introduction - wordpress.com · 2011. 2. 9. · 10 the key objectives in animal husbandry ......

2

INTRODUCTION

ORGANIC ACIDS

PREBIOTICS AND PROBIOTICS

PHYTO-THERAPEUTICS

NUCLEOTIDES

NUTRIGENOMICS

QUORUM SENSING

LACTOCEUTICALS

AFTERTHOUGHTS

THE PREVENTION OF DISEASES IN FARM ANIMALS

3

INTRODUCTION

ORGANIC ACIDS


PHYTO-THERAPEUTICS

NUCLEOTIDES

NUTRIGENOMICS

QUORUM SENSING

LACTOCEUTICALS

AFTERTHOUGHTS


4

FACTORS INFLUENCING DISEASES IN ANIMALS AND CONSUMERS

PROBLEMS MAY OCCUR FROM START TO FINISH

GENETICS OF THE ANIMALCONTAMINATED RAW MATERIAL IN FEEDCONTAMINATION IN FEED PROCESSINGTRANSPORT AND STORAGE ON FARMNUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES OF FEEDMICROBIAL IMBALANCES IN THE ANIMALUNHYGIENIC FARM MANAGEMENTUNHYGIENIC SLAUGHTERHOUSE CONDITIONSTRANSPORT AND STORAGE AT THE DISTRIBUTORSTORAGE AND PROCESSING OF FOOD AT THE END-USER

PATHOGENS

THE FOOD CHAIN5

6

RAW MATERIALS

TRANSPORT

FEED COMPOUNDING

STORAGE AT MILL

TRANSPORT

STORAGE AT FARM

DISTRIBUTION ON FARM

CONSUMPTION BY ANIMAL

ANIMAL PERFORMANCE

ANIMAL

TRANSPORT

SLAUGHTER

MEAT

PACKAGING

STORAGE

TRANSPORT

RETAIL

STORAGE

CONSUMPTION

FACTORS INFLUENCING DISEASE IN ANIMALS

AND CONSUMERS

MAIN FOCUS IS THE HEALTH OF THE ANIMALS ON FARM

7

THE EVOLUTIONOF DISEASES

8

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1880 1997

OTHER DISEASES

INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

NEOPLASM (CANCERS)

CAUSES OF DEATH IN ENGLAND AND WALES: 1880 AND 1997

THE EVOLUTION OF DISEASES

9

RISK FACTORS

SANITARY CONDITIONS

LITTER QUALITY TURNOVER TIME

DRINKING MANAGEMENT CLEANINGFACILITIES BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION

GENETICS

BREEDING

VACCINE CHALLENGE

DENSITY STRESS POOR IMMUNITY

DIETARY CHANGE

SEASON

NUTRITION

HIGH NUTRIENTDENSITY DIETS

DIGESTIBILITY PARTICLE SIZE

TYPE OF CEREALS

TOXINS

MICROBIALIMBALANCE

9

10

THE KEY OBJECTIVES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

OPTIMISE THE EFFICIENCY OF FOOD PRODUCTION

PREVENT DISEASES

ANTIBIOTICS WERE USED INPREVENTION AND IN THERAPY

BUT………

12

FEED ADDITIVES

1970 2006 2008 2012

ADDITIVES AUTHORISED

ANTIBIOTICGROWTH PROMOTERSBANNED

INCREASED USE OF VETERINARY MEDICINAL ANTIBIOTICS

COCCIDIOSTATSAND HISTOMONOSTATSTO BE BANNED?

VMP ONLYNUTRITIONALADDITIVESCHANGE FROMFEEDSTUFFS REGULATIONTO FEED ADDITIVES E.G. AMINO ACIDS

13

20.5

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

1150

1200

1250

1300

1350

1400

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

BAN

USE OF ANITBIOTICS IN FRANCE (TONS)FEED PRODUCTION (MILLION TONS)

SOURCE: AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE SECURITE SANITAIRE DES ALIMENTS – AFSSA + FEFAC

14

USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN FRANCE

AMINOGLYCOSIDES ± 5%ß-LACTAMINES ± 8%CEPHALOSPORINES < 1%OTHERS < 2%FLUOROQUINOLONES < 1%FURANES < 1%MACROLIDES 7%PHENICOLES < 1%POLYPEPTIDES 5%QUINOLONES < 2%SULPHONAMIDES ± 16%TETRACYCLINES ± 50%TRIMETHOPRIMES < 3%

