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Page 1: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Introduction

Page 2: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Introduction• O. Farming was used during old centuries.

• Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in 1942

• Traditional conventional agriculture was the main system for food production after the 2nd world war.

• It depends on using pesticides for protection and chem. fertilizers for nutrition.

• Development of con. Agr. Was related with using of new synthesized chem.

Page 3: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Yield +better extern quality Quality without concentration on the internal

quality or minimizing env. Impact or protecting

human health or solving social and economical

negative effects evolved by this system (con.

Agr. )

Also long term cost increasing by continuous use

of chem. +degradation of used resources is

negatives.

Page 4: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Farmers had recognized:• Low efficient of chemical to solve problems of

producing softy crop

• Renewing of chemicals to protect plant –

Cost +worry +impact (env. - Human)

• So there should be a system that creates balance

with nature and not to be against since useless to

be against .

Page 5: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

International federation of organic agriculture

movement at 1972 (IFOAM)

It started with 5 organization the increased

to100 Org. After 15 year in 25 country and

now >750 organization from 100 country main

goal of it was to generalize (standardization)

the concept of biological system that lead to

evolvement of organic farming.

Page 6: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Now o. f. is fastest growing food sector where

growth in organic food sales is in range of 20-

25% pre year, especially in Europe , Latin

America and USA. Total area of O. F. is

triples in Europe and USA from 1995-2000.

In arrogation o. f. land had increase 12.80% in

last 5 years but certified o. agriculture is

occupying just 1% of land 1-2%of food seals.

Page 7: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Development was at various levels

• International: world trade of or. products +Org.

• Nationally: Organization +adoption of legislations

achieving objective of environment protection +

sustainable land use (agri. Environment measures)

* Example: European law performing of O. F. +

Quality

Page 8: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• Retailer : special sites is each market or O.P.

• Consumers: look to other alternatives of

Genetic modified Cv. + other to that have

residues.

• So. Great development in O.F. was by

establishing of (IFOAM)

Example: that enhances shifting to words O.F.

Page 9: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• Food contamination with Dioxin cancer +

damage the immune system +affect -ve

hormones system

• Develop of line stock disease by presence of

residues as Borin spongi form Encephalopathy

Using of Alar Granulator in USA tumors

Page 10: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Nitrate and Nitrite accumulation • For concerns and other …,Government, encourage

shifting and extend of O.F. system that respond to

quality safety of food by haring premiums of price

between 10-50% oner prices of conv. product

• Securing markets for org. products this in order to

counter balance the loss due to:

• Trade dominancy of non-organic products

• Lower productivity of organic relatively

Page 11: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

جدول رقم )( اآلثار السلبية لبعض المواد الكيماوية ومصدرها والحد األعلى المسموح به

من تلك المادة.الحد

األعلى )ملغ/ليتر

)

الصحة مصدرها على المادةأضرارها

المبيدات 0.05 بعض الهضمي متبقيات والجهاز الزرنيخالبشرة

فطرية 0.002 والكلى مبيدات العصبي الجهاز الزئبقمركز

األطفال األسمدة10 عند الدم فقرالهضمي الجهاز وسرطان

النترات

األطفال األسمدة2 عند الدم فقرالهضمي الجهاز وسرطان

النتريت

حشرية 0.1 والكلى مبيدات العصبي ميثوكس'''ي الجهازكلور

عشبي 0.1 D-2,4الكبد والكلىمبيد

حشBBري على الBBذرة والقمح 0.005من المبيBدات الهيدروكربونيBة

المكلورة

+ خطرة وراثية طفراتالسرطان

توكسافين

Page 12: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

جدول رقم )( اآلثار السلبية لبعض المواد الكيماوية ومصدرها والحد األعلى

المسموح به من تلك المادة. الحد األعلى )ملغ/ليت

ر(

الصحة مصدرها على المادةأضرارها

بعض 0.005 متبقياتاآلفات مبيدات

البنزينالسرطان

حشرية dichloro-ethane-1,2قد تسبب السرطانمبيدات

Trichloro-ethyleneقد تسبب السرطانمبيدات اآلفات0.005

واإلسهال األسمدة250 سلفاتالمذاق

نمو سرطانية منظم آالرأورام

األعالف تدمير تلوث السرطان، البقر، جنونفي وخلل المناعة جهاز

الهرموني النشاط

ديوكسين

في + مبيدات اآلفات التهاب سرطانية سميةللمثانة المخاطية األغشية

الدموي البول إلى يؤدي

الجاليكرون أو الفوندال

سرطانية مبيدات اآلفات األميترازسمية

Page 13: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

جدول رقم )( اآلثار السلبية لبعض المواد الكيماوية ومصدرها والحد األعلى

المسموح به من تلك المادة. الحد األعلى )ملغ/ليتر

)

الصحة مصدرها على المادةأضرارها

السمية شديدجرعة الن

اقل الموتمن

كغم/1 ملغم

من مجموعة األوكسيم كاربامات الجهازية ومن نواتج تحلله مواد سلفون وسلفوكسيد االكثر سمية وتتراكم في

المياه الجوفية

سمية تظهر على شكل مغص وقيء وهبوط في القلب وانخفاض مستوى إنزيم الكولين إستيرز + الحد من أعداد ونشاط

دودة األرض

مبيد التميك (Oldicarb)

من المبيدات الفسفورية العضوية

الجهازية ضد النيماتود في التربة

للوفاة تؤدي حادة النيماكورسمية

من مجموعة األوكسيم كاربامات

سرطانية الالرفين سمية)ثيوداي

كارب (

Page 14: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

األطفال ازرقاق مرض

Page 15: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

بالمبيدات التسمم

Page 16: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

المبيد تطاير

Page 17: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Lec.2

So organic Agriculture (farming ) is

Page 18: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

So organic Agriculture (farming ) is

• A process of cultivation that uses methods

that respect the environment, natural balance,

sustain ecosystem reaching to safety pure food

which realizes good nutrition

• And animal will fares, good profits and social

justice .

Page 19: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

التعريف : هدف1-This system is looking for keeping Biodiversity

عليه ) (• المحافظة المهم المحيط الحيوي التنوع

Page 20: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

2-This system is looking for soil enrichment for long period

(protecting statues) where plant absorb from active living soil

for production and not the opposite (soil enrichment for plant

demand.

حي .• ككائن معاملتها و التربة تقوية و إحياء

النبات و المواد بجميع تغذيتها و عليها المحافظة و حمايتها المهمتأخذ حيث التربة سطح على الموجودة المواد من جزء هو

التربة . على المحافظة مع فقط احتياجاتها

من كائن النبات و التربة تغذية المهم الزراعة من النوع هذا فيحالة في كما العكس ليس و تحتاجه ما تأخذ التي الكائنات

. للكيماويات تجارب حقل التربة حيث التقليدية الزراعة

Page 21: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

3-No changing in plant nature or live stock

characters or induce degrading of resource or

damaging the environment.

جينيا • المعدلة النباتات نستخدم ال

Page 22: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

4-Also this system required the interaction + integration of all producing factor as relation between crops and livestock within farm = this relation is the basic point for environmental balance.

Animal manure enough for soil enrichment which in turn provide animals with needed food. Also interaction between crops to improve nutritional condition + interaction between benefit and destructive insects (pests).

التوازن , • هذا لتحقيق عالقة إنشاء مع المصادر مع التفاعل و التكامل

) ( 1مثال سماد:- الحيوانات نواتج للحيوانات أكل النباتات بواقيللتربة

تثبت :- ) ( ) 2مثال بقلويات نزرع النباتات ورقي( Nبين محصول نزرع ثم و

كاآلتي :- :-3مثال زراعية دورات نستعمل

جذري نبات ثمري نبات بقولي نبات ورقي نبات

آخر :- .4مثال كائن باستخدام كائن مكافحة

Page 23: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

5-Also it realizes social and economic stability

and reduces risk to farmer and his family.

When prices are not below certain level

leading to confidence between farmer,

retailer and consumer or manufactures of

food.

لوجود • للمزارع مادي أمن تحقيقالثابتة . األسعار

Page 24: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

So, most important of O.F. is:

1) Protecting natural balance

2) Keeping natural resources of water, soil

environment factor from degrading

3) Aim of producing clean, safe products.

على:- المحافظة مع التوازن تحقيق الملخصمنتجات إنتاج ذلك ويرافق الطبيعية المصادر

.يةنبات صحية و نظيفة

Page 25: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• What dose mean using compost, keeping

benefit M.O. decomposition of manure soil

improving crops (green crops), crops

rotation and using other techniques than

syntheses chemical, G.R., genetic modified

cultivars in agriculture process

Page 26: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

الكيماويات :- بدائل

التخمير • بعملية تقوم عضوية كائناتبذور على القضاء إلى يؤدي مما. المرضية المسببات و االعشاب

الشمسي • التعقيمالنمو .• منظمات استخدام عدم

Page 27: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

6-Finaly O.F controlled by laws and system

where each government had established

laws, which originated from standards of

IFOAM.

أنظمة .• و قوانين ب محكوم النظام

الزراعة • قانون لها حكومة كل حيثبها . الخص العضوية

Page 28: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

In contrast to:1) Conventional

2) O. farming is environment friendly, org. agric (did

not use most of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers,

Hormones, preservatives, G.M.O. Sewage sludge

and irradiations. It also protect farmers against

fraudulent practices throughout inspection and

certification to all steps of production up to

consumers

Page 29: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

عن العضوية الزراعة يمز ماأنها : التقليدية الزراعة

للبيئة • صديقةعقالني • نظامالمصنعة • الكيماويات نستخدم اليوجد • ما إال يؤخذ وال خداع يوجد ال

عضوي . منتج بأنه شهادة عليه

Page 30: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

3) Permaculture: develop by Mollison in 1970's. It is

a landscape and social design system that works to

conserve energy on-Farm (eg. Fuel formation from

crops, fire woods, food calories) or to generate

more energy than what required by consumer +

minimizing water consumption by coverage of

beds with straw of farms. Care for natural

assemblies, wilds, rehabilitation of degraded land

and local self reliance are the basics for that

system.

Page 31: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

4) Traditional Agriculture: All management

practices that evolved from year to other to

create agr. System adapted to local env.

And culture and trading . did not use

synthetics and in many cases but not it

meets the standards of O.F.

Page 32: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

الكيماويات • على المعتمدة الزراعة

العضوية • الزراعة

المستدامة • الزراعة

التقليدية • الزراعة

Page 33: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

المستدامة : الزراعة

و • المزرعة من الناتجة الطاقة توفير إلى يسعى ( يسمى نبات هناك الزيوت مثل إنتاجها زيادةالذرة ( . مثل عالية طاقة ذات نباتات ، الطاقة نبات

للفصول • الباقي على المحافظة و الماء استثمارالتربة في و الالحقة

بالقش :- . المصاطب تغليف مثال

و • نباتات من البرية الكائنات على المحافظةحيوانات .

عليها ...• للجور المتعرضة األرض إصالح

الذات . على االعتماد عام بشكل

Page 34: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

التقليدية :- الزراعة

أو • كيميائية مواد أي نستخدم ال عام بشكلعضوية تعتبر ما بنوع فهي خارجية حتى

القمح .• و الزيتون مثل

Page 35: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Principle of organic farming:للزراعة الرئيسية المبادئ

العضوية :محافظة- ) (1 للبيئة مدمرة ليست

• Environmentally appropriate

تقنية- .2 ناحية من للتطبيق قابلة• Technically applied

اقتصادي- .3 دخل و مردود له• Economically viable

اجتماعية- .4 ناحية من مقبول• Socially accepted

Page 36: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

All methods and process used in organic farming are presented within these 4 basic standards include:

أن يجب العضوية للزراعة األسس و المبادئ كلاألربعة المبادئ هذه من :تنبثق

1. Planting crop that adapted to environmentally from natural point as place, soil, weather, season and water resources and not using genetically modified C.V. to be adaptated →hard .

( ، الجو ، التربة البيئة مع متأقلمة نباتات زراعةالماء ( نقص ، المنطقة

ممكنة عناية بأقل تعيش نباتات

Page 37: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• 2. Using the right agriculture process that on sure soil protection but to be chemical field through out the following:

المناسبة • الزراعية الطرق استخدام: طريق عن التربة لحماية

• Protection of soil texture, not to destroy in by plowing at excess soil moisture or dry.

( التربة المناسب الوقت في الحراثةجافة ( ال و بالكامل مبللة ليست رطبة

Page 38: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• Keeping soil layer, don’t turn up soil to

keep proper condition require, for cont.

efficient activity of soil M.O. which varied

among their in soil layer to live and

reproduce so don’t plow soil (10-125) cm →

just this deep.

إلى يؤدي قلبها ألن التربة قلب عدمذلك يؤد وقد الحية الكائنات مكان تغيرتخليلها . و بتفتيحها نقوم بل ، قتلها إلى

Page 39: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• And if it is necessary for plow deeper it should be with types that move soil without the turning as chizel plow Soil enrichment by:

مستوى على المحافظة و التربة إغناءطريق : عن داخلها في المواد

Page 40: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• Recycling of wasted organic product, after being composted.

العضوية- 1 المخلفات تدوير إعادة

• Green fertilizer (soil improved Crops).

Alfalfa & Clover مثل N 2- التي النباتات زراعةتستقطب

التربة . مع بخلطها نقوم ثم

• Crop rotation.

الزراعية- .3 الدورات

Page 41: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

3- Coverage of soil surface: at any cropping system, the coverage of soil surface with O.M. can realize the following advantages:

بالمواد • التربة من العليا الطبقة تغطيةصلبة أو سائلة تكون قد و العضوية

الطريقة : هذه فوائد• ↓water evaporation.

الماء .• فقدان و التبخر تقلل• Avoiding formation of crust layer.

المتشققة .• و الصلبة الطبقات تكون تجنب• ↓soil tempt. during summer.

في • و ، الصيف في التربة حرارة درجة تقليل. بسرعة وال كبير بشكل تنخفض ال الشتاء

Page 42: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• Minimizing variation between day and night tempt.

الشتاء • و الصيف و والنهار الليل بين الفرق. الجافة التربة مع يقارن وال بالكبير ليس

• Enhanced of insect repellents.• ( الذباب ليس الحشرات وجود من تقلل

المنزلي ( .• Covering soil with layer of compost → protect

from powdery mildew diffusion in carrot other covering materials: straw, saw particles to soil totally or to beds and cultivation.

يقلل • العضوية بالمواد التربة Powderyتغطيةmildew الجزر على

Page 43: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• ↓soil erosion.•. التربة انجراف تقليل

• Providing soil with further quantity of M. O.الطبقة • في العضوية المواد كمية تحسين

التربة . من العليا• Act as mulching of soil → block weeds growth.

•. اإلعشاب يقلل أوالتربة المصاطب تغطية• Providing the soil with certain quantity of

organic matterمما • العضوية المواد من بكميات التربة تزويد

. التربة قوام تحسين إلى يؤدياألعشاب .• نمو فتمنع القش عمل تعمل

Page 44: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• 4- Using the O.M. in right manure in order to enrich soil, improve conditions for M.O. activity which interns by decompose process mask the required element by plant free in slow manner and proper with plant absorption ability.

Page 45: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Forms of O. matter to be incorporated:

• Plant residues that can be mixed with pile of O.M. to be

decomposed →composed.

• Collecting all outer forms of OM. as animal manure to

be decomposed or locally foment every period (ex. every

2 season) with upper layers of soil.

• Green crops (forages) that improve N by rhizobium and

O.M. status of soil.

Page 46: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• Addition of rocks powder to compost and manure as those

of volcanic and basalt rock improve the compost with (P)

and other elements content (micro.) free organic acids are

useful for plants and P is important to dry out manure and

improve conservation of evolved N and decrease laying

eggs.

• For this reason, it is allowed to the p rocks and not to use

super phosphate since the 2nd is manufacture by H2SO4

chemicals synthetic in order to increase phosphate

dissolving capacity.

Page 47: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• For this reason, it is allowed to the p rocks

and not to use super phosphate since the

2nd is manufacture by H2SO4 chemicals

synthetic in order to increase phosphate

dissolving capacity. And this is not accepted

by O. Farming system.

Page 48: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

4- Encourage development and

reproduction of earth worms in compost

piles which create better aeration →better

M.O activity→ better fertility status of soil

when mixed with that compost .

أسلوب O.Mاستخدام و صحيحة بكمياتإلى تصل بذلك و التربة الغناء مناسب

مفيدة . تكون و جيدا تتحلل و الجذور

Page 49: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

النباتات : بقايالتتحلل .1( الكومة مع تخلطأشكال 2( على إما O.Mتجمع الحيوانات بقايا مع

كومة . في أو موضعيب 3( إلغناءها التربة مع تخلط الخضراء النباتات

N العضوية المواد وإلى 4( الفسفور صخور إضافة نستطيع و

الفسفور : أهمية ، الكومةالمركبات • مع Free organic acidيتفاعلالزبل )• جفاف يمنع Manure)يحسن

التعفن من • Nيحسن

الذباب ) • الحشرات بيوض وضع من يقللاستثناء ( المنزلي

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سهل ألنه فوسفات السوبر نستعمل الالعضوية . الزراعة ضد االمتصاص

سهلة فتصبح تضاف مادة أي عام بشكلإما : كبيرة بكميات االمتصاص

تتطاير .•التربة .• في معقدة مركبات تصبححاجته .• فوق النبات يمتصها•Leaching

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5-collecting the liquid fertilizer leached

from pile in specific hole and exposed it into

good aeration to be analyzed completed and

then could be asses into soil with limited

quantity but frequently so as to apply water

of irrigation after fertilizer application or

with irrigated water.

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السائل : السماد تجميع

نرطب • و تربة نضع طبقة و طبقة كل بينالتربة . • في الحية الكائنات لوجود ذلك و

نحرك • و الغطاء نكشف أخرى و فترة كل بين

بالعكس . و الخارج إلى الداخل ونقلب•. جديد من نرطب والسائل • السماد ترشح إلى تؤدي العملية هذه

فنجمعه.قليلة • بكميات الماء مع السائل السماد ونستعمل

الحرجة المرحلة في وهو المحصول ري في(Linear )المتوفرة المواد من أكبر النمو حيث

العناصر نقص دالئل فتظهر

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السائل : السماد تهوية طرقهوائي .• إسقاطأو • التجميع قناة في مطبات وضع

. للهواء المعرض السطح مساحة زيادة

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• 6- Poultry manure ( Broiler, layer ) is add with limited quantity since they are rapidly decomposed → not proper with absorption ability of plants .

لتوفير • بكميات Nأفضل نضيفه ولذلكمحدودة . و قليلة

يصبح • كبيرة بكميات أعطي إذا ألنه. الكيميائي كالسماد بوفرة

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• Using of chemical (synthetic) is forbidden

since pesticides are harmful to human being,

animal also toxic to plant and soil M.O., also

these can modify genetic makeup →could

cause cancer

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الكيميائي : السماد مخاطر

سرطانات .• يسبب اإلنسان صحة على خطرالحيوانات • على خطرمن • يغير قد أحيانا نفسه النبات على خطر

بدون العيش على قادر غير النبات فيصبح جيناتهالكيماويات .

ديدان • و التربة في الدقيقة الكائنات على يقضياألرض.

تفتيح • و تهوية أنفاق األرض ديدانإغناء الفسفور و العناصر تنقل مسامات

تعادل Micro organismتشجع P.hالتربة

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How we can protect and fertilize plants without chemical ??? It is By:

1- To Replace pesticides with:

A- Using plants that naturally tolerable through out the genetic make up (genetic engineering will in imbalance this is to tolerability character) so as to keep plants in long run.

البيئة • مع متأقلمة نباتات استخدامهجينة . نباتات وليس

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B- Planting plants in original places and in the right season → epidemic of pest and diseases.

المكان • و المناسب الموقع في الزراعةالمناسب.

C- Using good crop rotation system.

سليمة • زراعية دورات استخدامفلفل على بندورة نركب بيولوجية مكافحة

. بالهالوك تصاب فالD- Right cultivation, draining system technique.

جيد • تصريف نظام تحضير

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E- Enrichment of upper soil surface with O.M over can be used as Soil cover.

و • العضوية بالمواد الخارجية التربة اغناء. للتربة كغالف عملها

F- Right plant spacing between plants and rows.

مناسبة .• مسافات في الزراعة G- Using repellent plants to surround or in

between plant of crop as garlic against many insects.

طارد • أخرى نباتات النباتات حول الزراعةالبصل و الثوم مثل

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• H- using all protective techniques other

than chemical (Biological, physical, colored

plates, attractive, barriers, muslin, nets,

solar sterilization and local O.M.

fermentation instead of pesticides which are

harmful to human, animals , plants , soil

that also modified Genetic make up

→cancer

عدا • ما الحماية سائل و جميع استخدام الكيماويات

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2 - To replace Herbicides: • Even at right doses, Herbicides induce imbalances

in M.O. life and in plant physiology. O. agriculture did not require complete elimination of weeds→ Will cause imbalance in the natural life but minimize their compete into crops by good crop rotation and right cultivation process and using free O.M. from weeds seeds and covering the soil with degraded types of mulch .

األعشاب • كل على القضاء الضروري من ليسوتشكل المحصول تنافس التي األعشاب فقط

عليه . خطر

Page 62: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• 3- To replace chemical fertilizer:-

Any fertilizer treated with acid to make if

dissolving capacity much more and their

availability to much high are forbidden. So, as

alternatives using inert rocks as of P, volcanic

rocks (Basilt ) and so on to O.M. This keeps

1.natural balance act

2.diversity that enable efficient act of birds ,

beneficial insects specially at presence of IPM of

min impact on environment

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ليسهل • باألحماض يعامل سماد أي: يستعمل ال النبات قبل من امتصاصه

نستخدم :•من- 1 المطحونة من الصخرية الخامات

الفسفور .المحطمة- ) 2 البركانية ( Vermiculiteالصخور

العضوية- 3 O.Mالمواد

السامة- 4 المركبات نستخدم ال Toxic)وcompounds ).

األعشاب • مبيدات هو شئ أخطر

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Agriculture can be strongly applied for:

1- Used since old Centuriesالقدم .• منذ استخدمت

2- Realizes integration between animal and plant sector = good nutritional soil State and balanced food for animal

الحيوان .• و النبات بين تكامل و تداخل3- Success of O. Agriculture project in other countries

and it's great development in cultural civilizationفي • خاصة ، العالم حول الزراعة هذه في النجاح

المتقدمة . الدول

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4- Throughout research result it is possible to fertilizer soil with natural source and using I.P.M. instead of using chemicals

الزراعة • نجاح يمكن أنه وجد األبحاث منالحيوية . المكافحة واستخدام العضوية

5- Minimizing the use of external inputs improve the budget to farmer pocket

يوفر • وذلك المستوردة األشياء استخدام تقليلالمزارع . على

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6- Cooperation of cooperatives, societies and well relation between farmers, packagers, retailers and free trading and jutes between all members of organic producing projects to realize good economic level for all partners of product.

فال • ، المشتري و الموزع و المزارع بين ما التعاونغش . أو خداع يوجد

من • األفراد لكل جيد االقتصادي المستوى والمشتري . إلى المزارع

7- O. Product realized higher prices than conv. better return to every partner since the product is safe qualified since it is undergoes inspection, certification and labeling.

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زيادة • إلى يؤدي ، العادي من أعلى أسعار تحققوجود و التفتيش و سبب المزارع على العائد

الشهادات .

8- Improve the social status all specially farmers

family .since realize an accepted condition

between producer retailer consume.

للمزارع .• االقتصادي الوضع ثبات

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Socially better for allللزراعة األساسية األهداف

العضوية :Fundamental objective for O.A according I FOD am

requiting

1. Producing sufficient quantity of qualified product النظيف .• المنتج من معتبرة كميات إنتاج

2. Constructive interaction with all natural systems الطبيعية • األنظمة لكل البناء التعاون من نوع تحقق

البيئة) ( مع3. Encourage the presence of balanced biological

system in the farm for M. organisms الدقيقة .• للكائنات خاصة و الحيوي التوازن دعم

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4. Maintaining and improve soil nutritional status in along run

اغناءها . • و التربة تحسين و احتواء5. Using the renewable sources as much as possible

throughout the local system of farmأ – • مثل المتجددة و المتوفرة المواد استخدام

- - ج البقوليات استخدام ب الزراعية الدوراتالعضوية . المخلفات تدوير إعادة

6. External chemical source are X (Synthesized)االمتصاص • سهلة تعتبر والتي المصنعة الكيماويات

ممنوعة.7. Using the recycled resources.

المخلفات .• تدور إعادة

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8. Allowing farms of animals to live naturally= avoid using of food mixed with Synthesized chemicals.

• ( األرض من الطبيعي في بالعيش للحيوانات السماحخلطات ( ) ( اإلنتاج في جودة صناعي علف وليس تأكل

ممنوعة ( . المصنعة بالكيماويات العلف9. Minimizing environmental pollution related to

agricultural activity .فيها • المبالغ الممارسات عن الناتج البيئي التلوث تقليل

الزراعة . في10. keeping the diversity of genetic sources in farm

(plants and M. organisms) that many destroyed by using pesticides.

األمراض ) • يزيد يمكن المحورة األصناف في نطمع المبيدات بزيادة تتدمر قد التي المكافحة زيادة

للنبات ( . الجينية الصفات على نحافظ الحشرات

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•11 .Good return to workers in is this system + more safety of working ambient.

و مردود• ، العاملين و المزارع على اقتصاديآمان . فيها الظروف

•12 .improving the environmental and social cond. of the dealers to system..

للعاملين • البيئية و اإلجتماعية الظروف تحسيناقتصادي ) ( استقرار المجال في

•13 .Producing that naturally analyzed later on and not modified.

يتحلل ) (• أن يمكن ما كل نستخدم طبيعيا تتحلل

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Local fermentation of manure: الموضعي التخمير

االعشاب مكافحة في : وفعاليته يلي ما العملية هذه وتتطلب• Dry; not fermented

مخمر . غير و جافا يكون أن يجب• Could be applied in winter time or summer

الشتاء . أو الصيف في إضافته يمكنبعرض االثالم بشق عمق 20 * 40نقوم

• 20cm deep*40cm for width• 10kg of manure

كل في ( .10م ) 2.5نضع الزبل من كغ• 2.5m length → 10kg

يصبح ) ( حتى الزبل فوق الكمية نصف التراب بإرجاع نقوم ثمبالبكتريا . التبخر عملية أغنين ، مستوي

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• Local mixing

تحريك ) ( .• أو قلب بدون نكش موضعي خلط• Irrigation lines+ check

الري .• خطوط نثبت• Covering with plastic mulch.

حيث • جيد بشكل بالبالستيك المسطبة نغطي ) المسطبة ) حواف البالستيك أطراف على نضع

التراب . بباقي• 6 weeks for fermentation

التجارب • من العديد بعد وقت أفضل هو وهذا

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: بأنها الطريقة هذه تمتاز• Elimination of weeds

الشمس- ) ( 1 اإلضاءة توفر عدم بسبب األعشاب على القضاء

• heat evaluates : ↓15cm→ 47c

العالية- 2 الحرارة درجة بسبب األمراض و األعشاب على القضاءالتخمر ) عملية من درجة ( 47الناتجة

مثل- 3 الناتجة الغازات بسبب األمراض و األعشاب على القضاءاألمونيا .

خسارة- ) ( 4 التربة في يبقى السائل السماد

التحضير- . 5 في واحدة خطوة

تفقد- ) 6 التي الكومات في يحدث كما النيتروجين نفقد من % 50البالتبخر ( االمونيا

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Soil sterilization:

حرارة بدرجة ساخن ماء إضافة عن عبارة 80هيالمساطب ) ... ( المرادة الزراعة أماكن إلى درجة

بيت 15كل لكل الماء ونضخ فتحة بعمل نقوم سممغطاة) . المسطبة تكون أن يفضل

• 60 – 70 c for 30 min. for 30 cm depth .

الحرارة ) 8بعد درجة تصبح عندما نزرع 25ساعاتدرجة (

الطرق . أسرع هي هذه

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Soil Solorization:

التربة • مع ونخلطها العضوية المادة نضعقد ، كليا المساطب أو البيت نغطي و ونروي

الحرارة البالستيك .80-70نصل تحت درجةالصيف • فصل في فقط نستعملها العملية هذه

و األمراض من خالي وسط لدينا يصبح ،أثناء تضاف العضوية المادة و األعشاب

التحضير .

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Main recourse in O .agriculture: المحمية : الزراعة مصادر

• local seeds: to be produced, selected at the origin place of it is development that adapted to environment condition of that location. Normally farmers select the qualified seeds, conserve them at their area and so can be grown well in that condition of adaptation.

• Seed hybridization :eliminate the diffusion of local ones, for example at USA = 400 sp. were presented as local 90 years ago, but now less than 70 sp. are presented this trend similar all over the world

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المحلية : البذور

المنشأ • من األصلية المنطقة في تختار و تنتجالمزارعين عادة و البيئة مع متأقلمة تكون حتى

األفضل البذور يختارون

إلى • سنة كل من الجودة يحسن وذلك . منطقة في البذور تحفظ اإلنتاج بعد األخرى

اإلنتاج .

و • الهجينة البذور ب يهتمون المزارعون ألن ) ( نهتم فنحن األصلية البذور بذور تختفي بذلك

األصلية . البذور على بالحفاظ

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How we can keep local seed:األصلية البذور على نحافظ كيف

1-survay study about what presented in each area

and documenting it

توثيقي : مسح

كل • في وجودة ومكان نوع كل بدراسة نقوممزارع كل عند نوع كل بتوثيق نقوم ثم منطقة

) وكميتة) اسمه ما و هو أين

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2-work shops to raise awareness about the

conservation of local seed .

الوعي : نشر

للمزارعين .• حقل أيم و مؤتمرات و محاضرات عمل

إذا • حتى و كيف و البذور على المحافظة أهمية هي ماتزرع . لم

حيوية • على للمحافظة سنة كل األنواع بزراعة نقوم والحيوية ) ( . بإعادة نقوم البذور

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3- Training courses about same subject .

نعتني • و نحافظ كيف عملية تدريب دوراتبالبذور .

4-Trials to improve production of local seed in

each area (most adapted in each area) .

و • البذور فعالية و حيوية إلعادة التجارب إجراءالمناسبة . المناطق في خاصة

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• 5- Seed bank for local seeds.

تحسين • و اإلنتاج و للتجارب البذور بنك إنشاءالنوعية .

• Local are adapted to never (dryness / low

precipitation / high temp ) to soil condition of

slope ' mild soil grovels' alkaline calcareous

even saline. Able to resist a lot of pest which

good for o.agriaculture and biological

control .

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المحصلة :•الجفاف- .1 تتحمل األصلية النباتاتاألمطار- .2 كميات والقليلة- ) 3 التربة ، الميل التربة ظروف و

حمضية ( ، قاعدية ، الصخريةالمحلية- .4 األمراض من الكثير تقاوم

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Local are adapted to economic condition : المحلية : للظروف متأقلمة المحلية البذور

• Easy to market the production at local market what ever fresh or conserved .

بلدي ) ( .• محلية كأصناف تسويقها يسهل• Preferred by a lot as safe product (high

prices) .

• ( ، دبس ، زبيب محفوظة أو طازجة تسوقالبندورة ( رب ، مخلالت ، زيت ، الدين قمر

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• Low system cost used in production tradition . المتبقيات .• من خالي آمن

• Can be change to other types of product by processing→ x overcrowding and improve food process .

من • أو آلخر موسم من تخبأ حيث ، تكلفة أقلجناه . الذي المزارع

• Risk is low and steady profit →stable return السوق • في تراكم يحدث ال ، آخر شكل على تصنيع

األسعار . لنزولآخر • شيء إلى يحول محدودة تكاليفه ، أقل الخسارة

• Local are socially adapted: since trans developed skills from generation to other:

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اجتماعية : متأقلمة المحلية البذور

1-great well to consume local, fresh, conserve but

safe product and highly qualified and good taste

and chance to realize an income for local farmer

by selecting, conserving good seed all these .

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• Conserve environment .تتطور- . 1 و آخر إلى جيل من منتقلة

• Social stability.ألنها- 2 المستهلكات بهذه يرغب طعم- 1المستهلك ذات

، ،- 2جيد أكثر طازجة- .3آمن• Nationally important: security food .

اآلمن- .3 الغذاء ، البيئة على الحفاظ• Independent decision since no need for external

market للقرار .4 االستقاللية

• Protect water table from pollution . التلوث- .5 من الماء حماية

• Protect env. since rate of chemicals to be used by presence of local is low if compared with hybrid once .

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التلوث من البيئة حمايةLocal The hybrid

1-conserve for coming seasonsوقد الالحق للموسم عليها الحفاظ

سنة . من ألكثر تستمر

• need new seed for each season

موسم كل شراء يجبمستقل .

2- grow well with manure الزبل مع جيدا ينمو

• grow well with chemical الكيماويات . مع جيدا تنمو

3- adapted to env. + tolerate Pest

تقاوم و وتتحمل البيئة مع متأقلمةاألمراض .

• pesticide are needed المتابعة . من بد ال

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Local The hybrid

4. – excellent taste للبيع ( ) . زيادة ممتاز طعم

• concentrate on form volume and color

الحجم ( ، الشكل الجاذبية المهماللمعان ) و اللون و

5-rich in nutrient الغذائية . بالمواد غنية

• withstand export and trans and conserve for long period

التصدير . تتحمل

6. longer production period steady increase .

اإلنتاج ( ) يزيد طويلة إنتاج فترة

• shorter production period but more dense .

إنتاج مع قصيرة إنتاج فترةعالي .

7. can tolerate a lot of pests األمراض من الكثير تتحمل

• raise detains and one but of or other chemical sure needed مرض تقاوم و لتتحمل مطورة

األمراض لباقي ضعيفة و واحد.

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Local The hybrid

8- maltipurposes –env.+ economic +social

اقتصادي ، األهداف من العديدعلى ويحافظ اجتماعي

البيئة

• traiding purposes االقتصادي. . الهدف فقط

9- Keep important genetic character

الوراثية الصفات على الحفاظ

• limited degraded genetic character

الوراثية الصفات في تغير

10- adapted into dry condition

الجفاف مع متأقلمة

• should be irrigated with a lot of manure .

. منتظمة. بكميات الري يجب

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Compost:• The biological analysis of O.M. residues from

animal or plant origin under certain condition reaching to humus form:

تتعرض • ، الحيوان و النبات من ينتج ما كلإلى ) ( لتصل حية كائنات البكتيريا بفعل للتحلل• Humus form: after which no further analysis

will occur but release of N. element in slow manner.

لكن • و تحلل يوجد ال بعدها ما التي المرحلة. النبات قبل من امتصاصه ليتم منتظم تفكك

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• This final form of no odder / fine texture and structure /black to dark brown color / fragmented similar to soil in it's odder rich in most of nutritional elements (both micro and macro )

• M. organism needed for soil bioactivity and also organic fibers .

• Composting occur naturally for residues or could be by processing.

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Why to be processed ?

• Humus is good alternative to all fertilizer if process is left to occur naturally, then the active bacteria need a lot of N competing grown plants on available N in soil →appear as symptoms of deficiency up to the death of bacteria where (N) with be of better level to plant but earlier↓ (N)could affect negatively on plant growth and productivity.

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Humusخواص

رائحة .1( يوجد الالملمس .2( جيداألسود .3( إلى غامق بني لونهشكله ) (.4( كبيرة أو صغيرة مجموعاتالتربة .5( رائحة بنفسالمطلوبة .6( العناصر من بالكثير غني

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الدقيقة • الكائنات وجود من بد ال ولكنصناعيا- . 1• طبيعيا التحلل عملية تحدث قد

) = أسابيع) = أسرع صناعية ، بطيئة طبيعيةعلى • البكتيريا و النباتات بين تنافس يحدث

نقص دالئل ظهور إلى يؤدي مما ، النيتروجينالعناصر .

فيصبح • البكتيريا تموت التحلل عملية انتهاء بعدعالمات . كانت إذا ولكن لالمتصاص حر النبات

العودة النبات يستطيع ال قد عالية العناصر نقصصحته . إلى

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Process of composing realizes:• fast production of humus in some cases could be

finished within 2 week• evolved heating + organic acids by process

eliminate causal agents of diseases & weed seed ينتج • التبخر طريق عن ، المكافحة وسائل من وسيلة

مسببات ) و لألعشاب قتل حرارة و سامة مواداألمراض (

• enrichment of soil with organic matterand various N. elements improve soil character , texture , structure.

قوام • تحسين مع العضوية المواد ب التربة إغناء التربة .

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• decrease water consumption up to 30 %

• healthy plants are more able to resist infections by pest (fungal disease)

• reduce absorption of toxicants & their accumulation in the plant

• reduce cost of using chemical fertilizer

• better soil aeration.

شكل • على التربة في تعمل العضوية الموادالتهوية . فتزيد تجمعات

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• balance between varies nutrient element (P x K)• better balance soil pH.

يتعدى • عنصر يوجد ال ، العناصر بين ما توازن هناكطبيعي . بشكل موجودة العناصر كل ألن آخر على

• better root penetration in soil• when cover the soil acts as mulch

تنمو • فال كالقش تعمل العضوية بالمادة تغطت اذااالعشاب .

• good economic return when processed and soldمادي • بربح فيعود السماد نبيع قد مكتسبة مهارات بعد

الخارج من نستورده فال

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• avoid certain extant extreme level of temp

keeping range within expected and preferred

one

• BBBBBBBBBBBBB أكبر طاقة BBBBBBBBB عضوية مادةأطول فترة

• الماء لتبخر طويل وقت الى تحتاج الشتاء فيفي أما ، أطول والفترة قليل الريات فعدد

أقصر الريات بين ما فالفترة . الصيف

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Humus sources are organic from:العضوية : المادة مصادر

• kitchen or house residues• manufactures

بواقي ) • ، خشب نشارة من المصنع مخلفاتالحبوب ( صناعات ، البندورة لب ، الزيوت

• farm residues plant

Animal manure

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Humus ( fermented )Non fermented

1. nutrient element are available in higher , easier absorbing forms

Nutrient found in complexes hard to absorb by plant= absorbed by low quantity

1. low quantity of fertilizer to be added as supplement

High quantity of chemical fertilizer to be added as supplement

1. plant response is clear and it is noticed within short period even at absence of chemicals

Not clear with short time you should complete with chemicals

1. easier to deal with, since it is odorless , aggregated , homogenous

Hard to deal with not fragmented , bad odor , not homogenous

1. free from pest & weeds seeds

Included

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• very important to have C:N ratio of 30 : 1 • if N portion is lower (C:N is >30 : 1 ) M.O. that

depended on N as food will be of lower activity so reduce composition rate & longer period so you have to add N chemical

• if N portion is high (C:N is <30 : 1 ) fast composting rate much release of ammonia odor by nitrification of excess N into ammonia gas

• rich sources with organic N can be mixed with the composting pile ( legumes residues , green sources )

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من • أكبر النبسة كانت أن 30:1إذا يعنيأقل بكتيري نشاط BBBBBBB قليل النيتروجينمصدر اضافة يجب BBBBBBB أكثر وقت BBBBBBBBBB

للنيتروجين .سريع • تخمر BBBBBBBB أعلى نيتروجين BBBBBB أقل إذا

أمونيا شكل على للنيتروجين فقدان BBBBBBBBBسامة . مواد و روائح صدور BBBBBBB

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The following component can be included in compost:

– yard waste :

• Farm waste characterized by specific chemical and physical characters hat show lower E.C value than manure

– do not add oak & pine leaves more than 1% since show acidic conditions for the compost

– do not use walnut leaves

• If added you should wait for one year before being used→ toxic Jugine material that analyzed after 1 year

– residues of graminae rich in C while legumes rich in N→ balance to reach to C:N ratio 30 : 1

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– fresh manure ( green ) : rich in water 70-80 % C:N ratio less than 30:1 since it rich in N

• true or false : :the green plants are rich with water and the C:N ratio is less than 30:1

• true – banana peels : rich in ca ,p , s– feather : rich in N & mixed with slow analyzed

as straw , pine , oaks to enhance the fermenting rate

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– food waste : C:N ratio is 12 – 15 : 1 not much preferred to be added also it is attractive to insect , Rodent, mice and bad odor→ may cause diseases to dealers.

نسبة : • قليل الطعام يستحسن 1 : 15مخلفات والو الجرذان و للحشرات جاذبة ألنها استخدامها

التخمير ) في استخدمت إذا ، الباغيث و القمل الموضعي (

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• limes : to modify slightly pH to alkaline condition

• alkaline low M.O activity + ↓NH4 as a result of low M.O fermentation activity

• الكائنات نشاط على يؤثر و الحموضة يعادلأكثر أمونيا غاز BBBBBBBBB أبطأ تخمر BBBBBB .

• 7. saw dust : C:N ratio is 400-500:1 slow rate so it is added in fine layers & good N sources are mixed as feathers

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8 .Animal manure:• Can be locally mix with the soil up to 15-20

cm depth →fermented →safe products during winter or summer (fermentation+ solarization) if the mixed beds are covered intimately with mulch.+ efficient in control weeds seeds + causal agents of diseases at the rate of

• 10 kg/m2. If you want just O.M. and fertilizer requirement from manure (no need for treating the soil) then rate is ↓↓ and could be in this case 2-4 kg/m2 of cow or horse and 0.4-0.8 kg/m2 of sheep.

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• Can be added into the pile of compost in order to provide M.O. with good source food activate their fermenting rate +improving the nutritional status of the pile.

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What are the materials to be added of the soil?Materials includedN%P%K%Excluded from pile

Cow Manure with saw bed.

الفرشة مع البقر روث.

0.50.30.5Tobacco →Toxic

Poultry manure (pure). مخلفات .الدجاج

433Waste water heavy metals

Rabbits with saw األرانب مخلفات

2.460.05Skins→ heavy present process

Sheep (pure) األغنام

10.40.2Milk product→ attracts insects+ bad odor

Horses (pure) الخيل

0.40.20.4Newspaper→ ink is rich with Pb

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Materials included

N%P%K%Excluded from pile

Blood الجاف الدم

151.30.7Infected plant

Grinded bones.المطحونة العظام

4210.2Cats & dogs residues→ diseases

Cotton seeds3.21.31.2Fats→ Hardly analysis

Pig manure41Very low

Fish attracts insects+ bad odor

Meat+Oils→ Hardly analysis

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نستخدمها : ال التي المواد هي ما.1 ( : من النباتات لرش يستخدم قد سام ألنه الدخان

الحشرات ( (الثقيلة : .2. بالعناصر مليئة ألنها المجاري مخلفاتالحيوانات .3. جلودالسيئة : .4. للرائحة مصدر و للحشرات جاذب ألنه الحليب.5 : رصاص على يحتوي هو و بالحبر مليئة ألنها الجرائد

عالي .للعدوى : .6. مصدر ألنها المصابة النباتاتلألمراض : .7. ناقلة ألنها الكالب و القطط مخلفاتالتحلل : .8. صعبة الدهنية الموادالحشرات : .9. و السيئة للرائحة جاذب السمك

التحلل : .10. صعبة ألنها الزيوت و اللحوم

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Sources of compost:Rich in N(green)Rich in C (brown)

Fresh material (moistened) Fried food materials Egg peels Indoor plant residues , Legumes peel , Vegetables & fruits , Green weeds before seeds form , Green leaves at active stage Manure (different sources) Flowers , bread , onion , orange , , Remaining of apples and banana , Remaining of slaughters, as bones,

dry blood Sea weeds Remaining of fish.

Dry material, Dry brown weeds, Dry leaves and foliages Grain remain parts Barley, Remained parts of burned woods Walnut peels Brown leaves at senescence stage Remained of pruning process Straw of field crop, Papers and newspaper and journals

but they are rich in Pb رصاص.

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Rate of degradation for material included in التحلل ) ( درجة التحلل compostمعدل

MaterialRateRemarks

Remained of burned Woods الرماد

Not degraded.يتحلل ال

Rich in Ca & Na.التهوية + تحسين

الكائنات نشاط

Dry blood. الجاف .fastLow quant. since ↑N الدممحدودة كميات نضيف

ب غني ألنه النيتروجين

Cabbage stems + remaining parts.

الملفوف . بواقي

Very hardShould be cut into pieces & mix with those show fast – good degradation

Green weedsfastGood N source

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MaterialRateRemarks

Stalked of wheat & barley

hardCut into small pieces & mix with fast– good degradation

Kitchen residues Good- hardDon’t use meat residues → Attractive mice.

ال و الكثير نستخدم الألنها اللحوم بواقي

للفئران . جاذبة

Dry leaves-oldVery hardSeparate piles, small pieces+ mix with fast or good

Horse manure +residues

Good hardMix with fast

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MaterialRateRemarks

Poultry manurefastLow quant. & not alone

Newspapers (↑Pb)

EasyMix with straw & woody parts that not easy.

ليس و قليلة كميات. لوحده

Green potato plants

good األجزاء و القش مع تخلط. الصلبة

Green stemsRelatively hard

From pruned parts + Mix with fast-good as green

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MaterialRateRemarksWoody stemVery hard (not be

used)Low quant. After being

chopped (Draining).

Saw particlesVery slow (not be used)

Since very hard and↑ C:N ratio

strawHard to very hardChopped + moistened +Mix with fast-good

قبل وتقطع ترطب + مع مزج االستخدامجيدة الى سهلة التحلل

Animal urinefastHas ↑N and↑Na,so used at rate of 1 urine: 3 water

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How to make pile:• Representative location (post) that realize easiest +min.

cost+ O. M. collection and distribution after ferment.; far from houses. How to be collected, types of O.M. to be used.

• تكاليف -1 فتقل المصادر من قريب ، المناسب الموقع اختيارالعضوية المادة . جمع

• المنزل ) عن نستخدمها ( بعيدة سوف التي المواد نوع . و• Manure to be used or manure with the beds.• 2- ) ( نوعه ، القش مع ممزوج أو وحده الحيوانات روث هل

الفرشة . ونوع• Water to be used avoids pile dryness, source of water.• حتى -3 جيد مصدر هو هل ، استخدامه المراد الماء مصدر

الكومة جفاف . نتجنب• to which field compost will be distributed and how to be

distributed. 4- توزيعه أريد التي الحقول أي . في

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• Not to be exposed to prevailed wind→use wind break to avoid dryness of pile or in shaded places to ↓loss of water.

• ال -5 حتى ، الشمس تحت أو الريح مهب في يكون المظللة ) ( أماكن الكومة تجف

• Location with proper area to have all O.M. &for management = easy to reach & clean from previous residues.

• و -6 تنظيفه و إليه الوصول سهل ، المناسب الموقعواسعة . مساحته

• Location near water sources far from home to avoid bad odor + -ve effects of insects. مصدر من قربة

المنازل عن بعده و ماء

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• Collecting all sources → or storing what available up to have sufficient Q. for pile making. Or to make many piles if possible to be managed (for example: weekly)

• حتى .-8 احفره و الكومة في المصادر جميع جمعاإلنتاج من دورات ، المناسبة الكمية إلى أصل. المتتالية

• Usually what available is added gradually into made pile.

• 9- ( الزبل إنتاج ممكن متوفر هو ما لكل استخدام ( في تدرج دفعة أسبوع كل تدرجات على الجاهزة. اإلنتاج ((

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10. pile normally with 2-3m Width x 1.5-2m height while length is depending on Q of O.M it is preferred to build small then big pile along the time . at Big pile ,O2 not easy to filtrate long time At small one Temp , rises is not enough .

من- 10 عرضها الكومة ارتفاعها 3-2عادة و طولها 2م و مالعضوية . المادة وفرة حسب

ل • فقط فتكون األرض في حفرة أريد كنت سم 60إذاالتربة سطح فوق الباقي و عمق

الصغيرة .• الكومات من عدد بناء األفضل منتهويتها : • صعب الوسط مناطق الكبيرة الكومة مشاكل

تتخمر . أن من بدال فتتعفنمن : • تهوية هناك الصغيرة الكومة مما 5مشاكل جهات

يصل ال الحرارة درجة فإرتفاع ، الطاقة فقدان إلى يؤديالمطلوب . القدر إلى

إلى • بالنسبة للهواء المعرض السطح مساحة ألن وذلكمن بكثير أكبر الصغيرة الكومة في المساحة وحدة

الكبيرة . الكومة

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• min. volume is 1m3 , if in hole: not > 60cm as depth where big branches , old ones at the bottom of hole ↑ aeration + drainage. Then distributed O. M. (normal type ) layer by layer of 15 –20cm per each layer and mixing those of H. C:N to those of L. C:N if O. M. is form fresh plants ----layers of 10 cm or less if O.M. from fresh manure ---2cm than mix with good sources of O.M. ----moisting of each layer

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• It is important to mix weeds particle and saw particles with chopped stem or branches to improve aeration when arrange in pile.

• At 50 cm height of the pile openings should be done by inserting for example corn stem at 1m space

• Movement system →H. Diameter of openings to improve aeration. The pile after that (at the end adding layers) is covered with a layer of soil mud or straw and corn stem and to be remove at next day at cover →enable H. in temp. inside the pile.

• 4-5 days later, all the openings are cover to avoid moisture loss and temp. drops

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في • التقطيع بعد األغصان نضع حفرة في كان إذا. أفضل تخمر و الزائد الماء لتصريف وذلك األسفل،

عن • الطبقة سمك يزيد فال طازجة مواد وضعنا إذاسم .10

سمك • يزيد فال الدجاج مخلفات من مكونة كانت إذاعن .2الطبقة سم

تمزج • الخشب نشارة و األعشاب خلط المهم من. االختناق و الغرق من تمنع حتى األغصان مع

مع • بالنيتروجين الغنية المواد خلط المهم من وجيدة نسبة على نحصل حتى بالكربون الغنية المواد

. : النيتروجين الكربون منالكومة ) • بناء الذرة ( 60-50بعد أغصان بغرس نقوم

دخول و التهوية إلى يؤدي ، التحريك مع ثقوب لعمل( وبعد ، نزيل( 3-2الهواء الكومة بناء من أيام

األغصان

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بعض • عن حتى 1بعدهم بالبناء أستمر و مقش . أو بتربة أغطيها ثم النهائي الحجم وصول

• ، الحرارة معظم لفقدت الذرة أغصان بقيت لوتجف( 5-4بعد ) ال حتى الفتحات نغطي أيام

إلى تصل قد يومين أول ب الحرارة ، الكومةالمفيدة ( 90 -80) مع الضارة الكائنات فتقتل

التهوية . على نحصل لم إذا

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The flowing point to be taken in consider:

1-arrangement of layer in right manure humming .ثم- 1• النيتروجين ب جيدة طبقة ، الطبقات ترتيب

الكربون . ب جيدة2-moistining of layer if they are from dry sources .

جافة- .2• كانت إذا الطبقات بين ما ترطيب3-mixing within each layer material realize 30:1 as

C:N ratio .و- 3• النيتروجين على تحتويان طبقتين كل مزج

الكربون .

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4-covering pile with straw or soil layer

• Care of pile: It is important to have fast degradation, other wise will be slow

• So: moistening of pile( keep good moisture ) &mixing (keep good aeration)

• At winter time pile is covered with plastic sheet to avoid excess moisture.

• When temp. at mid of pile reach 45 ْC, open the pile and mix.: inward outward and visa versa downward upward and visa versa.

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فقدان • لتقليل التراب أو بالقش الكومة تغطيةبالبالستيك ) نغطي الشتاء في ، الطاقة أو الماء

1 .، الطاقة على درجة. 2للحفاظ لرفع ، من. 3الحرارة الزائد الماء دخول عدماألمطار ( .

أحسن • إلى للوصول التحلل سرعة المهمالوقت في الكومة جاهزية شيء أهم ، تجانسإلى فترة من الكومة ترطيب يجب ، المناسب

التهوية . على الحفاظ مع أخرى

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• This process is repeated in 2ed week also. Temp. at the beginning, should not be less then 55-65ْC. some time could reach to 75 ْC, at which a lot of diseases agents are killed. 75 ْC are recorded when the pile is carefully moistened and included H.N. sources.

• O.M. Degradation is highly effected at these condition and H. energy in term of heat this degradation is done by bacterial organisms

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الكومة • وسط في الحرارة تصل درجة 45عندما ( الخارج من الخلط و الكومة فتح يجب مئوية، ) تعاد األسفل إلى األعلى ومن ، الداخل إلى

الثاني . األسبوع في المزج عمليةحرارة • إلى أصل ، 75كيف مئوية درجة

( بشكل و يدوي بمرش حذر بشكل الترطيبلألكسجين ( . مصدر جود و جدا ومهم متجانس

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Three types of bacteria are active:

1-Thermophilic fast degradation at H. temp..

في • فعالية أكثر كثيرا الحرارة بدرجة تتأثر ال. العالية الحرارة درجات

2- Mesophilic fast degradation at medium temp.

المتوسطة .• الحرارة درجة تتحمل3- Xerophilic fast degradation at low temp.

•. المنخفضة الحرارة درجات في فعالية أكثر

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• Average level of temp. in pile are correlated with external atmospheric temp. Summer period records H. energy evolvement than winter at which good level of temp. are recorded at the mid of high pile.

• By the end of degradation period volume of pile is <50% of original volume and rarely to reach up to 70% or 80% of original volume specially at presence of big branches that show slow degradation rate.

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بالحرارة مرتبطة الخارج في الحرارة عام بشكل. الداخل مع

؟ .• أكبر كومة بعمل نقوم برد الدنيا تكون عندمانصف • إلى وصلت قد تكون الكومة تجهز عندما

صعبة فيها التي الحاالت في إال ، األصلي حجمهاتقريبا الحجم يكون تحتاج% 70التحلل لكن و

أطول . وقت إلى

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Mixing of pile component is impotent:

• 1-since mid portion of the pile shows H. temp. While external show L. temp. so mixing is to expose all component into H. temp. killing of insects, diseases and weed seed.

• Also—faster decomposition rate better homogeneity of human product.

وأعرض- 1• المادة أجانس حتى مزجها و خلطهاو ، الترطيب و الحرارة درجة لنفس األجزاء كلهذه ولكن ، التخمر عملية من يسرع ذلك

النيتروجين . فقد وهو مساؤها لها الطريقة

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2-Better aeration –better M.O. activity.بسبب- 2• ذلك و أفضل تحلل إلى يؤدي أفضل تهوية

البكتيريا . نشاط زيادة3-Chance to moist all dry portion of pile.

الترطيب- .3• إعادة و المزج إعادة4- Frequent of mixing is 1 time /week but could be H. if

temp. H. over or up to 60c and L. if temp. drops below 35c. frequent L. Gradually up to be 1 time/month at H. temp. mixing is to over come presented H. heat .

العالية- ) 4• الحرارة في لكن و األسبوع في مرة نرطبكل ( 60فوق أيام 3نرطب

من ) • أقل الحرارة أسبوعين ( .35إذا كل مرة نرطبشهر .• كل مرة نرطب المدة نهاية في و

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Decomposition المؤثرة العوامل•على Temp. at the pile: By decomposition, energy

involved → ↑ the pile Temp.– At range of 35C-60C good →. Fast deposition>– < 35C → slow rate to very slow.– > 60C → a lot of M.O can’t survive, delay

decomposition process (70C: or more).– At summer + good N source → small piles are

preferred = 1m3.

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درجة • للحرارة إطالق يحدث التخمر عملية معو المحيط الجو من أعلى الكومة في الحرارةولكن ، التخمر سرعة على مؤشر الحرارة

حرارة درجة على أنه االنتباه تموت 70يجبالنافعة . و الضارة الكائنات كل

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– Frequent mixing↑ & at ↑ temp. to refresh O2 & get better homogeneity of decomposition + eliminate excess heat that may kill M.O. & cause development of fires.

الحرارة • درجة تكون عندما مهمة الخطوة هذهإلعادة : ذلك و عالية

األكسجين- .1• ب الكومة إغناءالزائدة- .2• الحرارة على القضاءأن- 3• عن عوضا الكومة تتفحم و تحترق قد

الحرارة . درجة ارتفاع عند تتخمر

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• O2 : For life of M.O. & activity that can tolerate up to 5% as minimum, but if O2 % up to 10% → Micro. act anaerobic condition → bad odors of evolved Methane & hydrogen sulfate gasses, the odor is looking like that of the bad eggs.

الفاسد البيض رائحة

البكتيريا • عن% 5تتحمل قل إذا األكسجين ال% 10من تخمر يصبحصدور ) ( و فاسد بيض السيئة الرائحة خروج إلى يؤدي مما هوائي

الميثان . غاز

• O2 enrichment to pile is done by: – At the Small to Normal piles → replacement of hot air (that moves from

inside to outside) by cold one (rich in O2) from out to inside. And so diffused to all part of pile.

الخلط • ويكفي سهل الهواء تبادل المتوسطة إلى الصغيرة الكومةالمزج و

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– At big → Natural replacement is not enough order

especially at excess moisture; mixing + or

presence of pipe or fans ↑ O2.

كافيين :- • ليسا المزج و الخلط الكبيرة الكومةخاصة الكومة مناطق كل إلى الوصول لصعوبةو الكومة داخل في أنابيب نضع قد ، المنتصف

التهوية لتأمين الهواء لدفع مراوح

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• Moisture: At moisten pile, activity of M.O. is much > than at dry once. Excess moisture ↓ air movement → anaerobic condition → bad odor so should mix with material to induce dry as paper or wood pieces.

العضوية • المادة البكتيريا نشاط لضمانألفضل األفضل هي المغرقة ليس و المرطبة

للبكتيريا . نشاط

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Highly irrigation pile has the best M.O activity. (False)

• Normally component, of pile should have 40-60% as water as incase of green sources some weeds which seam to be dry but in fact it contains good water content in cells what at dryness of weeds→ water released. important to mix with moisture and avoid an aerobic cond.+ rough materials→imp. For aeration drain excess moisture.

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تبخر • فيحث ، الهواء مكان تحل الزائدة الرطوبة. روائح + هوائي ال

بالترطيب • قمنا و رطبة أعشاب لدينا كان إذاورق ) ، خشب جافة مصادر هناك يكوم أن يجباألعشاب( أنواع بعض ، الزائدة الرطوبة لتمتصعند المائي المحتوى قليلة أو جافة تبدوا التيلذلك و المتوقع من أكبر ماء كمية تصدر التبخر

الجافة . المصادر مع جيدا تمزج أن يجب

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• Peak structure of pile is important to↓ water

absorption while concave one Increase water

absorbing quantity especially at rain condition→

an aerobic condition.

فأي • ، لألعلى محدب الكومة شكل يكون أن يجبالكومة ) ( في يتجمع لن ري ، أمطار نازل ماء

الحواف . على ينزلق يل

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We can enrichment pile with water by :

• Mixing at raining days or moisten during mix.الكومة- 1 خلط و بقلب أقوم ممطرا الجو كان إذا

المطر . تحت• Fixing pipes inside pile connected to valves to

open water and close →dry leaves need =30 gallons of water per each 1m3of these leaves.

مع- 2 مرتبطة تكون و الكومة داخل في األنابيب نثبتماء . مصدر

إلى تحتاج الجافة األوراق لكل 30عادة .3م1جالون

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4 -pH: • optimum rang for m.o. activity is 5.5-8.5pH →good

decomposition. But released of Organic acid in early stage of decomposition process →↓in ph → development of parasites, lignin, cellulose. If ph ↓to 4.5 ↓ activity of M.O. →mix+ ventilation is important to return back with ph to (5.5-8.5) or add lime to rise ph.

التخمر • من األولى المراحل في للتانينات صدور يحدثإلى الحموضة نزول إلى يؤدي مما 4.5مما أقل أو

البكتيريا . نشاط يوقف أو يقللأو .. • تربة أو الجير بوضع الحموضة رفع طريقة

مستواها ... إلى الحموضة يعيد الكومة خلط و كالسيومالطبيعي .

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5 -Balance of N element:

• Proper Q. of P, K, N, and micro (Ca, Fe, Brom) is imp. For continuity of M.O activity this can be realized by diversification تنوع in pile component that provide good level of each N element

التوازن • يتحقق ، العناصر لجميع بحاجة البكتيرياب البكتريا لحاجات

• Diversification .

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*Check of decomposition process:

• To ensure right process by checking temp. Daily from various position in the pile.

• Moisture content weekly.

الترطيب ) • المائي المحتوى على الحفاظ المهم منأسبوعيا (

• Physical character and changes in it.

أم • كبيرة قطع زالت ما هل الفيزيائية الخواصحبيبات . أصبحت

• Evolvement of odor.

الكومة • إذا ، الكريهة الروائح أطالق توقف إذاجاهزة . أصبحت

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• → most import. is temp where at low levels of temp. →indicates ↑RH% in pile+ anaerobic process. ↓moisture content + ↓C:N ratio →never get 50ْC -70ْC in start time after decomposition.

• At this moment, physical check is procedure to find out, weather, anaerobic condition or compactness of certain part or bad odor or excess moisture or black to green color of certain part of the pile.

• Good aeration can avoid a previous points.

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• C:N ratio in pile it is affect by types of components

• Optimum ratio for effective + continuous decomposition is 30:1

• At C:N more C slow rate, Since N needed by M.O is low

• At C:N more ammonification of N into atmosphere as ammonia gas of bad odor. Normally green branches, growths (leaves) demonstrate N% while brown, dry parts of plants show C%

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: تكون عندما • عالي رطوبة معدل قليلة الحرارةهوائي← ال تحلل

لن : • مخفضة النيتروجين الكربون نسبة إذاكانتحرارة درجة على مئوية 80-70أحصل درجة

ال • و الكومة حرارة درجة في خلل هناك كان إذا: الفيزيائية الخواص بفحص نقوم السبب ما ندري

تعفن- ) (1• هوائي ال تنفس هناك كان إذاتهوية- .2• يوجد فال تراصسيئة- .3• رائحةالرطوبة- .4• في زيادةعدم- ) 5• و حرق على يدل أسود أو أخضر لون

تحلل ( .

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O. MatterC:N ratioO. MatterC:N ratio

Green weed20:1O. manure(in general)

20:1

Food residues15:1Dry straw40:1

Cow manure20:1Vegetable residues

12-20:1

Horse manure 35:1Alfalfa straw13:1

Tree leaves +green crop

40-80:1Apple residues20:1

Paper17:1Corn straw60:1

Woods700:1Fruit residues35:1

Small weeds25:1Fresh poultry manure

10:1

Dry weed +leaves90:1

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Sing of compost stability:الدبال : نضج دالئل

• When it not possible to distinguish the original component except some of big branches.

في • الكومة مكونات بين التمييز الصعب من يصبحاألصل .

• Compost has granular structure, soil odor, & gray to dark brown color .

