Introduction to Course and Nervous System

NEU257

Mammalian Neuroanatomy

1/6/11

•Introductions

•Structure of the course

•Course website

•Class structure

•Textbook

•Examinations

•Goals of course

• Two faces of neuroanatomy

• Anatomy as organizational framework

• Anatomy as experimental discipline

Class structure

• No required text, but required reading!• Read relevant chapters before you come to class• Combination of lecture and laboratory

– More you read, more laboratory you get!– Class will be here unless otherwise noted

• Lectures will be available as Powerpoint before class– Lecturers: Please copy your presentation to Flash drive

Examinations

• Practical– Teaching aid– Based on slides (Powerpoint) of brain

regions• No black boxes

– Material from lecture, laboratory and textbook fair game

• Midterm and Final

Useful web sites

• Listed on your syllabus– Digital anatomist– Brainmaps.org– Neuroscience Information Framework– Neurolex– Brain Info

Gross anatomy of the nervous system

Adult mammalian neuroanatomy

Organization of the Nervous System•CNS (neural plate)

•Brain

•Spinal cord

•PNS (neural crest)

•Somatic

•Autonomic

•Sympathetic

•Parasympathetic

•Enteric

•Gut motility and secretion“gross anatomical convenience”-Swanson

Directions

MedialLateralLateral

ProximalDistalDistal

ContralateralIpsilateral

Relative to midline

Planes of Section

Cardinal planes vs oblique planes

http://aids.hallym.ac.kr/d/kns/tutor/r1-7-3.jpg

Quadruped vs Biped

“For almost all vertebrates, including almost all bipeds, these axes all provide a consistent reference for anatomical positions across species—with the inferior/superior axis being roughly the same as the dorsal/ventral axis, and therefore redundant. Humans, however, have the rare property of having a torso oriented perpendicular to their direction of forward motion—while their head orientation remains consistent with other vertebrates on this axis. This makes the dorsal/ventral axis on humans redundant with the anterior/posterior axis, and the inferior/superior axis necessary. Because of this difference with humans, the anterior/posterior and inferior/superior axes are inconsistent between humans and other vertebrates in torso anatomy but consistent in head anatomy. “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location

http://www.lrn.org/Graphics/Figure1.4.gif

Transverse-HorizontalFrontal-coronalDorsal-ventral/anterior posterior/superior-inferior

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Planes_of_Section.JPG

Development of the Nervous System

Divisions of the Brain

Embryonic vesicles form the fundamental regional brain divisions in the adult

Alar vs Basal Plates

Sylvian Fissure

Gyri and sulci

Dividing up the brain

Terms:

•White matter vs gray matter

•Cortex vs Subcortical nuclei

•Nuclei vs Ganglia

•Columns: elongated nuclei

•Laminar (layered) structure

Nissl vs Myelin Stain

Corpus Callosum

Callosum (L): hard, tough

Commissure vs decussation

More white matter terms

• White matter:

• Tract: common origin and destination

• Fasciculus, funiculus, peduncle or brachium: distinct collection of nerve fibers (may contain many tracts)

• Lemiscus: Ascending fibers in the brainstem

Brain is divided into “regional parts” based on:Gross appearance: e.g., gray matter vs white matterLandmarks, e.g., sulciHistologyCytoarchitectureChemoarchitectureProjection patternsFunctional considerations

MotorSomatosensory

FF PP

TTOO

Vision

Audition

General Functions Associated with each Lobe

Structure-function relationships

Sulci form useful landmarks to delineate different functional areas

Cerebral Blood Supply

The Ventricles

Cerebral ventricles

•Lateral ventricles•Interventricular foramen•Third ventricle•Cerebral aqueduct•Fourth ventricle

Ventricular system in mid-sagittal section

Useful guides for identification

Meninges

Leptomeninges =

Arachnoid + pia mater

Pachymeninges=dura mater

Sinuses

Cerebrospinal Fluid

CSF

•125 ml in adult human

•500 ml/24 hr period

•Produced by choroid plexus, principally in the lateral ventricles

•Forms “water cushion” for brain

•Bathes neural tissue, extending into perivascular spaces

Flow of CSF

Hydrocephalus

Other Useful Websites

• http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neuroroot.html– Greek and Latin roots of neuroscience (especially neuroanatomy)

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