introduction to 3g technologies2intranet.daiict.ac.in/~daiict_nt01/announcement/special...

Introduction to 3G Mobile Technologies

February/March 2005,DA-IICT, Ahmedabad

Dr Y.S.Rao,VP,Technology

Outline

• History and evolution of mobile radioBrief history of cellular wireless telephonyRadio technology today: GSM, CDMA3G vision, 3G migration paths

• Evolving network architecturesBased on GSM-MAP or on IS-41 today3GPP versus 3GPP2 evolution paths3G utilization of softswitches, VoIP and SIPPotential for convergence

Outline (continued)

• Evolving servicesSMS, EMS, MMS messagingLocationVideo and IP multimedia

• Applications & application frameworksData centriclooking for killer applications

• History and Evolutionof Mobile Radio

• Evolving NetworkArchitectures

• Evolving Services

• Applications

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5

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5

6

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572

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11

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7

3

Cellular Mobile Telephony

• Cellular conceptBell Labs (1957 & 1960)

• Frequency modulation• Frequency reuse

typically every 7 cells• Handoff as caller moves• Modified MSC,HLR, paging,

handoffs• Sectors improve reuse

3/9 in TDMA1/1 in CDMA

First Generation

• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83)800 MHz band – two 12.5 MHz bandsStill widely used in US and many parts of the world

• Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)Sweden, Norway, Demark & FinlandLaunched 1981; now largely retired450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)

• Total Access Communications System (TACS)British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe

Second Generation – 2G

• Digital systems• Leverage technology to increase capacity

Speech compression; digital signal processing• Utilize/extend “Intelligent Network” concepts• Introduce roaming• Improve fraud prevention• Add new services• There are a wide diversity of 2G systems

IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMAPDC (Japan)iDEN (US)DECT and PHSIS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)GSM

D-AMPS/ TDMA & PDC

• Speech coded as digital bit streamcompression plus error protection bitsaggressive compression limits voice quality

• Time division multiple access (TDMA)3 calls per radio channel using repeating time slices

• Deployed 1993 (PDC 1994)Development through 1980s

• IS-54 / IS-136 standards in US• ATT Wireless & Cingular use IS-136 today

plan to migrate to GSM and then to W-CDMA• PDC dominant cellular system in Japan today• NTT DoCoMo has largest PDC network

iDEN

• Used by Nextel in US• Motorola proprietary system

time division multiple access technologybased on GSM architecture

• 800 MHz private mobile radio (PMR) spectrumjust below 800 MHz cellular band

• Special protocol supports fast “Push-to-Talk”digital replacement for old PMR services

• Nextel has highest APRU in US market due to “Direct Connect” push-to-talk service

DECT and PHS

• Also based on TDMA/TDD• Digital European Cordless Telephony

focus on business use, i.e. wireless PBXvery small cells; in building propagation issueswide bandwidth (32 Kbps channels)high quality voice and/or ISDN data

• Personal Handiphone Servicesimilar performance (32 Kbps channels)deployed across Japanese cities (high pop. density)4 channel basestation uses one ISDN BRI linebasestations on top of phone boothslegacy in Japan; new deployments in China todayGrowing still in China

cdmaOne - IS-95

• Code Division Multiple Accessall users share same frequency banddiscussed in detail later as CDMA is basis for 3G

• Qualcomm demo in 1989improved capacity & simplified planning

• First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994• Major success in Korea (1M subs by 1996)• Used by Verizon and Sprint in US• Simplest 3G migration story today

cdmaOne - IS-95

• TIA standard IS-95 (ANSI-95) in 1993 and ITU later• IS-95 deployed in the 800 MHz cellular band

J-STD-08 variant deployed in 1900 MHz US “PCS” band• Evolution fixes bugs and adds data

IS-95A provides data rates up to 14.4 kbpsIS-95B provides rates up to 64 kbps (2.5G)Both A and B are compatible with J-STD-08.