و • منفرة غير رائحة و محببة كتل شكل على تكونالغامق . البني و الرمادي بين ما لون

• Volume is decreased to ≈50%of original one.تقريبا .• النصف إلى الكموة حجم نقصان

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• Compost temp. : At temperate conditions: if temp. of humus is > than that of surrounded atmosphere to≈8°C still unstable

• من أقل الكومة منتصف في الدبال حرارة 8درجةالمحيط الجو من ، درجات

• الحرارة درجة المحيط 8إذا الجو من أعلى درجاتتعمل تزال ما البكتيريا ان يعني . هذا

• Breathing rate: Reflects the bioactivity can be determined by Solvita test ((measuring ammonia content or by CO2 content as evolved gases.)). Less than 5mg of CO2/g of humus /day: stable

• من أكثر إذا ، البكتيريا نشاط على تدل التنفس درجةنستخدمها ) (5 ال ، نشاط يوجد يعني

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• Solvita: measuring B. activity by checking CO2 & ammonia

• : البكتيريا نشاط درجة عن تعبر التنفس درجة•CO2 من اقل نشاط 5المتصاعد يوجد ال•CO2 من اكثر نشاط 5المتصاعد يوجدمن • يطلق ما مدى لقياس االمونيا CO2 اختبار أو

الكومة : من غرام Solvitaلكل

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• 6. Duration of decomposition process: in aerobic condition: process takes 60-90 days to have it at finished stage and still not stable, So it need ≈ 90-120 days to reach stable stage even could reach to 6months before being used.

ال • التخمر O2بوجود عملية حتى 90-60تأخذ يومللوصول , شهر تتركه ثم النضج مرحلة إلى تصل

االستعمال درجة الىال • وجود إلى O2عدم يستعمل 6يصل حتى أشهر

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• 7. C:N ratio: normally C:N ratio as compost become mature in its way to be stable. So C:N of 30:1 should be at early stages of compositing, this reduces step by step to be at stable stage ≈10:1 up to 14:1. At 20:1 still not stable & certain N is released.

•C:N ratio الزمن مع تصل )تتغير أن 14:1أو 10:1إلىالنسبة: ( تكون عندما أما لالستعمال فال 20:1صالح

العضوية المادة استخدام يمكن• STABLE: it release N element slowly & proper with

plant need.مع • يتناسب بما ببطء للعناصر واطالق تخمر يوجد ال

النباتات حاجات• MATURITY: phytotoxicity of organic acid +

ammonia → burning of seedling.قتل • إلى يؤدي مما السامة للغازات اطالق هناك زال ما

البادرات .

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The mature composts ready to be used by the plant .( false )

• If final C:N ratio is ≥ 30:1 the releasing rate of N & fix it in soil & so its eff. into plant.

النبات • وتنافس حية البكتيريا تبقى وبالتاليال تو نقص أعراض النبات Nظهر على

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• 8. Germination tests of seed and plants.

• Radish seeds that show high germination rate

are used if % of 75 or more is recorded as

normally germinating seedlings

compost stable & good to used.

Otherwise toxic materials could kill the embryo

or burn germinating part (veg)

Abnormal & dead seedling.

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• Growing plants that show ↑ growth rate at the humus indicate the type & richness with N elements. Good growth rate humus is stable & of good characters.

• In lab: rate of growth & development of root cells in comparison to control is an indication for humus stability.

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سريع • نمو تعطي التي البذور من أنواع استخدام يمكنخالل إنبات يعطي الذي الفجل مثل قصيرة فترات 4خالل

أيام.التجربة • بعمل ،وتتضمن 4نقوم النتائج من للتأكد مرات

( البذور مع الدبال خلط ( 100التجربة / وتوضع تجربة بذرةحرارة درجة على الحاضنة اإلضاءة 15في فترة ونحدد

.4وبعد اإلنبات نسبة نحسب أيامالطبيعي • فوق وليس طبيعي اإلنبات يكون أن يجب• % من اكبر اإلنبات كان الدبال% 75إذا .stableيكونالخضراء • األجزاء تحرق أو الجنين تقتل السامة المواد• ) ( استجابة تظهر التي الخيار النباتات بعض زراعة يمكن

. لالستعمال الكومة صالحية يحدد وهذا الكومة على عالية• : ألخر يوم من الجذور خاليا نمو معدل مقارنة المختبر في

شاهد ) نبات (controlمع

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• 9. Experienced farmers can investigate by experience the characters of humus stability.

أن • الدبال على الحكم من تمكنه المزارع خبرةذلك غير أو لالستعمال صالح كان

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How to be used at stable stage: االستخدام كيفية

• It is used to improve soil texture & nutritional status by being mixed with soil (soil plowing) since if left at soil surface → portion of N element will be lost by rainfall or sun effects.

• After being distributed plowing soil up to 10cm depth, where a lot of N elements will be available for newly developed roots in that zone.

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واغنائها • التربة تركيب خواص لتحسين يستخدمبعد مباشرة توزيعه طريق عن الغذائية بالمواد

لعمق التربة مع المزج مع .10الحرث سم مع • خاصة السطح على الدبال ترك عدم يجب

غسيل له يحدث ال لكي األمطار وجودنخسر • ال حتى الشمس الشعة تعرضه عدم يجب

N

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• If not to be used directly then can be stored to avoid –ve effects of rain, sun by covering it with straw or saw particles

• During storing period certain elements will be depleted so planting prostrated plants rate of elements loss

السطحية • والطبقة معين موقع في التخزينالبالستيك آو الخشب نشارة آو بالقش تغطى

ال تحرر عدم على تعرض Nللمحافظة بفعل. وللشمس المباشر للهواء الكومة

زاحفة • نباتات زراعة يمكن التخزين عملية خاللوتقلل الجوية للعوامل تعرضه وتمنع الذبال تغطي

. العناصر فقدان من

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IN addition to its advantages in:من نحففها التي الفوائد

الكومة استخدام– Covering the soil– Soil texture & structure – O.M content which proper to vegetable

cultivation (need rich soil).– Humus can be used to avoid soil erosion – soil water content– Fungi cultivation – food for fish

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التربة • تغطيةالتربة • قوام تحسينالعضوية • بالمواد التربة إغناءالتربة • انجراف منعللماء • التربة احتواء زيادةالمظلمة + • الغرف في وخاصة الفطر زراعة

عالية نسبية رطوبةلألسماك • غذاء

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• -Natural liquid fertilizer (plant tea) liquid fertilizer is made to provide plant in fast manure with sufficient quantity of natural fertilizer during grow season

• Liquid one can be used after 2-3 week from decomposition while humus after 3-6 weeks

• Liquid seams to be not necessary at O. farming system since highly available (for plant and not soil ) but in some cases liquid is the only solution:

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• when root expose to damage where cant take enough quantity from nutrient provided by humus at this case liquid is important as fast fertilizer

• also when plant are cultivated in limited spaces as pots

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Materials required to make liquid fertilizer:

• Poultry manure which should be free saw particle .

أو. 1• الفرشة من خالي وهو الدجاج زبلالنجارة . و الخشب

• Rabbit manure.

• Strong rob قوي and thick woody piece or حبلstem of strong branches

• Sack of strong fiber ≈ 50kg capacity.

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• put the poultry or rabbit manure in the sack then

hang the suck with the wood piece in tank or

container full with water and cover it.

• Or chopping of branches, green leaves and

arrange them in the container full with water

and cover to↓ evaporation rate leave the

immersed O.M for 15 days mix or move suck

each 2 days inside container

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15 days later:• liquid black color by washing most of plant

part presents in container or in sack of manure , dilute the liquid at rate of 1 solution ; 2 pure water add diluted liquid around stem of plant and not over the leaves for period of 2-3 weeks which supposed to be efficient in fertilizing plant

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أ :-• الطريقةالتحريك • مع وعاء في الموجود الماء في الكيس غمس

. الوعاء تغطية ويجب الماء في السماد ذوبان يتمبعد • فيه بالسقي نقوم الصافي السماد نأخذ ما بعد

المجموع لمس يتم ال أن الحذر يجب التخفيف،األوراق لمس إذا ، الساق حول نسقي بل ، الخضري

التمثيل تقليل إلى يؤدي مما تلون و حرق يحدثالضوئي .

الري • خطوط في نضيفه قد جيد بشكل مصفي كان إذا

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-: ب طريقةالدجاج + + • مخلفات العضوية المواد نقطع

إلى = كيس بدون معا خزان في نضعهم األرانبو أسبوعين لمدة فوقهم الماء نضيف ثم النصف

بنسبة نخففه الناتج ماء 2سماد، 1، 2:1السمادأسود . السماد لون ،

ما • كل ألخذ السماد أخذ بعد اإلناء بغسل نقوم . يتبقى قد

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4-Bed of raised animals• When animal are raised in borax, under these

animal abed of saw particles is spreading that

renewed weekly to absorb animals urine.

بول • على تحتوي بطبقة مفروشة اإلسطبالت ( + + ، أخشاب الفرشة الروث الحيوانات

جافة ( . أعشاب ، نشارة

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• In addition to saw the bed could include also weed, plant leaves or mixer of all. This bed is normally mixed with animal manure to form good mixture of compost that retain any component from loss and protect the dryness compost.

دائم • و جيد مصدر فهي ، أسبوعيا تتجدد الفرشةكل أو أسبوع كل الدبال اصدار إلى يؤدي مما ،

أسبوعين .

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• with weekly change of bed, good accumulative quantity to make pile weekly, moistening them and cover with soil layer, check temp. and mixing it + moistening every 2-3 week → good quantity of compost can be made

• compost can be produced without processing, but takes long time since it is slowly occur. In this case the following points should be under control:

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• avoid N loss to atmosphere .

• good quantity of moisture in compost.

• proper mixing of all component .

الدبال • صناعة عند االعتبار بعين أخذه يجب ماطبيعيا :-

أو. 1• التراب من بطبقة مغطاة الكومة تكون أن يجبالنيتروجين . فقدان لعدم ذلك و ، البالستيك أ القش

•2 ) الماء. ) الرطوبة من جيدة كمية وجود على الحرص.

فترة. 3• كل بين الجيد المزج و الخلط على الحرصوأخرى

العملية • هذه تأخذ .10قد أشهر

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Crop Rotation - :الزراعية الدورات

المثالية:-• sequence cultivation of crop according to

scientific bases that depends on selecting different, crop for season to each part of the land so it sequencing the time (season) and in filed (each part of land)

من ) • الواحدة األرض في المحاصيل تتابع عمليةلمواسم ( علمي بمنطق نباتية أو موسمية ناحية

. محاصيل لعدة مختلفة

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• Crop rotation could be every 3 or 4 or 5 sequences (seasons) depending or no of crops to be included.

• Crop rotation; should planted and take in consider

أو • أربعة أو ثالثة الواحدة القطعة على يمر قدما 5حتى يشابه محصول نزرع حتى مواسم

. األول الموسم في زرع

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• -Cultivation season. • -Land or part to be plant • -Food requirement of farmer family so planning

could take number of years but as proper system is knows could follow for ever

ثابتة، • أسس على يتم أن يجب الزراعية الدورات بناء-: االعتبار بعين وأخذ

ذو. ) ( 1• نبات أو صيفي أو شتوي العمل موسمموسمين .

األرض. ) 2• تقسيم األرض من استخدامه المراد الجزء) واحدة قطعة أم قطع إلى

من. ) 3• الكثير يعتمد حيث الغذائية المنزل احتياجاتللغذاء ( أرضهم على المزارعين

Page 182: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Main purposes of crop rotation:

• increase soil fertilizer and proper used of nutrients.

• decrease soil erosion.

• decrease incidence of weed diffusion.

• decrease infection with pests.

• increase production and quality.

• decrease the risk of exposing into loss as a result of cultivation of one crop

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الدورات في تحقيقها الواجب األهدافالزراعية :-

أحسن. 1 توفير مع الغذائية بالمواد التربة اغناءالمواد . لهذه استثمار

التربة. .2 انجراف تقليل3. األعشاب. انتشار تقليلالحشرات. .4 و األمراض انتشار من التقليلالنوعية. .5 و اإلنتاج زيادةالمحاصيل. . 6 لتنوع ذلك و المخاطرة تقليل

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• Vegetables can be subdivided into 4 groups according to fertilizer demand:

إلى الخضراوات الحتياجاتها 4تقسم وفقا مجموعات: السماد من

• Heavy demands : That absorb high quantity of fertilizers from the soil than others such as:

– Intensive vegetative growth = egg plant– Leafy vegetables = cabbage, spinach, green onion &

celery. Where their leaves are harvested

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كثيف • بشكل التربة تستنزفالنباتات ← • مثل كبيرة كميات الى النباتات تحتاج

. المكثفة الزراعة ذات•) الطبيعي) من اكثر النباتات من عدد زراعة ايالورقية • النباتات او•. , , , االخضر, البصل سبانخ زهرة ملفوف خس•. عالية كثافةالورقيات.•

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• Medium demands: fruiting crops which need

noticed quantity of fertilizers, but less than

leafy crops such as: tomato, pepper,

cucumber & potato.

•. , : خيار, بطاطا مثل الورقية من اقل الثمرية

• Slight demands: root crops as carrot, sweet

potato, radish & turnip.

الجذرية•

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• Leguminous crop: that fix N from the atmosphere (by Rhizobium bacteria presented in nodules attached to root system ) to the soil → better N status B. bean, kidney bean, peas, chick peas & lima bean.

البقولية: ••. بالنيتروجين التربة اوتغني للتربة اضافتها ممكن•. التربة ← وضع يتحسن الزراعة بعد• , , , , لوبيا , الحمص البازيالء الفاصولياء الفول

. برسيم, الفاالفا

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• Important basics to be followed or established in crop rotation system:

افضل • لعمل اتباعها يجب اساسية قواعدالدورات:

• Do not sequence crops of same family in same soil or land pieces since between crops there are common diseases.

متتال • بشكل العائلة نفس من محاصيل تزرع المشتركة امراض لوجود وهذا التربة نفس في

. الواحدة العائلة محاصيل بين

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• Do not plant same crop at same land piece in a sequent manner, crop rotation can decrease the incident of some diseases diffusion since same crop is not plant in same pieces of land in a sequent manner for group of years, ex: watermelon if its cultivation is repeated in same land →80% of plants will infected by Fuzarium wilt , but if plant alternatively with Barley : Fuzarium wilt ↓ up to 30% & melon planted after 2 years of field crops cultivation (wheat, barley,……)→ elimination of Fuzarium wilt.

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في • متتاليين موسمين في النبات نفس تزرع ال. االرض نفس

فان : • تكرر اذا البطيخ النباتات% 80مثال من: بمرض ستصاب

•Fuzaruim wilt.االصابة • يقلل ذلك فان الشعير مع زرع اذا اما

الى %30لتصلفمن • الحقلية المحاصيل من سنتين بعد زرع وإذا

السيطرة المرض الممكن على

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– After planting of heavy demand crops to fertilizer it preferred to plant Leguminous crops to fix N or to be followed by slight demands crops.

الكبير • االحتياج ذات المحاصيل زراعة بعدنتبعها او بقوليات زراعة يفضل للسماد

. االسمدة من الخفيفة االحتياجات بمحاصيل

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– Deep root crops are to be cultivated after these of shallow root system.

بعد • العميقة الجذور ذات المحاصيل نزرع. الضحلة الجذور ذات المحاصيل

– Weak competitors to weeds, are to be planted after crops where their biological characters (shading) & mode of cultivation (mulch) would decrease weeds diffusion.

بيولوجيا • االعشاب تقلل التي المحاصيل نزرعنزرع ثم منافستها على القدرة ولديها

االعشاب منافسة على قدرة االقل المحاصيل.) البصل) مثل

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• To start the crop rotation system by heavy demands (leafy) to which compost is added, then 2ndly with Leguminous crop to increase ↑ N in soil + some compost to be added, then fruit crop + good quantity of compost in 3rd season & finally at 4th season root crops without compost addition since these crops will use nutrients of remained compost from previous cultivation crops. At this case you are subdivided your land into 4 pieces & within this system of crop rotation each piece would receive good quantity of compost for 2 times out of four growing seasons →all pieces will be of better fertilizing status.

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مثال:•/6-4عالي )Compostورقي ←• م( 2كغكغ1محدودة Compostبقولي←•كغ( 6-4عالية )Compostثمري←•نضع← • ال Compost×جذري

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أربعة إلى مقسمة ارض قطعةأجزاء

رقم 1الفصل 2الفصل 3الفصل 4الفصل القطعة

Rooting crops without compost

Fruiting crops + good quantity of compost

) 6-4kg\m2)

Leguminous crops + low quantity of compost

)1kg /2م(

Leafy crops + good quantity of compost

) 6-4kg\m2)

1

Leguminous crops + low quantity of compost

)1kg /2م(

Leafy crops + good quantity of compost

(6-4kg\m2(

Rooting crops without compost

Fruiting crops + good quantity of compost) 6-4kg\m2)

2

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رقم 1الفصل 2الفصل 3الفصل 4الفصل القطعة

Leafy crops + good quantity of compost

) 6-4kg\m2)

Rooting crops without compost

Fruiting crops + good quantity of compost

) 6-4kg\m2)

Leguminous crops + low quantity of compost

)1kg /2م(

3

Fruiting crops + good quantity of compost

) 6-4kg\m2)

Leguminous crops +

low quantity

of compost

)1kg /2م(

Leafy crops + good quantity of compost

) 6-4kg\m2)

Rooting crops without compost

4

شأنه من وذلك السنة من الواحد الفصل خالل بالمحاصيل تنوع وجود الجدول هذا من نالحظبتغييب + + ) المرض حياة دورة قطع اإلنتاج في تبادل على الحصول التربة على الحفاظ

. األعشاب( + مكافحة العائل

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في: 6 موجودة حية كائنات:التربة إلى وتقسم

الخلد : )• مثل )moles)الثدييات الفار ،mouse )،((rates)الجرذان التربة.) تهوية في مهمة

•) التربة ) أرضية في : Earthworms ديدانمن العديد تفقد التقليدية حالةالزراعة

عند الديدان هذه معظم فقدان يتم مزاياهاحيثالخاطئة الحراثة طريق عن أو التربة تعقيم

نقل على تعمل التي العميقة الحراثة وخاصةطريق عن أو السطح إلى األعماق من الديدان

أعدادها من تقلل التي الكيماويات استخدام

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التربة : ديدان أهميةدبال – إلى وتحولها النباتات بقايا تخمر في تساعدخالل – من امتصاصه و التربة في الماء اختراق تحسين

الديدان تصنعها التي األخاديدلتحسين – قابلة مواد الديدان للتربة pHتفرزالطبقات – في خاصة المتحللة الغذائية العناصر رفع

خالل من وذلك الجذور من قريبة وجعلها السفليةامتصاص وتسهيل لألخاديد وصنعها الديدان حركة

للعناصر الجذوررطوبة ) + – تهوية التربة، لزوجة الظروف هذه جميع

ال( تنشط في M.Oجيدة النيماتود ديدان من وتقللالتربة

Page 199: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

: للنقاط شرح

دبال • الى النباتات بقايا تحويلمع • تمزج لزجة مادة تفرز للديدان الهضمي الجهاز

ذراع عمله في يشبه وهو الدبال ليعطي النبات بقايا . تحسين على يعمل وهذا الدبال تخلط التي الماكنة

+ وبالتالي العضوية المادة تماسك زيادة الهضم عمليةتم الذي من افضل الديدان من الناتج الدبال جودة

تصنيعه.• : : التربة، الماء الهواء بين ما التوازن من نوع تحقق

وبالتالي االتجاهات جميع في الديدان حركة خالل من. التربة مكونات بين توازن تحقيق

الحرارة • أو الكيماويات خالل من الديدان قتل تم إذاتهوية ) مستمرة حراثة إلى نحتاج فإننا المرتفعة

تحت( صخرية طبقات يعمل وهذا اصطناعيةويصعب تهويتها يصعب التي المحروثة الطبقات

. لها الجذور اختراق

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في • القنوات عدد زيادة على الديدان تعملواستيعاب االمتصاص زيادة وبالتالي التربة

للمياه . افضل تصريف تحقق أيضا وهي الماءالمطلوب الماء بذلك فيبقى الزائدة

التربة • تحريك إلى نحتاج الديدان غياب في أماوتهوية للماء افضل اختراق على للحصول

مناسبة.الكربونيك • حامض وخاصة الديدان إفرازات

ال على للحفاظ حول pHمهمة التربة 7في

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في • تسهم األعلى إلى األسفل من الديدان حركةالتي السفلية الطبقات من الغذائية العناصر نقل

لتكون العلوية الطبقات إلى تحلل فيها تحدثالجذور من لالمتصاص جاهزية اكثر

العلوية • الطبقات اغناء إلى بديل هنالك يكن لم إنغذائية مواد إضافة فيجب العضوية بالمادة

الجهاز • في تمر التي التربة أن التجارب أظهرتعلى تحتوي للديدان الجاهزة P, Kالهضمي

ال التي التربة من اكبر عالية بنسبة لالمتصاصالهضمي بالجهاز تمر

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تثبت • والتي القنوات حول تبني التي البكتيرياجدا Nال كبير عددها يكون

المخاطية )– هذه Pituitary material)المادة فيظروف وتوفر البكتيريا لغذاء جيد مصدر القنواتتحتوي أن يمكن ألنها الحية الكائنات لحياة افضل

فعالية Nعلى من تنشط بالتالي و بروتين أو M.Oال

تحسين – هنالك التسميد و الحراثة طريق عن + جهة من ولكن الجيدة التهوية التربة لخواص

للتربة المفيدة الديدان أعداد من نقلل أخرىالجذورواشعيرات – تقطيع على تعمل الحراثة

عليها + المتواجدة الديدان أعداد تقليل الجذرية

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اقل • عدد تحتوي األرضية بالديدان الغنية التربةالمالئمة الظروف تحقق الديدان الن النيماتود من

النيماتود لتقليل وبالتالي النافعة اعداد لزيادة + للتربة جيدة مقاومة جيد صحي مستوى وبالتالي

تعقيم : • عمل عند الديدان من الخالية التربةنعمل الكيماوية المواد استخدام عند أو للتربة

ال جميع على القضاء كانت M.Oعلى سواء . حماية في تبقى االشتال ولمن ضارة أو نافعة

لعدم بالمرض أخرى مرة تصاب ثم معينة لفترةوبائي المرض يصبح وبالتالي منافسة وجود

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6 -Living organisms in soil:

• A- Mammals: as mice, rates, moles →

aeration

• B- Earth worms : There are a lot

advantages for them which neglected in

conve. cultivation system since continuous

plowing, using chemicals lead for

minimization or elimination of them

( fumigation by M.B.)

