introduction to drives

8/18/2019 Introduction to Drives

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INTRODUCTION OF

DRIVES


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All industrial requirements are controlled by

motors• Cranes

• Conveyors• Pumps

• Compressors

• Lifts

• Macine too!s

Cuttin"# $rin%in"# Dri!!in"

• &in%in"

Paper# '!uminum ( Stee! Coi!s

)ut as fi*e% spee% is not suita+!e for various app!ications te

nee% for varia+!e spee% ,as fe!t


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Mechanical speed Variation

• Pulley & belt Mechanism

• Gear boxes

• Magnetic clutches mechanism

Here the speed Variation was in Steps Not ontinuous


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A Motors

Ad!antages

Simple onstruction

"ess Maintenance

osting "ess

#eadily A!ailable

$isad!antages

Speed control was not

possible %lden $ays'

Pre(erred (or (ixed speed Applications %until $ri!e (or AMotor was not in!ented'


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$ Motors

Ad!antages

Good Speed)*orque

haracteristics

Speed ontrol Possible

$isad!antages

Not so Simple onstruction

More Maintenance

Higher ost

"ong "ead *ime

Pre(erred (or Variable Speed Application


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Speed ontrol o( A Motors• #elationship between number o( poles and motor

synchronous speed Ns+ Synchronous Speed, (+-requency,P+Poles

• .( ( +/0

• .( ( +1/

P

f N

s

210=

Poles Sync Speed

(RPM)

2 3000

4 1500

6 1000

Poles Sync Speed

(RPM)

2 1500

4 750

6 500

Speed is Proportional to -requency


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#elation o( Voltage to -requency

3asic requirement o( Motor)load

24 *o gi!e required torque at all speeds

14 *o gi!e !ariable speed

Tor-ue is proportiona! to F!u*

.

F!u* Is Proportiona! to V(f

-lux + V)%5455 x ( x 6'

V + Applied Voltage,

-+ (requency6+ no4 o( conductors

Since 5455 & 6 are onstant in the (ormula

-lux proportional to V)(


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#elation o( Voltage to -requency

Tor-ue is proportiona! to F!u*

.

F!u* Is Proportiona! to V(f

i( we increase the (requency (lux decreases so torque also decreases4

.( we decrease the (requency -lux increases So *orque also increases4 *orque will .ncrease) decrease i( we !ary only the (requency

*his *orque !ariation ma7e it not suitable (or any application

So it is necessary to can"e te vo!ta"e a!so a!on" ,it te fre-uency

.( (requency is changed !oltage also has to be changed in proportion to ma7e torque constant


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Variable -requency $ri!e

A !ariable8(requency dri!e %V-$' %also termed ad9ustable

(requency dri!e, !ariable8speed dri!e, A dri!e, micro

dri!e or in!erter dri!e' is a type o( ad9ustable8speed dri!e used

in electro8mechanical dri!e systems to ontrolA motor speed and torque by !arying motor

input (requency and !oltage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable-speed_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-mechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-mechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable-speed_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter_(electrical)


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)asic )!oc/ Dia"ram of VFD

Fixed DC Bus

DiodeRectifier

AC Input

L InverterC+

#ecti(ier Section :8 $iode or S# (ull wa!e bridge is use to

con!ert the A line !oltage to $

-ilter Section :8 -ilter the ripples (rom #ecti(ier section o)p

to supply stable $c to in!erter Section4

.n!erter :8 *ransistor or .G3* 3ridge deli!ers a P;M $Voltage to the motor4 *he e((ecti!e #MS !oltage supplied to the

motor is dependant on the (undamental output (requency that the

in!erter bridge is commanding4


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.#


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ectifed

DC outputOV

Vdc

Vdc = 1.35VL- L

Idc =(1.1 X 746 X Drive HP)/ Vdc

CRectifedInput

FilteredOutput

DC Bus (!

DC Bus(-!

OV

Fi!tere% DC

output

Fi!ter Section 0 Smootin" of Ripp!e% DC


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DC %rives: =lectrical dri!es that use $ motors as the prime mo!er

#egular maintenance, hea!y, expensi!e,

speed limit =asy control, decouple control o(torque and (lux

'C %rives: =lectrical dri!es that use A motors as the prime mo!er

"ess maintenance, light, less expensi!e, high

speed oupling between torque and (lux >

!ariable spatial angle between rotor and

stator (lux

Mo%ern E!ectrica! Drive Systems

Overvie, of 'C an% DC %rives


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3e(ore semiconductor de!ices were introduced %?2@/0'• A motors (or (ixed speed applications• $ motors (or !ariable speed applications

A(ter semiconductor de!ices were introduced %2@0s'• Variable (requency sources a!ailable > A motors in

!ariable speed applications• oupling between (lux and torque control•

Application limited to medium per(ormanceapplications > (ans, blowers, compressors >

scalar control

• High per(ormance applications dominated by $

motors > tractions, ele!ators, ser!os, etc

Mo%ern E!ectrica! Drive SystemsOvervie, of 'C an% DC %rives


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A(ter !ector control dri!es were introduced %2@B0s1