SOURCE: AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE SECURITE SANITAIRE DES ALIMENTS – AFSSA

15

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

SULPHONAMIDES 1935 - 1950

PENICILLIN 1942 - 1946

STREPTOMYCINE 1943 - 1957

CHLORAMPHENICOL 1946 - 1957

TETRACYCLINE 1948 - 1953

ERYTHROMYCINE 1952 - 1988

VANCOMYCINE 1957 - 1987

METICILLIN 1960 - 1962

AMPICILLIN 1963 - 1973

CEPHALOSPORINES 1961 - 1969

LINEZOID 2000 - 2002

DAPTOMYCINE 2003 - 2005

TIME BETWEEN 1ST MARKETING AND 1ST RESISTANCE

SOURCE: SCIENCE & VIE

16

BALANCED HEALTHY ANIMAL/ HUMAN BEING

IMBALANCED UNHEALTHY ANIMAL/ HUMAN BEING

PATHOGENS

TREATMENT

PATHOGENS

THERAPEUTIC TREATMENTTREATED


GENERAL PERCEPTION: WHEN ILL TAKE MEDICINE

1717


PREVENTIVETREATMENT

(BALANCED) HEALTHY ANIMAL/ HUMAN BEING

PREVENTIVETREATMENT

PATHOGENS


PREVENTIVE TREATMENT

PREVENTIVETREATMENT

PATHOGENS

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT NOT WORKINGGENERAL PERCEPTION: WHEN NOT ILL PREVENTION IS ONLY A FEEBLE INSURRANCE POLICY

18

SO WHO OR WHAT ARETHOSE PATHOGENS

AND WHERE DO THEY COME FROM?

19

STROMATOLITES OF FOSSILIZED OXYGEN-PRODUCING CYANOBACTERIA HAVE BEEN FOUND FROM 2.8 BILLION YEARS AGO, POSSIBLY AS OLD AS 3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO.

Pre-Cambrian stromatolites in the Glacier National Park, Montana

THE OLDEST ORGANISMS ON EARTH

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Stromatolites.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Stromatolites.jpg

20

COST VERSUS EFFICACY

PARAMETERS TO CONSIDER

COST OF RAW MATERIALSCOST OF PRODUCTIONCOST OF DISTRIBUTION

IMPROVEMENTOBTAINED IN

VALUE

PERCEIVED OR ACTUAL

21

PRODUCTS IN PREVENTING DISEASEIN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

ORGANIC ACIDS

PREBIOTICSOLIGOSACCHARIDES

PROBIOTICSYEASTSBACTERIA

PHYTO-THERAPEUTICSPLANT EXTRACTSESSENTIAL OILS

NUCLEOTIDES

NUTRIGENOMICS

THE TENDENCY IN EUROPE IS TO REPLACE ANTIBIOTIC GROWTHPROMOTERS BY A WHOLE RANGE OF PRODUCTS.

22

INTRODUCTION

ORGANIC ACIDS


PHYTO-THERAPEUTICS

NUCLEOTIDES

NUTRIGENOMICS

QUORUM SENSING

LACTOCEUTICALS

AFTERTHOUGHTS


23

ORGANIC ACIDS

ORGANIC ACIDS ARE USED SINCE THE EARLY DAYS OF INTENSIVE ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

SOME OF THE KEY ACIDS ARE:ACETICBENZOICFORMICFUMARICLACTICPROPIONIC

COMBINATIONS OF THE ABOVE AND THEIR RESPECTIVE SALTS

LET’S HAVE A LOOK AT SOME OF THE HISTORY

24

ACCORDING TO SHENNONG’S HERB CLASSIC, VINEGAR WAS INVENTED IN CHINA DURING THE XIA DYNASTY, AROUND 2000 BC.

SHENNONG TASTING HERBS TO DISCOVER THEIR QUALITIES

IN THE 8TH CENTURY THE MUSLIM ALCHEMIST JABIR IBN HAYYAN (GEBER) WAS THE FIRST TO CONCENTRATE ACETIC ACID FROM VINEGAR THROUGH DISTILLATION.

15TH-CENTURY EUROPEAN PORTRAIT OF "GEBER", CODICI ASHBURNHAMIANI1166, BIBLIOTECA MEDICEA LAURENZIANA, FLORENCE

HISTORY

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Shennong3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jabir_ibn_Hayyan.jpg

25

HISTORY

26

HISTORY

27

BENZOIC ACID WAS DISCOVERED IN THE 16TH CENTURY. THE DRY DISTILLATION OF GUM BENZOIN FIRST DESCRIBED BY NOSTRADAMUS (1556).