Page 205: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

From advantages of earth worm :

1- Decomposition of remained plant parts→ humus.

2- Improve soil to water penetration, absorption.

3- Adjustment soil Ph as realize better water absorption and soil movement.

4- Rises the N.elements from deep soil layers to where roots are presented to be more available and easier to absorb.

5- Activate the M.O. of soil and decrease nematode number in soil.

Page 206: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

في موجودة حية كائناتإلى وتقسم :التربة •( : الخلد مثل )moles)الثدييات الفار ،mouse )،

((rates)الجرذان التربة.) تهوية في مهمة•) ( التربة أرضية : Earthworms ديدان في

من العديد تفقد التقليدية حالةالزراعةالديدان هذه معظم فقدان يتم مزاياهاحيثالحراثة طريق عن أو التربة تعقيم عندتعمل التي العميقة الحراثة وخاصة الخاطئةأو السطح إلى األعماق من الديدان نقل علىمن تقلل التي الكيماويات استخدام طريق عن

أعدادها

Page 207: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

التربة : ديدان أهميةدبال – إلى وتحولها النباتات بقايا تخمر في تساعد

من – امتصاصه و التربة في الماء اختراق تحسينالديدان تصنعها التي األخاديد خالل

لتحسين – قابلة مواد الديدان للتربة pHتفرز

الطبقات – في خاصة المتحللة الغذائية العناصر رفعخالل من وذلك الجذور من قريبة وجعلها السفليةامتصاص وتسهيل لألخاديد وصنعها الديدان حركة

للعناصر الجذور

رطوبة ) + – تهوية التربة، لزوجة الظروف هذه جميعال( تنشط في M.Oجيدة النيماتود ديدان من وتقلل

التربة

Page 208: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Let us take them one by one in detail:

1- Converting remaining parts of plants to humus. Action of gastric system in earth worm looks like that of mixing tube in compost processing, where earth worm mix the remain parts with the secreted materials which include useful materials + M.O. that improve compost characters → better compost quality than that processed.

2- Soil mixing: Earth worm can improve soil characters by realizing better portion of air: water: soil for higher growth rate of plants.

Page 209: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• Without earth worms, soil needs continuous plowing with various types of plowers → compactness of soil → not easy for root to grow and for water to penetrate.

• 3- Improving soil penetration to water: Earth worms increase number of channels in soil → increase capacity of soil to absorb water, drain excess water, so if earth worm is absent, techniques for improving penetration are to be followed (rotivation).

• 4- Adjust soil pH: residues of earth worms are of pH about 7 so these residues when mix with soil → = 7

Page 210: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• 5- Taking up to nutrient elements from deep layers to be available for plant absorption.

• Experiments showed that soil which pass the gastric system of earth worms contains more quantities of phosphor and potassium ready to be absorbed than what presented in soil before being passed in gastric channel of that worm.

• 6- Activate M.O. in soil: it is proved that the bacteria of fixing nitrogen presented with more number on roots around channels made by earth worm where pituitary material secreted by earth worm on surfaces of channels is very good food and proper environment or ambient for bacterial living.

Page 211: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• Aim o plowing and fertilization the soil is to have good root growing, good fine soil but in same time destroy a lot of roots and root hairs → decrease bacterial activity over these destroyed soil.

• 7- Decrease number of nematodes: soil rich with earth worm contains less number of nematodes than that not have worms.

Page 212: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• * Earth worm is indication for good soil that contains a wide spectrum of benefit organism in soil.

• Also soil free from worm should be fumigated with chemicals that eliminate all soil M.O. (harms and benefits) → protects seedling at early stages then degree of protection decreases gradually, and so destructive as nematode when reactivate will be of sever epidemic case for the absence of antagonistic effects from benefits.

Page 213: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

: للنقاط شرحدبال • الى النباتات بقايا تحويلمع • تمزج لزجة مادة تفرز للديدان الهضمي الجهاز

ذراع عمله في يشبه وهو الدبال ليعطي النبات بقايا . تحسين على يعمل وهذا الدبال تخلط التي الماكنة + وبالتالي العضوية المادة تماسك زيادة الهضم عمليةتم الذي من افضل الديدان من الناتج الدبال جودة

تصنيعه.• : : التربة، الماء الهواء بين ما التوازن من نوع تحقق

وبالتالي االتجاهات جميع في الديدان حركة خالل من. التربة مكونات بين توازن تحقيق

الحرارة • أو الكيماويات خالل من الديدان قتل تم إذا ( تهوية مستمرة حراثة إلى نحتاج فإننا المرتفعةتحت( صخرية طبقات يعمل وهذا اصطناعيةويصعب تهويتها يصعب التي المحروثة الطبقات

. لها الجذور اختراق

Page 214: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

في • القنوات عدد زيادة على الديدان تعملواستيعاب االمتصاص زيادة وبالتالي التربة

للمياه . افضل تصريف تحقق أيضا وهي الماءالمطلوب الماء بذلك فيبقى الزائدة

التربة تحريك إلى نحتاج الديدان غياب في أماوتهوية للماء افضل اختراق على للحصول

مناسبة.

الكربونيك • حامض وخاصة الديدان إفرازاتال على للحفاظ حول pHمهمة التربة 7في

Page 215: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

في • تسهم األعلى إلى األسفل من الديدان حركةالتي السفلية الطبقات من الغذائية العناصر نقللتكون العلوية الطبقات إلى تحلل فيها تحدث

الجذور من لالمتصاص جاهزية اكثرالعلوية • الطبقات اغناء إلى بديل هنالك يكن لم إن

غذائية مواد إضافة فيجب العضوية بالمادةالجهاز • في تمر التي التربة أن التجارب أظهرت

على تحتوي للديدان الجاهزة P, Kالهضميال التي التربة من اكبر عالية بنسبة لالمتصاص

الهضمي بالجهاز تمرال • تثبت والتي القنوات حول تبني التي البكتيريا

N جدا كبير عددها يكون

Page 216: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

المخاطية )– هذه Pituitary material)المادة فيظروف وتوفر البكتيريا لغذاء جيد مصدر القنواتتحتوي أن يمكن ألنها الحية الكائنات لحياة افضل

ال Nعلى فعالية من تنشط بالتالي و بروتين M.Oأو

لخواص – تحسين هنالك التسميد و الحراثة طريق عننقلل+ أخرى جهة من ولكن الجيدة التهوية التربة

للتربة المفيدة الديدان أعداد منالجذرية – الجذورواشعيرات تقطيع على تعمل الحراثة

عليها+ المتواجدة الديدان أعداد تقليل

Page 217: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

اقل • عدد تحتوي األرضية بالديدان الغنية التربةالظروف تحقق الديدان الن النيماتود منلتقليل وبالتالي النافعة اعداد لزيادة المالئمة + مقاومة جيد صحي مستوى وبالتالي النيماتود

للتربة جيدة• : تعقيم عمل عند الديدان من الخالية التربة

نعمل الكيماوية المواد استخدام عند أو للتربةال جميع على القضاء كانت M.Oعلى سواء

. حماية في تبقى االشتال ولمن ضارة أو نافعةبالمرض أخرى مرة تصاب ثم معينة لفترةالمرض يصبح وبالتالي منافسة وجود لعدم

وبائي

Page 218: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

6 -Living organisms in soil:

• A- Mammals: as mice, rates, moles →

aeration

• B- Earth worms : There are a lot

advantages for them which neglected in

conve. cultivation system since continuous

plowing, using chemicals lead for

minimization or elimination of them

( fumigation by M.B.)

Page 219: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

From advantages of earth worm :

1- Decomposition of remained plant parts→ humus.

2- Improve soil to water penetration, absorption.

3- Adjustment soil Ph as realize better water absorption and soil movement.

4- Rises the N.elements from deep soil layers to where roots are presented to be more available and easier to absorb.

5- Activate the M.O. of soil and decrease nematode number in soil.

Page 220: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

في موجودة حية كائناتإلى وتقسم :التربة •( : الخلد مثل )moles)الثدييات الفار ،mouse )،

((rates)الجرذان التربة.) تهوية في مهمة•) ( التربة أرضية : Earthworms ديدان في

من العديد تفقد التقليدية حالةالزراعةالديدان هذه معظم فقدان يتم مزاياهاحيثالحراثة طريق عن أو التربة تعقيم عندتعمل التي العميقة الحراثة وخاصة الخاطئةأو السطح إلى األعماق من الديدان نقل علىمن تقلل التي الكيماويات استخدام طريق عن

أعدادها

Page 221: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

التربة : ديدان أهميةدبال – إلى وتحولها النباتات بقايا تخمر في تساعد

من – امتصاصه و التربة في الماء اختراق تحسينالديدان تصنعها التي األخاديد خالل

لتحسين – قابلة مواد الديدان للتربة pHتفرز

الطبقات – في خاصة المتحللة الغذائية العناصر رفعخالل من وذلك الجذور من قريبة وجعلها السفليةامتصاص وتسهيل لألخاديد وصنعها الديدان حركة

للعناصر الجذور

رطوبة ) + – تهوية التربة، لزوجة الظروف هذه جميعال( تنشط في M.Oجيدة النيماتود ديدان من وتقلل

التربة

Page 222: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Let us take them one by one in detail:

1- Converting remaining parts of plants to humus. Action of gastric system in earth worm looks like that of mixing tube in compost processing, where earth worm mix the remain parts with the secreted materials which include useful materials + M.O. that improve compost characters → better compost quality than that processed.

2- Soil mixing: Earth worm can improve soil characters by realizing better portion of air: water: soil for higher growth rate of plants.

Page 223: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• Without earth worms, soil needs continuous plowing with various types of plowers → compactness of soil → not easy for root to grow and for water to penetrate.

• 3- Improving soil penetration to water: Earth worms increase number of channels in soil → increase capacity of soil to absorb water, drain excess water, so if earth worm is absent, techniques for improving penetration are to be followed (rotivation).

• 4- Adjust soil pH: residues of earth worms are of pH about 7 so these residues when mix with soil → = 7

Page 224: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• 5- Taking up to nutrient elements from deep layers to be available for plant absorption.

• Experiments showed that soil which pass the gastric system of earth worms contains more quantities of phosphor and potassium ready to be absorbed than what presented in soil before being passed in gastric channel of that worm.

• 6- Activate M.O. in soil: it is proved that the bacteria of fixing nitrogen presented with more number on roots around channels made by earth worm where pituitary material secreted by earth worm on surfaces of channels is very good food and proper environment or ambient for bacterial living.

Page 225: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• Aim o plowing and fertilization the soil is to have good root growing, good fine soil but in same time destroy a lot of roots and root hairs → decrease bacterial activity over these destroyed soil.

• 7- Decrease number of nematodes: soil rich with earth worm contains less number of nematodes than that not have worms.

Page 226: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• * Earth worm is indication for good soil that contains a wide spectrum of benefit organism in soil.

• Also soil free from worm should be fumigated with chemicals that eliminate all soil M.O. (harms and benefits) → protects seedling at early stages then degree of protection decreases gradually, and so destructive as nematode when reactivate will be of sever epidemic case for the absence of antagonistic effects from benefits.

Page 227: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

: للنقاط شرحدبال • الى النباتات بقايا تحويلمع • تمزج لزجة مادة تفرز للديدان الهضمي الجهاز

ذراع عمله في يشبه وهو الدبال ليعطي النبات بقايا . تحسين على يعمل وهذا الدبال تخلط التي الماكنة + وبالتالي العضوية المادة تماسك زيادة الهضم عمليةتم الذي من افضل الديدان من الناتج الدبال جودة

تصنيعه.• : : التربة، الماء الهواء بين ما التوازن من نوع تحقق

وبالتالي االتجاهات جميع في الديدان حركة خالل من. التربة مكونات بين توازن تحقيق

الحرارة • أو الكيماويات خالل من الديدان قتل تم إذا ( تهوية مستمرة حراثة إلى نحتاج فإننا المرتفعةتحت( صخرية طبقات يعمل وهذا اصطناعيةويصعب تهويتها يصعب التي المحروثة الطبقات

. لها الجذور اختراق

Page 228: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

في • القنوات عدد زيادة على الديدان تعملواستيعاب االمتصاص زيادة وبالتالي التربة

للمياه . افضل تصريف تحقق أيضا وهي الماءالمطلوب الماء بذلك فيبقى الزائدة

التربة تحريك إلى نحتاج الديدان غياب في أماوتهوية للماء افضل اختراق على للحصول

مناسبة.

الكربونيك • حامض وخاصة الديدان إفرازاتال على للحفاظ حول pHمهمة التربة 7في

Page 229: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

في • تسهم األعلى إلى األسفل من الديدان حركةالتي السفلية الطبقات من الغذائية العناصر نقللتكون العلوية الطبقات إلى تحلل فيها تحدث

الجذور من لالمتصاص جاهزية اكثرالعلوية • الطبقات اغناء إلى بديل هنالك يكن لم إن

غذائية مواد إضافة فيجب العضوية بالمادةالجهاز • في تمر التي التربة أن التجارب أظهرت

على تحتوي للديدان الجاهزة P, Kالهضميال التي التربة من اكبر عالية بنسبة لالمتصاص

الهضمي بالجهاز تمرال • تثبت والتي القنوات حول تبني التي البكتيريا

N جدا كبير عددها يكون

Page 230: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

المخاطية )– هذه Pituitary material)المادة فيظروف وتوفر البكتيريا لغذاء جيد مصدر القنواتتحتوي أن يمكن ألنها الحية الكائنات لحياة افضل

ال Nعلى فعالية من تنشط بالتالي و بروتين M.Oأو

لخواص – تحسين هنالك التسميد و الحراثة طريق عننقلل+ أخرى جهة من ولكن الجيدة التهوية التربة

للتربة المفيدة الديدان أعداد منالجذرية – الجذورواشعيرات تقطيع على تعمل الحراثة

عليها+ المتواجدة الديدان أعداد تقليل

Page 231: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

اقل • عدد تحتوي األرضية بالديدان الغنية التربةالظروف تحقق الديدان الن النيماتود منلتقليل وبالتالي النافعة اعداد لزيادة المالئمة + مقاومة جيد صحي مستوى وبالتالي النيماتود

للتربة جيدة• : تعقيم عمل عند الديدان من الخالية التربة

نعمل الكيماوية المواد استخدام عند أو للتربةال جميع على القضاء كانت M.Oعلى سواء

. حماية في تبقى االشتال ولمن ضارة أو نافعةبالمرض أخرى مرة تصاب ثم معينة لفترةالمرض يصبح وبالتالي منافسة وجود لعدم

وبائي

Page 232: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Methods of increasing number of earth warm in soil:

1- Planting of green coverage plants.

2- Using of compost and O.M. Fertilizers.

3- Minimizing tillage (plowing).

4- Keeping the soil surface covered with O.M> mulch + shallow tillage from time to time.

5- Fumigants + chemicals → minimum.

Page 233: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Factors affecting activity and number of earth worm:

1- Plowing: decrease number. In study in Britain (London), it was found that after 25 years of cultivation, number of worms decrease up to 80%.

Each deep tillage process kills 1% of total worms, while shallow one kills low No.

Page 234: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• Indirect effect to any tillage process is by increase compactness of soil → -ve effect on worm where below plowed zone (below 10 cm depth) → hard pan formation.

• Addition of O.M., planting coverage crop → improve ambient and provide food for worms and so decrease –ve effects of tillage.

Page 235: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• 2- Chemical Fertilizers: Their effects varied according to chemical type:

• For example: Ammonium sulfate destroys worm population, since decreases soil pH into acidic condition → could eliminate population totally.

• Additional of lime for acidic soil can overcome problem.

Page 236: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• 3- Pesticides: Also their effects varied according to type:

• A- Organic chloride, Organ phosphorous and Carbamates are very harmful to worms. In addition most of herbicides are not harmful to worms except if when affect –ve the food of worm.

• B- Fumigation: eliminate all organism (worms) → decrease nutrient element content, decrease soil permeability and fertility and kills benefit organisms in spite of being coasted about 100$/donum.

Page 237: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Worm improve soil characters for it surviving and reproduction + for maintaining nutrient availability so: it is best friend to farmer.

• C- Insects: most of them are benefit, few are plant feeders (pests), benefit insects mix and aerate soil and their residues are important for decomposer (M.O.)

• D- Micro-fauna: includes nematodes and unicellular most are useful, few are pest and parasites on M.O. and on plants roots (nematodes).

• E- Micro-flora: can do 60-80% of soil analyzing process and represent fundamental component of compost. They are fungi and yeast.

Page 238: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

How soil micro organism can affect on plants:

• 1- O.M. degradation and complex compounds

→ easy absorbing materials by plant,

converting elements of rocks into available

form to be absorbed .

• 2- Secreting of antibiotic as Penicillin that

can attach soil pest.

Page 239: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• 3- (a) Form interactive relation with plants: in

nodules of root of leguminous crops,

Rhizobium bacterial will live and take CHOs

from plants in order to fix atmospheric N. that

to be used by plant

• (b) Myorrhial fungi is living partially in

plant roots, take CHOs from plants and makes

P of rocks more easy to absorb.

Page 240: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Points of soil management to improve soil fauna activity: by creating healthy conditions for M.O.

life:1- Presence of energy source: from organic matter.2- Sources of food (principles and 2ndary).3- Good aeration for M.O. breathing. 4- Enough moisture to avoid dryness.5- Fine soil bed (granular, uniform, moistened).6- Soil pH of 6.5-6.8.7- Sufficient quantity of M.O. even at low temp. For example fungal M.O. are more adapted into low

temp. conditions than bacteria.

Page 241: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Management points that improve biological activity:

1- Shallow plowing that did not destroy structure and ensure aeration.

2- Presences of good irrigation and draining system to realize better soil moisture.

3- Increase the soil organic matter by crop rotation, green manure, recycling of organic residues into soil, additional of balanced nutritional elements (simple forms that are non toxic to M.O.)

4- Humus production to grow in it benefits organism which in turn activate humus production.

Page 242: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

How it can affect roots development:

1- Nitrogen release to soil and depending on soil in their food.→ acidic conditions.

2- CO2 release through out breathing process.

3- Release of gelatin material that decreases activity of harmful organisms and enhance roots to absorb directly nutrient elements from soil.

Page 243: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

7 )Intercropping and agricultural diversification:

• Planning to your farm → is the key for success towards

1- Diversified production. 2- Self sufficient.

3- Safety crops 4- Free from pest.

5-Has ability to compete other products.

6- And in the same time avoid soil degradation or crop damage by neutral factors as wind, frost, dry condition……. .

Page 244: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• * This can be only realized when all components of farm are integrated and interact together up to have efficient role of each component and act of various components → get certain objects.

Page 245: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

First- Diversification→

1- Control pest diffusion, distributing production a long most possible seasons of the year.

2- Decrease economic risks related to cultivation of unique crop which in same time → enhances (at intensive cultivation) diseases diffusion to level hardly to be controlled.

* Diversification: developmental of natural, healthy and economic system, could not induce stability but realizes (for sure0 the generation of benefit relations between various included types in system of diversification.

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*We have tow types of diversification:

1- Good type: examples:

A- Some weeds (Plantago الحمل attract (لسانinsect as Aphids.

It depends on selection of various plants in a careful manner

• to get protection from pest. These plants are arranged in the

• same land.

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• B- Productivity of diversified crop is higher than if planted alone.

• C- Diversification → could decrease effect of mechanization. Intensive growing parts → weeds elimination + repelling insects that prefer spacedplants

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2- Bad types: A- Some could decrease growth rate of

neighboring ones because of secreting wilting materials or antibiotic against other plants.

• Research is important to find out benefit relations → establish and to find bad relations → discard them (not to be followed)

B- Also infection of one crop could transfer pest to next one or to many crops in system because crop are connect by leaves, stem, roots are close (nematode and fungal wilts).

C- Also intensive → increase RH % → increase diseases.

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• Second - Intercropping: planting various plants together. Intercrops → delay and control pests diffusion since these plants each help, strength the other, or one crop develop in better rate than others beside them, example: (Urtica sp.) fixes N in soil and the leaves drop down analyze → humus of good fertility status + enhance earth worms activity → so beside plants to this weed → strong. Normally it is intercropped with crops contains oil as ment, sesame, salvia → increases it is oil production to 80%.

