introduction to ecology€¦ · marine zones-know technical terms! a)intertidal/neretic –highly...
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Introduction to Ecology
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Ecology
• The study of all components (abiotic
and biotic) within a defined area.
• Basic organization:
BiosphereBiomesEcosystems
CommunitiesPopulationsIndividuals
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Scales of Ecological Organization
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Of which level is this an example?
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6 major terrestrial biomes
• TRF
• Desert
• Tundra
• Deciduous Forest
• Coniferous Forest
• Grasslands
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Brain storm!
• What do you think the 3 main traits
that help distinguish one biome
from another?
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• Temperature
• Water (precipitation)
• Soil
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Aquatic Biomes
• Major distinction is whether water is fresh or salt
• Estuaries: any where freshwater meets saltwater.
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Marine Zones-know technical
terms!A)Intertidal/Neretic – highly photic has
contact with coast
B) Open See/Oceanic – photic but no
contact with the coast
C) Open Sea/Pelagic - non-photic no
contact with land
D) Deep sea/Benthic - non-photic, cold
temps and high pressure
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Marine Zones are based on
what 2 main traits?• Depth
– Light
– Pressure
– Temperature
• Contact with
coast
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Which of the marine only sub-divisions
will have the most life? Why?
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Energy
• What governs the type, abundance
and relationship between living and
non-living things?
• The available energy!
• Therefore we can label biotic items in
each ecosystem by their energy
needs.
• Trophic = energy!
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Trophic Levels
• Primary producers~ the trophic level
that supports all others; autotrophs
• Primary consumers~ herbivores
• Secondary consumer-carnivores
• Tertiary consumers~ omnivores
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Notice arrow
direction!
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Clean up crew!
• Detritivores- (Detritus feeders) aka
scavengers-EX:
– Larger –will be regulated on energy
pyramid (as secondary consumer)
because of size.
• Decomposers- EX:
– Smaller-does not get regulated on energy
pyramid because of size.
• BOTH heterotrophs that feed on non-
living organic matter…..
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Relationships (Community)• Trophic structure / levels~ feeding relationships in
an ecosystem as trophic means “nourishment’.
• Food chain~ trophic level food pathway, linear
• Food Web- many food chains
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Energy Flow• Ecological efficiency:
% of E transferred from one trophic level to the next (10% gets through, called the 10% Law)-multiplicative loss per level
• We have 3 diagrams to illustrate efficiency and numbers of organisms/energy:
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Pyramid of Energy/productivity: shows the
amount of retained and available energy per
trophic level. (Measured in Joules –J)
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Pyramid of Biomass: shows actual weight of
what each trophic level contains
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Pyramid of Numbers: Shows the actual
number of each type of organism on each
trophic level
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Complete the final concept map on your
own, check your answers with Mrs. Jewett
when it is complete
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Biotic potential
• What is “biotic potential”?
• Don’t all organisms want to maximize
this?
• If they DID, what would their growth
look like if we graphed “# of animals
over time”?
• So, why DOESN’T it look like that for
most animals?
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Population Growth Models
Exponential model • idealized
• Called “r populations” (J-curve)
Logistic model• realized
• Called “K populations”
(S-curve)
Which one happens most often? Why?
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Strategies to increase biotic
potential
• r-selected (opportunistic)
• Short maturation &
lifespan
• Many (smaller)
offspring
• No/little parental care
• High death rate
• EX:?
• K-selected (equilibrial)
• Long maturation &
lifespan
• Few (larger)offspring;
• Extensive parental care
• Low death rate
• EX:?
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Population limiting factors-
Environmental resistance!• Density-dependent
factors: • limited food water, shelter •predation • disease
• Density-independent factors •weather/climate
• These factors lead to K*
• (*K=The max number of individuals an area can sustain/Carrying capacity)
• Biotic potential vsEnvironmental resistance! (All life must deal with this)
• Leads to adaptation
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More ways to increase success is to
partake in Symbiosis. (2 unrelated
organisms living close together.)
Mutualism
+/+ both species benefit
Commensalism
+/o one species benefits, the other is unaffected
Parasitism
+/- one species benefits, the other is harmed
Neutralism
o/o Neither organism benefits or is hurt
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Mutualism
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Commensalism
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Parasitism
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Neutralism
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Types of competition:• Intra-specific competition: occurs
among organisms belonging to the
same species.