• All variants designed for TIA IS-41 core networks (ANSI 41)

GSM

• « Groupe Special Mobile », later changed to « Global System for Mobile »

joint European effort beginning in 1982focus on seamless roaming across Europe

• Services launched 1991time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz)900 MHz band; later extended to 1800MHzadded 1900 MHz (US PCS bands)

• GSM is dominant world standard todaywell defined interfaces; many competitorsnetworks took hold in late 1990stri-band/quad band GSM phone can roam the world today

1G – (Analog) Separate Frequencies

30 KHz30 KHz30 KHz30 KHz30 KHz30 KHz30 KHz30 KHzFr

eque

ncy

FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access

2G – (Digital) TDMATime Division Multiple Access

Freq

uenc

y

Time

200 KHz

200 KHz

200 KHz

200 KHz

One timeslot = 0.577 ms One TDMA frame = 8 timeslots

2G & 3G – CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

• Spread spectrum modulationoriginally developed for the militaryresists jamming and many kinds of interferencecoded modulation hidden from those w/o the code

• All users share same (large) block of spectrumone for one frequency reusesoft handoffs

• 3 of the accepted 5 -3G radio standards are based on CDMACDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA

Multi-Access Radio Techniques

Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World

3G Vision

• Single spectrum band for Global roaming• Multimedia (voice, data & video)• Increased data rates

384 Kbps while moving2 Mbps when stationary at specific locations

• Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)• IP architecture• Issues

No killer application for wireless data as yetVendor-drivenRemained with multi band spectrum allocations

International Standardization

• ITU (International Telecommunication Union)radio standards and spectrum

• IMT-2000ITU’s umbrella name for 3G which stands for International Mobile Telecommunications 2000

• National and regional standards bodies are collaborating in 3G partnership projects

ARIB, TIA, TTA, TTC, CWTS. T1, ETSI Links with others –IETF,IEEE etc.

• 3G Partnership Projects (3GPP & 3GPP2)focused on evolution of access and core networks

IMT-2000 Vision IncludesLAN, WAN and Satellite Services

Satellite

Macrocell Microcell

UrbanIn-Building

Picocell

Global

Suburban

Basic TerminalPDA Terminal

Audio/Visual Terminal

IMT-2000 Radio Standards

• IMT-SC Single Carrier (UWC-136): EDGEGSM/GPRS evolution (TDMA); 200 KHz channels; sometimes called “2.5G”

• IMT-MC Multi Carrier CDMA: CDMA2000Evolution of IS-95 CDMA, i.e. cdmaOne

1x/DO sometimes called “2.5G”• IMT-DS Direct Spread CDMA: W-CDMA

from 3GPP; UTRAN FDD• IMT-TC Time Code CDMA

New from 3GPP; UTRAN TDDNew from China; TD-SCDMA

• IMT-FT FDMA/TDMA (DECT legacy)

* Paired spectrum; ** Unpaired spectrum

Evolutionary Path of the Dominant 3G CDMA Evolutionary Path of the Dominant 3G CDMA StandardsStandards

CDMA2000(1X)

• Evolution from 2G CDMALess capital intensive

• Better migration story from 2G to 3GcdmaOne operators don’t need additional spectrum1x/DO combination promises higher sector data rates than UMTS, i.e. W-CDMA

• Better spectral efficiency than W-CDMA(?)arguable (and argued!)

• CDMA2000 core network convergent to data Good IP story

W-CDMA (UMTS)

• Wideband CDMAStandard for Universal Mobile Telephone Service (UMTS)

• Committed standard for Europe and likely migration path for other GSM operators

leverages GSM’s dominant position• Requires substantial new spectrum

5 MHz each way (symmetric)at a minimum• Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere• Auctions/awards of new spectrum completed in Europe

auctions at prices that now seem exorbitant

TD-SCDMA

• Time division synchronous CDMA• Chinese development (bargaining tool with West?)

relatively immature, but big deployment plans• Good match for asymmetrical traffic!• Single spectral band

unpaired spectrum; as little as 1.6 MHz; time division duplex (TDD) with high spectral efficiency

CDMA

GSM

TDMA

PHS (IP-Based)