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Mechanism of action in intercropping:

1- Strengthen on each other: A- Some realize good environment condition

to beside crops and visa versa as wind breaks, provide good RH%, shading (protection) shaded plants beside upright growth plants.

B- Roots of some secret some materials and also leaves emit odors → strength besides. Some from leaves and roots secret chemicals → besides → stronger.

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C- Nitrogen fixation plants → besides benefit from fixed N.

D- Deep root plants withdraw water and element from deeper zones to surface layer as leaves drops analyses and provide N. element to shallow roots crops presented beside + filtration of some element from root of deeper portion where shallow roots are found.

E- Heavy demand plants beside fertilized plants to soil (leguminous).

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2- Repellents to insects: A- Ornamental plants of strong odor can

worry insects or repel them to other far from them. Also, Different forms of plants → worry insects→ intercropping → variation in forms → decrease pests.

B- Some of intercropped are not preferred by insects → repel insects especially if planted around crop.

C- Some secret un preferred materials which absorb by beside plants → repel insects (harm).

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3- Some plants attract natural predators:

A-Flowering plants attract natural predators through nectar of flowers (food) and so feed on insects without affecting (-ve) plants.

B- Some plants represent as incubator for reproduction of benefit insects →increase population, searching on destructive insects to kill.

C- Surrounding fences represent a host for benefit insects.

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4- Some plants control fungal diseases:

Onion and garlic secrete materials that can control some fungal diseases on other beside plants as blight on potato.

5- Some attract destructive insects: over which these insects concentrate → easier to be watched and control: these plants provide good source of food for the insects →decrease damage on other veg. crops. (cucumber and tomato).

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Third- Antagonistic plants:

Some plants cannot be planted beside other, since these plants secrete chemicals which may slow growth rate of beside ones = (Allelopathy).

Example of allelopathy: Sunflower x potato = each antagonize the growth of the other where sunflower secrete chemicals → delay growth rate of many crops in addition to potato. This effect is varying from CV to other.

Also, black walnut delay growth rate or kill tomato plants, berries (fruits), hellion, feverfew االقحوان (Anthemis spp.), potato, wheat, pines and apple.

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Crop plantBeside (plants)

TomatoMent → repellent

Around farmBasilic, Castor الخروع as repellents.

Potato and Cabbage also Parsley + Carrot.

Onion, Garlic, control blight of potato and Cabbage fungal disease (Ascohito)

BeansThyme, Salvia, Ment, Chamomile البابونج.

Oily plants of salvia, Sesame, Ment.

Urtica spp القريص

Good for most plants =strength them.

Chamomile البابونج.

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Crop plantBeside (plants)

RosesLupine ترمس: fix N + activates earth worms → better roses growth.

Between spring crops that attaches by Aphids.

Nasturtiums =ابوخنجر attracts: الكبوسينAphids.

With most plantsAnchusa spp الثور لسانDeep root system → 1- pull

Ca, K up ward,2- analyzed leaves are good source of N. elements for soil and plants,3- also attracts benefits + honey bees.

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Crop plantBeside (plants)

At places of high ants population.

Acasia: Attracts ants, become host for them, feed on it and protect it from insects, decrease compet. Of weeds since collect weed seeds.

In plants areas heavily infected with Aphid, scale insects mites, cut worms and larva.

Flowering plants that attract flying insects (at late winter early spring) especially Bumble flay: which consider as natural predator on aphid,

Scale insects, mites, worms, and larva feeding on pear and cherries, but it is strong competitor to honey bees on nectar.

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Crop plantBeside (plants)

Cabbage and onion Salvia, Thyme, ment, Persian thyme and others Anethum graveobms = .Lavendulla ,الشبت =الخزامى

Tomato and pepper Parsley, Salvia, Rosemary, Rocket and Ocimum, basilicum= الحبق + Anchusa spp الثور + =لسانPteridium= خنشار,

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Crop plantBeside (plants)

Potato Rocket, Tagatis, Anchusa spp الثور =لسان

Corn, Lettuce Persian thyme, garlic, Anchusa الثور, لسان spp =والقدسية

Squash + Pumpkin Corn, Pteridium خنشار.

Peas Basilic + faba bean

Turnip, Sugar beet.

Salvia, Thyme, Plantago لسان.الحمل

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Crop plantBeside (plants)

Celery, Egg plant.Salvia, chamomile, Ocimum, basilicum= الحبق

CarrotSalvia, Thyme, Basilic

Legumes: to minimize depending on outer growth factors = since green cover under grape → good ambient for living of benefits. Leguminous crops activate the soil biology.

Enrich soil with O.M.Fix N.Protect soil from erosion +

decrease evaporation rate.

Under trailed grape.

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8 )Natural and biology control of insects pests :

Points to be taken in consideration:

* Important to distinguish between biological insecticides and fungicides (from biological sources).

* The best time to control insects is at larva activity and movement.

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* Some biological pesticides of high toxicity: so should precede spraying process following all steps of protecting sprayers (mask, with blown win, don't eat, smoke, washing with soup......) and don't eat from sprayed fruits except after passing of safety period. Example: Nicotine extracted from tobacco: need waiting period of 3-4 days after spraying.

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*Biological pesticides as alternative to chemical synthesized pesticides:

1- Presented naturally: sulfur, copper salts, potassium permanganate, calcium chloride and sodium chloride, diluted mineral oils, Nim extract, tobacco extractm, Deris root, pyrethrum, Quassia amara.

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Some biological pesticides and to which use:

MaterialConcentrationUse to

Nat 353cm3/Liter Gray mold

Zohar Nat2cm3/LWhite fly and aphids

Nimax 0.5-1cm3/LLead miner and many insects

Nimgard 1cm3/LP.M, aphids, mites

Bioty2cm3/LCut worms on plants

Biotosh 2cm3 + sum. Oil /LMosquitoes on pools and rivers

Alkio 2152cm3/LWhitefly + mites

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MaterialConcentrationUse to

Biopit 50cm3/donumGrape moth, cut worms

Florpak 200cm3/donumCut worms

FongoranBacterial diseases, D.M.

Biotherm2cm3/LWorms, aphids, trips

Viroter 15cm3/LVectors of transed viruses + aphids.

Citmax1cm3/LAphids, worms, whitefly

Argnomat Cut worms

PT 50 30cm3/LGray mold, chladosporium

Afromy Ants in houses

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Biological pesticides that can be locally prepared:

PesticidesUses Remarks

PyrethrumAphids, whitefly, mites, scale insects, mealy bug.

From chrysanthemum flowers in liquid or powder form, safe for mammals, harm to honey- bees and some benefit insects (lady beetles= حشرة.( ابوالعيد

Low stability in nature and highly affected by temp. and light.

Insects soupالحشري الصابون

Aphids, flies, cut worms

Soup of potassium salts that prepared from natural fatty acid, not harm to mammal,

bees, lady beetles, some plants are sensitive .

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PesticidesUses Remarks

TomatoFlowers butter fly that repel by tomato odor, don't lay eggs at range of tomato odor.

Some insects don't prefer tomato odor. Pruned parts of tomato plants (not infected parts) can be distributed around plants of cauliflowers and cabbages.

Hot pepperAphid, cut worms, viruses, beetles=الخنافس.

Increases insects stress → drop down from plants→ eaten by predators.

Onion + Garlic Aphids, cut worms.To be planted around other crops fields→ protect these crops.

Tobacco Cut worms, aphids, other worms, grain weevils= سوسة leaf miners ,الحبوب and mites.

If an previous were not effective, tobacco extract can be used since not preferred firstly → insects develop resistance against it, also kill benefits, toxic to human, animals. So should be kept far away from

children and animals .

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PesticidesUses Remarks

Cow manureAt dry conditions Good for have stronger plants → show also repellent ability to insects.

At moist conditions

Urtica fungiAlso has high % of Fe → stronger plants.

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*How to prepare some biological pesticides:

Material Components

Preparing method Uses

Tomato Tomato leaves

Chopping of green tomato leaves, in container with mater up to boiling point, filtered → solution.

Diluted at 1:4 → against insects (protection and control).

Hot pepper

Hot pepper + soup

Boiling of ½ Kg of grinded hot pepper for 15 minutes in 3 L of water, then 30 g soup is added and

mix .

Diluted at 1:1 → against cut worm,

aphid, whitefly

onetime / week.

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Material Components Preparing method Uses

Tobacco Tobacco or remains of cigarettes + 30 g of peeled soup

200 g of tobacco in 3-4 L of water → 15 minutes boiling add soup → filtered.

Diluted at 1:1 → against:

corn stem borer cutworm, whitefly, mites onetime / week.

Soup solution

100 g of peeled soup

Dissolving soup quantity in liter of water, filtered.

Against aphids.

Pepper solution

100 g of pepper leaves + 10 g soup

Chopping of pepper leaves, add soup soak in liter of water for one night.

Diluted 1:5 → against insects on both vegetables and fruit trees.

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Material Components

Preparing method

Uses

Carbon solution

2 g carbon in 5 L of water

Dissolving carbon powder in water.no additional dilution

Against fungal diseases (P.M.)

Cow urine Cow urineUrine is stored in transparent containers for 2 weeks.

Diluted 1:8 → against fungal diseases (Mildew) on grape and vegetables.

Soaked compost

1 Kg compost in 6 L of water

Soaking of compost to 2 weeks, filtered. no dilution

Fungal disease mildew on grape.

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*How to make some natural pesticides:

*Onion solution: 10g of onion, to be cut into pieces, soak in hot water in intimate closed container for a period of 6-7 hrs, filtrate the solution and sprayed directly.

*Hot pepper: 500g of hot pepper in 3 L of water in container, close the container, boiling of content for 1hr, and leaving for 2 days of soaking, then mixing by blinder, filtrating →concentrated solution. At spraying will be dilution at rate of 125 mL of solution in 10 L of water to which 40 g of peeled soap are added, mix and spray 1 time / week.

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*Citrus solution: 170g of orange or lemon or mandolin peels to be chopped, mix with ½ L of water and to be kept in well closed container and kept at dark conditions for 5 days, after that squeezing solution, filtrating it. At spraying: 100mL of solution + 10L of water + 40g of soap

*Tobacco solution: 40g of tobacco leaves to be soaked in Liter for 2 days, squeeze and add to solution other liter of water → for spraying.

*Insects sprayer: Take Q. of insect pest, about tee spoon Q., to be grinded, soaked in cup of water; leave it after that for 1 day exposed into sun shine, filtrating of solution with piece of cloth, mix with 4 L of water → spraying.

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*Garlic sprayer: 4 cloves of garlic to be cut into fine pieces, mix with liter of water, leave it for 1 night, then 1 table spoon of peeled soap to have good sticking of sprayer on plants.

*To garlic solution it is possible to add:

2 pepper fruit (hot) or 2 onion bulbs mixing with cup of paraffin oil and leave for 1-2 days before soap add.

*Tomato solution: Tomato leaves, chopped, in container and boiled with water for 10 minutes, filtrating, and at spraying will be diluted at rate of 1solution: 4 water.

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*Soft soap: It is from vegetables (soap) sprayed over plants against insects, also for moistening of compost and can help in sticking of organic sprayers on waxy leaves (cabbage) and able to kill the sprayed insects. Can be bought from markets.

*Compound solutions from medical herbs: Presented in markets that before being used should mix with hot water → wait up to cool down and sprayed to repel various types of insects.

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*Sulfur: Wettable or dry for repelling of insects, of no –ve effects on environment or on human. So dusting with sulfur powder (2 times or 45days age and at the begging of production could protect from fungal diseases and from insects pests by induction of worry conditions.

*Urtica solution: Normally spines of Urtica

make insects worry, and so repelled far from plants specially piercing sucking insects (Aphids, thrips, bugs…).

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Tow methods for solution preparation:

1- 100g of Urtica spines (green) + 20g of dry urtica leaves to be soaked in 1L of water for 12 hrs, then filtrated and filtered solution can be sprayed on infested plants.

2- Collecting of green Urtica leaves, squeeze under light wts to be used (could be collected in container that have at the base valve for collecting the extract, where over leaves in container certain wt. is laid).

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*Normal pepper: 100g of pepper + 10g of soap are to be soaked in 1L of water for 1 night.

*Ash of woods: can be used directly around seedlings stems after transplanting. Ash will not encourage cut worms to go through soil around stems and cut them. Ash if mixed with paraffin will give better results. Ash also is used in compost formation since rich in K, P, Ca, Mg where P encourages soil bacteria activity → increase decomposition rate and can adjust soil pH.

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*Mineral oil and plant oils (light)

*Some chemicals and mineral are allowed to be used in organic farming system as:

-Sodium silicate: to increase tolerability of plants against sucking of insects, since it concentrated in cell walls of plants → increase its mechanical resistance into inserted mouth parts of insects and also fungal diseases cannot insert their hypha into plant cells. Silicate is presented naturally in plants which increase with plant growth where it (at high levels) enhances shifting of plants from growth into maturity.

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-Minerals rocks that have silicates can be added as powder into plants which also protect seeds from insects feeding so can be use for (pelleting of seeds).

-Other minerals as sulfur, copper are used against fungal diseases but with limited Q. since excess use would induce soil pollution with copper and also sulfur at excess Q. may affect –ve some benefits.

-Also potassium permanganate can be used with limited Q. as fumigant and against fungal development (some cases).

-Soft soap, mineral oils and plant oils can be used for insects control as Aphids, insects of storages, but with care to decrease -ve effects on benefits.

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Measures to be followed for protecting the plants before transplanting

افضل حماية لتأمين اليها اللجوء يمكن التي التقنياتالزراعة قبل للنباتات

األولى • First :Selection of adapted cultivarsالتقنيةinto local conditions

الزراعة • لمنطقة المالئمة المحلية األصناف اختيارالمنتشرة لالمراض طبيعية مناعة تظهر والتي

البقاء من تمكنها السائدة البيئية للظروف وتحمالانتشار اي مواجهة على وقدرة وعافية بصحة

القوية. النباتات من عددا المزارع ويحدد مرضيمنها البذور الستخالص الجودة عالية الثمار ذاتالبندورة الكوسا محاصيل في كما نضجها عند

. وغيرها والخيار والفلفل والبامية

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الثانية :Secondالتقنية Production of seedlings in well prepared and

protected structures

من تقلل محمية مشاتل في األشتال إنتاج على الحرصاحتياطات وجود ظل في خاصة لها اآلفات مهاجمةمع يتناسبان جيدان وعالجي وقائي وبرنامج وقائية

: . االحتياطات تلك ومن العضوي للمشتل- 1نظاميالداخلي وينتظر- 2بابين يدخل بحيث مدربين العمال

الدخول قبل الخارجي الباب يغلق ثم وجود- 3قليالاالشتال تغريق يمنع اوتوماتيكي رذاذي ري - 4نظام

موبوء وغير نظيف المائي المصدر يكون انعلى يترتب ان يمكن ما لتالفي المرضية بالمسببات

التفطيس ) اهمها امراض من (. Damping offذلك

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الغذائية- 5 بالعناصر غني زراعي وسط استخدامالمسببات من وخالي والتهوية الصرف جيد

ناقلة- 6المرضية غير تشتيل أوعية تستخدم أن . عضويا بها مسموح ومواد بطرق ومعقمة لألمراض

عبوة- 7 عيون من عين كل قعر في ثقب وجودمظللة- 8التشتيل. المحمية المشاتل تكون أن

الحار الشمس وهج بنوافذ - 9ضد مزودة تكون أنتحليق مستوى من أعلى مستوى وعلى للتهويةيحول شاش او بمنخل ومغطاة الوبائية الحشرات

دخولها من- 10دون نوع إلى األشتال تتعرض أنالحاضنات- 11التقسية في البادرات تبقى ال أن

الزراعي الوسط سطح فوق بزوغها بعد

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الثالثة Third:Overcomeالتقنيةproblem of plant and animal residues

بطريقة • منها والتخلص السابق المحصول بقايا من األرض تنظيفالمسببات من خلية كانت ان المزرعة لحيوانات كإطعامها سليمة،في. جمعها يجب ذلك فعند باألمراض موبوءة كانت وإن المرضيةجاهزة كومة هناك كانت ان الدبال كومة وسط في ووضعها أكياسللقضاء كافية المتولدة الطاقة تكون ان شريطة مباشرة للتخمير . بدفنها منها التخلص حينئذ فيجب ذلك تعذر ان اما االمراض تلك على . الطرقة تلك أثبتت وقد حرقها حتى او منفصلة عميقة حفر فيالكوسا بق كالمن، اآلفات من العديد على القضاء في فعاليتها

Anasa tristis البطاطا ودرنات عرش من التخلص عملية وساهمتالبطاطا درنات دودة مكافحة في Phthorimaea operculellaالمصابة

البطاطا . Cylasformicarius elegantulusوسوسة في أظهرنا وقدعمل ) سليمة بطرقة الحيوانات روث من التخلص أهمية سابق موقع ) األعداد تقليل في العضوية للمواد الموضعي والتخمير الدبال

المنزل لذبابة المصاحبة على Musca domesticaواألضرار نؤكد وهنااإلسطبل ذبابة خطورة على السيطرة في ذلك Stomoxysأهمية

calcitrans

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المحيطة • العشبية النباتات من التخلص فإن أخرى، ناحية ومنالتي الثانوية العوائل على القضاء في مهما يعتبر بالمحصوليكون كأن األصلي المحصول غياب حالة في اآلفة إليها تلجأ . على األمثلة ابرز ومن باآلفة تضر مادة بأي معاملته أو حوليا

السورجم ذبابة السياق هذا في Contariniaالحشراتsorghicol وخاصة المزرعة حواف على األعشاب في تجد التي

فصل في إليه تلجأ مالذا المكانس وذرة السودان حشيشه . من العكس على التالي الربيع في خطورتها فتزداد الشتاءالسورجم بمحصول المحيطة األعشاب من التخلص فإن ذلكخطرها من المحصول حماية والى اآلفة أعداد تقليل إلى أدى . بقايا من تنبت التي النبتات من التخلص ويجب معنوي بشكلالموسم في مختلف محصول نباتات بين السابق الموسم بذورالسابق. الموسم حشرات فإن النبتات هذه بقيت إن الحاليالنبتات نفس محصول مهاجمة ثم ومن التكاثر في ستستغلها . ذلك على األمثلة ومن الحق موسم في زراعته تكررت إندودة البطاطا، سوسة الهيسين، ذبابة الذرة، جذور دودة

. القمح وحلم البطاطا درنات

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الرابعة Presence of effective: التقنيةdraining system :Fourth

من • للتخلص مائي تصريف نظام عمل من بد النسبة من تزيد الماء وفرة الن ذلك منها الزائدالنتح عملية تحدثه لما اضافة التبخر بفعل الرطوبة . المرتفعة الزراعية المصاطب عمل وإن رطوبة منتصريف في سيسهم الممرات عن الشيء بعضإلى المصاطب تلك جوانب من الزائد الماء

والحد بالماء الجذور اختناق تقليل ثم ومن الممرات،في مائية وفرة تتطلب التي األمراض خطورة منانتشار. في الرطوبة خطورة مدى يعلم والكل التربةفي المكافحة في الكيماويات تفلح ال حيث االمراض،اقتصرت ان الوضع سيكون فكيف عالية رطوبة ظلعضويا؟ بها المسموح المركبات على المعالجة

. أصعب سيكون بالتأكيد

Page 289: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

الخامسة Fifth :Optimization of:التقنيةwater application

مساحة • زيادة وعدم االعشاب انتشار لمنعزيادة الى يؤدي مما بالماء المغرق التربة سطحللرطوبة المرافقة واالخطار التبخر معدل

النباتات. جذور تغريق دون تحول كما الزائدةلالصابة عرضة اكثر ويجعلها يضعفها مما

باالمراض.

