introduction membrane issues other issues › uploads › media_items › mbr-other... ·...
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OutlineOutline
•• IntroductionIntroduction
•• Membrane IssuesMembrane Issues
•• Other IssuesOther Issues
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OutlineOutline
•• IntroductionIntroduction
•• Membrane IssuesMembrane Issues
•• Other IssuesOther Issues
––AerationAeration
––Foam and ColloidsFoam and Colloids
––PretreatmentPretreatment
––Research needsResearch needs
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Aeration
For Biomass
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Oxygen TransferOxygen Transfer
•• Most commonly cited problem for operating Most commonly cited problem for operating at high MLSS conditionsat high MLSS conditions
–– Really because this issue is a still a Really because this issue is a still a design engineerdesign engineer’’s concerns concern
–– Membrane risks or issues are transferred Membrane risks or issues are transferred to manufacturer to manufacturer
•• Currently, aeration basin designs for Currently, aeration basin designs for MBRsMBRsare generally between 8 and 10 g/Lare generally between 8 and 10 g/L
•• Why 8 to 10 g/L and not 20 to 30 g/L?Why 8 to 10 g/L and not 20 to 30 g/L?
•• Because there is great concern and Because there is great concern and discussion about the alpha factor for MBR discussion about the alpha factor for MBR designsdesigns
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DefinitionsDefinitions• Oxygen transfer rate (OTR) represents
the transfer rate into water
• OTR depends on the mass transfer
coefficient kLa and the concentration
difference:
• αααα factor relates kLa sludge/ kLa cleanwater
• ββββ factor relates C*sludge/C*cleanwater
• αααα factor is main concern, although this is still a very active area of MBR
research
OTRcleanwater
= kLa C
* −C( )
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Wide Variation in Wide Variation in αααααααα ValuesValues
Adapted from Germain et al., 2007 Water Research
MLSS concentrationsMLSS concentrations
below 10 g/L helps to eliminatebelow 10 g/L helps to eliminate
concerns with low concerns with low αααααααα valuevalue
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Not The Whole Story!Not The Whole Story!
•• We do not understand what impacts We do not understand what impacts αααααααα yetyet–– Wastewater and mixed liquor constituents are Wastewater and mixed liquor constituents are extremely importantextremely important
–– Common for ASP to have Common for ASP to have αααααααα values vary along the values vary along the length of a plug flow reactor (increasing length of a plug flow reactor (increasing αααααααα with with
increasing length of the reactor)increasing length of the reactor)
•• Researchers have only been able to correlate Researchers have only been able to correlate αααααααα with MLSS concentration to datewith MLSS concentration to date–– But there is a very wide variation for the same But there is a very wide variation for the same MLSS concentrationMLSS concentration
•• Continued research will be help define Continued research will be help define important factors contributing to important factors contributing to αααααααα and and thus, help rethus, help re--define MLSS designsdefine MLSS designs
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Dissolved Oxygen LevelsDissolved Oxygen Levels
•• Some manufacturers market a lower reactor Some manufacturers market a lower reactor DO concentrationDO concentration–– An attempt to balance out the extra air costs An attempt to balance out the extra air costs for the membranesfor the membranes
–– There are negative impacts to low DO conc.There are negative impacts to low DO conc.
•• There is some literature that indicates DO There is some literature that indicates DO concentrations impact membrane foulingconcentrations impact membrane fouling–– Higher DO leads to a lower sludge fouling Higher DO leads to a lower sludge fouling propensity (Kang et. Al, 2003)propensity (Kang et. Al, 2003)
–– Anaerobic conditions are known to Anaerobic conditions are known to deflocculatedeflocculate((WilenWilen et. Al, 2004)et. Al, 2004)
–– Anoxic conditions have a higher fouling Anoxic conditions have a higher fouling proprensityproprensitythan aerobic (Jang et. Al, 2006)than aerobic (Jang et. Al, 2006)
•• Low DO concentrations encourage bulking Low DO concentrations encourage bulking filamentsfilaments
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Aeration for
Membranes
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Oxygen TransferOxygen Transfer
•• High Oxygen Transfer Efficiency High Oxygen Transfer Efficiency
–– Desired for cost effectively providing Desired for cost effectively providing dissolved oxygen to biomass dissolved oxygen to biomass
–– Requires small bubbles for high Requires small bubbles for high KKLLaa
•• Coarse bubble aeration used by most MBR Coarse bubble aeration used by most MBR manufacturers has 50% the OTE of fine airmanufacturers has 50% the OTE of fine air
•• US FilterUS Filter’’s s JetTechJetTech technology should technology should allow improved oxygen transfer allow improved oxygen transfer -- getting getting close to the OTE of fine air (75close to the OTE of fine air (75--80%)80%)–– But you lose the effectiveness of coarse bubble But you lose the effectiveness of coarse bubble air scourair scour
•• Bubble rise velocity, UBubble rise velocity, ULL, is proportional , is proportional to its sizeto its size–– But Large bubbles provide better lift and more But Large bubbles provide better lift and more effectlyeffectly resuspendresuspend rejected materialrejected material
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RM
RF
RC
––JssJss = to membrane= to membrane
––VVLL = away from membrane= away from membrane
––JssJss ≥≥ VVL L (rapid fouling)(rapid fouling)
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Operating ConditionsOperating Conditions
Reactor MCRT, d HRT, h
Target
MLSS, g/L G Value, 1/s
2-5
1.1-3.6SMBR
CMAS Lo
CMAS Hi
63282-10
2-10 8.0 1-3 72
8.3 1-3 250
G =P
Vµ
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-20 20-40 40-100 100-2000
Fre
qu
ency
CMAS Lo
Particle Size DistributionParticle Size Distribution-- CMAS Lo vs. SMBRCMAS Lo vs. SMBR
CMAS Lo
SMBR
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-20 20-40 40-100 100-2000
Characteristic Length, µµµµm
SMBR
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-20 20-40 40-100 100-2000
Fre
quen
cy
CMAS Hi
Particle Size DistributionParticle Size Distribution-- CMAS Hi vs. SMBRCMAS Hi vs. SMBR
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-20 20-40 40-100 100-2000
Characteristic Length, µµµµm
SMBR
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Colloidal MaterialColloidal Material
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2 3 4 5
MCRT, d
CMAS Hi
CMAS Lo
SMBR
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Activated Sludge DispersionActivated Sludge Dispersion
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Extracellular Polymeric Substances
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2 3 4 5 10
MCRT, d
CMAS Hi
CMAS Lo
SMBR
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FilamentousMicroorganisms
CMAS Hi CMAS Lo SMBR
Total Filamentous Microorganisms
(intersections/gTSS) 8.1x105
2.2x106
1.9x107
Nocardioform Fraction 13% 26% 85%
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Sludge Properties Sludge Properties ConclusionsConclusions
•• Particle Size Distribution (2Particle Size Distribution (2--2000 2000
micron)micron)
–– CMAS Lo had a bimodal distributionCMAS Lo had a bimodal distribution
–– CMAS Hi and SMBR had similar distributionsCMAS Hi and SMBR had similar distributions
•• Colloidal Material (<10 micron)Colloidal Material (<10 micron)
–– Higher levels in SMBRHigher levels in SMBR
•• Extracellular Polymer SubstancesExtracellular Polymer Substances
–– Lower levels in SMBRLower levels in SMBR
•• Filamentous MicroorganismsFilamentous Microorganisms
–– Higher levels in SMBRHigher levels in SMBR
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Biological Foaming Biological Foaming -- NocardioformNocardioform
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Illustration of Mechanical Foam Illustration of Mechanical Foam ControlControl
ML Recycle Line
ML Recycle
Pump
Membrane
TankAeration
Tank
Coarse
Aeration On
Coarse
Aeration OffIntermittent
Aeration
(10s on/10s off)
D = 0.787 m
D = 0.1 m
Foam
Foam
Foam
Foam
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
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Foaming EventsFoaming Events
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Sprayer SystemSprayer System
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Biological FoamingBiological Foaming
•• Much more than a process Much more than a process ““nuisancenuisance””
–– Removes biomass from the reactor Removes biomass from the reactor
–– Dramatically shifts F/M in the reactorDramatically shifts F/M in the reactor
–– Often correlates with membrane foulingOften correlates with membrane fouling
•• MBRsMBRs are the perfect trapping environmentare the perfect trapping environment–– Recommend ALL sludge wasting be done from the Recommend ALL sludge wasting be done from the surfacesurface
–– Only place foaming filaments can survive is on Only place foaming filaments can survive is on the surfacethe surface
•• Membrane tanks are particularly prone to Membrane tanks are particularly prone to biological foaming due to the aerationbiological foaming due to the aeration–– Recommend overflowing the membrane tank Recommend overflowing the membrane tank continuouslycontinuously
•• Controlling foaming filaments by surface Controlling foaming filaments by surface wasting does not control bulking filamentswasting does not control bulking filaments
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Pretreatment
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PretreatmentPretreatment•• Adequate pretreatment is essential Adequate pretreatment is essential
–– Protects the membranes from damage Protects the membranes from damage
–– Protects the membrane from Protects the membrane from requiring manual cleaningrequiring manual cleaning
–– Allows membrane fouling to be Allows membrane fouling to be controlled as designedcontrolled as designed
•• In 1999, only 3 mm screens required In 1999, only 3 mm screens required for all for all MBRsMBRs
•• Now, MBR manufacturers are Now, MBR manufacturers are attempting to separate themselves attempting to separate themselves from the others by claiming reduced from the others by claiming reduced screenings requirements (2 screenings requirements (2 vsvs 3 mm)3 mm)
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PretreatmentPretreatment•• Problem remains for all Problem remains for all -- this inert material this inert material
