IntroductionIntroductionto to

Career and Vocational Career and Vocational CounselingCounseling

Chapter 1

Dr. Bill Bauer

Marietta College

Educ 682

Why have Career Why have Career Development Services?Development Services?

Gallup poll 1999 (National Career Development Association).

1 in 10 adults need career assistance– 17 million people need help finding jobs– 81% of people minimally satisfied with job– Only 4 of of 10 have jobs because of a

conscious plan. Where are the others?

More facts from NCDAMore facts from NCDA

The higher the education level the more conscious the plan.

Now digital divide plays a role.– More people who use internet are using job resources.

Non-whites are use assistance in job markets than whites.

Adults seem unclear about the impact of a global economy in the future.

Impact of Sept.1lth took at toll on the job outlook.– Why?

Facts from General Facts from General Accounting Offices (GAO)Accounting Offices (GAO)

School to Work issues.– 1/3 of (16 to 24 year olds) to not have skills

they need to perform entry level semi-skilled jobs.

– GAO asked Congress to assist in helping non-college bound students.

– More than half the students in high school leave school without the knowledge of how to find and hold a good job.

AARP impactAARP impact

Less than ¼ of people 65-74 call themselves retired.

Most return to work because of boredom or financial reasons.– What is the overall impact of older Americans

working?– Issues

Age discrimination Technology training issues Adapted Technology issues Never been involved in a search for a job.

Historical Impact of Career Historical Impact of Career Development (highlights)Development (highlights)

1895 vocational guidance-George Merril1905 Parsons developed Breadwinners

Institute for immigrants and youth in Boston.

1917 First Group Intelligence test used by the Army called the ARMY Alpha. Started an explosion of testing.

1939 First DOT

Historical Impact of Career Historical Impact of Career Development (highlights) cont.Development (highlights) cont. 1957 –National Defense Education Act-$ to to

train school counselors to support counselors. This was the result of Americas fear to what?

1963 Vocational Education Act 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act 1994 School to Work Opportunities Act-$’s for

schools who challenge children after identification of career hopes.

1994 O*Net classification system from DOT (hasn’t really happened).

Politically Correct or Politically Correct or Incorrect?Incorrect? Career or vocational choice-process of selecting a

career Vocation-rejected by psychologists as it is

associated as being “called by God” to do something.

Work vs. job– Work-Puritans and poets (p.8)

Why people work?– Provides the person, and often the family, with status,

recognition, affiliation, and similar psychological and sociological products for participation in a complex society.

Improvement of Self-Esteem-because you are producing something other people value.

– Unemployed People have poor self esteem.• Why?

Work and EducationWork and Education

Robot and information age-– Doing manual labor and we need to educate

how to operate the advanced technology.

National Alliance of Business- unsatisfied with reading, writing and reasoning skills of high school graduates.– What is the impact of this statistic?

Positivist and Post-Positivist Positivist and Post-Positivist way of thinking.way of thinking.

Paradigm Shifts– 4 areas

What we know will happen!What we know will happen!

Work will change and will be dramatically different in the future.

New jobs created and old ones eliminated.– More technological and less manual.

Academic Skills requirements will escalate.People will change jobs and the types of

jobs they do.

What we know will happen! What we know will happen! (cont.)(cont.)

Internet will replace job services and information.

Training and retraining will become of lifetime requirement.

Learning new skill via internet and intranet will be the new way.

Decentralized locations in other countries may be the norm.

What you talkin about?What you talkin about? Position-a group of tasks performed by an

individual. Job-a group of similar positions in a single

business. Occupation-group of similar jobs in several

businesses.– DOT (12,741 occupations listed)

Career (Sears, 1982 definition)-series of paid or unpaid occupations or jobs that one hold throughout his or her life.

Career Development – lifelong process that involves all factors that interact to influence career development.

Career DefinitionsCareer Definitions

Career Interventions (Spokane, 1991)- act aimed at enhancing some aspect of a person’s career development, including the career decision-making process.– Such as Career:

Guidance Counseling Information Education Development Coaching.

Career GuidanceCareer Guidance

Encompasses most strategies listed on previous slide. – What are some of the traditional career

guidance tasks?

Career EducationCareer Education

(Hoyt,1977) Systematic attempt to influence the career develop of students and adults through various types of of educational strategies, including providing:– Occupational information– Infusing career related information into the curriculum– Taking field trips– Having guest speakers– Classes devoted to study of careers– Internships– Labs that simulate career experiences

Career CounselingCareer Counseling

Service provided to a single client or group of clients who come seeking assistance with career choice or career adjustment problems.

Career InformationCareer Information

Labor market information (LMI), particularly when it involves providing comprehensive information about trends, the industries in this country, or comprehensive information systems. Variety of formats:– Print, film, audiotape, internet

Occupational Outlook Handbook O*Net, Occupational Information Network

Career CoachingCareer Coaching

Facilitation of career development of employees.– Identify work opportunities within the work

settings.