Page 290: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

السادسة Sixth : :Scheduling theالتقنيةplanting

للزراعة، السليم التخطيطلآلفة- 1 االنتشار زخم موعد عن المحصول تغييب

. التأخير أو السابقة- 2بالتقديم بالمحاصيل العلمال وأيها معه تتوافق وأيها زراعته، المراد للمحصول

معه مشتركة أمراض له منها وأي معه -3تتوافقامتداد على الخطوط استقامة على المحافظةبين المسافة انتظام على والمحافظة طولها

تأخذ- 4النباتات. التي المحاصيل على التركيزلآلفات المقاومة في بقوة تتمتع والتي الندرة طابع . كثيرا تتذبذب ال وأسعارها السوق يغرق ال وإنتاجها

Page 291: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Seventh:السابعةالتقنية Surface Soil tillage at F.C. after being

irrigated for 2 timesيتبع • أن على األكثر على لمرتين أو لمرة التربة ري

( بعمق للتربة سطحي تحريك رية سم 12-10كل ) وذلك الوفار درجة إلى وصولها عند األكثر علىفي زالت ما وهي النامية األعشاب من للتخلص . وتحريكها التربة ري بين وبالجمع الباردات مرحلةالكائنات حيوية تنشيط وأهمها عدة مزايا تتحققدورها وتفعيل منها، النافعة وخاصة التربة في الحيةمؤهلة التربة لتصبح العضوية المواد تحليل في

لديها بما الجديد المحصول وحماية وتغذية الستقبال. مقومات من

Page 292: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Surface Soil tillage :Eighth :الثامنة التقنية

ولعدد • معينة أوقات في تكون أن على السطحية، الحراثة . فإضافة للزراعة األرض تحضير أثناء المرات من محدود . الحراثة تهدف البذور إلنبات صالح مرقد خلق في ألهميتهالبعض كغذاء تستخدم التي األعشاب مكافحة إلى الربيع في . وتهدف األوراق نطاطات عذارى مثل الحشرات أطوارتجمع، لم إن المحاصيل من يتبقى مما التخلص إلى أيضامن الساكنة واألطوار المرضية المسببات مأوى وتدميروتعريضها الدافئ األرض حضن من برفعها وذلك الحشراتبدفنها أو التربة سطح فوق المنخفضة الحرارة درجات إلىكال وفي وبالتالي لبياتها المعتاد من عمقا أكثر مواقع فيالموسم في الحشرة من كبيرة أعداد من التخلص الحالتين . األوروبي الذرة ساق حفار حشرة حالة في كما التالي،طبقة تحت شرانقها دفن بسبب العنب فراشة أعداد وتقل

. الحراثة عند التراب من

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األوراق • نطاط حشرة بيض رفع في الحراثة وتسهمبافتراسها أو للجفاف بتعرضها إما فتموت للسطح . الحراثة وتؤدي والطيور األخرى الحشرات قبل مندودة من الساكنة األطوار تعرض إلى الخريف في

األجنحة Heliothis zeaالذرة حرشفية رتبة من وغيرهاإما وتعرضها للسطح رفعها بفعل االضمحالل إلىقبل من لالفتراس أو المنخفضة الحرارة لدرجات . في المتأخرة الحراثة وتعطي والفئران الطيور

تسهم فهي سبق، لما عكسية نتائج وأيلول آب شهريكالدودة الحشرات بعض لتضع التربة فتح في

من Agrotis orthogoniaالقارضة يزيد مما بيضها. إنباتها عند للحبوب مهاجمتها خطورة

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التاسعة Addition ofالتقنيةO.M. :Ninth

• ) ( او الدبال المخمرة العضوية المواد إضافة . كل ألن محليا الطازجة العضوية المواد تخميرالتربة، قوام من يحسن ان شأنه من ذلكلنباتات مناسبا مهدا لتكون الغذائي محتواها

صالحة وبيئة وتقاومها بل االمراض تتحمل صحيةالنافعة وديدانها التربة كائنات ونشاط لتكاثرالكائنات وتدمر وتغزوا ستنافس بدورها والتي

. نوعها كان ايا الضارة

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العاشرة Tenth :Soil treatment: التقنية

التعقيم • بواسطة او الساخن بالماء التربة تعقيمالموضعي التخمير طريق عن او الشمسي . أن ويجب كاملة لالرض او الزراعة لمساطبالمناسب الوقت في التربة تهيئة عمليات تتمودونما إليها للنقل األشتال جاهزية مع وبالتزامنالتربة آفات بعض لتكاثر المجال يعطي تأخيروألن مشاكل للنباتات تحدث أن درجة إلىلنقل المناسب العمر مع يتنافى كذلك التأخيرجذورها وتصبح حجمها في تكبر حيث الشتلةمع تأقلمها فترة وتزداد للضرر عرضة أكثر

. الحقل ظروف

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عشر الحادية Eleventh : Soil:التقنيةcoverage

الزراعة مساطب او التربة تغطية في االستمرارمن اي انتهاء بعد للتحلل القابلة ملش بالبالستكمزايا من له لما السابقة التربة تعقيم عملياتاسطر من قريبا االعشاب انتشار من الحد واهمها

بأنها النباتات. العاكسة الملش ألوان بعض وتتميزفعالية رفع في يساعد الذي األمر للحشرات طاردة . ويعتبر عضويا بها والمسموح العضوية المبيداتطرد في تسهم التي األلوان أبرز من الفضي اللونتنعكس التي الضوئية الموجات ان حيث الحشرات،المن مثل الحشرات تطرد الفضي السطح عنمن يقلل مما المحصول عن البيضاء والذبابة

الفيروسية ولالمراض لها المحصول تعرض خطورةتنقلها ان يمكن التي

Page 297: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

الزراعة قبل الفضي الزراعة الملش وبعد

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عشر الثانية Twelfth::Keep the diversificationالتقنية

والذي • الزراعي، التنوع من االستفادة ضرورة علىويمكننا سبق، فيما المختلفة بآلياته إليه تطرقناإحاطة مثل المزرعة تأسيس أثناء آلياته بعض تفعيلوالذي النيم كنبات للحشرات طاردة بنباتات أرضهاالحشرت تلك وخطورة اعداد تقليل في سيسهم . اخذ يمكننا كما المزروعة المحاصيل نباتات علىزوايا في نباتية مصادر بوجود الالزمة االحتياطاتمسبقا مستخلصاتها تحضير تصلح التي من المزرعةفي واألمراض الحشرات لمكافحة جاهزة تكون كيالنعناع النباتات تلك على األمثلة من ونذكر وقت أي . إلى أيضا اللجوء ويمكن وغيرها والريحان البريمحصولين بزراعة وذلك الشريطية الزراعة أسلوبتلك بين واآلخر متتالية بأشرطة احدهما متجاورين

األشرطة.

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الليجس • بق هو المجال هذا في الجيد والمثالفيه ويوقع القطن محصول يهاجم الذي الغربي . أشرطة في يزرع منها ولحمايته اقتصادية خسائرالحشرة تلك يجذب الذي البرسيم محصول بين . محصول من شريط قص وعند القطن عنإلى التحول إلى الحشرة تلك تضطر ال البرسيم

البرسيم أشرطة على تبقى وإنما لم التي القطنأطلقت. البرسيم من التالية قص حان فإذا تقصجديدة فروع قبل من قصت التي األشرطةمن القطن إلى الحشرة مغادرة دون فحالتبسالم القطن محصول ينتهي حتى وهكذا جديد،

. الحشرة تلك من

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: عشر الثالثة Thirteenth: :Crop Rotationالتقنية

السابق • في تناولها تم

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: عشر الرابعة Fourteenth :Sources of:التقنيةfire

من • حرقها د موا تخلو التي اللهب قاذفات استخدامالكبريت أكسيد ثاني غاز مثل . SO2الملوثات اهم ومن

النقي البروبان هوغاز استخدامها يمكن التي االحتراق مواد . تلك استخدام يتم ما عادة ازرق لهب لون يعطي الذي

الصويا القاذفات محصول في كما اإلنبات قبل فتكون إما . المحصول نمو مراحل خالل تستخدم وقد عامة المكافحةالذرة نباتات تتأذى ال حتى شديد بحذر ولكن الذرة في كما . الحاالت بعض وفي الحرق عملية أثناء المنبعثة بالحرارةبين الممرات في األعشاب لحرق استخدامها يمكن

دون تحول عازلة فواصل تتوفر أن على الزراعة خطوط . فعاليتها وتكمن المحصول الى والحرارة اللهب اثر وصولالتربة سطح فوق لالعشاب النباتية االنسجة حرق فيتلك في الضوئي التمثيل عملية معه تتوقف الذي االمر

. الموت الى المصير بها وينتهي االعشاب

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الثاني البابحماية لتأمين اليها اللجوء يمكن التي التقنيات

الزراعة : عند للنباتات افضل : قوي محصول على الحصول دواعي من األولى التقنيةمن الخالية الصحية األشتال اختيار من بد ال متجانس،مجموعها بين ما بتوازن تتمتع التي اصابة، ايةبالطويلة وليست الجذري ومجموعها الخضري

اليانعة االوراق ذات المتقزمة، بالقصيرة وال الرفيعة . بالرفيع وال بالمتخشب ليس الذي أن والساق كما

سليم بشكل للتقسية تعرضت التي األشتال اختياربل الحقل في السائدة الظروف تحمل من يمكنهابيئي ظرف اي في قوية تبقى بحيث معها والتأقلماسوأ في االمراض مقاومة على وقادرة سيء

الظروف.

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• : بيئية ناحية من المناسب الوقت اختيار الثانية التقنيةالدائمة، االرض في وقت للزراعة اقرب في يتم أن على

انتهاء بعد يوما العشرين األحوال كل في يتجاوز ال وأنالتربة، تعقيم الظروف عملية في نفسه النبات يجد وبذلك

بشكل اخرى الى مرحلة من واالنتقال لنموه المواتيةاالستعداد أتم على فيها النبات يكون حالة وفي طبيعي . أمكن إذا أمانا أكثر النبات ويكون مرض اي لمقاومةعن النبات تحييد مع للزراعة المناسب الوقت بين الجمعقد والذي سابقا عنه تحدثنا الذي لآلفات االنتشار زخمبه السوق اكتظاظ فترة عن اإلنتاج تحييد في أيضا يسهم . المزارع إلمام بعد إال لذلك يلجأ وال بيعه أسعار وتدنيتواجه قد التي للمشاكل عضويا المقبولة الحل بطرقفي. النبات اقحام فإن ذلك، من العكس على الزرعةومن لتحملها إضافيا جهدا عليه تفرض طبيعية غير ظروف

. باالمراض لالصابة عرضة اكثر يصبح ثم

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شدة • فيها تكون التي االيام في التشتيل المزرارع ويتحرىوالرطوبة غائمة السماء تكون كأن منخفضة الشمس سطوع . الظهر بعد االشتال زراعة الى يلجأ وقد ساكن والهواء عاليةطيلة تمتد فترة االشتال يعطي مما الشمس غروب حتىلساعات تعرضها قبل لتستقر التالي والصباح الليل ساعات . من جزء تخفيف إلى اللجوء يمكن كما التالي اليوم في الحرمن نوع لخلق وذلك األصناف بعض في الخضري المجموعوما المحدودة جذورها عبر الشتلة تمتصه ما بين التوازن . هذه كل النتح عملية بفعل ماء من األوراق مسامات تفقدهخاصة المائي للكرب االشتال تعرض تقليل في تسهم األمورذلك ينعكس لئال التشتيل عملية بعد االولى الساعات فيمن له تتعرض ما مقاومة في ويضعفها سلبا االشتال على

. أنواعها بشتى اآلفات من هجمات

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نقلها بعد الشتلة على مائي كرب ألي وتالفيازراعة على الثالثة التقنية تؤكد الدائمة لألرضالماء إضافة ثم ومن مروية ارض في األشتالال حتى الزراعة بعد ممكن وقت اسرع في لهاثم ومن العطش من حالة إلى الشتلة تتعرض

. لها األمراض بغزو المتبوع والضعف الذبول

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لتأمين اليها اللجوء يمكن التي التقنياتاألرض في الزراعة بعد للنباتات حماية

الدائمة:المشاكل لغالبية سبحانه الله بفضل تجاوزنا إنال الزراعة قبل ما مراحل في للنباتات الممرضةمن بد ال بنجاح النبات حياة مسيرة وإلكمال يكفي، . عضويا بها مسموح تقنيات من يلزم ما كل تطبيقالنبات احتياجات وتوفير تفهم ضرورة يعني وهذاإلى نصل حتى والوقائية والمائية والبيئية الغذائية . تتم وحتى العالجية االحتياجات من األدنى الحدإلى اآلن سنتطرق النبات تربية بموضوع اإلحاطةالوقاية درجات أفضل للنبات تؤمن التي التقنيات

. الدائم الحقل في نموه أثناء األمراض من

Page 307: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

المرض : • انتقال مدى على الزراعة كثافة اثر األولى التقنيةوالمجموع الجذور في التشابك بسبب آلخر نبات منكتذبذب المحصول حول المتولد المناخ وعلى الخضريفيها تتعرض التي الفترة وطول الجو في النسبية الرطوبة . في جدا مهمة األمور هذه كل للندى المحصول أوراق . ذلك من العكس على النباتية األمراض بعض وبائية تحديدبين وما الزراعة سطور بين ما المناسب الفراغ وجود فإناألمراض انتقال تقليل في يسهم السطور على النباتاتوالماء الغذاء على للنباتات المضعفة المنافسة من والحدالذي األمر الزائدة الرطوبة من التخلص وفي والشمسقوة على ايجابي بشكل وينعكس األمراض انتشار من يحد . جدول في تحدثنا وقد اآلفات مقاومة عل وقدرته النباتمحاصيل لمعظم المناسبة الزراعية الكثافة عن سابق

الخضروات.

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• : أهمية من له لما الزراعي بالتنوع الثانية التقنيةالمحاصيل بعض توفره ولما اإلصابة تخفيف فيالمحصول منه يستفيد نيتروجين من كالبقولياتومنها المشاكل مواجهة في فيقوى المجاورسابقا. الموضوع هذا عن تحدثنا وقد اآلفاتااليجابي التنوع على التركيز ضرورة على وأكدنا . على األمثلة ومن السلبي التنوع عن واالبتعادما الجمع الحشرية اإلصابة من يخفف الذي التنوعمحصول أن وجد حيث البندورة الكرنب بين

ذات بالفراشة إصابة اقل الحالة هذه في الكرنب. األحادي الكرنب محصول من الماسي الظهر

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• : تساعد التي الحقلية األجهزة وجود الثالثة التقنية . تفاقمها وقبل األولى مرحلتها في المشكلة كف علىالتربة في والحموضة الملوحة قياس أجهزة فوجودوتصويبه الوضع على الوقوف في تسهم الري وماءإضافة في المبالغة دون وتحول المناسب الوقت فيعبء إلى األحيان اغلب في تتحول التي األسمدةويجعله النبات يضعف مما بيئته وعلى النبات على . هنا ننسى وال أمراض من له يتعرض بما ضررا أكثركالنيتروجين العناصر بعض وجود في المبالغة أناآلفات تحمل على قادر غير ضعيفا رهيفا نباتا يفرز

. بها هوجم إذا

Page 310: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• : إلى وصوال الحقول في الري عملية إدارة الرابعة التقنيةالوقت في الري ماء من إليه يحتاج بما النبات إمدادالرطوبة من للتقليل وذلك مبالغة ودونما المناسب

يخدم الحد إلى لألمراض، الحميم الصديق تلك النسبية، . النتشارها المرافقة األمراض خطورة من ويقيه النباتمن المحصول سالمة على تأثيرها الري ولطريقة

المتعددة الري طرق من يناسبه ما محصول اآلفات،فلكلالري بالتنقيط، الري بالرشاشات، الفوقي الري وأهمها . للري يكون المحاصيل بعض ففي بالغمر والري باالتالمالحشرات بعض بيض إعداد تخفيف في أهميته الفوقيتخلق الطرقة نفس وبائيتها،على من التقليل وبالتاليباألمراض اإلصابة من تؤجج عالية نسبية رطوبة ظروف . المجال هذا في األمثلة ومن أخرى محاصيل على الفطريةبفعل الوبائية الحالة الفول نباتات على الصدأ مرض تحول

. بالرشاشات الفوقي الري

Page 311: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• : على الحصول في التقليم ألهمية إضافة الخامسة التقنيةفي للمستهلك جاذبية وأكثر الجودة عالية الحجم كبيرة ثمارانتشار. كثافة من التقليل في أهميته للتقليم فإن األسواقالفراغ كان كلما وضوحا أكثر الميزة هذه وتكون األمراضالتخلص في إسهاما أكثر التقليم عملية تحدثه الذي النباتيإلى فيه مبالغ غير الوقت نفس وفي المتولدة الرطوبة من . األمثلة ابرز ومن للمزارع خسارة معه يشكل الذي الحدمن المحمية البندورة مزارعوا به يقوم ما السياق هذا فيمبقين األوراق آباط في جانبيا النامية لألغصان تفريك

. العملية هذه تطبيق إن رأسيا تنموا واحدة ساق على النباتسيحول الجانبية األغصان تلك بزوغ بعد وقت اقرب فيبين ما وفي الزراعة خطوط بين الممرات في تهدلها دونمن الحد في أثره له يكون مما الخطوط على النباتاتحالة في التهوية عملية على اإلبقاء بسبب اآلفات انتشارقصيرة. زالت ما الجانبية واألغصان تطبيقها أن كما فعالة

الت( 3-2بطول) سرعة إلى سيؤدي المتكونة ئسم الجروح اميهاجم ثغر تكون أن احتمال من يقلل مما قصها بفعل

. خاللها من الفطرية باألمراض النبات

Page 312: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• : التعامل في بالفطنة التمتع ضرورة الخامسة التقنيةبالوقت التنبؤ ملكة المزارع لدى يكون بأن اآلفات، معاالحتياطات يتخذ كي اآلفة خطورة فيه تزداد الذيتلك إلى الوصول دون تحول أو تخف التي الوقائيةإليه. يلجأ ما ذلك، على األمثلة أبرز ومن الخطورةالجوية النشرة بمتابعة المزارعين من العديد

كل مع تتناسب التي االحتياطات واتخاذ األسبوعية . نسبة في ارتفاع كان فإن محتمل جوي ظرف

انتشار من تثبط وقائية بمواد يرشوا تجدهم الرطوبةأو المبلل الكبريت حالة في كما الفطرية األمراض . انخفاض كان وإن المحاصيل معظم على المسحوقالتي اإلجراءات اتخاذ إلى يبادروا تجدهم الحرارة في ( بمواد الرش التغطية، المسألة تلك خطورة من تحدليالي في والري طاقة وتعطي عضويا مسموحةالمتولدة الطاقة من لالستفادة الحراري االنخفاض

.) التقنيات من وغيرها الماء جزيئات حركة بفعل

Page 313: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

تجدهم الرياح من قوية هبات وجدود التنبؤات أفادت وإنمنذ لديهم يكن لم إن الخطورة هذه ضد محاصيلهم يحصنوا . وهج حالة وفي الرياح مصدات من نوع أي المزرعة تأسيستقي مظللة بمواد المحاصيل يغطوا تجدهم الحارة الشمس . في زراعتها بعد األشتال تظليل من والهدف الوهج ذلك منوبالتالي الشمس سطوع شدة من التقليل هو الدائمة األرضلدرجات التعرض من المبكرة مراحلها في األشتال حمايةتعويض في جهدها جل توظف الشتلة تجعل منهكة حرارة . في أجدادنا لجأ وقد النتح عملية بفعل الماء من الفاقد ) ( حول الخم صغيرة أكواخ عمل إلى قريب ولعهد السابقالشرقية الثالثة والجهات األعلى من بتغطيتها وذلك األشتالتصل ال حيث الشمالية، الجهة وإبقاء والجنوبية والغربيةالستمرارية مفتوحة المباشرة، الشمس أشعة للشتلة . عملية وتسهم متولدة رطوبة أي من والتخلص التهويةفي الخضرية المحاصيل مزارعوا إليها يلجأ التي التظليلدرجات في االرتفاع مع تتزامن والتي البالستيكية، البيوت

الشمس، سطوع شدة في واالزدياد هذه الحرارة تسهماألسعار العملية فيه تكون وقت إلى الحصاد موعد تأخير في

. أفضل والمردود أعلى

Page 314: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

العنب مزارعي بعض تجد الحصاد موعد تأخير سياق وفيبأكياس العنب قطوف يكيسون معرشات على المحمولإن المبكرة األمطار خطر القطوف تلك تقي مثقبة ورقيةخمج والمحدثة لها المدمرة العصافير وأهمها والطيور هطلتوتؤخر المختلفة، العفن أمراض فيه وتترعرع ترتع فيها

أسعار فيه تتحقق لوقت المحصول قطف موعد أيضا األكياس . تقي أن يمكن التي الوسائل من العديد وهناك أعلى بيعمحكم بشكل النباتات إحاطة أنجعها ومن الطيور، خطر الثماراختراق من أحجامها اختلفت مهما الطيور تتمكن ال بشبكعلى. للطيور شبكية مصائد عمل ايضا الوسائل ومن فراغاتهالمخلوطة الشعير أو القمح حبوب من ومصائد الماء من حفروالتخلص بجمعها تسمح لفترة وعيها الطيور تفقد مواد منالمنفرة والهياكل الفزاعات عمل ايضا الوسائل ومن منها . وما اإلجراءات هذه كل لها الطاردة الحديدية والمراوحيضعف قد ضرر أي إلى المحصول تعرض لمنع مهمة شابههامواجهة على قدرته من ويقلل وإنتاجه نموه معدل من

األمراض.

Page 315: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• : بجوالت المزارع يقوم أن أهمية السادسة التقنيةللوقوف المحصول مناطق لكافة متواصلة تفقديةالمرضية البؤر واستكشاف له الصحية الحالة علىانتشارها وقبل مهدها في زالت ما وهي فيه

صعب حالة أي في الشك فور المختصين واستشارةوالسيطرة بحقها المناسب التخاذ تشخيصها عليه . سبيل فعلى التكاليف وبأقل وقت أسرع في عليهاولو الحمراء بالعناكب يستهان ال أن يجب المثال،ألنها الخيار، محصول أوراق على قليلة أعدادها كانتالمواتية الظروف من قليلة أيام غضون وفي

) تحدث) هائلة بأعداد تصبح نسبيا المرتفعة الحرارةعلى بالقضاء األمر ينتهي وقد اقتصادية خسائر

المحصول.

