introduction of cellular networks

7/29/2019 Introduction Of cellular Networks

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NDI Communications - Engineering & Training

Introduction to Cellular NetworksIntroduction to Cellular Networks

Part 1Part 1 Traditional NetworksTraditional Networks


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Page 2 NDI Communications

Lesson Content

Introduction

The network evolution

Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networksBroadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks

Commercial and economical issues


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Page 3

Wireless and Cellular Networks - History

In 1905, Guglielmo Marconi invented the first

Radio application for Naval requirements

In 1912, with the drowning of the Titanic, Radio

communications became essential

In 1930, the First mobile transmitter was

developed. First Simplex communications.


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In 1935, FM Frequency Modulation

developed. Later used in WW2 by the US

In 1942, a Patent for Frequency Hoping was

registered by actress Hedy Lamarr and

composer George Antheil. Later developed to

CDMA. They called it Secret Communication

System

During the years 1946-1968, wireless

communications developed for government

services Police, Fire departments etc


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Page 5


1979 in Tokyo, Japan. Later in the early 80s

in the US and Europe the first real mobile

hone, including handoff.

In the early-mid 80s, various technologies

came, like WLL, LMDS, and Wireless LAN.

In the mid-late 90s, development of 2.0G+

cellular networks, along with the emerging of

wireless data networks.

Since the early 2000s, fast cellular and

wireless services, along with advanced, IP-

Based services


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What do we have today ?

Cellular technologies

Started 1.0G, analog communications

Today (2009), 3.5G moving to 4.0G (LTE and LTE-Advanced)

technology

Wireless technologies:

Wireless LAN (WiFi), for urban areas, mostly private networks,moving to mobility

Fixed WiMAX for high bandwidth, SP networks


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Where is it in the Network?

First Mile Access

DSLAM

CMTV

Wireless

Cellular

FOTechnologies

Service Networks

Internet

Voice

VideoVideo

AOL

Earthlink

Yahoo

PSTN

Skype

Vonage

Direct TV

Content Aggregator

Core/Switching

Network


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Some Wireless Principles Radio

Communications

In wireless / mobile communications, the principle is to get the

maximum capacity from the air, or what called the air interface.

For this purpose, we use the following techniques:

Frequency bands that we are allowed to use (Government Licenses)

Modulation that carry the information over the radio waves

Multiplexing that shared the air interface between different users.


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What is it All About?

How much bps can we get from every Hz ???(The Shannons Theorem)

C = W * log2 (1 + S/N)

Channel

Capacity[Bits/sec] Signal

Bandwidth[Hz]

Signal to NoiseRatio

[Number]

Claude E.

Shannon


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How it works The beginning

Traditional mobile service was structured in a fashion similar to

television broadcasting

One very powerful

transmitter located at

the highest spot in an

area would broadcast

in a radius of up to

50Km.


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The Solution - Cells

Frequency reuse

Different color

different frequency

In the example N (Reuse factor) =7


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Practical Frequency reuse Cell Splitting

We start with Macro-Cells

Rural areas

Then Micro-Cells

More crowded rural areas

Then Pico-CellsUrban area

C

D

E

G

F

A

Macro cells

B

C

D

E

G

F

AMicro cells

BC

DE

G

F

B

A

Pico cells


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Moving Between Cells

Mobile phones moves between cells

The handset should not be disconnected

BaseStation

F2

BaseStation

F1


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The Solution - The Handover Process

RSSI RSSI RSSI

FRQ A FRQ CFRQ B

HandoverHappens

Here

RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indicator

HandoverHappens

Here


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Access Methods

The Major Air-Interface Methods are:

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Freq

uenc

y

Time

Code

FDMA

Frequency

Time

Code

TDMA

Frequency

Time

Cod

e

CDMA


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Lesson Content

Introduction

The network evolution

Early (2.0-2.5G) cellular networks

Broadband (3.0-3.75) Cellular Networks


NDI Communications


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Early Technologies 1G to Early 3G

Evolution

NMT GSM

TACScdmaOne(ANSI-95)

1990 1995 2000 2005

GRPS (2,5G) andEDGE (2.75G)

[Upto 384Kbps]

cdmaOne

(ANSI-95-B)[64-115]