GUM BENZOIN IS A BASLAMIC RESIN DERVIED FROM THE BARK OF DIFFERENT TREES OF THE GENUS STYRAX.

MICHEL DE NOSTREDAME

NOSTRADAMUS: ORIGINAL PORTRAIT BY HIS SON CESAR

(STYRAX BENZOIN) PARTS DRAWING.FRANZ EUGEN KÖHLER:

KÖHLER'S MEDIZINAL-PFLANZENIN NATURGETREUEN ABBILDUNGEN, ETC. (1887)

HISTORY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koeh-133.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrax_benzoinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrax_benzoinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrax_benzoinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Eugen_K%C3%B6hlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Eugen_K%C3%B6hlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Eugen_K%C3%B6hlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Eugen_K%C3%B6hlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler's_Medicinal_Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler's_Medicinal_Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler's_Medicinal_Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler's_Medicinal_Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler's_Medicinal_Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler's_Medicinal_Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler's_Medicinal_Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler's_Medicinal_Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler's_Medicinal_Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler's_Medicinal_Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler's_Medicinal_Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler's_Medicinal_Plants

28

ORGANIC ACIDS

ORGANIC ACIDS ARE PRIMARILY USED IN PIG DIETS, WHEREBY THE ACIDS LOWER THE pH OF THE GUT, HENCE CREATING AN ENVIRONMENT WHICH DISCOURAGES THE GROWTH OFPATHOGENS

KEY ISSUES THE COMPANIES SELLING THESE PRODUCTS (SINGLE ORCOMBINED) HAVE AUTHORISED THESE AS TECHNOLOGICALFEED ADDITIVES WHILST THEIR MARKTING IS TO PROMOTETHEM AS ZOOTECHNICAL FEED ADDITIVES

THIS YEAR ALL DOSSIERS FOR ORGANIC ACIDS AS PRESERVATIVESWILL BE SUBMITTED TO EFSA BEFORE 8 NOVEMBER

29

LND: LOWER NUTRIENT DENSITY

BROILER TRIAL CONDUCTED IN TURKEYSPONSOR: BIOMIN

RESULTS IN THE FIELD

PIG TRIAL CONDUCTED IN ROMANIASPONSOR: BIOMIN

30

0

50

100

150

200

250

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

EUROPE

WORLDWIDE

FORMIC ACID SALES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY($ MILLIONS)

USE OF FORMIC ACID IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

APPROX. 40 000 TONS IN 2010

31

INTRODUCTION

ORGANIC ACIDS


PHYTO-THERAPEUTICS

NUCLEOTIDES

NUTRIGENOMICS

QUORUM SENSING

LACTOCEUTICALS

AFTERTHOUGHTS



32

PREBIOTICS

PROBIOTICS

VIABLE VBNC* INACTIVATED COMPETITIVECELLS CELLS ** EXCLUSION

*VBNC = VIABLE BUT NON-CULTURABLE; ** CONSIDERED AS A RAW MATERIAL IN THE EU

OLIGOSACCHARIDES (FOS, MOS)

33


PRE- AND PROBIOTICS ARE USEDIN ALL ANIMAL DIETS, MAINTAINING AN IMPROVED GUT MICROFLORA ANDCONSEQUENTLY BETTER GROWTH PERFORMANCES

KEY ISSUES IN THE 90 ‘S NUMEROUS PROBIOTICS WEREINTRODUCED IN A ME-TOO FASHION, CREATING A NEGATIVE IMAGE

IN THE LAST DECADE MORE SCIENTIFIC WORK WAS CONDUCTED .THE WORLDWIDE MARKET INCLUDING PRE- /PROBIOTICS + YEAST CELL WALLS (FEED INGREDIENT ACCORDING TO 767/2009)IS NOW OF THE ORDER OF WELL OVER US$ 1.5 BILLION

34

MARCEL ROBERFROID IN 1995

STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED POSITIVE EFFECTS ON CALCIUM AND OTHER MINERAL ABSORPTION, IMMUNE SYSTEM EFFECTIVENESS, BOWEL pH, REDUCTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER RISK, INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISORDERS (CROHN'S DISEASE AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS) HYPERTENSION (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE) AND INTESTINAL REGULARITY.