Page 316: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

بعض )( فعالية تقييم رقم جدولمكافحة في النباتية المستخلصات

الهالوك حشرةالماء

)شاهد)

الوثانيا

الشوكرالكلخان

نعنع بري

الدفلى

البصل

اسم النبات

الورقةاالولى

القراءة 1512532218715قبل

المعاملة

24بعد 101470300ساعة

48بعد 113571220ساعة

72بعد 1810722230ساعة

Page 317: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

الماء)شاهد(

الكلالوثانياخ

الشوكران

نعنع بري

الدفلى

البصل

اسم النبات

الورقةالثانية

1131112

القراءة قبل 27135022المعاملة

24بعد 12400200ساعة

فقد62ت

48بعد 1100ساعة

فقد85ت

72بعد 3301ساعة

الورقةالثالثة

القراءة قبل 9263745202144المعاملة

24بعد 320500100ساعة

48بعد 626832600ساعة

631117

72بعد 5601ساعة

Page 318: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

الماء)شاهد)

الوثانيا

الكلخ

الشوكران

نعنع بري

الدفلى

البصل

اسم النبات

الورقةالرابعة

القراءة 139781715236قبل

المعاملة

24بعد 137651000ساعة

48بعد 1591032001ساعة

72بعد 23271364001ساعة

Page 319: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

طبيعية حية كائنات استخدام إلى المزارعون يلجأ كمامرض إحداث حتى أو عليها التطفل أو اآلفة الفتراسأو. المفترسات تربية الحالة هذه في ويتم فيها

تعتاش التي اآلفات وعلى خاصة مزارع في الطفيلياتالمزارع تلك من شراؤها يتم إليها الحاجة وعند عليهاالمتضررة المزرعة من محددة مواقع في ونشرها . يترتب وال باآلفة إصابة األكثر البقع في أو باآلفاتبالبيئة ضرر أي المتطفالت أو المفترسات نشر علىالن وحيوان وإنسان نافعة حية كائنات من تحويه ومامحدود عدد مهاجمة في تختص الغالب وفي منها كلتبعا انخفضت اآلفات أعداد انخفضت فإذا اآلفات من

. اآلفات لتلك الطبيعي العدو أعداد لذلك

Page 320: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

مختلفة • مشاهد نقلب المفترسات عن وللحديثفي المفترسات تلك ينشرون وهم للمزارعينالمزارعين. تجد األول المشهد ففي مزارعهموالتربس المن لهاجمة المن أسد يرقات ينشرونوحشرات القشرية والحشرات البيضاء والذبابة

. الثاني المشهد وفي الفقس حديثة األجنحة حرشفية . النمل الفتراس النمل اسد يرقات يوزعون تراهمالمزارعين من بعضا تلمح للثالث للمشهد وبالنظرالمن الفتراس السيرفس ذبابة يرقات يشترون . أن وما الدقيقي والبق القشرية الحشرات وبعضمن كبيرة مجموعة وجدنا حتى الرابع للمشهد انتقلناالعيد أبي خنفساء مزارعها في توزع المزارعينوعلى المن من النمو وبالغات يرقات على للتغذيالدقيقي والبق القشرية والحشرات البيضاء الذبابةحرشفية الحشرات من الفقس وحديثي بيض وعلى

االجنحة.

Page 321: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

المزارعين • من آخر عددا المشاهد تلك خامس ويريناالنشاط ذات الكالوسوما خنفساء يشترون وهموعذارى يرقات لمهاجمة التربة سطح فوق الليليدودة وعذارى ويرقات االجنحة حرشفية الحشرات . الحية المشاهد تلك من السادس وفي القطن ورقالحشرة به تقوم لما مسرورن المزارعين ترىوللبيض للمن افتراس من نشرها، بعد الرواغة،ولبعض األجنحة حرشفية من الجديد والفقس

. السابع المشهد ويرينا األخرى الصغيرة الحشراتوهي والصغيرة الكبيرة بنوعيها النبي فرس حشرات . المشهد وفي والذباب والنمل الخنافس تفترسمن المفترس البق حشرة قرب عن نالحظ الثامنوالعنكبوت والمن التربس تفترس وهي األوريس نوع

من الفقس وحديثي البيضاء والذبابة األحمر . المائية البق حشرات نالحظ كما األجنحة حرشفيات

. المختلفة المائية الحشرات تلتهم وهي الكبيرة

Page 322: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

في • والصغيرة، منها الكبيرة الرعاشة، الحشرات وتظهروالحشرات الديدان حوريات على تتغذى وهي التاسع المشهدالحشرات أنواع من العديد منها الطيار ويقتنص المائية

. العاشر المشهد في المزارعون هم وها تحليقها أثناء الطيارةيرقات من تشتهيه ما تأكل كي العجوز إبرة حشرة يوزعونوالخنافس الديدان ومن االجنحة حرشفية الحشرات وعذارى . المشهد في المزارعين ونشاهد التربة سطح على الموجودةالخضرية محاصيلهم على ينشرون وهم عشر الحادي

المفترس الحلم من أنواعا الفاكهة أشجار وعلى والحقليةالمتوسط الثغر وأكاروسات األمامي الثغر أكاروسات مثلوالحشرات األبيض والذباب التربس من أنواعا لمهاجمةكالعنكبوت النباتية المحاصيل تهاجم التي والعناكب القشرية . ننسى وال األرجواني والحلم األحمر الحمضيات وحلم األحمروافتراس صيد من الكبيرة الحقيقية العناكب به تقوم ما هنا . تلك ونختتم والزاحفة الطيارة الحشرات أنواع من للعديدالمرباة األسماك، يرينا والذي عشر الثاني بالمشهد المشاهدالحشرات تهاجم وهي المزارع، في مائية برك أو أحواض فيالماء على ترد التي والزواحف والطيور كالبعوض المائية

لتشرب.

Page 323: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

المن من حشرة تلتهم العيد أبي فرس خنفساء حشرةالنبي

Page 324: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Organic farming system in Europe: Facts :

1- Demand on organic products is increasing from year to other.

2- Prices of these products are high in spite of low population if compared to conventional.

3- Organic product is realizing better balance between demand and outputs of products.

4- Realize protection of environment and farmers areas and family.

Page 325: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

5- At presence of this high demand, these products should have labeling mark that ensure the biological system and without using synthesized chemicals. The label should be sticked directly on the product where each country of European community had established a system of labeling and inspection.

6- Inspection and labeling would protect the organic farming system, producers, free competition between organic producer that produce labeled products → no laying in markets and in all steps of production, processing → increase confidence in the products for consumers.

7- High qualified products means continuous readiness of farmers to improve techniques, used standards in production, inspection and certification of organic products.

Page 326: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

8- So minimum basics and principles needed to have organic are to be followed, and clear advertisements about using chemicals fertilizer or pesticides that show –ve effects on environment or their residues are polluting the products.

9- Systems of producing organic product are to be in agreement with what being agreed in European council.

* All used processes in production are to be declared clearly even the use, in limited levels, of some synthesized chemicals and slow soluble compounds.

Page 327: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

* Adding of all conditions that help in avoiding the accumulation of chemical residues in products even from other sources than agriculture as (environmental pollution).

* All steps of producing and marketing are under control, cheek and inspection (production, packaging, importing, and marketing up to consumption). Certain offices are nominating to do check and inspection and release of certificates.

Page 328: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

* The product that indicated as organic product, at the country of production and produced under the conditions of producing the organic and to be considered as an Organic Products they should have the world of:

Page 329: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Ecologico → Spanish Φkologisk → anemark

kologisch → Germany Organic → England

Biologique → Frensh Biologico → Italy

Biologisch → Nether land Biologico → Portugal

Luonnonnukainen → Finland Ekologisk → Sweden

Page 330: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

Basics of organic farming according to European Farming System:

Appendix I A- Shifting period: The farm should pass a period of 2 years as

converting period from conv. into organic before being nominated as organic farm, this is in case of crops other than forages where for forages should pass a converting period of 3 years before considering forages as organic forages.

Page 331: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• Inspection side can increase or decrease the period according to previous use of the land.

• Period can be decrease to minimum if the farm was not treated with the chemicals than what in appendix II, part B used for control pest, diseases in certain areas of European regions or over certain plants.

Page 332: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

If period to be reduced: this under certain conditions:

1- The farm is really converted or in the way to shift into organic sector.

2- The used chemicals in pest control are really analyzed and their residues remain within minimum level whether in soil or in perennial plants.

3- The country that decided to decrease period should inform other countries of European community about that decreasing in this period of shifting. (Transitional period)

4- Harvested products during this shifting period are not considered as organic products.

Page 333: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• B- Soil fertility, activity should be kept at good conditions or improved this is by:

• 1- Cultivation of leguminous crops, green coverage, deep root crop at dual crop rotation.

• 2- Addition of compost, organic matters into soil from farms that follow basic of organic farming. using residues of animals that following these basics.

• 3- Other organic fertilizer, minerals that allowed to be used, if what available from 1-, and 2- mentioned above directly is not enough.

Page 334: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

• To activate compost formation → M.O. or some prepared plant materials which enhance compost formation, they are called Biodynamic materials from natural rocks or from organic fertilizer or plants.

Page 335: Introduction. O. Farming was used during old centuries. Development of O. F. started at the begin of 20th century where biodynamic concept appeared in

C- Control of diseases, insects, weed by:

a- Selection of proper types and spp. → tolerable

b- Following good crop rotation system → X

hosts.

c- Following good mechanical system.

d- Protect predators, benefits and repellent

fences. …..

e- Control of weed by flames.

f- In some cases (emergent cases) when crop is highly exposed into damage, materials presented in Appendix II can be used.

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D- Edible parts or plant that grows naturally in certain areas or in forest areas can be organic if:

- Not treated with chemicals other than what presented in appendix II for a period of 3 years before harvesting.

- The harvesting should not induce imbalance in nature of plant, environment and continuity of plants.

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E- Animals should raise following the national basic of their raising organically. (Without hormones, detergents or any other chemicals that not accepted from organic point of view).

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Appendix II A- Fertilizer of soil enrichment :

• General conditions:

1- To be agreement with information mentioned in appendix I

2- The use should be within specific condition mentioned for fertilizers, which includes:

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1- The use of plant or animals residues or mixture of both that nominated and certificated by inspection authority as organic residues. The animal residues should be known as types (Cow, Sheep…).

2- Farm fertilizers: from animal sector in the same farm that also agree with basic concepts of organic in European community. Also inspection team can indicate that.

3- Dry fertilizer (farms): as what mentioned in 2- above4- Animal residues that converted into compost

including poultry manure: should also be indicated through out inspection team. Products that use artificial techniques or adding synthetic compounds for composting are not to be used.

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5- Liquid fertilizers (animal residues in liquid case or urine of animals): used after complete fermenting process and dilution. Inspection decides also by certificate whether it is ok or not, type of animal residues should be known those that follow artificial or use synthetic methods are not accepted.

6- Home refuses that converted into compost: separated plants and animals refuse from other refuse are to be used should be fermented under control, inspection indicate if process of production is ok (agree with organic requirements or not). Anyhow shouldn't have > than 0.7of cd, 70 of copper, 25 NI, 45 Pb, 200 Zn, Hg 0.4, Cr 70 mg/Kg of tested material.

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7- Peat moss: just to be used in nurseries of producing horticultural and ornamentals or seedlings.

8- Clay, perlite and vermiculite: are to be used as no synthesized chemicals are used.

9- Nets of birds: from organic sources.

10- Residues of insects and worms can be used as no synthesized chemicals are used.

11- Guano = residues of fishes: to be indicated by agreement of inspection authority.

12- Compost mix of green plants (veg. and other green) in the conditions of inspection authority agreement.

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13- Secondary animal products: Blood, Bones, free from gelatin materials, Unguis, Horns, animal chark, Fishes, Meat, Feathers, Hairs, Wools, Yoghurt refuse. In conditions of inspection authority agreement.

14- Secondary plants production (processing): grain peels oily seeds peel and refuse, cacao peels, tomato processing refuse, organic matter refuse. Free from synthesized chemicals.

15- Aqueous plants and their products: to be used at the conditions of:

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1- Undergoes natural process as drying, freezing and grinding.

2- Extracts to be done by water or by diluted acids or alkaline.

3- Fermentation by accepted process with authority inspection.

16- Saw particles: from none treated woods with chemicals after being cut.

17- Compost of plant barks: as 16 not treated.

18- Ash of woods: as 16 not treated.

19- Aluminum calcium phosphate: cd should ≤ 90 mg/Kg of P2O5 and using soil of pH > 7.5 (alkaline soil).

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20- Soiled wastes of alkaline pH: in the conditions of authority inspection agreement.

21- Inert potassium salts: as sylvanite and kainite which are natural salts use as source of K (fertilizers) that allowed after the authority inspection agreement.

22- Potassium sulfate that has Mg salts: that could be extract from inert potassium salts after also agreement of authority inspection.

23- Distillated Ammonium: as distillated extracts.

24-Calcium carbonate (natural): as precipitations, rocks of calcareous and phosphorus precipitations.

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25- Magnesium carbonate: as magnesium precipitation and rocks of magnesium limes.

26- Magnesium sulfate: as kieserite.

27- Calcium chloride: to treat apple trees that show calcium deficiency. And at the agreement of authority of inspection.

28- Sulfur element: in agreement of inspection authority.

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B- Material used for plant protection: 1- Pyrethrum extract that prepared from flowers of

Chrysanthemum cinerariafolium, to which other materials can be added to increase its efficiency such as:

1- Extracts from Derris elliptica. 2- Extracts from Quassia amara. 3- Extract from Ryania speciosa. 5- Rock materials. 6- Diatomic soil: 7- Soil that include mineral of repellent characters

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8- Material used for hunting of insects. 9- Sulfur.10- Bordeaux mixture 11- Burgundy mixture (copper sulfate + calcium

hydroxide 10:10:100 water).12- Sodium silicate.13- Sodium bicarbonate.14- Potassium soap.15- Phermonic extracts.16- Bacterial extracts: Bacillus thuringiensis. 17- Plant and animal oils.18- Viral extracts.19- Paraffin oil.

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• C- Other products that did not go against organic and go in agreement of inspection authority.

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Appendix III * Minimum requirements for protection and

inspection.

A- Plants and productions from farms or cooperatives: 1- Biological products are from specific areas,

isolated from other areas (inorganic areas). Organic areas include also organic units of preparation, packaging…….. that deal only with organic products.

2- For the first time of inspection, if the producer is concentrating his activity on wild SPP. then inspection should be sure from:

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* Presence of detailed description for the organic unite including (areas of production, storage, places, and the surrounding farms…..), all steps and requirements for avoiding errors or mixing with conv. are to be followed.

* In case of collecting wild plants, then third person other than inspection should ensure that the collector is following appendix I part 4:

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1- Three transitional years, in which plants were not treated with non accepted chemicals (appendix II).

2- Collection of wild would not induce imbalance in nature of plants and environment.

3- Did not affect sustainability of these species.

* All detailed descriptions, standards should included in inspection report that also signed with producer or collectors, even the last data of using materials other than what accepted from biological concept (appendix I).

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* Also the producer should follow methods and labeling that lead to organic production.

3- Each year and before inspection date the producer should inform the inspection team with producing program.

4- All records should be available for inspection team to know sources, quantities of inert materials, how they are used and quantities, nature of selling products.

* The selling products into consumers are to be recorded daily.

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* At the processing of agricultural products, then records should includes sources, nature, quantities of all added and required materials for processing and end products as quantities and nature.

5- Inputs to be stored are those agree with basic of organic farming.

6- In addition to annual programmed visits of inspection team, sudden visits are to be done at any time to check, take samples especially from materials that may not undergoes the basic of European community for organic farming. Report to be prepared at the end of each visit which should be signed also by farmer.

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7- The producer (farmer) should enable the inspection team to reach easily for all sites of production, storage site other means of production and recording books of the farm and any other information needed by inspection….

8.1 Organic products (certified) can be transferred to other unites or sites (central markets= whole sellers and small sellers) when they packaged in suitable closed containers with which the exchange of products is impossible. Label should be sticked over the packages where:

- Name of producer, packager…. . - Method of production as biological system.

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8.2 Some times, it's not required to close container if to be transfer from producer to manufacture where both are undergone the inspection system.

*At presence of other unites of production in the farm that use conv. System, these unites, storage should be inspected. Organic plants should not produced in these unites except in case of:

1- Perennial plants (fruit tree, perennial grasses) at the conditions of:

a- The production is during the last transition stage of farm which takes maximum period of 5 years.

b- The products should be surely separated from conv.

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c- 48 hrs before harvesting, the inspection should be informed.

d- By the end of harvesting process, producer should inform the inspection authority about the Q. that harvested and the distinguished characters for the product (type, quality, color, average fruit w.) ensuring that all techniques used for isolation from conv. were followed.

e- Inspection authority should declare the agreement for transition plan (farmer should have copy from the agreement) as annual agreement:

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* Research areas not contradict any of previous points. (b-e)

* Sites of producing seeds and propagules and seedlings should not contradicted the pervious points. (b-e)

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B- Manufacture, packaging unites for plants products or food materials that basically form from plants:

1- For first inspection time: complete description for the unit including all facilities of processing, packaging, storage of products before and after processing. All practical activities that ensure safety using of previous facilities are to be followed. All previous points should be included in the inspection report that also singed by the producer.

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2- Records should enable inspector to know: - Sources, quantity, nature of agricultural products

entered to unit. - Sources, Q. and nature of agricultural products that

go out from the unit. - All other information as source, nature and quantity

of additives to processed materials and the ingredients of processed material (information needed by inspection team should be available.

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3- In case of producing, packaging, storing non organic products in the unit where organic products are produced, then:

- Separate place in the unit for storing the organic product after and before processing.

- All the steps of producing, processing the product (organic) should be done in separate manner (places and time) from non organic products.

- If this is not done continuously, then inspection team should be informed with it enough time before being done (decided by inspection team).

- Processing of the organic should not mix with non (avoid error by all techniques needed).

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4- Other than sudden visits, inspection team should make annual visit to make complete inspection, take samples from products that doughtily not organic, report should be done for each visit that also singed by manager of manufacture farm.

5- Manufacture should enable the inspection team to check easily all parts of unite, records are provide for the team with all other required information.

6- Organic products should be transformed whole sellers or small ones in specific, closed container where impossible to be changed and organic labeling should be attached.

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Label includes: 1- Name, address of responsible person about

preparing, packaging of products. If others deal with

should mentioned for referring if needed.

2- Name of products and with which techniques as

organic

is produced. When received by manufacture → sure

that completely closed, labeled as organic, at any

doubt that it is not organic, not accepted as organic

and delivered to market as conv.

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C- Importing plant materials and foods of plants sources from other countries than E.C: .

For the first inspection time, importer and inspections team should do the following:

1- Complete description for the importing place, activity, way of entrance and any other facilities used by importers for storing of importing products.

2- Importer should do all thing ensuring using and following all basics (previous ones).

3- Description, basics, should be mentioned in the report of inspection that signed also by the importer, the report should include also document in which the importer is surely following steps of:

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a- Originally from third country that mentioned in the

European Council as exporting to E.C.

b- Produced from unite that control by inspection.

c- Inspection team in the 3ed country should release

certificate of inspection and OK as O. products in

similar way followed in Europe and inspected in

similar to what proceeded in Europe. So agencies of

inspection, units of producing O. products can be

listed in clear and known to E. countries.

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4- Importer should facilitate reaching of inspection team into his storage and if presented in other E. country inspection teams of that country can do it.

5- Records should be kept and available into inspection team if want to see or to know each importing Q. from 3rd country (origin, quantity, all steps of export up to reach the E. country.

6- Importer should inform the inspection team with any importing quantity to E.C. enabling the inspection team to required information as allowance of importing organic products. If products are transferred to other area, then inspection team of that area can control the process.

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7- If organic products are stored in unite where other non organic are produced, processed, packaged, and stored then:

- Organic should be stored in completely separate place.

- Organic should be clearly distinguished and not mix with other non organic products.

8- Other than sudden visits, annual visit should be done in order to inspect importing ways; storages… also can check records, certificates and take samples from stored products at any doubt, report should be done after each visit, that singed by responsible of the unite.

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9- Importer should enable the inspection team to reach to his importing sites, records and any other importing issues or any further information required by inspection team.

10- Importing organics from 3rd country should be in completely closed containers that prevent their change and labeled: name of importer, mark, code No. and the manufacture should check the close of containers, certificate with the product. At any doubt, then should not used for packaging, processing except after clearing and removing of doubt points, or to be delivered to the market as conventional product.

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11- Organics can be transferred into other units, whole

seller small ones in complete closed containers in a

way that their change is noticed (not possible to

change contents) and label show that it is organic

product. Name of exporter or inspection

side and name of product and method of production

should be written.

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Steps of having inspection services and certificates issuing

1- Making the application: the applicant makes the application for having inspection services (oral and written) then singed by the applicant, date, and place.

2- Inspector should obtain all the information necessary for running of inspection process by the agency (center) which includes:

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1- Description of the project (manufacture or farm).2- Geographical situation of project.3- Starting date of the project, list of products by

project.4- Mechanization used in the project.5- Skeletal organization of the project,6- Any other important information as if the applicant

had got the inspection services and certificates issuing from other agencies or centers.

Inspector should prepare all information needed by the applicant: