INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY – ANATOMICAL TERMS / PLANES / & MOVEMENTSLECTUREBYDR. ANSARI, CHAIR- PERSONThursday, April 20, 2023

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DEFINITION OF ANATOMY• It is the study of the structure of the human body.

• It is the science that deals with the structure and function of the human body.

• It is learnt by cutting/dissecting the parts of the body. ana = apart/ to cut up…Greek: the latin ‘to cut up’ give us dissect.

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ANATOMICAL POSITION• It is an anatomical reference position.

• Body is erect standing position,

• Feet slightly separated,

• Arms hanging relaxed at the sides,

• Palms of hands facing forward.

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ANATOMICAL PLANES OF THE BODY• These are the imaginary planes that divides the body in to

different parts.

• These planes are either vertically running/cutting the body or horizontally.

• These planes are Frontal/coronal, median/ mid sagittal,/horizontal & parasagittal.

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FRONTAL/CORONAL PLANE

• It separates the body into anterior and posterior parts.

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MEDIAN/MIDSAGITTAL PLANE• It separates the body

into right and left parts.

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PARA-SAGITTAL PLANE• It is a plane

running/cutting the body parallel to the median plane.

• Examples of para-sagittal planes are mid-clavicular planes.

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HORIZONTAL SECTION

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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

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TERMS OF RELATION OR POSITION

• SUPERIOR=Closer to the head.

• INFERIOR=Closer to the feet.

• POSTERIOR/DORSAL= Closer to the posterior surface of the body.

• ANTERIOR/VENTRAL=Closer to the anterior surface of the body.

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Terms• MEDIAL= Lying closer to the midline.

• LATERAL=Lying further away from the midline

• PROXIMAL= Closer to the origin of a structure.

• DISTAL=Further away from the origin of a structure.16

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Terms• SUPERFICIAL=On the surface of the body.

• DEEP=Inside the body/away from the body surface.

• CONTRALATERAL=On the other side/opposite side.

• IPSILATERAL=On the same side.18

Terms• EXTERNAL=Being outside.

• INTERNAL=Being inside.

• SUPINE=Face/palm up when lying on back.

• PRONE=Face/palm down when lying on the anterior surface of body.

• CEPHALIC=Towards the head.

• CAUDAL=Towards the tail/feet.19

PRONE POSITION

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SUPINE POSITION

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TERMS OF MOVEMENTSABDUCTION=It is a movement of any part away from the

midline in the coronal plane.

ADDUCTION=It is a movement of any part returning to the midline in the coronal plane.

FLEXION= Moving any thing in the sagittal plane.

EXTENSION =Straightening it again.

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ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION

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Terms

• LATERAL FLEXION= Is bending in the coronal plane.• ROTATION=It occurs around a vertical axis,or the

main axis of the limb.• PRONATION=It is a movement at radioulnar

joints,after pronation thumb lies medially.

• SUPINATION=It also occurs at RU/joints,thumb lies laterally in anatomical position.

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Terms• OPPOSITION=This movement takes place between thumb and

medial four fingers, thumb touches all the tips of medial four fingers.

• CIRCUMDUCTION=It is a combination of flexion/extension,abduction/adduction and rotation.

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OPPOSITION MOVEMENT

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Terms• PROTRACTION=Moving forward along a surface.

• RETRACTION=Moving backward along a surface.

• ELEVATION=Raising a structure.

• DEPRESSION=Lowering a structure.

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SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS

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RETRACTION OF SCAPULA

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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY• EMBRYOLOGY=Examines development of adult structure from

fertilised ovum.

• CYTOLOGY=Deals with the structure of individual cells.

• HISTOLOGY=Deals with the microscopic study of tissues of the body.

• NEUROANATOMY=Deals with the study of nervous system.

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BRANCHES OF ANATOMY

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Which branch of anatomy is this?

NEUROANATOMY

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Branches of anatomy• GROSS ANATOMY = Deals with those structures that can be

seen without a microscope.

• SURFACE ANATOMY= The internal organs /structures are projected on the body surface areas.

• APPLIED/CLINICAL ANATOMY=The knowledge of anatomy is used to understand the clinical cases/conditions.

• RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY/IMAGING STUDIES= the study of anatomy with the aid of radiography/MRI/Ultrasonography.

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GROSS ANATOMY

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SURFACE ANATOMY

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Which branch of anatomy they are studying?

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Sample questions

1. On abduction of arm from anatomical position, the arm moves in which of the following plane?•A. Sagittal•B. Frontal •C. Transverse•D. Horizontal•E. Parasagittal

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Sample questions

2. The radial artery pulse can be palpated at which of the following points?A. At the ventral aspect of wrist.B. In the arm pitC. On the dorsum of handD. Proximal to the elbow jointE. Distal to the wrist joint

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References:-• Clinically oriented Anatomy-Keith Moore 6th Edn. ( pages 4-

12)• http://www.lamission.edu/lifesciences/AliAnat1/Chap1-anato

mical%20terminology.pdf• http://www.slideshare.net/MatthewAxe/basic-human-anato

my-terminology• http://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/body/terminology.ht

ml• http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/story.php?title=anatomi

cal-planes-terms--human-body

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