IntroductionIntroduction

Late 19Late 19thth Century Industrialism influenced Century Industrialism influenced both domestic and foreign policyboth domestic and foreign policy

Expansionism pushed by not only business Expansionism pushed by not only business leaders but politicians, statesmen, and leaders but politicians, statesmen, and editorial writerseditorial writers

American greatness required American American greatness required American imperialismimperialism

Motives for U.S. ExpansionMotives for U.S. ExpansionChristian missionary zealChristian missionary zeal

Keeping up with international rivals in Keeping up with international rivals in colonizationcolonization

Gaining harbors for trade and navyGaining harbors for trade and navyA.T. Mahan – A.T. Mahan – Influence of Sea Power on Influence of Sea Power on

HistoryHistory

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Jingoism – nationalist expansionismJingoism – nationalist expansionism

MissionariesMissionariesAmericans, like Europeans, entered the Americans, like Europeans, entered the

mission field throughout the Pacific, Asia & mission field throughout the Pacific, Asia & AfricaAfricaWomen at forefront of activityWomen at forefront of activity

Closely associated with imperialismClosely associated with imperialismChristianizing and WesternizingChristianizing and WesternizingWhiteman’s BurdenWhiteman’s Burden

Women taught reading, writing, sanitation & Women taught reading, writing, sanitation & hygienehygieneWestern religious beliefs and moral standardsWestern religious beliefs and moral standards

Lottie MoonLottie Moon

Lottie Moon served as Lottie Moon served as a missionary in China a missionary in China for more than 40 for more than 40 years.years.

She died at age 72 She died at age 72 weighing only 50lbs weighing only 50lbs after giving her own after giving her own food to Chinese food to Chinese suffering from famine.suffering from famine.

We do not want to fightWe do not want to fightBut, by jingo, if we doBut, by jingo, if we do

We’ll scoop in all the fishing groundsWe’ll scoop in all the fishing groundsAnd the whole dominion too!And the whole dominion too!

Anti-expansionist poem that supplied the nickname Anti-expansionist poem that supplied the nickname used by critics of U.S. imperialismused by critics of U.S. imperialism

•Poem refers to strife between GB and Poem refers to strife between GB and US over rights to fishing in N. Atlantic US over rights to fishing in N. Atlantic and Bering Seaand Bering Sea•US also intervened in boundary dispute US also intervened in boundary dispute between GB and Venezuela over British between GB and Venezuela over British GuianaGuiana

Pacific ExpansionPacific Expansion1899 – Samoan Islands

Three-way treaty w/ GB & GER

Hawaii – 1887 treaty for Pearl HarborIncreased US economic dominance1891 – Queen Liliuokalani – nationalistSharp drop in Hawaiian sugar prices

due to US tariff – queen deposed by planters - 1893

Proclaimed independent Rep. of Hawaii

HawaiiHawaii•Rep. of Hawaii Rep. of Hawaii requested but did not get requested but did not get immediate annexationimmediate annexation•Pres. Cleveland Pres. Cleveland declined but McKinley declined but McKinley had no problems with had no problems with Hawaiian objectionsHawaiian objections•HI proclaimed a US HI proclaimed a US Territory in Territory in 18981898 by pro- by pro-expansionist Congressexpansionist Congress

Map 20.2 U.S.Territorial Expansion Map 20.2 U.S.Territorial Expansion in the Late Nineteenth Centuryin the Late Nineteenth Century

Crisis in CubaCrisis in Cuba1895 – revolt led by José Martí – Cuban 1895 – revolt led by José Martí – Cuban

exileexileLittle backing from U.S. biz or govt.Little backing from U.S. biz or govt.Mainly due to U.S. investments in CubaMainly due to U.S. investments in Cuba

Public sympathy with rebelsPublic sympathy with rebelsYellow Journalism of Hearst & PulitzerYellow Journalism of Hearst & Pulitzer““Butcher” WeylerButcher” Weyler

Despite efforts by Spain for peaceful Despite efforts by Spain for peaceful resolution, U.S. papers continued resolution, U.S. papers continued sensational coveragesensational coverage

Flash-pointsFlash-points2/8/1898 – DeLome Letter2/8/1898 – DeLome Letter

Hearst publishes private letter by Spanish Hearst publishes private letter by Spanish diplomatdiplomat

