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PRESENTATIONS

ROBOTICS

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PRESENTATIONS

ROBOTICS

CONTENT

Introduction

Automation – The Origin of Robotics

History of Robots

Man Vs Robots










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Constructor Working Principle of a Robot

Why Not? – Also in a Surgery!

What is Next? – Future of Robotics

Disadvantage

Conclusion.










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INTRODUCTION










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INTRODUCTION:

Before entering into this vast & Interesting Topic, I just want to give

an Introduction Simply about the development of automation & Mechanical

technologies.

Fire:

Spark from two stones.

Logs of woods to get fire.

Gobar gas to get fire.

Petroleum products.

Liquefied Petroleum Gases.

Diesel.

Casting & Welding

Use of Sparks & fire in I.C. Engines.

Pre injection firing & Post injection firing.










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.

See a simple spark at Old Stone Age, which now had a gaint amount

of growth & wider Areas of Production Automobiles & All over. This type

of growth is found much more expected form the Robotics which originated

on the basis of Automation which would be discussed in various occasions

in this Presentation.

AUTOMATION –

THE ORIGIN OF

ROBOTICS










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Automation Automation is the use of Control

system (such as numerical control,






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programmable logic control , and other industrial control systems ), in concert

with other applications of information technology such as computer aided

technology [CAD,

CAM, CAX] , to control industrial machinery and processes , reducing the need

for human intervention. Mechanization provided human operators with machinery

to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly reduces

the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Processes and

systems can also be automated.

Automation plays an increasingly important role in the globle economy and

in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with

mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly

expanding range of applications and human activities.

Specialised hardened computers, referred to as programmable logic

controller (PLCs), are frequently used to synchronize the flow of inputs from

(physical) sensors and events with the flow of outputs to actuators and events. This

leads to precisely controlled actions that permit a tight control of almost any

industrial process.










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Human Machine Interface (HMI) or Computer Human Interface (CHI),

formerly known as man-machine interfaces, are usually employed to communicate

with PLCs and other computers, such as entering and monitoring temperatures or

pressures for further automated control or emergency response.

HISTORY OF

ROBOTS










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THE HISTORY OF ROBOTS






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There are three main branches of robotics in history .

They are

Industrial,

Research,

Educational.

1890s: Nikola Tesla designs the first REMOTE CONTROL VEHICLES.

He is also known for his invention of the radio, induction motors, Tesla

coils.

1921: The first reference to the word robot appears in a play opening in

London, entitled Rossum's Universal Robots. The word robot comes from

the Czech word, robota, which means drudgery or slave-like labor.






http://www.robots.com/robot-education.php?page=research+history





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1938: Americans Willard Pollard and Harold Roselund design a

programmable paint-spraying mechanism for the DeVilbiss Company.

1941: Science fiction writer Isaac Asimov first uses the word "robotics" to

describe the technology of robots and predicts the rise of a powerful robot

industry.

1942: Asimov writes a story about robots, Runaround, which contains the

"Three laws of robotics".

MAN VS ROBOTS










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Mechanical vs human labour

When we compare the efficiency of a labourer, we see that he has an efficiency

of about 1%-5,5% (depending on whether he uses arms, or a combination of arms and

legs). Internal combustion engines have mostly about an efficiency of 20%. This

aldough, some IC engines state efficiencies of <50%. Electrical engines have an

efficiency of 90% Hydrogen IC engines have an efficiency of 30%. Hydrogen fuel cell

engines have an efficiency of 40-60%. When we compare the costs of using an

internal combustion engine to a worker to perform work, we notice that an engine can

perform more work at a comparative cost. 1 liter of fossil fuel burnt with a IC engine

equals about 50 hands of workers operating for 24 hours or 275 arms and legs for 24

hours

In addition, the combined work capability of a human is also much lower than that

of a machine. A average human can provide work good for around 250Wh/day, while

a machine (depending on the type and size) can provide for far greater amounts of

work. For example it takes four days of hard labour to deliver only one kWh - which a

small engine could deliver in less than one hour while burning less than one litre of

petroleum fuel. Combining both the inefficiency as well as the low cumulative work










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capability, we can see that a boss will pick a machine over a human anytime. This, as

in practice it means that a gang of 20 to 40 men will require a financial compensation

for their work at least equal to the required expended food calories (which is at least 4

to 20 times higher). In most situation, the worker will also want compensation for the

lost time, which is easily 96 times greater per day. Even if we assume a the real wage

cost for the human labour to be at US $1.00/day, an energy cost is generated of about

