introducing the plant tissue sap analysis and practical
TRANSCRIPT
Introducing the Plant Tissue Sap Analysis and
Practical Implications for Quality Evaluation of Honeycrisp
Mario Miranda SazoCCE Lake Ontario Fruit Program
Scott HenningLake Ontario Fruit Company
Root hairSoil colloid
Ca2+
Mg2+
Ca2+
K+
Na+
H+
Ca2+
cell wall
vacuole
cytoplasm
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Soil-root interaction
Calcium distribution in the fruit cell
Ca2+ transport driven by
transpiration rate
An imbalance of calcium with potassium in the peel predisposes ‘Honeycrisp’ to bitter pit
In our study, ‘Honeycrisp’ fruit had only half the calcium, but nearly 50% more potassium in the peel than ‘Gala’
Ca2+
Rootstock genotype
‘Honeycrisp’ tree
ideal soil moisture conditions
Ca2+
Ca2+
Peel
Peel SAP MethodFruit Peel Method
Peels dried and readyto be ground
Frozen peels, then thawed,
and ready to be squeezed
Developmental changes of fruit nutrients in Honeycrisp & Gala at VanDeWalle Fruit Farm
010002000300040005000
14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112
126Fr
uit P
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
05000
100001500020000
14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112
126Fr
uit K
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
0
2000
4000
6000
14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112
126Frui
t Ca
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112
126
Frui
t Mg
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
0
5000
10000
15000
56 70 84 98 112 126Peel
K (p
pm)
Days After Full Bloom
0
500
1000
1500
56 70 84 98 112 126Peel
Ca
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
0200400600800
10001200
56 70 84 98 112 126
Peel
Mg
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
0500
100015002000
56 70 84 98 112 126
Peel
P (p
pm)
Days After Full Bloom
0.050.0
100.0150.0200.0250.0
56 70 84 98 112 126
Peel
Sap
P (p
pm)
Days After Full Bloom
0
1000
2000
3000
56 70 84 98 112 126
Peel
Sap
K (p
pm)
Days After Full Bloom
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
56 70 84 98 112 126
Peel
Sap
Ca
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
56 70 84 98 112 126
Peel
Sap
Mg
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
Bulk Fruit Fruit Peel Peel Sap
Days after bloom
14 28 42 56 70 84 97 112
Aver
age
Frui
t wei
ght (
g)
020406080
100120140160180
GalaHoneycrisp
Developmental patterns of fruit growth in Honeycrisp & Gala during the 2017 growing season, NY
Developmental changes of fruit nutrients in Honeycrisp & Gala at VanDeWalle Fruit Farm
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126
Frui
t P (p
pm)
Days After Full Bloom
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126
Frui
t K (p
pm)
Days After Full Bloom
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126
Frui
t Ca
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126
Frui
t Mg
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
Bulk Fruit
Days after bloom
14 28 42 56 70 84 97 112
Aver
age
Frui
t wei
ght (
g)
020406080
100120140160180
GalaHoneycrisp
Developmental patterns of fruit growth in Honeycrisp & Gala during the 2017 growing season, NY
Developmental changes of fruit nutrients in Honeycrisp & Gala at VanDeWalle Fruit Farm
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
56 70 84 98 112 126Pe
el K
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
56 70 84 98 112 126
Peel
Ca
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
56 70 84 98 112 126
Peel
Sap
K (p
pm)
Days After Full Bloom
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
56 70 84 98 112 126
Peel
Sap
Ca
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
Bulk Fruit Fruit Peel Peel Sap
010002000300040005000
14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112
126Fr
uit P
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
05000
100001500020000
14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112
126Fr
uit K
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
0
2000
4000
6000
14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112
126Frui
t Ca
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112
126
Frui
t Mg
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
56 70 84 98 112 126
Peel
K (p
pm)
Days After Full Bloom
Fruit Peel
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
56 70 84 98 112 126
Peel
Ca
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
FRUIT PEELFruit Peel K
(ppm)Fruit Peel Ca
(ppm)Fruit Peel K/Ca ratio
Date DAFF Gala HC Gala HC Gala HC
July 7 56 8335 10143 1334 709 6.23 14.30
July 21 70 6870 10258 1098 511 6.25 20.07
Aug. 4 84 5934 10156 1081 415 5.49 24.47
Aug. 18 98 5921 9597 1048 431 5.65 22.26
Sept. 1 112 4332 7903 839 267 5.16 29.60
Sept.15 126 3622 6962 735 257 4.93 27.08
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
56 70 84 98 112 126
Peel
Sap
K (p
pm)
Days After Full Bloom
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
56 70 84 98 112 126
Peel
Sap
Ca
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
Peel SAP PEEL SAP
Peel SAPK (ppm)
Peel SAPCa (ppm)
Peel SAP K/Ca ratio
Date DAFF Gala HC Gala HC Gala HC
July 7 56 1521 2242 144.4 72.8 10.53 30.79
July 21 70 1153 1833 94.5 46.2 12.20 39.67
Aug. 4 84 916 1825 72.1 34.6 12.70 52.74
Aug. 18 98 923 1737 70.5 35 13.09 49.62
Sept. 1 112 837 1716 64.5 27 12.97 63.55
Sept.15 126 767 1512 63.8 23.1 12.02 65.45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
56 70 84 98 112 126
K/Ca
(ppm
)
Days After Full Bloom
K/Ca (Fruit Peel) K/Ca (Peel Sap)
2X
2.5X2.5X
3X
K/Ca ratios of Fruit Peel versus Peel SAP in Honeycrisp
1.5X
3X
July Sept. StorageHarvestJuly 6, 2017
July 16, 2018July 10, 2019
Sept. 5, 2017Sept. 6, 2018
Sept. 16-18, 2019
Golf ball fruit size50-55 gr/fruit
Fruit collection sampling for K/Ca peel SAP ratios
Practical Implications for Quality Evaluation of Honeycrisp
Scott HenningLake Ontario Fruit
Grafting to Honeycrisp?K/Ca K/Ca K/Ca
Block RootStock Grafted Year Density Jul-19 Block Jul-18 Block Jul-174 M26 GRAFTED 2007 10X18 15.86 SC7 17.99 LS10 17.34
241 B9 2006 2x11 16.09 239 19.6 229 19.92Y163 B9 2006 2X11 16.43 241 19.87 24 21.15
33 M9/111 GRAFTED 2004 10X18 17.09 LS10 19.87 101 21.646 M9 2007 3.5X14 17.24 Z15 20.52 6 22.62
58 M9 NIC29 2000 4X13 18.03 22 20.64 Z9 23.459 M9 1999 6X13 18.09 33 20.73 34 25.16
101 M9 NIC29 2005 4X14 18.32 6 22.04 SC7 25.934 B9 2015 2x11 18.59 5 22.27 Y163 26.395 M9 2004 3.5X14 18.77 24 22.3 22 26.9
Z15 M9 EMLA 2008 5X13 18.93 SC8 22.58 SC8 27.22Z9 M9 2009 5X12 19.05 58 22.59 239 27.24
SC7 M26 2000 6X16 19.1 229 22.69 33 27.66105 M9 NIC29 2005 4X14 19.36 101 23.32 105 27.8624 M9 NIC29 2003 4X13 20.6 Z9 23.62 Y157 29.7822 B9 2013 3X12 22.84 Y163 24.95 58 31.4651 M9/111 GRAFTED 2007 12X20 23.28 59 25.12 59 31.46
230 M9 GRAFTED 2005 8X14 23.63 105 25.36 Z15 33.9754 M9/106 GRAFTED 2007 10X20 23.67 R335 26.69 54 33.98
SC8 M26 2000 6x14 23.68 23 26.85 241 34.3123 B9 2014 2.5X11 24.35 34 26.95 4 34.31
LS10 M26 2010 3X13 25.1 54 27.39 5 35.41239 M9 2002 2X11 25.88 51 28.09 230 35.77
Y157 M9 GRAFTED 1998 5X14 26.27 4 29.35 23 36.07229 B9 2005 2X11 30.09 230 29.5 Y161 36.5
Y161 M26 GRAFTED 2005 10X16 30.79 Y157 29.79 R335 37.06R335 M7 GRAFTED 2010 10x16 30.98 NICE 30.98 NICE 39.02NICE M26 GRAFTED 1998 6X16 31.1 Y161 34.95 51 40.6
2019 Field Samples K/Ca ratio and %BP
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35July 2019 K/Ca and % Bitter Pit
BP K/CA Linear (BP) Linear (K/CA) 0
20
40
60
80
100
120September 2019 K/Ca and % Bitter Pit
BP
K/Ca Sep-19
Linear (BP)
Linear (K/Ca Sep-19)
2019 Pack Out Data K/Ca Ratio and %BP
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35July 2019 PO K/Ca and % Bitter Pit
BP K/CA Linear (BP) Linear (K/CA) 0
20
40
60
80
100
120 September 2019 PO K/Ca and % Bitter Pit
BPK/Ca Sep-19Linear (BP)Linear (K/Ca Sep-19)
Take home message
• Peel SAP K/Ca ratios above 23-25 in July appears to be associated with higher risk of bitter pit incidence
• Peel SAP K/Ca ratios above 35-45 in early Sept. appears to be associated with higher risk of bitter pit incidence
• Peel sap K/Ca ratio in early July and early September might provide a sensitive indication of bitter pit risk at harvest and after storage
Acknowledgments
Lake Ontario Fruit Growers - Lamont, Orchard Dale, Nesbitt, Zingler, Sandy Knoll Fruit Farms (28 Honeycrisp blocks for peel SAP studies conducted in 2017, 2018, and 2019)
Vandewalle Fruit Farm (developmental and nutrition studies of Gala and Honeycrisp in 2015, 2016, and 2017)
USDA NIFA SCRI Apple Rootstock Project (#2016-51181-25406) and NY Apple Research & Development Program