Critical of Pres. McKinleyCritical of Pres. McKinley

2/18/1898 2/18/1898 – Explosion sinks U.S.S. Maine killing – Explosion sinks U.S.S. Maine killing 266266

Although cause unknown, U.S. papers blame Although cause unknown, U.S. papers blame SpainSpain

4/11/98 4/11/98 Congress authorizes force to expel Congress authorizes force to expel Spain from CubaSpain from CubaTeller Amendment promises no intent to annex Teller Amendment promises no intent to annex

Cuba Cuba

Above – wreckage of U.S.S. MaineAbove Right – Memorial print for the MaineRight – U.S.S. Olympia – sister ship of the Maine

Spanish-American War - 1898Spanish-American War - 1898First fighting on First fighting on May 1, 1898May 1, 1898

Spanish fleet in Philippines eliminatedSpanish fleet in Philippines eliminatedAmericans occupied Manila by AugustAmericans occupied Manila by August

U.S. Admiral Dewey supplied weapons to U.S. Admiral Dewey supplied weapons to Filipino rebels under Emilio AguinaldoFilipino rebels under Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipinos defeated Spanish – Aguinaldo Filipinos defeated Spanish – Aguinaldo declared independencedeclared independence

Spanish surrendered to U.S. who took Spanish surrendered to U.S. who took control – led to several years of vicious control – led to several years of vicious guerilla fighting against U.S. troopsguerilla fighting against U.S. troops

Map 20.3 Dewey’s RouteMap 20.3 Dewey’s Routein the Philippines, 1898in the Philippines, 1898

War in CubaWar in CubaU.S. established blockade of SantiagoU.S. established blockade of Santiago

Used troops to seize three hills overlooking the Used troops to seize three hills overlooking the city – city – July 1, 1898July 1, 1898

T. Roosevelt and “Rough Riders” capture San T. Roosevelt and “Rough Riders” capture San Juan Hill – makes TR a war heroJuan Hill – makes TR a war hero

Spanish fleet destroyed on July 3 after attempt Spanish fleet destroyed on July 3 after attempt to fleeto flee

Marks the end of Spanish rule in New WorldMarks the end of Spanish rule in New World

It was “a splendid little war.” - Sec. of State It was “a splendid little war.” - Sec. of State John HayJohn Hay

Map 20.4 Cuban Campaign, Map 20.4 Cuban Campaign, 18981898

Realities of the “splendid” warRealities of the “splendid” warU.S. troops ill-trained & poorly equippedU.S. troops ill-trained & poorly equipped

More U.S. troops died from diseases than More U.S. troops died from diseases than combatcombatClara Barton and Red Cross worked to improve Clara Barton and Red Cross worked to improve

medical conditions in Cubamedical conditions in Cuba

Black troops (Buffalo Soldiers) fought with Black troops (Buffalo Soldiers) fought with distinction despite racism and segregationdistinction despite racism and segregation15% of troops in fight for San Juan and El Caney 15% of troops in fight for San Juan and El Caney

hills were blackhills were black

Buffalo SoldiersBuffalo Soldiers

Results of the WarResults of the WarPeace treaty signed Peace treaty signed 12/189812/1898

Spain recognized Cuban independenceSpain recognized Cuban independence

U.S. paid $20 million for Philippines, Puerto Rico, U.S. paid $20 million for Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guamand Guam

19011901 Platt Amendment (to army spending bill) Platt Amendment (to army spending bill)U.S. withdraws from Cuba but maintains naval base U.S. withdraws from Cuba but maintains naval base

at Guantanamo, asserts U.S. right to intervene in at Guantanamo, asserts U.S. right to intervene in Cuban affairs, and places limits on Cuban foreign Cuban affairs, and places limits on Cuban foreign policypolicy

U.S. investments in Cuba soared – virtual U.S. investments in Cuba soared – virtual economic controleconomic control

Critics of ImperialismCritics of ImperialismAnti-Imperialist League – 1898Anti-Imperialist League – 1898

Included William Jennings Bryan, Jane Addams, Included William Jennings Bryan, Jane Addams, Mark Twain, and Andrew CarnegieMark Twain, and Andrew Carnegie

Imperialism violated spirit of Dec. of Ind. and Imperialism violated spirit of Dec. of Ind. and the Constitution according to criticsthe Constitution according to critics

Imperialism was key issue of 1900 electionImperialism was key issue of 1900 electionMcKinley overwhelmingly defeated BryanMcKinley overwhelmingly defeated BryanDemonstrated the strength of jingoism among Demonstrated the strength of jingoism among

