introduction to entomology stacey bealmear · introduction to entomology stacey bealmear extension...

INTRODUCTION TO

ENTOMOLOGY

STACEY BEALMEAR

Extension Agent, Urban Horticulture

Yuma County

Outline

Who Cares About Insects Anyway

Insect Classification

Anatomy and Metamorphosis

Insect Orders

Integrated Pest Management

Who Cares About Insects?

Pollination (squash, cucumbers, and citrus) Roughly 1/3 possible due to insect pollinators

Decomposition (nutrient recycling)

Insect product (silk, honey, shellac)

Food for humans and other animals

Detrimental (diseases, damage goods…)

•100,000 species of insects in North America

•1,000 in your backyard alone

The Most Diverse Group

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/chart1.jpg

http://byunews.byu.edu/releases/archive04/Nov/crandall/crandall1-h.jpg

Tree of life Where do insects fit?

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti


http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/arthropod_chart.gif

Kingdom = Animalia

Phylum = Arthropoda

Class = Insecta

(Hexapoda)

Order =


~30 orders

Grouped by similarities

Morphology and DNA

http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif

http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/jcabbott/abbottlab/images/website.jpg


Kingdom = Animalia

Phylum = Arthropoda

Class = Insecta

Order = Lepidoptera

Family = Nymphalidae

Genus = Aglais

Species = urticae

http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk8.htm

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Nymphalidae8.jpg

Insect Anatomy and Metamorphosis

http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/SOM/01-P52~Insect-Metamorphosis-Posters.jpg

Insect Anatomy

All Insects Have:

3 Body Segments

3 Pairs of Legs

1 Pair of Antenna

Insect Anatomy

Legs

Important for identification

Always connected from

thorax

http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images/Topics/extMorphology/leg_master.gif

http://web.localnature.com/articles/backyardnature/pics/insectDesign/cockroch.jpg

http://www.backyardnature.net/in_order.htm

Insect Anatomy

Antennae

Sensory organ

Helps with identification

Copyright © 2007 L. Shyamal, license cc-by-SA 2.5 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=63162&rendTypeId=4

http://www.cynical-c.com/archives/bloggraphics/aedes.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/200px-Ant_SEM.jpg

Insect Anatomy

Wings

None, one or two sets

Outgrowths of the exoskeleton

Found on the thorax

Important for

identification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Maybug.jpg

http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/fruit_fly_mont-droso04.jpg

Insect Anatomy

Mouth Parts

Important for identification

Used to capture, manipulate

and chew food

http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm

Chewing

Mouthparts

http://z.about.com/d/insects/1/0/A/0/-/-/mouthparts.jpg

Insect Internal Anatomy

Circulatory system moves nutrients, salts, hormones, and metabolic wastes

Open circulatory system

Insect blood (Hemolymph) does not deliver oxygen

Digestive system extracts nutrients and other substances from the food

Nervous system is a network of specialized "information highway“

Side view of body showing relative position of

circulatory (yellow), digestive (green), and

nervous (blue) systems.

Insect Internal Anatomy

Respiration: Oxygen is delivered through a group of internal tubes

No veins or arteries

http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/anatomy/trachea-ts.gif

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg/8

00px-Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg

Metamorphosis

(What is it?)

Grow by molting

Juvenile to Adult

Hard outer shell (Exoskeleton)

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93289&rendTypeId=4

http://www.theplatelady.com/figurines6/6164-armor.jpg

http://www.earthlife.net/insects/anatomy.html

Hemimetabolism

Incomplete Metamorphosis

~Five nymphal instar

Resemble adults

Lack wings

http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap048.html

Holometabolism

Complete Metamorphosis

~5 larval instar

Do not resemble adults

Lack wings


Metamorphosis

Most go through complete metamorphosis

http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif

Insect Orders

Matthew C. Wilson

Coleoptera-Beetles

Over 600,000 species have been identified

Coleoptera-Beetles

Complete metamorphosis

Chewing mouthparts

Two pairs of wings

One hardened (elytra)

One soft

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/877/45001086.JPG

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/916/55046138.JPG

http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/beetle.jpg

Coleoptera-Beetles

Larvae with head capsule

and three pairs of legs

C-shaped grubs

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Beetle_larvae_filtered_sw.jpg

Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and

Skippers


Siphoning mouthparts

Two pairs of membranous

wings


Skippers

http://magickcanoe.com/butterfly/skipper-antennae.jpg

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/235/456444401_4ff3f66ad8.jpg

http://magickcanoe.com/blog/2006/06/07/antennae/

Skippers

Butterflies

Moths


Skippers

Frenulum

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/frenulum.gif www.austmus.gov.au/factSheets/butterfly_moth.cfm

http://oliviahorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/giant-leopard-moth.jpg

Moth

http://www.geocities.com/kishan_nie/photos/butterfly1.jpg

Butterfly


Skippers

Larvae

Three pairs of true legs

5 or less pairs of prolegs

Prolegs with crochets

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Insects.html

http://www.macrophotos.com/charleskrebs/prolegs.jpg

http://www.dddi.org/enttutorial/keyimmature/keyimmature3.html

Diptera-Flies


Sponging/piercing

1 pair of wings

http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/fruit_fly_mont-droso04.jpg

http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/fly.jpg

Diptera-Flies

http://rebekahusry.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/mosquito_bite.png

Diptera-Flies

Larvae lack

Legs

Head capsule

Mouth hooks

http://www.deathonline.net/decomposition/images/250/mouth_hook.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Fruit_fly_larva_01.jpg

Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants


Chewing mouthparts (Most)

Two pairs of wings

http://photo.bees.net/biology/ch3/mouthparts.jpg

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425.html

Hemuli

http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/Fig-1-Aulacid-wings.jpg


Most with thread waist

http://www.extermital.com/images/Paper%20wasp%20diag.jpg

http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/general3.htm

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Insects/Bees.html

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Ant_closeup.jpg

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/GARDEN/IMAGES/INVERT/rassawfly.jpg

http://i.pbase.com/u46/crocodile/large/29990428.cooperativeeffort.jpg

Sawfly Larvae: 6-8 prolegs


Ants or Wasp?

http://www.spc.int/lrd/images/RIFA-ant_small.jpg

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2110/2123060109_9893091d13_o.jpg

Ants - Pedicel on waist

- Elbowed antennae

http://web.utk.edu/~extepp/profiles/insects/velvetant.htm

Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Incomplete metamorphosis

Sucking mouthparts

Two pairs of wings

http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/Assets/images_hemiptera/bug_life_cycle.gif

http://magickcanoe.com/stinkbugs/predatory-stinkbug-3-small.jpg http://www.salk.edu/labs/mnl-t/clh/bug%20RNAi.html


Half leathery and half membranous wing

http://schmidling.com/lfbug1.jpg


Suborder Heteroptera- True Bugs

http://www.isledegrande.com/giimages9/largemilkweedbug.jpg

UC Statewide IPM Program

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/90/256658220_65d987dc14.jpg?v=0


Suborder Auchenorrhyncha- Cicadas and hoppers

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Animals/Insects..JPG

http://princesslilo.files.wordpress.com

http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~dietrich/leafhopp.gif


Suborder Sternorrhyncha- Whiteflies, aphids and

scales

http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/2002-10-d28-aphids2-fr4-ed1.jpg

http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/81041/Scale_insect_on_Bursaria_620.JPG

Orthoptera-Grasshoppers, Crickets

and Katydids


Chewing mouthparts

Two pairs of wings


http://www.solarnavigator.net

http://www.nku.edu/~biosci/CostaRica2003/Punta%20Marenco/Day3/Punta%20Marenco1.htm

Mantodea-Mantids


Chewing mouthparts

Two pairs of wings

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62575&rendTypeId=4 http://www.ivyhall.district96.k12.il.us/4TH/KKHP/1INSECTS/bugpix/mantis2/NYMPH_5icon.jpg

Mantodea-Mantids

http://www.finiteinsight.com/redmantis/plumAB_black_hiweb.jpg

http://www.bugsincyberspace.com/mantids/mantid_images/mantis_oothecae_perch.jpg

Dermaptera-Earwigs


Chewing mouthparts

Two pairs of wings

http://www.orchidboard.com/community/attachments/pests-diseases.jpg

http://www3.telus.net/conrad/images3/ch_8-04a.gif

http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/orthopta/earwig.jpg

Thysanoptera-Thrips

Unique metamorphosis

Rasping-Sucking mouthparts

Two sets of wings

http://attra.ncat.org/images/thrips/figure1.jpg

http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/images/Biosecurity_GeneralPlantHealthPestsDiseaseAndWeeds.jpg

Time for a break

Integrated Pest

Management

Systematic approach to pest management that focuses

first on preventing problems

Monitoring pest populations, identifying pests, educating

yourself and choosing a combination of tactics to keep

pest populations at an acceptable level

Cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical

methods

What is IPM?

http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/teachers/outdoorclassrm/scat.jpg

Holistic view

Design/Maintenance

Naturalistic

Plant Selection

Well adapted

Plant Placement

Appropriate microclimates

Prevention and Landscape Design

http://www.modernphoenix.net/gatztips.htm

Pest insects love stressed plants!!!!

