introducing the ‘c’ programming language

Introducing ' C ' LanguageIntroducing ' C ' Language VINAY KUMAR GUPTA VINAY KUMAR GUPTA 11

Introducing the

‘c’

Programming language

Introducing ' C ' LanguageIntroducing ' C ' Language RAKESH ANAND RAKESH ANAND 22

What is ‘C’ Programming Language ?

‘C’ is a general purpose procedural programming language.It is developed at AT & T’s Bell Laboratories of USA in 1972.It was designed and written by a man named Denis Ritche.‘C’ is a Mid Level Language.

Introducing ' C ' LanguageIntroducing ' C ' Language VINAY KUMAR GUPTAVINAY KUMAR GUPTA 33

Getting started with ‘C’ language. Steps in learning English

language :-Communicating with a computer involves speaking the language the computer understands, which immediately rules out English as the language of communication with computer. However, there is a close analogy between learning English language and learning ‘C’ language.The method of learning English and learning ‘c’ language are given below :-

Steps in learning ‘ C ’ language :-

Character set

Word

Sentence

Paragraph

Alphabets ,Digits, Special symbols

Constants, Variables, Keywords

Instructions

Programs

Introducing ' C ' LanguageIntroducing ' C ' Language VINAY KUMAR GUPTA VINAY KUMAR GUPTA 44

The character set :-

Alphabets :- a to z , A to ZDigits :- 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Special Symbols :- =,+,-,*,/,%,>,<, ~, ‘,!,@,#,^,&,( ),|,?,:, [ ] , { } , ; , ” ,etc.

Constants :-A constant is a quantity that doesn’t change.

e.g:- 10,20,30 etc.Variables:-

A quantity(constant) which can be stored at a locations in the memory of the computer. A variable can be considered as a name given to the location in memory where this constant is stored. e.g :-

x=10;

y=10; Here x and y is the variable.


WORD

RESERVED WORD USER DEFINED WORD

Some specific meaning in its dictionary.Such as :- +,-,*,/, int , float , char , etc.It is defined by the

user.


TOKENS : -

It is the smallest unit of the sentence or

statement.TOKENS(WORD)

KEYWORD IDENTIFIER SEPERATOR LITERALS OPERATOR

Keywords are reserved words who have special meaning in the ‘C’ library. e.g :- int,float,char etc.

It is always written in small letter. The total number of the keywords is 32.It is the memory location name where we can

store a value at a time.e.g :- x = 5 , Here x is a identifier.

Literals(constant):- literal are fixed value of the identifer. Such as :- x = 10 or nm =

“ram”.Here 10 and ram are literals.

“ ;” ,” { }” and “ , “ are seperators. It is used for

seperates the tokens.

Operators are special symbol who have an special meaning in arithmetical or logical expression. Such as :- + , * , - , / , % , ! , !

= , = = , > , < , < = , > = etc.{

s = x + y ;P = x * y ;

}


WORD

RESERVED WORD USER DEFINED WORD

IDENTIFIER LITERALSKEYWORD SEPERATOR OPERATOR


RULES FOR NAMING IDENTIFIER : -1. It can have maximum of 32 characters, but first eight character should be unique. Such as :- Student_no and student_name will be treated as same name because first character is not unique.

2 . First character should be an alphabet or under score (Hypen with sift). e.g : - s1 , _s etc.

Don’t write such as :-

1s , -s etc.

3 . No special symbols are used in identifier except underscore.

e.g : - roll_no , r_home etc.

Don’t write like this :- roll-no , roll.no etc.

4 . Identifier can’t be a keyword. 5 . Lower case and Upper case alphabet are significant.

e.g : - x , y are different from X , Y .


PROGRAM

TOP - DOWN BOTTOM - UP

‘ C ‘ IS A PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.

[ BASIC , COBOL , FOXPRO ETC. ] IN THIS METHOD FIRST

MAINAND THEN

U D F

[ C ++ , C # , JAVA ETC. ][OOPS]

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.