American publicAmerican public

““Open Door” in ChinaOpen Door” in ChinaU.S. looking to tap into huge Chinese U.S. looking to tap into huge Chinese

commercial marketcommercial marketRussia, Germany, Britain had arranged Russia, Germany, Britain had arranged

exclusive access and “spheres of influence”exclusive access and “spheres of influence”

1899 – Sec. State John Hay asked Euros to 1899 – Sec. State John Hay asked Euros to open ports in their spheres to all countriesopen ports in their spheres to all countriesU.S. not looking for territory – looking for bizU.S. not looking for territory – looking for bizThough Euros did not explicitly accept – Hay Though Euros did not explicitly accept – Hay

announced that they accepted the principleannounced that they accepted the principle

““Open Door” & the BoxersOpen Door” & the Boxers1899 Anti-foreign Boxer Rebellion1899 Anti-foreign Boxer Rebellion

U.S. sent troops to join international army U.S. sent troops to join international army that put down the rebellionthat put down the rebellion

Significant that China did NOT stop itSignificant that China did NOT stop it

Fearing weakened China would get carved Fearing weakened China would get carved up by Euros, John Hay issued another series up by Euros, John Hay issued another series of Open Door Notes (of Open Door Notes (19001900))Reaffirmed open tradeReaffirmed open tradeU.S. determined to preserve Chinese U.S. determined to preserve Chinese

territorial integrityterritorial integritySet tone for later issues with JapanSet tone for later issues with Japan

Panama CanalPanama CanalCongress authorized Theodore Roosevelt to Congress authorized Theodore Roosevelt to

purchase rights to build canal from Frenchpurchase rights to build canal from FrenchHay signed treaty with Columbian diplomatHay signed treaty with Columbian diplomat

Hay-Herran TreatyHay-Herran TreatyColumbian Senate rejected dealColumbian Senate rejected deal

TR collaborated with Philippe Bunau-VarillaTR collaborated with Philippe Bunau-VarillaFrenchman who organized a “revolution” in Panama Frenchman who organized a “revolution” in Panama

– Nov. 1903– Nov. 1903U.S. quickly recognized independent PanamaU.S. quickly recognized independent PanamaHay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (19031903))““I took the Canal Zone, and let Congress debate, I took the Canal Zone, and let Congress debate,

and while the debate goes on, the canal does also.”and while the debate goes on, the canal does also.”

The TermsThe Terms10-mile wide canal zone “in perpetuity”10-mile wide canal zone “in perpetuity”

Down payment of $10 millionDown payment of $10 million

Annual fee of $250,000Annual fee of $250,000

In a belated effort to bring goodwill to Colombia In a belated effort to bring goodwill to Colombia after TR’s big stick methods, the U.S. Senate after TR’s big stick methods, the U.S. Senate voted in 1921 to pay $25 millionvoted in 1921 to pay $25 millionNice try…but didn’t clean up imageNice try…but didn’t clean up image

First ship passed through canal in 1914First ship passed through canal in 1914

The Roosevelt CorollaryThe Roosevelt CorollaryTR used U.S. pwr to protect business interests TR used U.S. pwr to protect business interests

in Latin Am – Speak Softly but Carry a Big Stickin Latin Am – Speak Softly but Carry a Big Stick1902 – Venezuela defaulted in loans from 1902 – Venezuela defaulted in loans from

Europe – TR arbitrates settlement after GER, IT, Europe – TR arbitrates settlement after GER, IT, & GB attacked ports& GB attacked ports

1904 – several Euro nations threatened to 1904 – several Euro nations threatened to invade Dominican Republic for defaulting on invade Dominican Republic for defaulting on debtsdebtsTR issues the Roosevelt Corollary – warning Euro TR issues the Roosevelt Corollary – warning Euro

powers against meddling in Latin Am.powers against meddling in Latin Am.Said U.S. had right to intervene in cases of Said U.S. had right to intervene in cases of

“chronic wrong-doing” by Latin Am countries“chronic wrong-doing” by Latin Am countriesAn addition to the Monroe DoctrineAn addition to the Monroe Doctrine

Taft – Dollar DiplomacyTaft – Dollar Diplomacy1911 – U.S.-backed rev in Nicaragua1911 – U.S.-backed rev in Nicaragua

Adolfo Diaz comes to pwrAdolfo Diaz comes to pwrU.S. wary of foreign country building a canal U.S. wary of foreign country building a canal

across Nicaragua – rival to Panama Canalacross Nicaragua – rival to Panama CanalIn exchange for control of vital Nicaraguan In exchange for control of vital Nicaraguan

financial interests, U.S. bankers lent Diaz $1.5 financial interests, U.S. bankers lent Diaz $1.5 million.million.

The U.S. maintained a protective military The U.S. maintained a protective military presence until 1933presence until 1933

NicaraguaNicaraguaU.S. continued to back conservatives in NicaraguaU.S. continued to back conservatives in Nicaragua

Bryan-Chamorro Treaty (1914) gave U.S. control Bryan-Chamorro Treaty (1914) gave U.S. control over any potential canal project over any potential canal project

1927 – General Augusto Cesar Sandino launched a 1927 – General Augusto Cesar Sandino launched a guerilla war against conservative regime and by guerilla war against conservative regime and by extension the U.S. Marinesextension the U.S. Marines

Drawn out fighting and the Great Depression led the Drawn out fighting and the Great Depression led the U.S. to withdraw in 1933U.S. to withdraw in 1933

Before leaving, U.S. established the National Guard Before leaving, U.S. established the National Guard – combination of military and police– combination of military and police

Anastazio Somoza Garcia led Natl. GuardAnastazio Somoza Garcia led Natl. GuardSandino eventually captured & executed by N.G. and Sandino eventually captured & executed by N.G. and

Somoza gained leadershipSomoza gained leadership

Map 22.1 U.S. Hegemony in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1900-1941

U.S. policy in AsiaU.S. policy in AsiaFriction between Russia and Japan over Friction between Russia and Japan over

Manchuria and KoreaManchuria and Korea

1904 – Japanese attacked Russian ships at 1904 – Japanese attacked Russian ships at Port Arthur, Manchuria – leads to Russo-Port Arthur, Manchuria – leads to Russo-Japanese WarJapanese War

TR concerned about both but nervous about TR concerned about both but nervous about Japanese dominance in AsiaJapanese dominance in AsiaTR arranged peace treaty btwn RUS & JPNTR arranged peace treaty btwn RUS & JPNJPN won control of Korea and other JPN won control of Korea and other

concessionsconcessionsTreaty of Portsmouth (New Hampshire) 1905Treaty of Portsmouth (New Hampshire) 1905

Yellow vs. White PerilYellow vs. White PerilJapan and U.S. became increasingly wary of Japan and U.S. became increasingly wary of

each other’s power and motiveseach other’s power and motives

1907 1907 – Great White Fleet – 16 U.S. battleships – Great White Fleet – 16 U.S. battleships sent on a “training operation” to Japansent on a “training operation” to JapanDemonstration of U.S. military mightDemonstration of U.S. military might

1908 1908 Gentlemen’s AgreementGentlemen’s AgreementJapan angry over segregation of Asian children Japan angry over segregation of Asian children

in San Francisco schoolsin San Francisco schoolsBy the agreement, JPN agreed to halt Japanese By the agreement, JPN agreed to halt Japanese

emigration to Americaemigration to America

Wilson & Latin AmericaWilson & Latin AmericaU.S. Marines occupy Haiti and Dom. RepubU.S. Marines occupy Haiti and Dom. Repub

Exercising Roosevelt Corollary against unrestExercising Roosevelt Corollary against unrest

Wilson’s major intervention was in MexicoWilson’s major intervention was in MexicoRebels overthrew Porfirio Diaz – Victoriano Huerta Rebels overthrew Porfirio Diaz – Victoriano Huerta

emerges as leaderemerges as leaderWilson assists Huerta rival Venustiano CarranzaWilson assists Huerta rival Venustiano CarranzaOrders blockade of Veracruz to prevent German Orders blockade of Veracruz to prevent German

arms from reaching Huertaarms from reaching HuertaHuerta eventually abdicates – Carranza in – U.S. Huerta eventually abdicates – Carranza in – U.S.

leavesleavesPancho Villa and Emilio Zapata conduct their own Pancho Villa and Emilio Zapata conduct their own

revolutionary actions but are each eliminatedrevolutionary actions but are each eliminatedU.S. unsuccessfully pursued Villa because of cross-U.S. unsuccessfully pursued Villa because of cross-

border raids on U.S. townsborder raids on U.S. towns