI) Infectious diseases Profile (i.e.. HIV, Hepatitis, etc)

Stem cells are collected. From the patient (for autologous HSCT) or the donor (allogeneic)

Stem Cell Graft Collection

• Marrow

• Peripheral Blood

• Patient’s own or from somebody else

Source of Haematopoietic Stem Cells

• Bone Marrow Requires general anesthesia in operating room Traditional method

• Peripheral Blood (drawn from veins) Obtained by apheresis Accomplished as outpatient procedure Currently most commonly utilized method

Number of Stem Cells Circulating in Peripheral Blood

Haematopoietic Stem Cell Graft

HSC: Procurement Concepts

• Amount of stem cells collected based on recipients body weight

• Minimal number

2 x 108/kg nucleated cells 2 x 106/kg CD 34 + cells

• CD-cluster differentiation

• Flow Cytometry

HSC from Peripheral Blood Collection

• Translated on:

Mortality rate for autologous transplantation is expected to be below 5%.

Development of Outpatient Transplantation Programs.

Autologous Stem Cell Sources by Recipient Age, 1996-2002

Trends In Autologous Transplants by Recipient Age, * 1990-2002

HSCT Process: Kill the Cancer, Injure the Patient

• Patients are treated with high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation.

• Stem Cells are infused (IV) back to the patient.

• Patient supported with antibiotics, blood transfusions, and treatment for other side-effects

Bone Marrow Ablation: High Dose Chemotherapy and TBI Administration

Common Complications after HSCT

Mucositis

Stem Cell Engraftment

• Engraftment of new stem cells generally takes 10-21 days

• Patient heals the mucositis

• Resolves the infectious process

• Hope the Cancer was Eliminated

Transplantation: Long-Term Outcomes

Types of Transplants: Why Allogeneic

Autologous versus allogeneic

Marrow and Blood “contaminated” with malignant cells.

Stem cells affected by the disease.

No Stem cells available for collection

Bone Marrow Ablation: High Dose Chemotherapy and TBI Administration

Allogeneic HSCT

When stem cells come from a healthy donor, stem cells are “clean” of Malignant Disease,

(Donor has to be carefully screened about Infectious diseases too)

Grafts, from Donors other than the Patient (sibling or unrelated), bring another weapon to kill the Disease:

Graft versus Tumor (GVT) effect

Graft versus Tumor, is the condition where donor T-Cells recognize recipients tumor (i.e., Leukemia) and builds an immune reaction to systematically destroy the tumor

Allogeneic Transplantation with Full or Reduced-Intensity Preparative Regimens

Allogeneic HSCT

• Allogeneic Stem cells will eventually completely eradicate the patient bone marrow (blood making) and immune system

• A new bone marrow and immune system is built all with cells from the allo donor

• This process allows the elimination of the tumor, Graft versus Tumor, at a cost of an enormous immunosupression and Graft vs. Host Disease

Copelan, E. A. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1813-1826

Graft-versus-Leukemia Effect from a Minor Histocompatibility Antigen.

Postulated Mechanism of Acute GVHD.

Graft versus TumorGraft Versus Patient

Limitations of Allogeneic HSCT

• Scarcity of suitable donors

25% sibling match, not everybody has a donor

• Graft versus Host Disease

• Infections

Complications after HSCT

Graft Versus Host Disease

• Condition where donor T-Cells recognize recipient as foreign and attacks the patient skin, bowel, liver, and other tissues

• This graft-versus-host reaction leads to GVHD signs and symptoms

HLA TypingHuman Leukocyte Antigen

• HLA are proteins found on short arm of chromosome 6

• 3-antigens important in HSCT,

HLA-A HLA-B HLA-DR

one set of 3 from each parent

• Brings to a total of six antigens to match

• A full match is “6/6” or “perfect” match

HLA TypingHuman Leukocyte Antigen

Mother Father

25 % chance that each sibling will match

HLA or Tissue Typing

• Rate of GVHD

Donor Incidence

6/6 40%

5/6 50%

4/6 80%

3/6 90%

GVHD Prophylaxis

Graft vs. Host Disease GVHD

• AcuteUp to Day +100

• Skin

• Liver

• Gut

• ChronicAfter Day +100

• Skin

• Mucous Membranes

• Gut

• Liver

• Scleroderma

Acute GVHD Grading

Acute GVHD Grading

Acute GVHD: Skin

Lichenoid Lesions of Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease.

Antin, J. H. N Engl J Med 2002;347:36-42

Graft-versus-Host Disease of the Skin

Acute and Chronic GVHD Therapy

• Steroids and Cyclosporine / Tacrolimus

• Other modalities of immunosupression

Late Complications of Allogeneic HSCT

• 50-60% may develop chronic GVHD

• Chronic GVHD GVHD after day +100, single major determinant of

patients outcome and quality of life after HSCT.

• Immunosupression and InfectionsFungal Infections (Aspergillum), viral reactivation (CMV,

HS)

Outcomes of Haematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation: Allogeneic

Copelan, E. A. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1813-1826

Outcomes of Haematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation in Selected Diseases

Potential/Future Applications

• Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid Arthritis Lupus Multiple Sclerosis

• Other Disorders Congestive Heart Failure

CHS-HSCT Program

LS CMC 5th Floor