64 Kbps

GPRS

115 Kbps

CDMA 1xRTT

144 Kbps

EDGE

384 Kbps

cdma20001X-EV-DV

Over 2.4 Mbps

W-CDMA (UMTS)

Up to 2 Mbps

2G2.5G

2.75G 3G

1992 - 2000+2001+

2003+

1G

1984 - 1996+

2003 - 2004+

TACS

NMT

AMPS

GSM/GPRS

(Overlay) 115 Kbps

9.6 Kbps

9.6 Kbps

14.4 Kbps/ 64 Kbps

9.6 Kbps

PDC

Analog Voice

Digital VoicePacket Data

IntermediateMultimedia

Multimedia

PHS

TD-SCDMA

2 Mbps?

9.6 Kbps

iDEN(Overlay)

iDEN

Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray

Migration To 3G

Mobile Wireless Spectrum

Bands Frequencies GSM/(MHz) (MHz) Regions EDGE WCDMA CDMA2000

450 450-467 Europe x x480 478-496 Europe x800 824-894 America x x900 880-960 Europe/APAC x x1500 Japan PDC x1700 1750-1870 Korea x1800 1710-1880 Europe/APAC x x x1900 1850-1990 America x x x

2100 1885-2025 & 2100-2200

Europe/APAC x x

2500 2500-2690 ITU Proposal x

Prospects for Global Roaming

• Multiple vocoders (AMR, EVRC, SMV,…)• Six or more spectral bands

800, 900, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2500, …? MHz• At least four modulation variants

GSM (TDMA), W-CDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCMDA

The handset approachAdvanced silicon • Software defined radio• Improved batteries




• Applications

Evolving core networkArchitectures

• Two widely deployed architectures today• GSM-MAP -- used by GSM operators

“Mobile Application Part” defines extra (SS7-based) signaling for mobility, authentication, etc.

• ANSI-41 -- used with AMPS, TDMA & cdmaOne/CDMA2000TIA (ANSI) standard for “cellular radio telecommunications inter-system operation”

• Each evolving to common “all IP” vision“All IP” still being discussed with no common standard between 3GPP2 and 3G PPGAIT (GSM ANSI Interoperability Team) provides a path for interoperation, i.e. roaming, todayANSI-MAP GWs

BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller

Typical 2G Architecture

MSC Mobile Switching CenterVLR Visitor Location RegisterHLR Home Location Register

BTS

BSCMSC/VLR

HLRBSC

GMSC

CO

BSC

BSCMSC/VLR

COPSTN

PLMN

CO

Tandem Tandem

SMS-SC

PSDN

Signaling in Core Network

• Based on SS7ISUP and specific Application Parts

• GSM MAP and ANSI-41 servicesmobility, call-handling, O&Mauthentication, supplementary servicesSMS, …

• Location registers for mobility managementHLR: home location register has permanent dataVLR: visitor location register keeps local copy for roamersEvolution to SIP

BSS Base Station System

BTS Base Transceiver Station

BSC Base Station Controller

MS Mobile Station

NSS Network Sub-System

MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller

VLR Visitor Location Register

HLR Home Location Register

AuC Authentication Server

GMSC Gateway MSC

GSM Architecture

SS7BTS

BSC MSCVLR

HLR AuC

GMSC

BSS

PSTN

NSS

AE

CD

PSTNAbis

B

H

MS

GSM Global System for Mobile communication

Enhancing GSM

• New technology since mid-90s• Global standard - most widely deployed

significant payback for enhancements • Frequency hopping

overcome fading• Synchronization between cells

DFCA: dynamic frequency and channel assignment allocate radio resources to minimize interference

Also used to determine mobile’s location• TFO – Tandem Free Operation

GPRS - 2.5G for GSM

• General packet radio servicefirst introduction of packet technology for data

• Aggregate radio channelssupport higher data rates (115 Kbps)subject to channel availability

• Share aggregate channels among multiple users• All new IP-based data infrastructure• No changes to voice network

2.5G / 3G adds IP Datato Voice Calls

3G Network Layout

Mobile Switching Center

IP Gateway

Internet(TCP/IP)

IP Gateway

Internet(TCP/IP)

NetworkManagement

(HLR)

- Base Station - Radio Network Controller

Mobile Switching Center

NetworkManagement

(HLR)

Out to another MSC or Fixed Network (PSTN/ISDN)

SS7BTS

BSC MSCVLR

HLR AuC

GMSC

BSS

PSTN

NSS

AE

CD

PSTNAbis

B

H

MS




NSS Network Sub-System





GMSC Gateway MSC

GSM/GPRS Architecture

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

IP

2G+ MS (voice & data)

PSDNGi

SGSN

Gr

Gb

Gs

GGSN

Gc

Gn

2G MS (voice only)

EDGE

• Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution• Increased data rates with GSM compatibility

still 200 KHz bands; still TDMA8-PSK modulation: 3 bits/symbol give 3X data rateshorter range (more sensitive to noise/interference)

• GAIT - GSM/ANSI-136 interoperability teamallows IS-136 TDMA operators to migrate to EDGEnew GSM/ EDGE radios but evolved ANSI-41 core networkCurrently introduced in US

3G Rel 99 (UMTS)

SS7

IP

BTSBSC MSC

VLR

HLR AuC

GMSC

BSS

SGSN GGSN

PSTN

PSDN

CN

CD

GcGr

Gn Gi

Abis

Gs

B

H




RNS Radio Network System

RNC Radio Network Controller

CN Core Network





GMSC Gateway MSC

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

AE PSTN

2G MS (voice only)

2G+ MS (voice & data)

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Gb

3G UE (voice & data)

Node BRNC

RNS

Iub

IuCS

ATMIuPS

HSDPA (UMTS HSDPA (UMTS RelRel 5)5)

• Increased packet data supportIncrease maximum user throughput for downlink packet data (streaming, interactive and background services)Lower packet delay

• CompatibilityClaimed evolutionaryHSDPA architecture is a straightforward enhancement to the R99 architecture All R99 services can also be supported in a network supporting HSDPAMobiles with HSDPA capability can co-exist with R99 mobiles on the same carrier

• Standardization of all interfacesIncluding Iur/Iub interfaces (Iur is RNC - RNC and Iub is Node B-RNC)

Key Additions in HSDPAKey Additions in HSDPA (compared to Release 99)(compared to Release 99)

• Adaptive Modulation and CodingChannel sensitive scheduling based on Channel Quality Information feedbackAdaptive/Asynchronous re-transmissionsHigher order modulation (QPSK & 16QAM)

• Hybrid ARQIncremental Redundancy Soft CombiningFast Re-transmissions

• Scheduling/repetition at Node BCDM to be able to schedule multiple users in parallel

• Shorter radio frames• Mobility achieved through higher layer signaling• Associated Dedicated Channel• Multiple UE capabilities

HSDPA Operation DetailsHSDPA Operation Details

2 ms

ACK/NACK

DataData

PilotPilot

TFCITFCI

TPCTPC

PilotPilot

TFCITFCI

TPCTPC

PilotPilot

TFCITFCI

TPCTPC

DataData DataData DataData

PilotPilot

TFCITFCI

TPCTPC

PilotPilot

TFCITFCI

TPCTPC

PilotPilot

TFCITFCI

TPCTPC

DataData DataData DataData

PilotPilot

TFCITFCI

TPCTPC

PilotPilot

TFCITFCI

TPCTPC

PilotPilot

TFCITFCI

TPCTPC

DataData DataData

Uplink DCH (Transport Channel)

Downlink DCHPilotData Data PilotData Data PilotData Data PilotData Data PilotData Data PilotData Data PilotData Data PilotData Data PilotData Data

HS-SCCH

HS-DSCH

Demodulation Control

ACK/NACK after data decoding

Logical, Transport and Physical ChannelsLogical, Transport and Physical Channels

HSDPA Operation in BriefHSDPA Operation in Brief

• Several users can be code multiplexed together• This allows better granularity than with time multiplexing only

and takes terminal capability into account (all terminals are not going to be 10.8 Mcps terminals!)

• Node B has information of the transmission power for each terminal (Power control commands from the terminal) + ACK/NACK feedback info in the uplink

• The number of codes used for HSDPA can vary dynamically between 1 and 15, terminals expected to have varying code handling capability as in Rel'99/Rel'4.

HSDPA Downlink Physical Layer DetailsHSDPA Downlink Physical Layer Details

• HS-PDSCH* , SF = 16 (all channelization codes with same scrambling code)

• Symbol rate is 3.84 McpsWith this symbol rate per code channel rate is 3.84/16= 240 sps

• UE can be assigned multiple physical channels based on its capability

• With 16-QAM, the raw data rate is 240X4 =960 Kbps• Hence 1SF code will yield a data rate of 960 Kbps• 4SF codes ,8SF ,and 15 SF will yield correspondingly

3.84,7.68 and 14.4 Mbps peak rates

*Physical Downlink shared Channel

UE (DL) Operation in HSDPAUE (DL) Operation in HSDPA

Maximum 4 HS-DSCH (Shared Control Channels) that a single UE is monitoring

Network can configure 1 to 4 to UE (more can be used at cell level)

Good performance assuming reasonable terminal complexityWith continuous activity terminal is able to listen only one control channelThe terminal memory requirement shall be derived based on Chase (soft) combining i.e. at max data rate (as given by terminal capability) only Chase combining can be used

Network partitions UE memory to various HARQ processes

Modulation Aspects in HSDPAModulation Aspects in HSDPA

• Both QPSK (as in Rel'99) and 16QAM are defined

• All terminals with HSDPA capability shall support also 16QAM

• 8PSK & 64QAM are being • Considered > HSDPA Rel'5

1011 1001 0001 0011

1010 1000 0000 0010

1110 1100 0100 0110

1111 1101 0101 0111

i2 i2

i1

q1

q2

q2

0.3162 0.94870.31

620.

9487

HSDPA Data Rates (Peak)HSDPA Data Rates (Peak)

• Modulation method QPSK, 16QAM and potentially also 64 QAMCurrently 64 QAM not in Release 514.4 Mbps achievable with 15 codes and 16 QAM

• Coding rates 1/4-3/4 (Rel'99 Turbo Encoder + rate matching)• Spreading factor 16 used in above table

Chip Rate = 3.84 McpsFrame Size = 3 slots

Modulation 10 codes Turbo coding rateInfo Rate(Mbps)

Info bits perframe

64QAM 10.8000 21600 3/416QAM 7.2000 14400 3/416QAM 4.8000 9600 1/2QPSK 2.4000 4800 1/2QPSK 1.2000 2400 1/4

HSUPA (EUL) EnhancementsHSUPA (EUL) Enhancements

Release 6 Enhancements:Enhanced Uplink (EUL)

Increased average cell throughput Peak Data Rates: 4 Mbps Uses adaptive Modulation Schemes Uses QPSK Modulation Hybrid-ARQ Protocols EUL will be strictly scheduled

Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Systems (MBMS)MIMO Techniques and Beam forming EnhancementsExpected Date of Completion of Standards: EY 2004 (?)Expected Date of Commercial Deployments: EY2006

HSUPA (EUL) Design GoalsHSUPA (EUL) Design Goals

• Increased average cell throughputPeak throughput is not a major driving factor

• Node-B schedulingReduced turn-around time

• Improved link efficiencyBoosted phase referenceRetransmissions with IR

MSC

HLR

SMS-SC

A Ref (A1, A2, A5)

STM over T1/T3

A Ref (A1, A2, A5)

STM over T1/T3

PSTNSTM over T1/T3 or

AAL1 over SONET

BSC

BSC

Proprietary Interface

BTS

BTS

Proprietary Interface

BTS

IS-95

MS

IS-95

MS

BTS - Base Transceiver StationBSC - Base Station ControllerMS - Mobile StationMSC - Mobile Switching CenterHLR - Home Location RegistrySMS-SC - Short MessageService - Serving CenterSTM – Synchronous Transfer Mode

Ater Ref (A3, A7)

A1 – Signaling interface for call control and mobility

Management between MSC and BSC

A2 – 64 kbps bearer interface for PCM voice

A5 – Full duplex bearer interface byte stream (SMS ?)

A3 – Signaling interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff

A7 – Bearer interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff

cdmaOne (IS-95 + IS-41)

CDMA2000 1x Network

BTS - Base Transceiver StationBSC - Base Station ControllerMS - Mobile StationMSC - Mobile Switching CenterHLR - Home Location RegistrySMS-SC - Short MessageService - Serving CenterSTM – Synchronous Transfer ModePDSN – Packet Data Serving NodeAAA – Authentication, Authorization, and AccountingHome Agent – Mobile IP Home Agent

A10 – Bearer interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet dataA11 – Signaling interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet data

MSC

PSTNA Ref (A1, A2, A5) STM over

T1/T3

STM over T1/T3 or

AAL1 over SONET

HLR

SMS-SC

BSCProprietary Interface

BTS

BTS

IS-2000

MS

PDSN

HomeAgent

IPFirewall

IPRouter

Internet

PrivataData

Network

IPRouter

AQuarter Ref (A10, A11)

IP over Ethernet/AAL5

AAA

RADIUS over UDP/IP

1xEVDO -- IP Data Only

IS-2000

IPBTS

IS-2000

IPBTS

IP BSC IPRouter

PDSN HomeAgent

IPFirewall

IPRouter

Internet

PrivataData

Network

IP BTS - IP Base Transceiver StationIP BSC - IP Base Station ControllerAAA - Authentication, Authorization, and AccountingPDSN - Packet Data Serving NodeHome Agent - Mobile IP Home Agent

AAA

RADIUS over UDP/IP

What’s Next for CDMA2000 1xEVWhat’s Next for CDMA2000 1xEV--DO?DO?

Multimedia Services, Increase Data Rates and System Capacity, and Lower Costs

Personal MediaMultiple channels of

video/audio

Instant Multi-mediaAudio and video together

Quality of Service (QOS)Different levels of priority

Location-based services (LBS)

High resolution locations

2x Multi-carrierTwo 1xEV-DO carriers

simultaneously, doubling data rates

EqualizerIncrease sector capacity 20-60%

Receive DiversityIncreased capacity in

1.25 MHz

1xEV1xEV--DO Rev A : New Data RatesDO Rev A : New Data Rates

• Forward LinkPeak data rate of 3.1 Mbps / sectorAdditional rate quantization 3.1 and 1.5 Mbps supporting larger payload size for further capacity gains 4.8, 9.6, and 19.2 kbps supporting smaller payload sizes for lower latency

• Reverse LinkPeak data rate of 1.8 Mbps / sectorAdditional rate quantization with introduction of Hybrid ARQ 8PSK and QPSK modulations introduce new data rates to further

capacity gains• 1.8Mbps, 1.2Mbps, and 921.6, 614.4, 460.8, 409.6, 307.2,

230.4, 204.8 and 102.4 kbps BPSK modulation supports new data rates for lower latency

• 4.8, 6.4, 12.8, 25.6, 28.8, 51.2, 57.6, and 115.2 kbps Hybrid ARQ gives similar performance gains as on the forward link

1xEV1xEV--DO Rev A : Reduced LatencyDO Rev A : Reduced Latency

• Forward LinkNew packet transmission formatsSmaller packetsMulti-user packetsSupport for fast paging

• Reverse LinkFour sub-packet structure and Hybrid ARQMultiflow RL MAC Improved resource allocation Latency shaping and power boostingNew DSC* channel for improved virtual soft handoff

* Data Source Control Channel for desired serving cell indication

1xEV1xEV--DO Rev A Forward Link : New Packet Transmission FormatsDO Rev A Forward Link : New Packet Transmission Formats

• New DRC definitions allow for the transmission of packets with strict delivery requirements under relatively poorer channel conditions

• FL Scheduler will ensure that high priority data is scheduled accordingly

There is a one to many mapping of DRC index to transmission formatsBased on QoS requirements and received DRC index of active users, the Scheduler selects the appropriate transmission format

Multicasting Lowers Cost per Bit to Deliver MultimediaMulticasting Lowers Cost per Bit to Deliver Multimedia

A B Multicasted Content

C DMulticasted Content

A B C D

A B C DMulticasted Content

Cell #1 Cell #2

Multicasted

Content

Multicasted

Content

Soft Combine at Sector

Boundaries

Nextgen MSC ?

