introduction to animals. introduction to animals most diverse kingdom in appearance more than 1...
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Introduction to AnimalsIntroduction to Animals
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INTRODUCTION TO ANIMALS• Most diverse
kingdom in appearance
• More than 1 million species!
• Each phylum has its own typical body plan (arrangement)
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WHAT IS AN ANIMAL?
• Animals:
• are heterotrophic
• are eukaryotic
• are multicellular
• lack cell walls
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WHAT IS AN ANIMAL?
• 95% = invertebrates (do not have backbone)
• 5% = vertebrates (have a backbone)
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WHAT IS AN ANIMAL?
• Anatomy = the structure of the organism/organs what it is
• Physiology = study of the functions of organs
how it works
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WHAT IS AN ANIMAL?
• Homeostasis (balance) is maintained by internal feedback mechanisms
• Ex: dog panting releases heat, you sweat to release heat
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FUNCTIONS OF ANIMALS
• Feeding animals must obtain energy by eating
• Examples of types of feeding:– Herbivore = eats plants– Carnivore = eats animals– Omnivore = eats plants and animals– Scavenger = eats dead organisms– Detritivore = feed on decaying organic material– Filter Feeders = aquatic animals that strain food from
water– Parasite = lives in or on another organism (symbiotic
relationship)
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FUNCTIONS OF ANIMALS
• Respiration animals require oxygen
• Take in O2 and give off CO2
• Lungs, gills, through skin, simple diffusion
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FUNCTIONS OF ANIMALS
• Circulation animals must move necessary materials within their bodies
• Very small animals rely on diffusion
• Larger animals have circulatory system
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FUNCTIONS OF ANIMALS
• Excretion animals must expel waste
• Primary waste product is ammoniaLiquid waste
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FUNCTIONS OF ANIMALS
• Response animals respond to a stimulus
• Receptor cells = sound, light, external stimuli
• Nerve cells = nervous system
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FUNCTIONS OF ANIMALS
• Movement
• Most animals are motile (can move)
• Muscles usually work with a skeleton
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FUNCTIONS OF ANIMALS
• Reproduction animals must reproduce
• Most reproduce sexually = genetic diversity
• Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually = to increase their numbers rapidly
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• Cell Specialization and Levels of Organization:cells tissues organs organ systems
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EARLY DEVELOPMENT
• Zygote = fertilized egg• Blastula = a hollow ball of cells• Blastopore = the blastula folds
in creating this opening• Protostome = mouth is formed
from blastopore• Deuterostome = anus is
formed from blastopore• Anus = opening for solid waste
removal from digestive tract
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EARLY DEVELOPMENT
• The cells of most animal embryos differentiate into three layers called germ layers:
• Endoderm = (innermost) develops into the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory tract
• Mesoderm = (middle) muscle, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
• Ectoderm = (outermost) sense organs, nerves, outer layer of skin
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BODY SYMMETRY
• Body Symmetry - the body plan of an animal, how its parts are arranged
• Asymmetry - no pattern (corals, sponges)
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BODY SYMMETRY
• Body Symmetry - the body plan of an animal, how its parts are arranged
• Radial Symmetry - shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish)
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BODY SYMMETRY
• Body Symmetry - the body plan of an animal, how its parts are arranged
• Bilateral Symmetry - has a right and left side (humans, insects, cats, etc)
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CEPHALIZATION
• Cephalization - an anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head)
• The more complex the animals becomes the more pronounced their cephalization
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BODY PLAN
• anterior - toward the head
• posterior - toward the tail
• dorsal - back side
• ventral - belly side
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SEGMENTATION
• Segmentation - "advanced" animals have body segments and specialization of tissue (even humans are segmented, look at the ribs and spine)
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BODY CAVITY
• Body Cavity Formation: A fluid-filled space where internal organs can be suspended
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TYPES OF ANIMALS• Phylum Porifera
• Typically asymmetrical
• Lack tissues and organs
• Adults are sessile
• Mostly marine
• Sexual and asexual reproduction
• Example: sponges
• About 10,000 species
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TYPES OF ANIMALS
• Phylum Cnidaria
• Radially symmetrical
• Have distinct tissues
• Marine and freshwater
• Examples: jellyfish, hydra, coral
• About 10,000 species
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TYPES OF ANIMALS
• Phylum Ctenophora
• Radially symmetrical
• Transparent, gelatinous marine animals resembling jellyfishes
• Propelled by cilia
• Examples: comb jellies
• About 100 species
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TYPES OF ANIMALS• Phylum Platyhelminthes• Bilaterally symmetrical • Acoelomates• Body flat and ribbon-like• Lack true segments• Organs present• Examples: Planaria, Tapeworm, Schistosoma• More than 18,000 species
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TYPES OF ANIMALS
• Phylum Nematoda• Roundworms• Body slender and elongated• Pseudocoelomates• Oneway gut• Examples: Ascaris, pinworms,
hookworms, Trichinella, and Wuchereria• More than 80,000 species
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TYPES OF ANIMALS• Phylum Rotifera• Small, transparent,
wormlike or spherical animals
• Bilaterally symmetrical• Pseudocoelomates • Almost all live in fresh
water• Example: rotifers• About 1,750 species
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TYPES OF ANIMALS
• Phylum Annelida
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Serially segmented worms
• Protostomes
• Examples: earthworms, leeches
• About 15,000 species
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TYPES OF ANIMALS
• Phylum Mollusca• Soft-bodied animals • Coelomates • Protostomes • most have a radula • Terrestrial, freshwater, and marine• Examples: clams, octopuses, snails• More than 110,000 species
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TYPES OF ANIMALS
• Phylum Arthropoda• Bilaterally symmetrical• Coelomates• Protostomes • Segmented bodies• Paired , jointed appendages• Chitinous exoskeleton• Aerial, terrestrial, and aquatic forms• Examples: insects, spiders, crustaceans• About 1 million species
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TYPES OF ANIMALS• Phylum Echinodermata• Adults are radially symmetrical
– five-part body plan• Coleomates• Deuterostomes• Most forms have a water
vascular system with tube feet for locomotion
• Marine • Examples: sea star, sand dollar,
sea urchin• About 7,000 species
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TYPES OF ANIMALS
• Phylum Chordata• Bilaterally symmetrical• Deuterostomes• Coelomates• Have
– A notochord (early backbone and spinal cord)– A dorsal nerve cord– Pharyngeal slits– A tail at some stage of life
• Aquatic and terrestrial• Examples: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals• More than 47,000 species
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Phylum Chordata
FISHES AMPHIBIANS
REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS