introduction to caulks & sealants - altusgroup · introduction to caulks and sealants program...
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Introduction to Caulks & Sealants
Ensuring Envelope Integrity with Joint Sealants
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Introduction to Caulks and Sealants Program ID 0SEAL1
BASF is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
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Course Description Program ID 0SEAL1
In this course you will learn proper and sealant joint safe, proper and safe sealant application procedures, be able to recognize and understand causes for sealant problems, and compare and contrast different sealant types.
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Learning Objectives Program ID 0SEAL1
Discuss the role of sealants in protecting buildings
Review the key functions and properties of joint sealants
Discuss the types of joints and proper sealant joint design
Illustrate proper application procedures
Understand various sealant technologies
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Course Outline Program ID 0SEAL1
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Sealants
Sealant fundamentals
Joint design
Installation
Sealant technologies
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Role of Joint Sealants Ensuring Envelope Integrity
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Role of Joint Sealants What are sealants?
Oldest referenced use: Noah 1467 BC Phoenician boat builders Tar and pitch used for centuries Oakum rope used for caulking Vegetable, animal oils
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Materials used to seals cracks and openings within a structure
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Role of Joint Sealants How do sealants protect structures?
Primary role of a sealant is to prevent the passage of air
and water, accommodate differential movement
Stick
Move
Last
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Role of Joint Sealants How do sealants protect structures?
Stick
Adhere to a variety of substrates
Adhere in a variety of conditions
Adhere to a joint that is “manufactured” on site
Last
Withstand environmental conditions
Continue to accommodate movement over time
Maintain its physical properties
Move
Accommodate differential thermal expansion rate of multiple materials
Move in a wide range of service conditions and temperatures
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Role of Joint Sealants Why should you care about sealants?
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Deterioration of substrate
Deterioration of reinforcing, anchors
Moisture ingress
Damaged interior finishes, contents
Mold
Loss of use
Sealants play a vital role in protecting buildings
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“While representing only a minor portion of the exterior and a relatively small expense, the closure between different components of a wall is critical. One
of the most important achievements for watertight exteriors was there the development of elastomeric sealants, many of which were initially introduced
in the 1950’s.”
– Preservation of Modern Architecture, Thomas Prudon, FAIA
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Sealant Fundamentals
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Sealant Fundamentals Industry terms and performance attributes
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Elongation
Measurement of sealant in extension (similar to stretching a rubber band)
Ultimate elongation is stretching the sealant until it breaks
Modulus is also measured in elongation
This photo shows a sealant in extension during testing
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Sealant Fundamentals Industry terms and performance attributes
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Modulus
The stress when exposed to a corresponding strain (elongation)
High Modulus = high stress with long elongation
Low Modulus = low stress with high elongation
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Sealant Fundamentals Industry terms and performance attributes
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Movement Capability
The ability of a cured sealant to handle repeated cycles of both extension and compression
Usually described as ±%
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Sealant Fundamentals Sealant Function
Caulks
Prevent passage of air
Aesthetics
Sealants
Prevent passage of air and water
Aesthetics
Accommodate differential movement
Structural integrity
Fire and smoke barrier
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Joint Design
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Joint Design Types of joints
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Two types of joints
Fixed (static)
Moving (dynamic)
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Joint Design Fixed joints
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Fixed Joints
Metal to metal joinery
Any two substrate components secured with fixed anchors of fasteners so as to prevent the joint from increasing or decreasing in size
Fixed Metal Panel Joint with Exposed Fasteners
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Joint Design Moving joints
Moving Joints
Two adjacent building components not physically connected
Two adjacent building components physically connected with slip joints, seismic joints or with load anchors
The width of the joint will increase or decrease in size
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Expansion Joint in a stadium
Expansion Joint in brick wall
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Joint Design Common configurations
Butt Joints Fillet (cove) Joint Bridge Joint
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Joint Design Common configurations
Butt Joints
A joint where two substrates, either similar or dissimilar abut each other with a sufficient space in between for a backer rod
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Joint Design Common configurations
Bridge Joints
When a new sealant joint is installed over an existing joint
Used in restoration application when the existing sealant is not moved
Covers metal to metal joints
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Joint Design Common configurations
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Fillet Joints
Also known as cover beads or inside corner beads
Occur at changes in plane, i.e. a 90º angle
Most common reason: construction tolerances don’t allow for a butt joint
Application: windows in a brick wall
Fillet joint between window frame perimeter and brick veneer
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Joint Design Common configurations
Fillet Joint - type 1
Fillet Joint - type 2
Fillet Joint - type 3
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Joint Design Bond breakers/joint backing
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Joint Backing
Controls sealant depth
Prevents 3-sided adhesion
Provides a base for tooling
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Joint Design Bond breakers/joint backing
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Joint Backing Types
Closed cell
Open cell
Hybrid (soft cell)
Joint filler
Bond breaker tapes
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Joint Design Bond breakers/joint backing
Correct use of backer-rod in joint
Incorrect use of backer-rod in joint
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Joint Design Bond breakers/joint backing
Joints without Bond breaker
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Joint Design Joint dimensions
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Min/Max Joint Depth
Min Joint Depth = ¼”
Max Joint Depth = ½”
Max Joint Width = 3”
Min Joint Width = 1/4”
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Joint Design Influences on join movement
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Measuring Joint Movement
Joint Movement is measured in fractions of an inch and expressed as % change
A joint caulked at the lowest temperature will ALWAYS experience compression
A joint caulked at the highest temperature will ALWAYS experience extension
You need to allow for either possibility
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Joint Design Influences on join movement
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Coefficient of Linear Expansion
Rate of expansion over temperature change
Unique for each material
Available in standardized tables
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Joint Design Influences on join movement
Coefficient of Linear Expansion
Precast Concrete
Gravel Aggregate Concrete
Lightw eight Structural Concrete
Aluminum
Glass
Lexan
Plexiglas
Granite
0 0.002 0.004 0.006
Movement per inch per 100F change
Movement per inchper 100F change
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Sealant Installation
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Sealant Installation Topics
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Sealant Installation
Surface Preparation
Mixing
Installation
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Sealant Installation Surface preparation
Why is surface preparation so important?