1XEVDV -- IP Data and Voice

Packet switched voice

P ST NS IP

P ro xy

SIP

SIP

SGW

SS7

MGCF(Softswitch)

SCTP/IP

H.248 (Maybe MGCP)

MGW

Circuit switched voice

PDSN +Router

AAA H o m eAg en t

Internet

IPFirewall

IPRouter

PrivataData

Network

IS-2000

IPBTS

SIP Proxy – Session Initiation Protocol Proxy Server

MGCF – Media Gateway Control Function

SGW – Signaling Gateway (SS7)

MGW – Media Gateway (Voice)

IS-2000

IPBTS

IP BSC




• Applications

Current/future Mobile Services

• SMS, EMS, MMS• Location-based services• Video• VoIP; Push-to-Talk• IP Multimedia Services • Converged “All IP” networks – the Vision

BTS BSC MSCVLR

HLR

SMS-IWMSC

A

E

C

B

Short Message Service (SMS)

• Point-to-point, short, text message service• Messages over signaling channel (MAP or IS-41)• SMSC stores-and-forwards SMSs; delivery reports• SME is any data terminal or Mobile Station

MSSME

SMS-GMSC

PSDN

SC

PCPC

SMS- GMSC Gateway MSCSMS- IWMSC InterWorking MSCSC- Service CenterSME- Short Messaging Entity

SMEs

SMS Principles

• Basic services :SM MT (Mobile Terminated)SM MO (Mobile Originated)(3GPP2) SM MO can be cancelled(3GPP2) User can acknowledge

• SM Service Center (3GPP) akaMessage Center (3GPP2)

relays and store-and-forwards SMSs• Payload of up to 140 bytes, but

Can be compressed (MS-to-MS)And/or segmented in several SMs

Delivery (MT)Report

Submission (MO)Report

SCMS

SMS Transport

• Delivery / Submission reportOptional in 3GPP2

• Messages-WaitingSC informs HLR/VLR that a message could not be delivered to MS

• Alert-SCHLR informs SC that the MS is again ready to receive

• All messages over signaling channelsusually SS7; SMSC may have IP option

EMS Principles

• Enhanced Message Service• Leverages SMS infrastructure• Formatting attributes in payload allow:

Text formatting (alignment, font size, style, colour…)Pictures (e.g. 255x255 color) or vector-based graphicsAnimationsSounds

• Interoperable with 2G SMS mobiles2G SMS spec had room for payload formatting2G MS ignore special formats

MMS Principles

• Non-real-time, multi-media message serviceText; Speech (AMR coding)Audio (MP3, synthetic MIDI)Image, graphics (JPEG, GIF, PNG)Video (MPEG4, H.263)Will evolve with multimedia technologies

• Uses IP data path & IP protocols (not SS7)WAP, HTTP, SMTP, etc.

• Adapts to terminal capabilitiesmedia format conversions (JPEG to GIF) media type conversions (fax to image)SMS (2G) terminal inter-working

MMS Architecture

PLMNHLR

SNMM5*

SNMMS Relay / Server

PDNSN

SN

MM4

UE

MM1

MMS User Agent

MM6

MMS Relay / Server

(or ProxyRelay Server)

MM3

External legacy servers

(E-mail, Fax, UMS, SMSC…)SN

SN

MM7

Value-Added Services

Application

MMS UserDatabases

(*) Optional

WAP Gw

SMTPMAP

SOAP/HTTP

WSP-HTTP

SMTP, POP/IMAP

Location Services

• Driven by e911 requirements in USFCC mandated; not yet functioning as desiredmost operators are operating under “waivers”