Monitoring

Sample twice per week during the growing season

Pests develop quickly under warm conditions and

slower when it is cool

One aphid 75 daughters

Daughters reproduces in two or three days 75

daughters

This is 5,625 aphids in three generation only!

Monitoring Schemes

Monitoring Tools

Identify Injury

Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts

Chewing Mouthparts

Siphoning

Sponging

http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg001

2.htm

Chewed Leaves or Blossoms

Chewing Injury

Defoliation

Shot holes

Margin notching

Skeletonization

Leaf mining

http://www.rainbowscivance.com/graphics/Sycamore_Anthracnose/syc_lead.jpg

http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-

095f4.jpg

http://apps.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/graphics/crops/agriphones/uploaded/berry081806f1.

jpg

http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/LeafSkeleton02.jpg

http://www.bgi-

usa.com/images/pests/leafminers_lg.jpg

Dieback of Shoots, Twigs or Branches

Chewing Injury

Shoot dieback

Branch dieback

Exit holes

http://buckeyegardening.com/images/invasives/bfbshootdieback.j

pg

http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/fd/santafetrees/images/twigdamage

2.jpg

http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/fruit/ce206.jpg

Chewing Mouthparts

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=65596&rendTypeId=4

Caterpillars

Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Injury Caused

Defoliation

Shot holes

Skeletonization

Mining

Bark rippling

Shot and branch dieback

Insect Products

Frass

Protective covers

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2255/2516808592_a6763d9eff.jpg

Beetles

Pests of many plants

Flowers and foliage

Injury Caused

Shot holes

Margin notching

Skeletonization

Bark rippling

Bark cracking

Branch dieback

http://images.google.com/imgres

Leaf Miners


Foliage

Injury Caused

Mining

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/104/270060746_7f8d6ed5df.jpg?v=0

http://www.ensisjv.com/Portals/0/sawfly006.jpg

White Grubs

Pest of many plants

Feed on plant roots

Injury Caused

Wilting

Discoloration

Turf death

Discolored and Distorted Leaves

Sucking Injury

Stippling

Streaking

Leaf yellowing

Leaf cupping

http://www.apsnet.org/Education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosS-V/stippling.jpg

http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/LSO/images/Thrips/Chilli-

Damage/Chilli%20Thrips.html

http://picasaweb.google.com/gardenpunks/02192007/photo#5033381350461

781570

http://www.rec.udel.edu/Update02/Issue%2013%202002_files/image00

6.jpg

Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts

http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/LSO/images/aphids/APHIDFEEDING.jpg

Aphids

Pests of many plants Feed on all plant parts Injury caused

Yellowing

Leaf curl

Vector plant disease

Insect products

Shed skins

Honeydew

Sooty mold

Alex Wild

Whitefly

• Pests of many plants

• Feed on foliage Injury Caused

Yellowing

Leaf curl

Vector plant diseases

Insect Products

Shed skins

Honeydew

Sooty mold

True Bugs and Hoppers

• Pests of many plants

• Feed on foliage Injury Caused

Stippling

Leaf Cupping

Insect Products

Fecal spots (lace bugs)

http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/ornamentals/1-58.jpeg

http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_cicadas/images/wpeA7.jpg

Mealy Bugs


Injury Caused

Discoloration

Dieback

Insect Products

Wax

Honeydew

Sooty mold

Scale Insects

Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Injury Caused

Yellowing

Dieback

Insect Products Wax

Honeydew

Sooty mold

Ants found on plant

Steve Hise

Spider Mites

Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Injury Caused

Stippling

Discoloration

Dieback

Insect Products

Webbing

http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/veg/ce29.htm

Rasping-Sucking Mouthparts

http://ag.arizona.edu/yavapai/diagnostics/Assets/Images/Insects/thrips.JPG

Thrips


Flowers and foliage

Injury Caused

Streaking

Cupping

Vector plant diseases

Insect Products

Fecal spots

Insect Products

Signs

Honeydew

Exoskeletons

Sooty mold

Fecal spots

Silk

Protective cases

Frass

Fluffy white wax

http://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/images/Honeydew_from_aphids.jpg http://mgonline.com/sootymold.jpg

http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/Images/insects/lacebugdamageoemeleriafecalspotsthumbnailJ

