introduction to drama
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Drama
Miss Longoria
English 1
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Definition
Unlike short stories or novels, plays are written for the purpose of being performed.
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Definition
Actors play roles and present the storyline through dialogue, action, and gestures.
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Definitions
For the most part, plays have no narrators. (There are a few notable exceptions to this rule.)
The audience must learn critical information from the action on stage.
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Dealing with Details
Unlike novels or short stories, plays have special features.– Plays are divided into acts and scenes.– Scripts feature lists of characters and stage
directions which require the reader to pause and visualize the set up.
– Readers and actors must pay close attention to the dialogue in order to understand the characters and action.
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Important Terms
Monologue – an extended speech by one character. It is meant for other characters to hear.
Soliloquy – an extended speech by one character, alone on stage. Soliloquies are used to express the private thoughts of one character.
Aside – a character’s direct address to the audience, which is not heard by the other characters.
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Monologues, soliloquies, and asides are dramatic techniques that provide direct insight into motives, attitudes, and overall tone.
These techniques function like a fictional narrator.
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Two Basic “Flavors”
Tragedy Tragedies treat serious subjects and often focus on the tragic hero’s character. Tragedies usually end with death.
ComedyComedies are dramatic works which use humor to explore various themes and characters. Comedies usually end on a happy note.
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More Terms
Dramatic Irony– Playwrights use dramatic irony when they allow the
audience to know more than the characters do about a specific situation or incident.
In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the audience hears the fiendish plot of Claudius and Laërtes. Both are determined to see Hamlet dead. Moments later, Hamlet responds to news of the King’s great wager and his own impending duel with Laërtes by saying, “[…] how ill all’s here about my heart” (V.ii. 186).
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Key Terms
Melodrama– This nineteenth century view of drama appeals
to the emotions. Based on stock characters who are either villainous or virtuous, these sensational plays have happy endings.
– Like many contemporary television shows, melodramas feature static characters who deal with the world but fail to experience real growth, development, or insight.
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Key Terms
Realism– Realistic drama deals frankly with social
issues and contemporary life. Instead of focusing on the lives of kings or great heroes, these dramas present a look at ordinary people and everyday problems.
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Key Terms
Effects of Realism– Realism requires a shift away from painted
backdrops and scenery.– The result is the “box set” which utilizes
three, more or less, solid walls. The fourth “wall” remains open to the audience.
– Sets are decorated with real furniture.– New methods make changing scenery faster.
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Key Terms
Naturalism– Like realism, naturalism developed in
response to the sentimental and sensational melodramas that were popular in the nineteenth century.
– Using realistic plots, naturalism explores the forces that influence the human condition.
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Key Terms
Satire– The term satire refers to social criticism that is
cloaked in comedy and used to ridicule social institutions and figureheads.
Farce– The term farce refers to comedy that lapses
into ludicrous, improbable plots, mockery, and even slapstick.
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Plot
The overall storyline and sequence of events is known as the plot.
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Elements of Plot
Exposition – introduces the characters, setting and basic situation.
Rising action – presents the central conflict, complications, suspense and crisis.
Climax – the point of greatest tension.
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Elements of Plot
Falling action – subsiding intensity.
Denouement – the resolution which ties up loose ends and concludes the action.
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Reading Drama
Pay particular attention to the overall plot.– What are the major conflicts or issues?– When does the climax occur?– What force or forces seem to be at work in the
play, moving the action along?
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Pay close attention to characters.– Who are the central
characters?– What do you know
about their personalities? How do you know this information?
– What are the characters’ strengths and weaknesses?
Photo credit: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof by Tennessee Williams. Cornell Schwartz Center for the Performing Arts.
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Recognizing the Theme
Most written works have a central theme and several additional themes.
–Try to identify the central theme.–Back up your interpretation with
examples from the text.
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If possible, watch a production of the play you’ve been reading.
How does the production correspond to your reading? How does it differ?
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The Theater, Enjoy!
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Elizabethan (QE1) Words
An,and: IfAnon: SoonAye: YesBut: Except forE’en: EvenE’er: Ever