• Potential revenue from location-based services• Several technical approaches

in network technologies (measurements at cell sites)handset technologiesnetwork-assisted handset approaches

• Plus additional core network infrastructurelocation computation and mobile location servers

• Significant privacy issues

Location Technology

• Cell identity: crude but available today• Based on timing

TA: Timing Advance (distance from GSM BTS)• Based on timing and triangulation

TOA: Time of ArrivalTDOA: Time Difference of ArrivalEOTD: Enhanced Observed Time DifferenceAOA: Angle of Arrival

• Based on satellite navigation systemsGPS: Global Positioning SystemA-GPS: Assisted GPS

Location-Based Services

• Emergency servicesE911 - Enhanced 911

• Value-added personal servicesfriend finder, directions

• Commercial servicescoupons or offers from nearby stores

• Network internalTraffic & coverage measurements

• Lawful intercept extensionslaw enforcement locates suspect

US E911 Phase II Architecture

PDE

BSC

PDE

MSCPDE

Accesstandem

SNPDE SN

ALI DBSN

MPC

PublicService

AnsweringPoint

ESRK& voice

ESRK& voice

ESRKCallback #,Long., Lat.

ESRK

Callback #,Long., Lat.

PDE - Position Determining EntityMPC - Mobile Positioning CenterESRK - Emergency Service Routing KeyALI DB - Automatic Location

Identification Data Base

Video Services

• Initial mobile video service uses 3G data bandwidth w/o IP multimedia infrastructure

deployed by DoCoMo in Japan today• Leverage high speed circuit-switch data path

64 Kbps H.324 video structureMPEG 4 video codingAMR audio coding

• Supports video clips, video streaming and live video conversations

MS to MSMS to Internet or ISDN with gateways

Push-toTalk

• Nextel’s “Direct Connect” service credited with getting them 20-25% extra ARPU

Based on totally proprietary iDENOther carriers extremely jealous

• Push-to-talk is half duplexShort delays OK

• Issues remainAlways on IP isn’t always on; radio connection suspended if unused; 2-3 seconds to re-establish

• Sprint has announced they will be offering a push-to-talk service on their 1xRTT network

«All IP» Services

• IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) – 3GPP• Multi-Media Domain (MMD) – 3GPP2

• Voice and video over IP with quality of service guaranteesObsoletes circuit-switched voice equipment

• Target for converging the two disparate core network architectures




• Applications

Killer Applications

• Community and Identity most importantpostal mail, telephony, email, instant messaging, SMS, chat groups – communitydesigner clothing, ring tones - identity

• Information and Entertainment alsothe web, TV, movies

• Content important, but content is not king!movies $63B (worldwide) (1997)phone service $256B (US only)

2.5G & 3G Application Issues

• No new killer appsmany potential niche applications

• Voice and data networks disparate“All IP” mobile networks years away

• Existing infrastructure “silo” basedseparate platforms for voice mail, pre-paid, deploying innovative services difficult

• Billing models lagPoor match for application-based services

Multimodal Services and Multi-Application Platforms

• Combined voice and data applicationsToday, without “all IP” infrastructureText messaging plus speech recognition-enabled voice services Evolve from as new services become available

• Multi-application platformIntegrate TDM voice and IP dataSupport multiple applicationsFlexible billing and provisioning

More Multimodal Examples

• Purchasing famous person’s voice for your personal answering message

Text or voice menusVoice to hear messageVoice or text to select (and authorize payment)

• Unified communicationsWhile listening to a voice message from a customer, obtain a text display of recent customer activity

• Emergency response teamSMS and voice alertVoice conference, and text updates, while traveling to site of emergency

Early applications

• R-World (RIM) and Cricket matches (Hutch) etc..Possible -SMS alert at start of coverageLive voice coverage or text updates

• Information delivery (SFR France)SMS broadcast with phone # & URLChoice of text display or voice (text-to-speech)

• Yellow pages (Platinet Israel)Adding voice menus to existing text-based serviceVoice flattens menus, eases access

introduction to 3g technologies2intranet.daiict.ac.in/~daiict_nt01/announcement/special...

Documents