PG.jpg

http://www.biokids.umich.edu/images/signs/build/tent_caterpillar_nes

t.jpg

http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/entomology/extension/KIN/Kin_2007/kin-12/Frass.jpg http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/sponsprj/county02/02marshall/mealybugs.jpg

Insect Management

Insect Management

Cultural Control

Physical Control

Biological Control

Chemical Control

Cultural Control

Right Plant, Right Place

Provide correct care

Spacing

Water

Fertilizer

Pruning

Drainage

pH

Sanitation

Sanitation

Remove pest source

Clean equipment

Pickup old fruit

Remove alternate hosts

(weeds)

Physical Control

Row covers

Traps (sticky, pheromone …)

Tilling soil

Heat

Hand removal

Spraying with water

Diatomaceous Earth

Vacuuming

Biological Controls

The Good Guys!

Protect them from pesticides

Choose least toxic

Spot spray

Avoid spraying plants in bloom

Create habitat for them

Plant a variety of flowers

Ground covers make good

habitat

Beneficial insects also need

water

Predators

Insect Order Predators Pests controlled

Heteroptera Big-eyed bugs Aphids, leafhoppers, lygus bugs

(nymphs), spider mites

Heteroptera Minute pirate bugs Aphids, spider mites, thrips, immature

stages of many small insects

Heteroptera Assassin bugs Caterpillars, plant bugs

Neuroptera Green lacewings Aphids, leafhoppers, plant bugs

(immature), spider mites, thrips, small

larvae

Diptera Hover flies (syrphid

flies)

Aphids

Coleoptera Lady beetles Aphids, mealy bugs, scales, spider mites

Big Eyed Bug

Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects

Commercially available

Convergent Lady Beetle

aphids and occasionally on whiteflies, other soft-

bodied insects and insect eggs


Green Lacewing



Praying Mantis

Generalist predators on wide variety of insects


Mealybug Destroyer

Mealybugs and scales


Minute Pirate Bug



Syrphid

Predaceous on aphids and other small, soft-bodied

insects

Not commercially available

Assassin Bug

Predaceous on a wide variety of small to medium-

sized insects


Parasitoids

Insect Order Parasitoids Pests controlled

Hymeoptera Ichneumonids,

Braconids, Chalcids,

Mymarids

Aphids (larvae), cutworms, loopers,

omnivorous leaftiers, oriental fruit moths,

tortrix moths

Diptera Tachinids Codling moths, Colorado potato beetles,

corn earworms, cutworms, grasshoppers,

hornworms, imported cabbage worms, plant

bugs, tussock moths, others

Aphidius

Aphids


Tachinid Fly

Some are host specific and others have various host

insects


Ordering Biological Controls

http://greenmethods.com/site/

The Green Spot Ltd.

93 Priest Rd.

Nottingham, NH

03290-6204 USA

Phone: 603.942.8925

Fax: 603.942.8932

Chemical Control

A chemical used to kill pests (not always an insect).

Insecticide- Insects

Herbicide- Weeds

Miticide- Mites

Acaricide- Ticks and Mites

Fungicide- Fungus

Rodenticide- Rodents

Read the label

Follow all directions for

Recommended concentration

Safety

Disposal

Danger-Warning-Caution

Safety equipment

Wear the

correct

protective

equipment

Storage

Store in original container

Tightly closed

Out of reach (children and pets)

Clean, dry, well vented area

Out of sun and freeze

Disposal

Never dump pesticides

Consult label for proper disposal

Never reuse empty containers

Triple rinse sprayers before storage

After use

Take off shoes before

entering the house

Wash yourself with soap

and water

Wash clothes

Separate from other

clothes

Things to Remember

Never spray on a windy day!

If a little is good, more is NOT better!

Pesticides

Depends on the plants use

Safer brand products

Horticultural oils and soaps

Pyrethrins

http://www.parkorchids.com/safer%20soap.jpg

Pesticides

Bayer Advanced Products

Systemic insecticide

Imidacloprid

Bacillus thuringiensis

Entomopathogenic bacteria

Caterpillars; some beetle and fly larvae

Larvae stop eating, become limp and shrunken, die and

decompose

http://www.bayeradvanced.com

Wrap up

Insects are AWESOME

Questions

introduction to entomology stacey bealmear · introduction to entomology stacey bealmear extension...

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