Most critical factor in sealant installation
Most common cause of failure
Consistency in performance
Ensure proper adhesion
Minimize rework and call backs
Longer lifecycle for the sealant and the building
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Sealant Installation Surface preparation
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The objective of preparing a surface for a sealant is:
Clean the surface
Provide a dry bonding surface
Leave a sound bonding surface
Ensure proper adhesion
Provide a surface free of dust, oil and other contaminants
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Sealant Installation Surface preparation
Mechanical methods
Wire brushing
Sand blasting
Grinding
Sawing
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Sealant Installation Surface preparation
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Solvent wiping
Use clean solvent
Xylene, Xylol, MEK, Toluene or Acetone
Clean, white, cotton rags
Pour solvent onto rag
Can use brush on concrete
Never use alcohol with urethanes
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Sealant Installation Surface Preparation
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Compressed air
Removes any dust or debris from joint
(Oil and water free)
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Primer Benefits
Cheap insurance
Maximizes adhesion
Prolongs joint and building life
Primer use
Different primers for various substances
Porous primer (masonry)
Non-porous primer (metal)
Sealant Installation Sealant priming
Prime all joints with the appropriate primer as recommended by the sealant manufacturer
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Sealant Installation Sealant priming
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Proper primer application with brush
Prime only sides of joint
Primer outside the joint may stain the substrate
Prime and seal the same day
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Sealant Installation Equipment
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Bulk gun – Used for sealant sausages or “propaks”
Cartridge gun - Used for sealant cartridges
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Sealant Installation Mixing multi-component
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Sealant Installation Tooling
Tooling
Maximizes adhesion
Gives hourglass shape to joint
Creates neat appearance
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Sealant Installation Technique
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Sealant Installation Adhesion testing
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Confirming tests can be performed onsite
Destructive and non-destructive testing
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Sealant Installation Adhesion testing
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Dowel Field Test (Non destructive)
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Always test for adhesion
Test actual substrates onsite
Document locations and times
ASTM C1521 (Destructive Test)
Sealant Installation Adhesion testing
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Sealant mock up evaluated for color
Sealant mock up evaluated for adhesion
Sealant Installation Mock-ups
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Jobsite mockup for use as a standard of practice and workmanship
Sophisticated construction lab mockups
Use the same crew that will work the job
Don’t wait until the last minute
Sealant Installation Mock-ups
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Sealant Technologies
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Sealant Technologies
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Elastomeric Joint Sealant Types
Polyurethane
Silicone
Hybrids
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Sealant Technologies Polyurethane
Polyurethane
Movement, generally +/-25%, some +/-50%
Good adhesion to porous surfaces
Low price
Unlimited colors
Non-staining
Good abrasion resistance
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Sealant Technologies Silicone
Silicone
Good elongation, +100%,-50%
Versatile glazing sealant, including structural
Colors available
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Sealant Technologies Hybrid: Silyl-Terminated Polymers
Silyl-Terminated Polymers
Good elongation, movement up to +100%,-50%
Most versatile sealant
Durability, 20 years+
10 year warranties
Unlimited colors
Non-staining
Paintable
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Sealant Technologies Considerations
Matching the sealant to the application
Movement, high or low?
Short or long lifecycle of building?
Color an issue?
Chemical resistance needed?
Will the building be painted?
Is staining a concern?
Underwater application?
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Sealant Technology
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Product Silicone Polyurethane STPU STPE
Chemistry -Backbone -Curing
Silicone Silicone
PU PU
PU
Silicone
Polyether Silicone
Cure Rate Fast Moderate Fast Fast Movement Excellent Fair Excellent Good Paint Adhesion Poor Good Good Good Longevity Excellent Fair Good Good Staining Poor Good Good Good Adhesion -Concrete -Metal
Fair
Excellent
Good Fair
Good
Excellent
Fair
Excellent Reparability Poor Good Good Good Abrasion Resistance
Poor Excellent Good Good
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“Defining needs, arriving at an appropriate solution, and specifying the right materials and techniques can become a complex technical exercise.
More importantly, application and installation continue to require a great deal of care to arrive at the desired performance and longevity.”
– Preservation of Modern Architecture, Thomas Prudon, FAIA
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Introduction to Caulks & Sealants Summary
A sealant should prevent the passage of air and or water, and should accommodate movement of the substrates in the area of the sealant joint and it should adhere to the substrate or substrates to which it is applied.
There are various physical attributes such as elongation and movement capability which effect overall sealant performance.
While there are various types of joints, the sealant used in these applications must be installed properly to insure long term performance.
The type of sealant used on a project is determined by many factors such as anticipated movement, type of substrate, projected life cycle, chemical resistance, and other environmental conditions.
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AIA/CES Credit
This concludes the CES portion of the program. Credit earned during this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members.
Certificate of Completion is available on request.
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BASF Sales Team BASF Construction Systems
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High caliber, knowledgeable construction professionals
80 Field Sales People
Common backgrounds:
Contracting
Engineering
Distribution
US and Canadian Technical Sales Team
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Capabilities & Services BASF Construction Systems Services Mock-ups Color Matching Guide Specifications Dedicated sector specialist
Technical Support Preconstruction meetings Adhesion and material testing Specification review Applicator training programs
Innovation Unique details Special applications New product development
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Industry Commitment BASF Construction Systems
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Committed professionals
Industry involvement
Its what we value