• Inter-specific competition: occurs
between organisms from different
species (predator-prey)
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Competition reduction• Resource partitioning~
species consume slightly
different foods or use other
resources in slightly different
ways (Develop niches)
• Character displacement~
sympatric species tend to
diverge in those
characteristics that overlap
Ex: Anolis lizard sp. perching sites in
the Dominican Republic
Ex: Darwin’s finch beak size on the
Galapagos Islands
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Predator/ Prey relationships-
special competition
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Predator & Prey –Evolutionary Arms Race, adaptation
at its best!
• Both predator and prey develop strategies to live!
(behaviorally and physically)
• Camouflage, weaponry, warnings, shells, stealth,
ambush! (Active versus passive defense and/or killing
strategies)
• Natural Selection will select for beneficial traits which
lead to greater fitness
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5 Types of specific coloration
adaptations:
• Aposematic coloration – Stay away color
• Batesian mimicry – copy cat, only 1 bad
• Mullerian mimicry – 2 poisonous resemble
one another
• Camouflage – blend in
• Disruptive coloring – obscures size or shape
of organisms body.
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Aposematic
coloring
• poison dart frog
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Batesian mimicry
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Mullerian mimicry
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So all of these adaptations
lead to the potential
increase in what?
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Demography: factors that affect
growth and decline of populations
Birth Rate - # offspring produced (natality)
Death rate – number of organisms that die
(mortatlity)
Age
structure –relative
number of
individuals
of each age
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Survivorship curve – plot of numbers that
still alive at each age
• Type 1 –Death
more likely at old
age
Type 2 –Death
equally likely at
all ages
• Type 3 –Death
more likely at
young age
Where would you place k selected and r
selected populations?
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Chemical Cycling
Biogeochemical cycles: the various nutrient
circuits, which involve both abiotic and
biotic components of an ecosystem
• Water
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• (Phosphorous)
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.
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Nitrogen Cycle• Nitrogen enters the atmosphere, in gaseous form
N2. It has to be transformed into a usable form for organisms to use.
• Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert N2 into NH4 in a process called nitrogen fixation.
• NH4 is also produced by decomposers when breaking down organic matter in a process called ammonification.
• Different bacteria take NH4 and covert it into nitrite (NO2
-) and nitrate (NO3-) in a process called
nitrification. (This allows producers to use the nitrogen now, assimilation)
• Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrate (NO3-) back to N2 for release back into the atmosphere.
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Big Changes in the system• Primary
succession- going
from nothing (no
soil)to pioneering
community to
climax
community.
• Why would there
be nothing???
– Melting glaciers
– Volcanic
eruptions
– Landslides
– Strip mines
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• Secondary Succession - Re-establish an
ecosystem after a disturbance
• What could be a possible disturbance?
– Flood
– Fire
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• Population dispersion refers to how a population is spread in an area. (Density)
Geographic dispersion of a
population shows how individuals
in a population are spaced.
Clumped
dispersion
Uniform
dispersion
Random
dispersion
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clumped
There are three types of dispersion.
uniform
random
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Estimating number of
individuals in a population• Why would we want to know how
large a population is?
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• So HOW do we determine how large a
population is?
3 major ways:
1) Random Sampling
2) Point Intercept
3) Mark & Recapture (Lincoln index)
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Random Sampling• Take the area you are
analyzing. Divide it into
equal quadrants.
• Randomly select a specific
number of subdivided
quadrants, count all
organisms in those areas.
• Add up all organisms
counted, divide by # of
quadrants than X by total
quadrants.
• 8/4=2 X16=32
• Actual = 26
• PROBLEMS?
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Point Intercept
• “Draw” a line 10 meters out
• Count every organism that falls along
the line.
• Total numbers of each species and
multiply this number by total square
area counting.
• EX: __________________________
PROBLEMS?
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Capture mark-recapture
(Lincoln-Petersen index)
• In a given area, capture a specific number of
organisms, mark them and release them back into
the wild
• Over a set amount of time, recapture a preset
number of organisms and keep track of how many
have already been captured. (They have marks)
• Use math to estimate total population in an area.
• Problems?