Introduction to and Introduction to and Review of the Review of the International Normative International Normative FrameworkFramework

Dignity, Freedom, Non-Discrimination & Dignity, Freedom, Non-Discrimination & Equality – Securing the Base-Line Equality – Securing the Base-Line & Realising Human Capabilities& Realising Human Capabilities

Professor John PackerProfessor John PackerDirector, Human Rights CentreDirector, Human Rights Centre

University of EssexUniversity of Essex

HistoryHistory

Peace of Westphalia (1648)Peace of Westphalia (1648)– Sovereign equality (of Princes)Sovereign equality (of Princes)– Accommodation of religious communitiesAccommodation of religious communities

National sovereignty (19National sovereignty (19thth century) century)

Nationalities principle (early 20Nationalities principle (early 20thth century) century)

National self-determination (post WW I)National self-determination (post WW I)– ““National minorities” protection regime ... limited & National minorities” protection regime ... limited &

selectiveselective

Protection of human rights (post WW II)Protection of human rights (post WW II)

[Protection of minorities post Cold War] [Protection of minorities post Cold War]

Pre-1945 LogicPre-1945 Logic

Westphalia’s “billiard balls”Westphalia’s “billiard balls”

Post-1945 LogicPost-1945 Logic

Equally sovereign StatesEqually sovereign States

comprisingcomprising

Equal human beings Equal human beings

guaranteedguaranteed

Equal “human rights”Equal “human rights”

Key Norms and Key Norms and StandardsStandards

Between StatesBetween States

1. Principle of Sovereign Equality1. Principle of Sovereign Equality

2. Principle of Non-Intervention2. Principle of Non-Intervention

3. Principle of Non-Use of Force3. Principle of Non-Use of Force

4. Principle of Collective Security4. Principle of Collective Security

5. Principle of Cooperation5. Principle of Cooperation

Within the StateWithin the State

1. “All human beings are born 1. “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity free and equal in dignity and rights.” and rights.” (Article 1 UDHR)(Article 1 UDHR)

2. Principle of Non-Discrimination 2. Principle of Non-Discrimination (UN Charter etc.)(UN Charter etc.)

3. Principle of Equality 3. Principle of Equality (UN Charter etc.)(UN Charter etc.)

4. Principle of Development 4. Principle of Development

The problem of The problem of minoritiesminorities1. Factual differences1. Factual differences

- needs, interests and aspirations - needs, interests and aspirations

2. Factual (dis)advantage2. Factual (dis)advantage

3. The majority rule [a problem of 3. The majority rule [a problem of majorities]majorities]

4. Limits of 4. Limits of possibilitypossibility and of and of feasibilityfeasibility

Issues for Diversity Issues for Diversity Management - IManagement - I

1. Achieving and maintaining security … 1. Achieving and maintaining security … generating voluntary compliancegenerating voluntary compliance

a. Guaranteeing fundamental rights & freedomsa. Guaranteeing fundamental rights & freedomsb. Guaranteeing [additional] minority rightsb. Guaranteeing [additional] minority rights

- Identity maintenance and developmentIdentity maintenance and development- Effective participation in public lifeEffective participation in public life- Economic and social well-beingEconomic and social well-being

2. Ensuring good & democratic governance2. Ensuring good & democratic governance- Responsible authority under Rule of LawResponsible authority under Rule of Law- Consultative & deliberative decision-makingConsultative & deliberative decision-making- Public servicePublic service- Legitimate (limited) Use of ForceLegitimate (limited) Use of Force

Issues for Diversity Issues for Diversity Management - IIManagement - II

3. Institutional arrangements3. Institutional arrangementsa. Accommodation of diversitya. Accommodation of diversity

- - Exceptions / exemptionsExceptions / exemptions- Special measures - Special measures - Subsidiarity – forms of autonomy (decentralisation)- Subsidiarity – forms of autonomy (decentralisation)

b. Supervisory bodiesb. Supervisory bodies- Monitoring and reportingMonitoring and reporting- Public interest actors (e.g. NIHR)Public interest actors (e.g. NIHR)- Judicial and non-judicial recoursesJudicial and non-judicial recourses

4. International guarantees4. International guarantees

Continuum of Continuum of ProtectionProtectionFundamental Human RightsFundamental Human Rights

Anti-discrimination Anti-discrimination

Minority Rights Minority Rights

Good GovernanceGood Governance

IMPACTS: IMPACTS: - Maximizing Freedom [to - Maximizing Freedom [to choose]choose]

- Realising Human Capabilities- Realising Human Capabilities

GOAL: GOAL: Individual and Social Individual and Social Development Development ... [Positive] Peace ... [Positive] Peace and Prosperity and Prosperity