PREBIOTICS

35

MODE OF ACTION OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES

36

PROBIOTICS

HISTORYELIE METCHNIKOFF, NOBEL PRIZE WINNER IN 1908 WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO INTRODUCE THE CONCEPT OF REPLACING HARMFUL BACTERIA BY USEFUL ONES

IN THE INTESTINE

MOREOVER HE PROPOSED THE CONSUMPTIONOF FERMENTED MILK CONTAINING LACTIC ACIDBACTERIA AND LOWERING THE INTESTINAL pH.

QPS granted micro-organisms

Bifidobacterium adolescentisBifidobacterium animalisBifidobacterium bifidumBifidobacterium breveBifidobacterium longum

Lactobacillus acidophilusLactobacillus amylolyticusLactobacillus amylovorusLactobacillus alimentariusLactobacillus aviariesLactobacillus brevisLactobacillus buchneriLactobacillus casei **Lactobacillus coryniformisLactobacillus crispatusLactobacillus curvatusLactobacillus delbrueckiiLactobacillus farciminisLactobacillus fermentumLactobacillus gallinarumLactobacillus gasseriLactobacillus helveticusLactobacillus hilgardiiLactobacillus johnsoniiLactobacillus kefiranofaciensLactobacillus kefiriLactobacillus mucosaeLactobacillus panisLactobacillus paracaseiLactobacillus paraplantarumLactobacillus pentosusLactobacillus plantarumLactobacillus pontisLactobacillus reuteriLactobacillus rhamnosusLactobacillus sakeiLactobacillus salivariusLactobacillus sanfranciscensis

Lactococcus lactis

Leuconostoc citreumLeuconostoc lactis Leuconostoc mesenteroides

Pediococcus acidilacticiPediococcus dextrinicusPediococcus pentosaceus

Propionibacterium. Freudenreichii

Streptococcus Thermophilus

Bacillus amyloliquefaciensBacillus atrophaeusBacillus clausiiBacillus coagulansBacillus fusiformisBacillus lentusBacillus licheniformisBacillus megateriumBacillus mojavensisBacillus pumilusBacillus subtilisBacillus vallismortisGeobacillus stearothermophillus

Debaryomyces hanseniiHanseniaspora uvarumKluyveromyces lactis Kluyveromyces marxianusPichia angustaPichia anomala Pichia jadinii.Saccharomyces bayanusSaccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces pastorianus(synonym of Saccharomycescarlsbergensis)

38QPS: Qualified Presumption of safety

39

MODE OF ACTIONOF PROBIOTICS

NUTRITIONAL EFFECT

REDUCTION OF METABOLIC REACTIONS THAT PRODUCES TOXIC SUBSTANCESSTIMULATION OF INDIGENOUS ENZYMESPRODUCTION OF VITAMINS OR ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES

SANITARY EFFECT

INCREASE IN COLONISATION RESISTANCESTIMULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

40

VIABLE BUT NON CULTURABLE BACTERIAMODE OF ACTION OF SORBIFLORE®

Metabolites produced byLactobacillus farciminis

andLactobacillus rhamnosus

Bacteriocin-likesubstances

Polysaccharides

Organic acids(Lactic & Acetic acid)

Hydrogen peroxide

Bacterial cellwalls

EnzymesLipolytic, esterolytic

amylolytic, andcellulolytic

Amino acidsand

vitamins

Anti-microbial activity Nutritional Immune stimulation

41

LACTOBACILLUS RHAMNOSUS ADHERES TO THE GUT WALL, HENCE PROVIDING A BARRIER

41

42

21.4

21.6

21.8

22

22.2

22.4

22.6

22.8

23

23.2

23.4

42 days

Control

Treated

365

370

375

380

385

390

395

400

405

410

415

42 days

Control

Treated

RESULTS IN PIGLETS

BODY WEIGHT (KG)

ADG (G)

43

2950

3000

3050

3100

3150

3200

3250

3300

3350

3400

3450

3500

49 days

Control

Treatment

BODY WEIGHT (KG)

27000 BROILERS PER TREATMENT49 DAYS

CELLS CONTACT BETWEEN LACTOBACILLI AND SPIROCHAETES

44

45

BRACHYSPIRA AND ITS EFFECT IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

BRACHYSPIRAAND EGG DROP SYNDROME

BRACHYSPIRA

BRACHYSPIRAAND DIARRHOEA IN PIGS

46

SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

47

RESULTS IN PIGLETSBODY WEIGHT (KG)

ADG AND FCR WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT

TRIAL WITH SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISAE

0

5

10

15

20

25

DAY 0 DAY 42

CONTROL

TREATMENT

4848

COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION

GEORGII FRANTSEVICH GAUSE

IN 1932, GAUSE PUBLISHED WHAT HAS BECOME KNOWN AS THE COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

TWO SPECIES COMPETING FOR THE SAME RESOURCES CANNOT STABLY COEXIST

49


50


ANIMAL SPECIES PRODUCT DESCRIPTION USAGE/CLAIM TYPE

ACC TO EU

BEEF CATTLE Bovamine Lactobacillusacidophilus

Reduces Escherichia coli O157:H7

Probiotic

Probiotic

DAIRY CATTLE LiveBac Dried extract from yeast and bacterial fermentation

Reduces acidosis Probiotic

Raw material

LactoEdge L. acidophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,MOS

Prevention of scours in calves

Competitive exclusion; probiotic; prebiotic

Probiotic + prebiotic

PRODUCTS ON THE USA MARKET

52


ACC TO EU

POULTRY Aviguard Freeze-dried product from healthy pathogen-free chickens

Protection against E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridia

Competitive exclusion

Competitive exclusion

Fastrack S. cerevisiae, Enterococcus faecium, L. acidophilus, amylase from Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae, protease from B. subtilis, FOS

Performance and immune stimulation

Probiotic

Probiotic, zootechnical additives (enzymes) + prebiotic


53


ACC TO EU

PIG Biofeed Mixed bacteria and antibodies

Reduction of diarrhoea

Probiotic

Not accepted

Premidex Modified starch Improved performance and decreased pathogen colonisation

Prebiotic

If no GMO -> raw materialIf GMO possibly a zootechnical additive


54

INTRODUCTION

ORGANIC ACIDS


PHYTO-THERAPEUTICS

NUCLEOTIDES

NUTRIGENOMICS

QUORUM SENSING

LACTOCEUTICALS

AFTERTHOUGHTS


55

ESSENTIAL OILS AND PLANT EXTRACTS

PHYTO THERAPEUTICS HAVE BEEN USED FOR CENTURIES PRIMARILY IN HUMAN MEDICINE

IN THE EU THEY FALL UNDER THE CATEGORY OF “SENSORY ADDITIVES”

SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THIS CENTURY THEY BECAMEMORE COMMON IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

SOME ISSUES ARE: • THE EU LEGISLATION• ITS MODE OF ACTION• A LOT OF ME-TOO PRODUCERS

56

THE HISTORY OF PLANT EXTRACTS

GINGER EXTRACTS WERE USED TO ALLEVIATE ALIMENTARY TRACT PROBLEMSTHE BRITISH PHARMACOPOEIA IN 1885 CONTAINED MORE PLANT DERIVED PRODUCTSTHAN CHEMICALLY SYNTHESIZED

57

THE ASSYRIANS IN 8TH CENTURY BC USED A MIXTURE OF BELLADONNA,CANNABIS AND MANDRAKE ROOT (NIGHTSHADES – SOLANACEAE)AS PAINKILLER


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Cannabis_sativa_Koehler_drawing.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandrake-roots.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Koeh-018.jpg

58

THE VEDIC TEXTS (VEDAS IN SANSKRIT = KNOWLEDGE) DATED 2ND – 1ST MILLENIUM BCLISTS 700 SUBSTANCES INCLUDINGCINNAMON, GINGER, CORIANDER, ETC.ALL THESE PRODUCTS ARE NOW USED INPHYTO-THERAPEUTICS


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Koeh-193.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Cinnamomum_verum1.jpg

59

THE EU LEGISLATION

THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS “SENSORY” ADDITIVES

NO CLAIM TO GROWTH PERFORMANCE

THE COMPLEX NATURE OF ONE OR MOREACTIVE INGREDIENTS

MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO PRODUCE A DOSSIERFOR A ZOOTECHNICAL ADDITIVE, ESPECIALLY THE PART CONCERNING SAFETY

EXAMPLE ON SUBSEQUENT SLIDES

Choleretic effect (increases biliary secretion and lipids release).

Foie

Artichoke Cynarin Boldo

Diuretic, choleretic and antioxidant effect

Boldin

RosemaryRosmarinic acid

Milk thistle

Silymarin (silybin)

Lipotropic effect and cellular protection of hepatocyt

Detoxifying (increases Glutathion-S-transferase activity)

PLANT EXTRACTS HAVING AN EFFECT UPONLIVER METABOLISM IN DAIRY

60

61

Artichoke

Cynarin

HPLC chromatogram

of the determination of the cynarin

content

Active component:

COMPONENTS OF THE PRODUCT

Rosemary

Active component: HPLC chromatogram

of the determination of the

rosmarinic acid content


62

63

milk thistle

Silymarin (a blend of 3 isomers)

and derivatives

Active component:

HPLC chromatogram

of the determination of the

silymarin content


Boldo

Boldine

Active component:

HPLC chromatogram

of the determination of the boldine

content


64

65

MEASURABLE RESULTS

IMPROVEMENT OF LIVER FUNCTIONS

REDUCTION OF SANITARY PROBLEMS AND INFERTILITY

Frequency of sanitary troubles

specific to steatosis

35.3%

17.1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

interval calving- fertilizing insemination

122

106

95

100

105

110

115

120

125Reduction

by 50%

2 weeks improvement

Reduction of NEFA ( *) for cows

with high steatosis

-0.32

-0.48

-0.7-0.6-0.5-0.4

-0.3-0.2-0.10.0

Reduction of ketones ( **) for

cows with high steatosis

-0.25

-0.66-0.7-0.6-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.10.0

mmol / lmmol / l

Reduction of biliary acids for cows

with high steatosis

15.42

-26.30-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

µ mol / l

(*) : NEFA = Non Esterified Fatty Acids, one of the main parameters of steatosis.

(**) : Ketonic bodies are produced by free fatty acids . B OHC4 (beta hydroxy butyrate) is measured.

Results obtained by animals with high steatosis.

Control

Treated

days

•

PLANT EXTRACTS HAVING AN EFFECT UPONNECROTIC ENTERITIS IN BROILERS

MODE OF ACTION

INCREASED PERMEABILITY OF THE MEMBRANE

MODIFICATION OF THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY

EFFECT UPON MITCHONDRIA

66

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY REVEALS THAT THE MEMBRANE IS ATTACKED

C. albicans treated with 800 g/ml of cinnamaldehyde

Candida albicans (control)

C. albicans treated with 600 g/ml of cinnamaldehyde

GAP FORMATION AND STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION OF CELL WALL

CANDIDA ALBICANS WITH SEM*: EXTERNAL OBSERVATIONS


SEM: SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 67

SEPARATION OF PLASMA MEMBRANE

reservesNucleus

Cell wall

C. ALBICANS TREATED WITH 500 G/ML OF CINNAMALDEHYDE

CONTROL

CANDIDA ALBICANS WITH TEM*: INTERNAL OBSERVATIONS


TEM: TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 68

DRASTIC INHIBITION OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES

BIOCHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS

MODIFICATION OF ENZYMATIC PROFILE


69

EFFECT OF CNMA ON THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OF B. CEREUSWITH GLUCOSE (GLU), NIGERICIN (NIG).

PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANE IS AFFECTED WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF CNMA


BIOCHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS

MODIFICATION MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY

70

CNMA: CINNAMALDEHYDE

MODIFICATION OF GLUCOSE PERMEABILITY

DECREASE OF ATP SYNTHESIS IN MITOCHONDRIA

ADP

ATP

EFFECTS OF AEN ON PLASMA MEMBRANE

EFFECT UPON MITOCHONDRIA

71

72

OVERALL RESULTS

EuronutritionFrance – 2002Trial AEN 700 at 500 g/Tonne

RESULTS

1580

1590

1600

1610

1620

1630

1640

1650

1660

1670

1680

Control AEN 350

Weight

1.78

1.8

1.82

1.84

1.86

1.88

1.9

1.92

1.94

Control AEN 350

Feed conversion

73

INTRODUCTION

ORGANIC ACIDS


PHYTO-THERAPEUTICS

NUCLEOTIDES

NUTRIGENOMICS

QUORUM SENSING

LACTOCEUTICALS

AFTERTHOUGHTS


74

NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDES ARE USED IN SOME PIG, HORSE DIETS, BUT PRIMARILY IN FISH.SOME WORK SHOWS PROLONGATION OF THE VILLIHENCE INDIRECT STIMULATION OF THE IMMUNE-SYSTEM

KEY ISSUES EXPENSIVE AND THE RESULTS ARE NOT ALWAYS OBVIOUS

URIDINE

75

THE USE OF NUCLEOTIDES IN FEED CAN RESULT IN SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN VILLILENGTH WITH 28 DAY OLD PIGLETS.

Xavier Córdoba, Elisabet Borda, Daniel Martínez-Puig and GerardHinojo, Bioiberica, Spain

THE EFFECT OF NUCLEOTIDES UPON PIGLETS

76


77


Providing a nucleotide-enriched prestarter diet to piglets aged between 21 and 35 days,produced animals in which productive effects could be observed in the starter diet period of35-56 days of age, when the diet no longer contained nucleotides.Nucleotides improve the production parameters of animals by enhancing the development ofthe immune system and the intestinal mucosa of piglets, reducing the stress and delays thatthe animals may suffer as a result of various diseases or post-weaning stress. Furthermore, theeffect of nucleotides is long-lasting, in that they develop important tissues such as those of theimmune system and the intestinal mucosa.

78

THE EFFECT OF NUCLEOTIDES UPON FISH

VANNAGEN ENHANCES THE PERFORMANCE OF ASIAN SEA BASS

UNIT CONTROL TREATMENT CONTROL = 100%

INITIAL WEIGHT g 34.4 34.4

FINAL WEIGHT g 252.1 275.7

WEIGHT GAIN g 217.8 241.3 110.8

DAILY WEIGHT GAIN g 2.27 2.51 110.7

FCR 2.60 2.01 77.3

TRIAL PERIOD 96 DAYS

79

INTRODUCTION

ORGANIC ACIDS


PHYTO-THERAPEUTICS

NUCLEOTIDES

NUTRIGENOMICS

QUORUM SENSING

LACTOCEUTICALS

AFTERTHOUGHTS


NUTRIGENOMICS

• Study of molecular

relationships between genes

• Responses to specific biologically active nutrients

• Relationships that impact animal health and performance

80

MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGY

• Discovered nutrients & compounds can “turn on” or “turn off” genes & gene expression

• Gene regulation impacts health of the animal

81

Healthy Immune System

• Benefits

– Reduced mastitis

– Reduced metritis

– Lower somatic cell counts

– Less death loss

– Fewer culls

– Better reproduction efficiency

– Increased milk production

82

Mode of Action

• OmniGen-AF is a proprietary formulation of specific biologically active nutrients that modulate the genetic expression of genes responsible for cellular health

• Normalize innate immune function– Increased neutrophil migration to infection site– Improved neutrophil killing capabilities

• Adaptive immune system modulation is under investigation

• Improved immune function can reduce disease & improve performance– Less mastitis – More milk

production– Reduced SCC – Better

reproduction– Less metritis– Lower death lose

83

Powerful medicineThe Immune System

• It’s more cost effective to prevent disease than to treat it.

• The most powerful medicine is the cows own immune system

• Immune system has two parts

– Adaptive Immunity

– Innate Immunity (OmniGen-AF)

84

Adaptive Immunity

– Very specific

– Long lasting

– Days or weeks to develop

85

Innate Immune System

• Immediate response to invading organisms and infections

• Non-specific

– Bacteria

– Viruses

– Molds

– parasites

86

Multi-Layered Protection• Skin• Epithelial linings

in gut and lungs• GI tract acids

and enzymes• Blood components

(white blood cells)– Neutrophils– Macrophagess– Dendritic cells

• Identify and kill pathogens until adaptive immune system is established

87

Role of Macrophages • Monitor for all

invading pathogens

• Inhabit the alveolus in mammary gland

• Detection releases cytokines and chemokines into capillaries

• Signal Neutrophils moving through capillaries to stop and migrate to area

88

Role of Neutrophils

• Neutrophils detect chemical and hormonal signals from Macrophages

• Neutrophils tether to the capillary wall using L-selectin

• They squeeze through capillary wall and enter mammary gland to find pathogens

89

Phagocytosis

• Neutrophils

– identify pathogens

– engulf them

– destroy them with enzymes or reactive oxygen species (ROS)

90

91

Summary

• OmniGen-AF is a proprietary blend of biologically active nutrients that support the innate immune system

• Prince has conducted approximately 170 trials demonstrating mode of action and benefits of feeding OmniGen-AF

• The benefits of a properly functioning immune system are numerous

– Reduced mastitis– Reduced metritis– Lower somatic cell counts– Less death loss– Fewer culls– Better reproduction efficiency– Increased milk production

92

INTRODUCTION

ORGANIC ACIDS


PHYTO-THERAPEUTICS

NUCLEOTIDES

NUTRIGENOMICS

QUORUM SENSING

LACTOCEUTICALS

AFTERTHOUGHTS


93

QUORUM SENSING

9393

N-ACETYL HOMOSERINE LACTONE (AHL)

ACTIVATION TRANSCRIPTIONOF CERTAIN GENES

INDUCTION SYNTHESIS

FORMATION OF BIOFILM DISEASE

94

QUORUM SENSING

9595

QUORUM SENSING

N-ACETYL HOMOSERINE LACTONE (AHL)

ACTIVATION TRANSCRIPTIONOF CERTAIN GENES

INDUCTION SYNTHESIS

FORMATION OF BIOFILM DISEASE

QUORUM QUENCHING

96

INTRODUCTION

ORGANIC ACIDS


PHYTO-THERAPEUTICS

NUCLEOTIDES

NUTRIGENOMICS

QUORUM SENSING

LACTOCEUTICALS

AFTERTHOUGHTS


9797

LACTOCEUTICALSLACTOFERRIN AND LACTOPEROXIDASE ARE POTENT ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND FOUND IN HUMANSIN MANY DIFFERENT BODY FLUIDS

LACTOFERRIN

USED IN ASIA IN INFANTMILK, IN COSMETICS,AS PRESERVATIVE ANDANTIOXIDANT

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Lactoferrin.png

98LACTOPEROXIDASE

LACTOCEUTICALS

H2O2 + SCN- OSCN- + H2O

PEROXIDE + THIOCYANATE HYPOCYANITE

LACTOPEROXIDASE

POWERFUL ANITMICROBIAL ACTION

USED TO PRESERVEFOODS, INCL. MEATMILK, VEGETABLES,ETC.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Lactoperoxidase.png

99

COULD THESE MOLECULES BE POTENTIALLY USED IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY?

ONE OF THE LEADING DAIRY COMPANIES IN JAPAN, MORINAGA LOOKED AT THE POSSIBILITY TO USE THESE MOLECULES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY INTHE MID 90’S.

AT THE TIME THE MANUFACTURING COST WAS TOO HIGH

PRESENTLY LACTOFERRIN IS PRODUCED IN SEVERAL WAYS

hrLACTOFERRIN VIA TRANSGENIC COWS IN THE USAbLACTOFERRIN FOR THE USE IN INFANT MILK

hr: HUMAN RECOMBINANT; b: BOVINE

100

INTRODUCTION

ORGANIC ACIDS


PHYTO-THERAPEUTICS

NUCLEOTIDES

NUTRIGENOMICS

QUORUM SENSING

LACTOCEUTICALS

AFTERTHOUGHTS


101CYANOBACTERIA IN LAKE ATITLÁN, GUATEMALA

THE OLDEST LIVING ORGANISM VERSUS THE YOUNGEST

WE ARE FIGHTING THE OLDEST KNOWN ORGANISMSWITH TOOLS WE DEVELOPED IN THE LAST CENTURY ONLY

THESE ORGANISMS HAVE BEEN ABLE TO ADAPTTO THE MOST PRECARIOUS CONDITIONS FOR OVER2 BILLIONS OF YEARS

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Harmful_Bloom_in_Lake_Atitl%C3%A1n,_Guatemala.jpg

102

THE FUTURE

QUORUM QUENCHING

GMO ANIMALS – DISEASE FREE

GMO CROPS – USED AS PREVENTIVE MEDICATION

NUTRIENTS ACTING UPON ATP-RECEPTORS

LACTOCEUTICALS

DESIGNER PREVENTIVE DRUGS

NANOTECHNOLOGY

103

WHAT ARE THE HURDLES FORINNOVATION IN THE EU?

104104

105

THE MAJORITYARE ME-TOO COPIERS

THE REST SLEEPS

ORIGINALITYAND SCIENTIFICALLY BASEDPRODUCERS

HIGHLOW

PRODUCERS

FEW COMPANIESHAVE THE OVERALL

SKILLS

106

THE ROAD OF DISCOVERIES IS LONG AND NEVER

ENDING

ALTHOUGH SOME DISEASES WILL BE A THING OF THE PASSED

WE WILL ALWAYS HAVE TO FACE NEWCHALLENGES

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