• A motors used in high per(ormance applications >

ele!ators, tractions, ser!os

• A motors (a!orable than $ motors > howe!ercontrol is complex hence expensi!e

• ost o( microprocessor)semiconductors decreasing >

predicted C0 years ago A motors would ta7e o!er

$ motors

Mo%ern E!ectrica! Drive SystemsOvervie, of 'C an% DC %rives


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Mo%ern E!ectrica! Drive Systems"#$%ple on VSD $pplic$tion

PowerIn

Power lossMainly in valve

Power out

motor pump

valve

Supply

motorPEC pump

Supply

Constant spee% Varia+!e Spee% Drives

PowerIn

Power loss

Power out


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A$VAN*AG=S - V-$• .mpro!ed

% =nergy sa!ings

% Accuracy in Speed

% Simpli(ied motor control panel design

% *emperature regulation & com(ort

% #emote Monitoring

% #emote Monitoring

• #eduction in

% Mechanical component stress

% perating ost % So(t Starting

% abling

% Main power supply capacity

% "ess Stress on System components


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lassi(ication o( dri!es

.4 3ased on Voltage

..4 3ased on Non Vector or Vector

...4 3ased on -eedbac7

.V4 3ased on type o( control


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lassi(ication o( dri!es

3ased on Voltage

24 Single phase 1C0V .nput and *hree phase 1C0V utput4

14 *hree phase 52/V .nput and *hree phase 52/V utput4

C4 *hree Phase $ri!es abo!e 52/V .nput

Single phase $ri!es are A!ailable upto / D; nly*hree phase $ri!es are A!ailable (rom CE0 ;atts to 00 D;


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3ased on Non Vector or Vector • .n general lower range dri!es wor7 with out actual (eed

bac7 (rom current or speed4 Such dri!es are called non

!ector dri!es4=x pumps, (ans, con!eyors etc4,

• Some dri!es internal current (eed bac7 is ta7en ascorrection (actor to gi!e accurate speed4 *here is no speed(eed bac7 ta7en in this dri!es4 Such dri!es are called

Vector dri!es4=x Power press, agitators, centri(uges, etc4,

3ased on Speed (eed bac7

•.n case o( accurate Speed control requirement actual speed(eed bac7 is ta7en through analog tacho or encoder as acorrection (actor

=x Paper winding, -oil winding, winding o( steel coils, cranesetc4,


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$ri!es based on type o( control

• .n case o( special applications such as (requent start stops,high le!el o( accuracy in mo!ement, instant stoppingrequirements M*.N N*#" $#.V=S are used4 *hisdri!es are always associated with speed (eedbac7 as a rule4

• =x Machine tool applications, such as drilling, boring, Gearcutting application =tc4,


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How to connect a dri!e Power ircuit

D&' ircuit $ri!e ircuit


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ontrol onnections o( $ri!e


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P=#.PH=#A"S - $#.V=

• $igital inputs

• $igital outputs

• Analog inputs

• Analog outputs

DI$IT'L INPUTS are the conditions the dri!e should start, stop, mo!e -orward orre!erse, #eset in case o( (ault4

DI$IT'L OUTPUTS are the conditions which indicates healthyness o( the dri!e,(ault conditions o( the dri!e, maximum (requency reached, ero speed detection4!er current etc4,

'N'LO$ INPUTS are the control !oltage or current through which we in(orm thedri!e to go to the required speed4

'N'LO$ OUTPUTS are the Voltage or current out put which in(orms the dri!espeed or !oltage or current4


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Methods o( Speed ontrol23 Trou" Potentiometers 45V 0 25V DC13

63 Trou" 7ey Pa%3

83 Trou" MOP3

93 Preset Spee% contro!3

:3 E*terna! contro! trou" Trans%ucers

;3 Trou" net,or/in" ( PC (


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Method o( Speed ontrol

Preset Speed controDrive c!n "e pro#r!$$ed %or n&$"er o% preseected speeds "!sed on cert!in conditions ort'ro' seect sitc'

*tern! contro t'ro' +r!nsd&cersDrive Speed c!n "e contro %ro$ e*tern!tr!nsd&cers s&c' !s press&re tr!nsd&cers, -otr!nsd&cers, or te$per!t&re tr!nsd&cers .

Drive contro t'ro' netorin# / P / HMI

+'e drive speed c!n "e #iven !s inp&t t'ro'contro si#n!s %ro$ ! P / HMI t'ro' P0 2net orin#


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Programming the $ri!e

&at is pro"rammin"=

*his is to in(orm the dri!e about the

motor capacity, !oltage, urrent, -requency,

ontrol .nput %Voltage or urrent', *ype o(ontrol%*hrough Potentiometers )Dey Pad)MP) PresetSpeed control etc4,'

Setting up o( protections %!er urrent, !er Voltage, *rip

"imits etc4,


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.mportant Parameters in Programming

• Motor Voltage

• Motor urrent

• Motor -requency

• Motor Dilo;att

• Motor #PM• Acceleration time

• $eceleration time

• Minimum Speed• Maximum Speed


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ther Parameters .n Programming

• Start Stop "ogic

• Preset Speeds

• *ype o( control .nput

• og #e(erence• -orward)#e!erse

• urrent limits

• P.$ ontrol

• Auto tuning


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Protections o( V-$

•


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T

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