$4.00/kWh. Despite this being a low wage for hard labour, even in some of the

countries with the lowest wages, it represents an energy cost that is significantly more

expensive than even exotic power sources such as solar photovoltaic panels

Robotics










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Structure

The structure of a robot is usually mostly mechanical and can be called a kinematic

chain (its functionality being similar to the skeleton of the human body). The chain is formed

of links (its bones), actuators (its muscles), and joints which can allow one or more degrees of

freedom. Most contemporary robots use open serial chains in which each link connects the

one before to the one after it. These robots are called serial robots and often resemble the

human arm. Other structures, such as those that mimic the mechanical structure of humans,

various animals, and insects, are comparatively rare. However, the development and use of

such structures in robots is an active area of research

Power source






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At present; mostly (lead-acid) batteries are used, but potential power sources could be:

pneumatic (compressed gases)

hydraulics (compressed liquids)

flywheel energy storage

organic garbages (through anaerobic digestion)

CONSTRUCTION

WORKING

PRINCIPLE OF A










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ROBOT






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SENSING

Touch

Current robotic and prosthetic hands receive far less tactile information than the

human hand. Recent research has developed a tactile sensor array that mimics the mechanical

properties and touch receptors of human fingertips. The sensor array is constructed as a rigid

core surrounded by conductive fluid contained by an elastomeric skin. Electrodes are






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mounted on the surface of the rigid core and are connected to an impedance-measuring device

within the core. When the artificial skin touches an object the fluid path around the electrodes

is deformed, producing impedance changes that map the forces received from the object.

Manipulation

Robots which must work in the real world require some way to manipulate objects; pick up,

modify, destroy, or otherwise have an effect. Thus the 'hands' of a robot are often referred to

as end effectors while the arm is referred to as a manipulator. Most robot arms have

replaceable effectors, each allowing them to perform some small range of tasks.

Mechanical Grippers

Vacuum Grippers

General purpose effector

Why Not ? – Also in










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a SURGERY!






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Robotic surgery






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Robotic surgery is the use of robots in performing surgery. Three major

advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery, minimally invasive

surgery and unmanned surgery. Some major advantages of robotic surgery are

precision, miniaturization, smaller incisions, decreased blood loss, less pain, and

quicker healing time. Further advantages are articulation beyond normal manipulation

and three-dimensional magnification.

Applications

General surgery

Many general surgical procedures can now be performed using the state of the

art robotic surgical system. In 2007, the. University of Illinois at Chicago medical

team, lead by Prof. Pier Cristoforo Giulianotti, performed the world's first ever robotic

pancreatectomy and also the Midwests fully robotic Whipple surgery, which is the

most complicated and demanding procedure of the abdomen. In April 2008, the same

team of surgeons performed the world's first fully minimally invasive liver resection

for living donor transplantation, removing 60% of the patient's liver, yet allowing him

to leave the hospital just a couple of days after the procedure, in very good condition.

Cardiothoracic surgery










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Robot-assisted MIDCAB and Endoscopic coronary artery bypass(TECAB)

surgeries are being performed with the da Vinci system. Mitral valve repairs and

replacements have been performed. East Carolina University, Greenville(Dr W.

Randolph Chitwood), Saint Joseph's Hospital, Atlanta(Dr Douglas A. Murphy), and

Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati(Dr J. Michael Smith) have popularized this

procedure and proved its durability with multiple publications. In 2002, surgeons

at the Cleveland Clinic in Florida (Dr. Douglas Boyd and Kenneth Stahl) reported

and published their preliminary experience with minimally invasive "hybrid"

procedures.

Cardiology and electrophysiology

The Stereotaxis Magnetic Navigation System (MNS) has been developed to

increase precision and safety in ablation procedures for arrhythmias and atrial

fibrillatio while reducing radiation exposure for the patient and physician, and the

system utilizes two magnets to remotely steer catheters.

Neurosurgery

Several systems for stereotactic intervention are currently on the market. MD

Robotic's NeuroArm is the world’s first MRI-compatible surgical robot.










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Radiosurgery

The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System uses image-guidance and

computer controlled robotics to treat tumors throughout the body by delivering

multiple beams of high-energy radiation to the tumor from virtually any direction.

WHAT IS NEXT ? –

FUTURE OF

ROBOTICS










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Future of robotics

Modular robots Modular robots can be built from standard building blocks

that can be combined in different ways.






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Educational toy robots

Educational toy robots

Sports robots

RoboCup

TOPIO

Applications

Caterpillar plans to develop remote controlled machines and expects to develop

fully autonomous heavy robots by 2021. Some cranes already are remote

controlled.

It was demonstrated that a robot can perform a herding task.

Robots are increasingly used in manufacturing (since 1960s). In auto industry

they can amount for more than half of the "labor". There are even "lights off"

factories such as an IBM keyboard manufacturing factory in Texas that are

100% automated.

Economic impact

Given that in the next two decades robots will be capable of replacing humans










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in most manufacturing and service jobs, economic development will be primarily

determined by the advancement of robotics

VARIOIUS ROLES IN VAST AREAS










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Benefits of Moving Forward with Robotics

Naturally, the promise of achieving cost-efficient, consistent machining

results through the use of robotics and automation is attractive to large

metalworking concerns and small job shops alike.










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The need to tame unbridled fluctuations in rates to keep production and

profits consistent is another indicator pointing to an impending move to

automation.

In fact, today's extremely reliable machine tools and off-the-shelf

components have brought both the cost and availability of automated

CNC machining within the reach of shops that only a decade ago might

never have considered themselves viable candidates for automation.

It is currently a trend for machine tool distributors to have both

metalworking and automation expertise under one roof.

Laser Welding Robots Improve Production










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In recent years laser welding has advanced into many different industries, from

automotive to electronics. With lasers, it is possible to weld at high speeds with

great efficiency. Once unthinkable applications and processes are now being

developed into working systems.










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The laser welding machine includes software, in conjunction with a TRUMPF

LMP board, that monitors welding by measuring real-time laser energy pulses.

During the welding process, each of the 44 spot welds is measured individually,

and a part is rejected when the pulse power is 5 percent more or less than the

specified output energy.

Robots in Research - The History

1946: George Devol patents a general purpose playback device for controlling

machines. It uses a magnetic process recorder. American scientists J. Presper

Eckert and John Mauchly build the first large electronic computer called the

Eniac at the University Pennsylvania. The second computer, the Whirlwind,

solves a problem at M.I.T. The Whirlwind is the first general-purpose digital






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computer.

1959: John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky start the Artificial Intelligence

Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Computer-

assisted manufacturing was demonstrated at the Servomechanisms Lab at

MIT. Planet Corporation markets the first commercially available robot.

1963: John McCarthy leaves MIT to start the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory

at Stanford University. The first artificial robotic arm, the Rancho Arm, was

controlled by a computer and designed as a tool for the handicapped. Its six

joints gave it the flexibility of a human arm.

1970's: Scientists at Edinburgh University create the Freddy robot, taking

steps in hand-eye coordination technology. This first assembly robot

constructed a toy boat and car from a heap of mixed parts tipped onto a table.

1997: NASA's PathFinder lands on Mars and the Sojourner rover robot

captures images. 2003: NASA launches the MER-A "Spirit" rover destined for Mars and the MER-B

"Opportunity".

Safety Programmable Logic Controller










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When the name is Safety programmable logic controller (PLC), the meaning

seems obvious a special class of PLC designed for use in safety critical

applications.

Namely, that Safety PLCs and associated safety networks can help save money

and boost productivity.

One reason for the optimism is the growing influence of international safety

standards such as the IEC 61508 the International Electrotechnical �Commission standard that governs functional safety in programmable

electronic systems.

Moreover, Safety PLC-based systems are less prone than hardwired safety










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systems to "nuisance trips" that can unnecessarily shut down a factory

operation. And they are much easier and faster to troubleshoot, resulting in less

machine or process downtime.

Fail-safe systems are used primarily in manufacturing, and are typically programmed

to protect worker safety by safely shutting down machinery when Fault problems

occur.

Success with Preventative Maintenance










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It is clear that each and every

part of the stamping process

must be monitored and

controlled to achieve reliability

and consistent quality. Each

aspect of stamping

influences, favorably or

unfavorably, every other aspect

of stamping.

Bad dies damage presses, and bad presses damage dies. When rehabilitated dies

still were being abused by bad presses, we came to the obvious conclusion that

it was time to begin a comprehensive press PM program.

A comprehensive tonnage monitor program identified excessive die wear and

degeneration. A portable Difraccto machine helped to rework surface

conditions where necessary.

PM is a way of life. As such, you implement it one step at a time with patience

and a recognition that changes come slowly. However, change must come, and

it is up to responsible managers to guarantee its implementation. We found










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implementing a comprehensive PM program to be a formula for success.










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ADVANTAGE AND

DISADVANTAGE










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CONCLUSION










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Conclusion

From this subject we observed from the presentation. We cannot just conclude

that Robotics will be covered only within this presentation. But I can conclude surely that

robotics will play a major role in wider area of the world.






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