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Page 1: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Introduction of Nuclear Physics

Page 2: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

• How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale?

• Discovery of nuclear structure• Development of nuclear physics

– Nuclear structure– Exotic nuclei– Heavy ion collisions– Relativistic heavy ion collisions– Virtual photon from deep inelastic scattering with elect

ron beam– Laser-electron photon, Bremsstrulumg photon– Laser Nuclear Physics

Page 3: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear
Page 4: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

1897 – ELECTRON discovery J.J. Thomson1909 – PROTON discovery E. Rutherford1932 – NEUTRON discovery J. Chadwick1935 – EXCHANGE theory Yukawa1948 – QED theory Feynman,…1961 - W & Z theory Glashow 1964 – QUARK theory Gell-Man,

Zweig1964 – HIGGS theory Higgs,

Englert,…1967 – ELECTROWEAK theory Weinberg,

Salam,…

100 Years of Particle Physics100 Years of Particle Physics

Page 5: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

1971 – NON-ABELIAN t’Hooft,GAUGE theory Veltman

1972 – QCD theory Gell-Man,Frizsch

1973 – ASYMPTOTIC Gross, FREEDOM theory Wilzcek,

Politzer

100 Years of Particle Physics100 Years of Particle Physics

Page 6: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

1974 – CHARM discovery Ting, Richter

1977 – BOTTOM discovery Lederman1979 – GLUON discovery TASSO,

JADEJADE, MARK-J, PLUTO

1983 – W & Z discovery Rubbia/UA1UA2

1995 – TOP discovery DDØØ & CDF

100 Years of Particle Physics100 Years of Particle Physics

Page 7: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Geiger-Marsden experiment• The Geiger-Marsden experiment (also calle

d the Gold foil experiment or the Rutherford experiment) was an experiment done by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909, under the direction of Ernest Rutherford at the Physical Laboratories of the University of Manchester which led to the downfall of the plum pudding model of the atom.

• They measured the deflection of alpha particles (helium ions with a positive charge) directed normally onto a sheet of very thin gold foil. Under the prevailing plum pudding model, the alpha particles should all have been deflected by, at most, a few degrees. However they observed that a very small percentage of particles were deflected through angles much larger than 90 degrees; some were even scattered back toward the source. From this observation Rutherford concluded that the atom contained a very physically-small (as compared with the size of the atom) positive charge, which could repel the alpha particles if they came close enough, subsequently developed into the Bohr model.

Page 8: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Low-Energy electron scattering from Carbon

Page 9: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

High-Energy electron scattering from Carbon

Page 10: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Parton Structure of Proton- Quark

Page 11: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear
Page 12: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Elementary Particles discovered: 1898 1964

1953 Donald Glaser invented the bubble chamber. The Brookhaven Cosmotron, a 1.3 GeV accelerator, started operation.

Page 13: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Back to Year 1964

• A hundred or so types of particles were identified: – Baryons (fermion): n, p, , , ,….

– Mesons (boson) : , , …..

• Murray Gell-Mann (Mendeleev of elementary particle physics) proposed “the eightfold way” to put these particles in order, suggesting more elementary constituents: quarksquarks.– Three types of quarks, u, d and s.

– Baryons composed of 3 quarks.

– Mesons composed of 2 quarks: a quark and an antiquark.

Page 14: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Baryon Octet (s=1/2)

udd uud

uss

dds uds uus

dss

Page 15: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Meson Octet (s=0)

su

ud

)(2

1uudd

du

sd

us ds

Page 16: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Baryon Decuplet (s=3/2)

(1232)

(1384)

(1533)

(1672)

uuu

uusdusdds

ddd ddu duu

ussdss

sss

Page 17: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear
Page 18: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Deep Inelastic Scattering with Electrons beam

Page 19: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear
Page 20: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

A November revolution: the birth of a new particle J/

BNL: p+Ae+e- X SLAC: e+e-X

Page 21: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear
Page 22: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

http://ed.fnal.gov/projects/exhibits/searching/exhibit_home2.html

Page 23: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear
Page 24: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear
Page 25: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Upsilon

Page 26: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear
Page 27: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Three-jet Events:Proof of “radiated” Gluon

Page 28: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

1995 European Physical Society High-Energy and Particle Physics Prize

Page 29: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Observation of “Neutral Currents” in 1973

Page 30: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Discovery of W and Z in 1983http://cern-discoveries.web.cern.ch/CERN-Discoveries/Courier/HeavyLight/Heavylight.html

On 25 January 1983, CERN called a press conference to announce the discovery of the W particles.

http://cern-discoveries.web.cern.ch/CERN-Discoveries/Courier/HeavyLight/Heavylight.html
Page 31: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear
Page 32: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

W and Z Production

Isolated, high pT leptons

Missing transverse momentum in W's

Z events provide excellent control sample

Typically small hadronic (jet) activity

Number of candidates in ~200pb-1 :

~64000 W e

~51000 W ~2900 Z ee

~4900 Z

Page 33: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

W Mass MeasurementW mass information contained in location of transverse Jacobian edge

mT 2pTl pT

(1 cosl )

Insensitive to pT(W) to first order.

Reconstruction of pT sensitive to hadronic response and multiple interactions

Provides cross-check of production model. Needs theoretical model of pT(W)

Provides cross-check of hadronic modelling

pTl

pT

Page 34: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Detector Calibration: Lepton Energy Scale

Energy scale measurements drive the W mass measurement

Calibrate lepton track momentum with mass measurements

of J/and decays to

Calibrate calorimeter energy using track momentum of e

from W decays

Cross check with Z mass measurement, then add Z's as a

calibration point

Z Z ee

Page 35: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

Signature of Top Quark Production

Page 36: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear
Page 37: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

e+e-X around Z bosons: Proof of “three-generation” of neutrios

Page 38: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear
Page 39: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear
Page 40: Introduction of Nuclear Physics. How can we probe the structure in the smaller scale? Discovery of nuclear structure Development of nuclear physics –Nuclear

A hadron event - a neutrino interacting with a nucleon and emerging as a neutrino : first observation of "neutral currents" in the Gargamelle hea

vy liquid bubble chamber.


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