introduction to embedded systems
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Introduction to Embedded Systems. Read Chapter 1 ( David E. Simon, An Embedded Software Primer ). What is an Embedded System (E.S.)?. Embed : Definition 1: to fix (something) firmly and deeply (Longman Dictionary) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Embedded Systems
Read Chapter 1
(David E. Simon, An Embedded Software Primer)
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What is an Embedded System (E.S.)?
• Embed: – Definition 1: to fix (something) firmly and
deeply (Longman Dictionary)– Definition 2: to enclose closely in a
surrounding mass (Webser Dictionary)
• System: implicitly a controlling system.
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Logical View of an Embedded System
Control System
Some Function
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Key Differences with PCs
• React to external events that may be particularly rapid– Elevator on a sky-scrapper at 7:45am or 4:55pm– Missile flying at low altitude over a mountainous
area
• Must handle unusual events– A user blocking an elevator door, power blackout,
memory failure
• Task request with deadlines
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Required Features for E.S.
• Throughput• Response• Testability• Low power• Reliability• Safety
• Maintainability• Security• Availability• Cost• Size/Weight• Survivability
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ENIAC for Smart Bombs (1948)
• Keeping the scale: the Atlas rocket would be needed to deliver a firecracker!
• Up to the 70’s, embedded systems did not make sense for general public usage
ExplosiveControlling system
170Kops30 tons200 KW
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What Made E.S. Possible ?Small and Cheap
• 1971: Intel 4004, first microprocessor (4bits), initially for a calculator.
• 1981: IBM chooses Intel 8088 for the first PC.
• Microprocessors get so cheap that microprocessor-based control systems become the rule.
• Only limit: processing time.
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Products with Embedded Systems ?• Of 4 billions microprocessors/microcontrollers sold
per year, 95% are for embedded products:– VCRs, DVD players– Cell phone– Microwave– Washer– Camera – Cars (antilock brake system, air-bag, gas injection,
electricity distribution..)– Printers, copiers– ………..
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Evolution of Embedded Systems
• Hardwired systems initially
• Microprocessor-based
• Microcontroller-based
• Specialized (application) processors
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Evolution of Embedded Systems (2)
PMemorySystem
I/O
Address Bus
Data Bus
Digital inputs (parallel input)
Microcontroller
LED
Switch
TemperatureSensor
Digital outputs (parallel port)
Serial portAnalog input/output
USB
802.11
LCDSpecialized Processors
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• 8-bit : Intel 8051, Intel 80188, Motorola 6805, Motorola 68hc11, Zilog
• 16-bit: Intel 80186, Motorola 683xx family
• 32-bit: Intel 80386 EX, PowerPC family
• More recent:– ATMEL line of products
Evolution of Embedded Systems (3) Popular microcontrollers
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Evolution of Embedded Systems (4)
Intel PXA250
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Evolution of Embedded Systems (5) Intel PXA800F Cellular processor
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I/O of Embedded Systems
• Application dependent: switches, sensors, hexadecimal keyboard, LCD, basic keypads, communication cards, LEDs
• Rarely:– Monitor, hard-drive, secondary storage, mouse,
keyboard, printer, …