AMPS

D-AMPS

(TDMA)ANSI-136

IS-136

(ANSI-136-A/B)[Upto 64Kbps]

1G 2G 2.5G

3GPPWCDMA R.99

[2Mbps]

Cdma2000

(1.25/3.75MHz)[307-2048Kbps]

Early 3.0G

TDMA-EDGE

(IS-136HS)[Upto 384Kbps]


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Wireless and Mobile 3G Technologies

Evolution

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

IEEE 802.16-2004/ETSI HiperMAN

OFDM

3GPPHSDPA

R5

3GPPHSUPA

R6

3GPP MIMO/HSPA+ R7

SAE/LTE R8

3GPP21xEVDV

RevA

3GPP21xEVDO

RevB

IEEE 802.16e-2005/ETSI HiperMAN

SISO/OFDMA

IEEE 802.16e-2005/ETSI HiperMAN

MIMO/Beamforming/OFDMA

3G to 4G

WiMAX

3GPPWCDMA

R.99

3GPP21xEVDO

Rev0


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Cellular Standards (1.0-3.0G) - Summary

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)3GPP2

UMTS (UTRAN), WCDMA-FDD, WCDMA-TDD, UTRA-

TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA)

3GPP3G (IMT-2000)

WiDENOther

CDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)Cdma/3GPP2

HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE/EGPRSGSM/3GPP2G transitional

(2.5G, 2.75G)

CDPD, iDEN, PDC, PHSOther

CdmaOne (IS-95)Cdma/3GPP2

GSM, CSDGSM/3GPP2G

NMT, Hicap, Mobitex, DataTACOther

AMPS, TACS, ETACSAMPS family1G

TechnologiesFamily


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Cellular Standards (3.0G+) - Summary

IEEE 802.16m (WiMAX)Other

LTE AdvancedCdma/3GPP2

LTE AdvancedGSM/3GPP4G (IMT-

Advanced)

Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) Flash-OFDM,

IEEE 802.20

Other

EV-DO Rev. A, EV-DO Rev. BCdma/3GPP2

HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+, LTE (E-UTRAN)GSM/3GPP3G transitional

(3.5G, 3.75G,3.9G)

TechnologiesFamily


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Wireless and Mobile Communications

Cellular Networks

2010200320011985 1992-2000

1.0G

AnalogSystems

SpeechOnly

VoiceNo Data

2.0G

TDMA/GSM/CDMA

Speech

SMS

WAP

Voice30-40KbpsData

2.5G

GPRS/1XRTT

Speech andpacket basedData

Services

Voice100-200KbpsData

3.0G-3.5G

UMTS/CDMA2000

HSDPA/HSUPA

1xEVDO/DV

Video Streaming,Video conference,High speed Packet

Data

Voice1-5MbpsData

4.0G

LTEAdvanced

100s Mbpsdatatransfer

Voice5-100MbpsData

Voice Over IP


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Lesson Content

IntroductionThe network evolution




NDI Communications


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The GSM Network

GSM, or Global System for Mobile Communications, is a second

generation technology.

The focus in GSM was to support roaming throughout Europe.

An ETSI standard. In use all around the world.

GSM is not only an air interface standard, but includes the entire

network.

Of the numerous individual standards that define an entire GSM

network, only a small portion deal directly with the air interface. That

air interface was standardized to be TDMA.


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The GSM Network

BSCBTS

BTS

MobileStation

Access Network:

Base Station Subsystem

HLR VLR EIR AuC

MSCPSTN

Core Network:

GSM CS network

SS7

GSM Interfaces Parallel North AmericanTechnology cdma1


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GSM Air Interface

FDMA:124 channels of 200KHz

Total 25MHz Uplink25MHz DownlinkTDMA:8*TS for channel


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Lesson Content

IntroductionThe network evolution




NDI Communications


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3.0G UMTS / W-CDMA

UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

Spread Spectrum CDMA radio technology

All sites transmits in the same frequencies

They differ by codes

High capacity for voice and data applications

Standardized by 3GPP

Basic 3 0G UMTS Cellular Network


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Basic 3.0G UMTS Cellular Network