(hair, fibers, and grit) will accumulate in the (hair, fibers, and grit) will accumulate in the reactorreactor
–– Grit will settle at the bottom below the air Grit will settle at the bottom below the air distributors and form pilesdistributors and form piles
•• Best operational results are obtained with high Best operational results are obtained with high quality pretreatment (0.8 mm)quality pretreatment (0.8 mm)
–– Minimizes handling of the membranes and exposure to Minimizes handling of the membranes and exposure to cleaning/repair procedurescleaning/repair procedures
•• The need for such advanced screening has The need for such advanced screening has significant negativessignificant negatives
–– Labor intensiveLabor intensive
–– Require a lot of washing and compacting of this materialRequire a lot of washing and compacting of this material
–– Not pleasant to deal withNot pleasant to deal with
•• When it makes economic sense (> 5 MGD), primary When it makes economic sense (> 5 MGD), primary treatment is highly recommendedtreatment is highly recommended
–– Reduce the load on screenings Reduce the load on screenings -- eases operationeases operation
–– Prescreen becomes insurance policyPrescreen becomes insurance policy
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PretreatmentPretreatment•• The standard prescreen type that is proven The standard prescreen type that is proven
successful are:successful are:
–– MeshMesh
–– Punch holePunch hole
•• Its imperative that there is no bypass or Its imperative that there is no bypass or opportunity for solids carryoveropportunity for solids carryover
•• Also imperative that the screen loading not be Also imperative that the screen loading not be too aggressivetoo aggressive–– Frequently results in the facility backing up sewage Frequently results in the facility backing up sewage and spillsand spills
•• Most commonly employed prescreen devices areMost commonly employed prescreen devices are–– Internally fed rotating drum screenInternally fed rotating drum screen
–– In channel rotating drum screenIn channel rotating drum screen
–– Rotating brush screenRotating brush screen
–– Traveling band screenTraveling band screen
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Research Needs Research Needs
So much progress, but so much left to do!So much progress, but so much left to do!
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Research NeedsResearch Needs•• Means of improving and controlling sludge Means of improving and controlling sludge
filterabilityfilterability
–– Sludge properties completely control foulingSludge properties completely control fouling
–– Investigate more thoroughly the benefits of Investigate more thoroughly the benefits of chemical additiveschemical additives
–– Focus on biological reactor design as wellFocus on biological reactor design as well
–– What are the measures of filterability? How do What are the measures of filterability? How do we measure filterabilitywe measure filterability
–– Although we donAlthough we don’’t need the sludge to settle, we t need the sludge to settle, we do need it to filterdo need it to filter
•• Improve our understanding of how to control Improve our understanding of how to control ααααααααvalues for aeration designsvalues for aeration designs
–– Are we using all of the tools we have availableAre we using all of the tools we have available
–– This commonly cited as the reasons This commonly cited as the reasons MBRsMBRs cannot cannot be more compact or carry higher MLSS be more compact or carry higher MLSS concentrationsconcentrations
–– I believe that Praxair and other companies like I believe that Praxair and other companies like this are focusing on this issue and will make this are focusing on this issue and will make good progressgood progress
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Research NeedsResearch Needs•• Energy reduction designsEnergy reduction designs
–– Air scouring is imperative in the high solids Air scouring is imperative in the high solids environment of environment of MBRsMBRs
–– To date, this is what prevents conventional To date, this is what prevents conventional wastewater utilities from really embracing wastewater utilities from really embracing MBRsMBRs
–– ZenonZenon has made significant strides in this respect, has made significant strides in this respect, but total aeration demand is 75% of the energy for an but total aeration demand is 75% of the energy for an MBR and about 1/2 of that air is for the membranesMBR and about 1/2 of that air is for the membranes
–– Minimize shear and Minimize shear and flocfloc breakagebreakage
–– Koch Koch PuronPuron also has some unique ideas on how to also has some unique ideas on how to minimize membrane air requirementsminimize membrane air requirements
•• Management of peak flowsManagement of peak flows
–– Important for MBR manufacturers to be honest about Important for MBR manufacturers to be honest about the significance of this issuethe significance of this issue
–– Potentially, when a peak membrane flux is required, Potentially, when a peak membrane flux is required, the system could not maintain for even 1 hthe system could not maintain for even 1 h
–– Need to think about possible membrane related Need to think about possible membrane related solutionssolutions
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Thank you Thank you