Architecture

RNC

3G

handset Node B

UMTS Access Network

PacketSwitchedNetwork

SGSN


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HSPA - HSDPA / HSUPA / HSPA+

High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a generic term adopted by the UMTS

Forum to refer to improvements in the UMTS Radio Interface

HSPA refers to both the improvements made in the UMTS downlink, often

referred to as High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and the

improvements made in the uplink, often referred to as High Speed Uplink

Packet Access (HSUPA)

HSPA Releases:

Release 5 - HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)

Downlink 14.4Mbps, Uplink 384KbpsRelease 6 - HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access)

Downlink 14.4Mbps, Uplink - 5.76Mbps

Release 7 - HSPA+

Downlink 56.0Mbps, Uplink - 22.0Mbps


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HSDPA Categories


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HSUPA - High Speed Uplink Packet Access

Similarly to HSDPA in the downlink, HSUPA defines a new radio

interface for the uplink communication. The overall goal is to improve

the coverage and throughput as well as to reduce the delay of theuplink dedicated transport channels.

Technology changes:

A new dedicated uplink channel,

Introduction of H-ARQ,

Fast Node B scheduling.

Bandwidth:

Downlink 14.4Mbps, Uplink 5.76Mbps

HSPA (E l d HSPA)


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HSPA+ (Evolved HSPA)

HSPA+ provides HSPA data rates up to 56 Mbit/s on the

downlink and 22 Mbit/s on the uplink through the use of:

2*2 MIMO - Multiple-Input Multiple Output - multiple-antenna

technique

Higher order modulation (64QAM)

Bandwidth:

Data rates of up to 56Mbit/s (D) and 22Mbit/s (U) represent

theoretical peak sector speeds.The actual speed for a user is lower.

Future revisions of HSPA+ support up to 168 Mbit/s using multiple

carriers.

HSPA d MIMO t h l


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HSPA+ and MIMO technology

MIMO on CDMA based systems acts like virtual sectors to give extra

capacity closer to the mast.


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Radio Capacity Evolution


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Radio Capacity Evolution


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Lesson Content


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Lesson Content

Introduction and Objectives

LTE Network Architecture

LTE Radio Interface

Innovations ad applicationsServices and Implementation

NDI Communications


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LTE Performance Requirements


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LTE Performance Requirements

Data Rate:

Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100Mbit/s in a 20MHz downlink

spectrum (i.e. 5 bit/s/Hz)

Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50Mbit/s in a 20MHz uplinkspectrum (i.e. 2.5 bit/s/Hz)

Cell range

5 km - optimal size

30km sizes with reasonable performance

Up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance

Cell capacity

Up to 200 active users per cell (5 MHz) (i.e., 200 active data clients)

Technical Details of LTE


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Technical Details of LTE

Multiple access scheme

Downlink: FDMA (also called DMT)

Uplink: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)

Adaptive modulation and coding

DL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM

UL modulations: QPSK and 16QAM

Rel-6 Turbo code: Coding rate of 1/3, two 8-state constituent encoders, and a

contention- free internal interleaver.

Bandwidth scalability for efficient operation in differently sized allocated

spectrum bands

Possible support for operating as single frequency network (SFN) to support

MBMS

Lesson Content


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Lesson Content



LTE Radio Interface


NDI Communications



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System Architecture Evolution (SAE)


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y ( )

System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is the core network architecture of

3GPP's future LTE wireless communication standard.

SAE is the evolution of the GPRS Core Network, with some differences.

The main principles and objectives of the LTE-SAE architecture include:

A common anchor point and gateway (GW) node for all access technologies

IP-based protocols on all interfaces

All IP network - Simplified (and much cheaper!) network architecture

All services are via Packet Switched domain

Support mobility between heterogeneous RATs, including legacy systems as GPRS,but also non-3GPP systems (say WiMAX)

SAE - System Architecture Evolution


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y

IASA - Inter-Access System Anchor

Lesson Content


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LTE Radio Interface


NDI Communications

Duplexing Methods for Radio Links


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Mobile Station

Base Station

Forward link

Reverse link

)FDDDivision Duplex (Frequency


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Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency are different

In each link, signals are continuously transmitted in parallel

Mobile Station

Base Station

Forward link (F1)

Reverse link (F2)

Example of FDD systems


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Transmitter

Receiver

BPF: Band Pass Filter

BPF

BPF

Transmitter

Receiver

BPF

BPF

F1

F2 F1

F2

Mobile Station Base Station

)TDDDivision Duplex (Time


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Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency is the same

In each link, signals take turns using the channel

Mobile Station

Base Station

Forward link (F1)

Reverse link (F1)


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Downlink Scheme - OFDM


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LTE uses OFDM for the

downlink that is, from

the base station to the

terminal.

OFDM meets the LTE

requirement for

spectrum flexibility and

enables cost-efficient

solutions for very wide

carriers with high peak

rates.

OFDM uses a large

number of narrow sub-

carriers for multi-carrier

transmission.

FDM

OFDM

User 1User 1User 1User 1 User 2User 2User 2User 2

OFDMA

Single user onevery channel

Multiple users onevery channel

Uplink Scheme - SC-FDMA


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The LTE uplink transmission scheme for FDD and TDD mode is based on SC-

FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division - Multiple Access).

This is to compensate for a drawback with normal OFDM, which has a very

high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). High PAPR requires expensive and

inefficient power amplifiers with high requirements on linearity, which

increases the cost of the terminal and also drains the battery faster.

SC-FDMA solves this problem by grouping together the resource blocks in

such a way that reduces the need for linearity, and so power consumption, in

the power amplifier. A low PAPR also improves coverage and the cell-edge

performance.

Still, SC-FDMA signal processing has some similarities with OFDM signal

processing, so parameterization of downlink and uplink can be harmonized.


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SISO, MISO, SIMO, MIMO


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SISO - Single Input, Single Output

SIMO - Single Input, Multiple Output

MISO - Multiple Input, Single Output

MIMO - Multiple Input, Multiple Output

MIMO Example


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Paired frequency bands defined by 3GPP

for LTE


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Unpaired frequency bands defined by 3GPP

for LTE


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TD-LTE and FD-LTE (TD-CDMA and FD-CDMA)


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The two modulation schemes available in LTE have a high degree of commonality.

The differences exist to accommodate the fact that TD-LTE uses the same pipe to transmit

and receive.

The discontinuous nature of uplink and downlink, however, means operators have the

flexibility to adapt the UL/DL traffic ratio.

This feature allows operators to support different traffic types and symmetry, a common

feature with rich content and video delivery.

LTE Bandwidth


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Lesson Content


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LTE Radio Interface


NDI Communications

SON Self Organized Network


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The term Self-Organizing Network (SON) is generally taken to mean a

cellular network in which the tasks of configuring, operating, and

optimizing are largely automated.

SON focuses mostly on the radio-access, which is the most

consuming resource in the cellular network

One objective of SON is to eliminate as much pre-planning of network

configuration as possible. SON does allow for pre-planned network

configurations, but strongly encourages as much of the network

configuration be automatically generated / discovered as possible

LTE MBMS (E-MBNS) Concept


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Digital radio and video transmission per network:

For all users on the

network

For all users in a

geographic area

For a group of users

One way or two-way

user-controlled service

MBMS - Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services

Femtocells and Picocells


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CustomerOperatorSite rental

Locally DeterminedCentrally PlannedFrequency/Radio

parameters

CustomerOperatorTransmission to

Operators Network

CustomerOperatorInstallation

FemtocellPicocellAspect

LTE-Advanced


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Heterogeneous networks with macro, picocells, relays,

femtocells

Multi carrier aggregation of 40 MHz to 100 MHz

User Deployed Femtocells and Repeaters

Operator Deployed Picocells and relays


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LTE - Advanced


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LTE Advanced introduces 8x8 DL MIMO, 4x4 UL MIMO and UL

Beamforming

Lesson Content


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LTE Radio Interface

Innovations ad applications

Services and Implementation

NDI Communications


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The Future Connections


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The Future SP Commitments


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Standardization Process (SEP-2010)


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NDI Communications - Engineering & Training

Introduction to Cellular NetworksIntroduction to Cellular Networks

Part 3Part 3 Competitive Technologies andCompetitive Technologies and

Advanced NetworksAdvanced Networks

Lesson Content


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WiFi and 802.11n

WiMAX

NDI Communications

What is Wireless LAN (WiFi)?


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General:

A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network

Based on the IEEE 802.11 standards

Performance

Typical range is on the order of 10s of meters10s to 100s of Mbps, depends on standard

Reasonable reliability, low cost devices

Free frequency band no licenses required !!!


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The 802.11 ArchitectureFixed Terminals


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f3f2f1

AP

APAP

Unlicensed Frequency Bands

AM Broadcast

Shortwave Radio FM Broadcast

Television Infrared Wireless LAN


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Ultra-low frequency (ULF) -- 0-3 Hz

Extremely low frequency (ELF) -- 3 Hz - 3 kHz

Very low frequency (VLF) -- 3kHz - 30 kHz

Low frequency (LF) -- 30 kHz - 300 kHz

Medium frequency (MF) -- 300 kHz - 3 MHz

High frequency (HF) -- 3MHz - 30 MHz

Very high frequency (VHF) -- 30 MHz - 300 MHz

Ultra-high frequency (UHF)-- 300MHz - 3 GHz

Super high frequency (SHF) -- 3GHz - 30 GHz

Extremely high frequency (EHF) -- 30GHz - 300 GHz

Extremely

Low

Very

Low

Low Medium HighVery

High

InfraredVisible

Light

Ultra-

violet

X Ray

AudioAM Broadcast Television Infrared Wireless LAN

Cellular (840 MHz)NPCS (1.9 GHz)

Ultra

High

Super

High

Ultra

Low

5.15-5.25GHz5.25-5.35GHz5.725-5.825

2.4 2.483GHz

802.11b/g Channels

11 Non overlapping channels


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2.400GHz 2.441GHz 2.483GHz

111 6

2 7

3 8

4 9

5 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

5MHz

22MHz

11 Non-overlapping channels22MHz channel bandwidth, 5MHz channel spacing

The ISM Frequency Bands


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The ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) frequency bands

(900 MHz & 2.4 GHz) are un-licensed in most of the world

The ISM rules varies depending on the country:

In the US, the FCC allocates both the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz band

with 1W maximum power

In Europe, the ETSI allocates only the 2.4 GHz band with 100

mW maximum power

Lesson Content


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WiFi and 802.11n

WiMAX

NDI Communications

What is WiMAX


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WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

Fixed (and nomadic) access: 802.16-2004/802.16d (8/2004)

Mobile access: 802.16e (5/2005)

Typically 2-8 Kms, Maximum cell size ~45 Kms

Maximum speed 100 Mbps (64QAM/20MHz)

Wireless and Mobile Communications

WiMAX

Mid-late 90s


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Mid late 90 sEarly technologies LMDS, MMDS

No standardization

2001-2003 Early standards,

802.16 - 10-66GHz LOS,

802.16a 2-11GHz NLOS

2004 802.16-2004 (802.16d)

Revision and consolidation of all of

the above

2005 802.16e (802.16-2005)

OFDMA, Mobility, Improved security,

Improved MIMO, Competing 4.0G


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802.16d (802.16-2004)


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IEEE standard for the fixed wireless broadband

802.16d supports both services:

Time division duplex (TDD)

Frequency division duplex (FDD)

Used for fixed access:

Outdoor when the antenna is located outside the building

Indoor when the antennas are located inside the building


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Lesson Content


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The "All-IP" core network structure

Mobile IP

SIP and IMS

NDI Communications

AIPN All IP Network Network Architecture


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Service Environment:

Servers and Services

IP Backbone:

MPLS, Ethernet.

Routing environment

Access Networks:

Cellular, WIFi,Copper, Optical,

LTE

Pre-LTE Land-Line

WiFi/WiMAX

Lesson Content


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Mobile IP

SIP and IMS

NDI Communications


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Lesson Content


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Mobile IP

SIP and IMS

NDI Communications

SIP and IMS


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SIP Session Initiation Protocol

Signaling protocol for IP-Based networks

Signaling for all application types Voice, Video, gaming, Net-

Meeting, Social-Networks .

IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem

Signaling, media and billing protocols, for multimedia over cellular

networks


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introduction of cellular networks

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