IN THIS METHOD FIRSTU D F

AND THENMAIN


STRUCTURE OF THE ‘ C ‘ PROGRAM

DOCUMENTATION

ATTACHED HEADER FILE

MACRO DEFINITION

MAIN FUNCTION

USER DEFINED FUNCTION

IT IS AN OPTIONAL ENTRY. FOR THIS WE USE COMMENTS [/*

STATEMENT */]IT IS AN OPTIONAL ENTRY. SUCH AS :-

#include <stdio.h>#include <conio.h> etc.IT IS AN OPTIONAL ENTRY. FOR

THIS , WE USE “ && FOR AND “ , “ NULL FOR 0 “ , “ || FOR OR

“ ,ETC.

IT IS MANDATORY ENTRY. IT IS AN OPTIONAL

ENTRY. IF YOU WANT TO MAKE

PROCESS.


STRUCTURE OF MAIN FUNCTION

main ( )

{

Body of main function

}


BODY OF MAIN FUNCTION

DECLERATION ASSIGNMENT PROCESS PRINT

VARIABLE DECLERATION . SUCH AS :- int x;

float y; etc.

ASSIGN VALUES OR PUT VALUES OF THE VARIABLE. SUCH AS :- int x = 10;

Float y = 30.45; etc.PROCESS (LOGICAL OR

ARTHIMETICAL). SUCH AS :-S = X * Y;

if( x > y) etc.

PRINT IT MEANS OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAM.


CONSTANT

NUMERIC( 0 T0 9 DIGITS)

NON - NUMERIC

INTEGER REAL CHARACTER


DATA TYPE

INT FLOAT DOUBLE CHAR

FORM IN INTEGER. SIZE BASICALLY 2 BYTES, DATA CAN BE STORED TILL 16 BITS.(FIRST BIT RESERVES FOR SIGN BIT). VALUE

VARY FROM -32767 TO +32768

DATA IS STORED IN REAL FORM. SIZE IS BASICALLY 4 BYTES . DATA CAN BE STORED TILL 32 BITS.

DATA IS STORED IN REAL OR INTEGER FORM BOTH. SIZE BASICALLY 8 BYTES. DATA CAN BE

STORED TILL 64 BITS.

DATA IS STORED IN CHARACTER(ENGLISH ALPHABET) FORM. SIZE BASICALLY 1 BYTE.


INT

INT LONG INT

SIZE IS 2 BYTES. DATA CAN BE STORED TILL 15 BITS AND ONE

BIT IS FOR SIGN ( + OR -). IN SIGNED INT ,VALUE OF THE

DATA WILL VARY FROM -32767 TO +32768.(i.e. 215 ) AND

UNSIGNED INT THE SIZE OF THE DATA IS 216.

SIZE IS BASICALLY FOUR BYTES. IN SIGNED LONG INT , DATA CAN BE STORED TILL 0 TO 231 VALUE

AND IN UNSIGNED LONG INT , DATA CAN BE STORED TILL 0 TO

232 VALUE.


FLOAT

FLOAT LONG FLOAT

SIZE IS BASICALLY 4 BYTES. IN SIGNED FLOAT ,DATA CAN BE STORED TILL 231VALUE AND IN UNSIGNED

FLOAT , DATA CAN BE STORED TILL 232 VALUE.

SIZE IS BASICALLY 8 BYTES . IN SIGNED LONG FLOAT , DATA CAN BE STORED TILL 263

VALUE AND IN UNSIGNED LONG FLOAT , DATA CAN BE STORED TILL 264 VALUE.


DOUBLE

DOUBLE LONG DOUBLE

SIZE IS BASICALLY 8 BYTES( 64 BITS). IN SIGNED DOUBLE , DATA CAN BE STORED TILL 263 VALUE AND IN

UNSIGNED DOUBLE , DATA CAN BE STORED TILL 264

VALUE.

SIZE IS BASICALLY 10 BYTES (80 BITS). IN SIGNED LONG DOUBLE , DATA CAN BE STORED

TILL 279 VALUE AND IN UNSIGNED LONG DOUBLE , DATA CAN BE STORED TILL 280

VALUE.


DATA TYPES AND THEIR KEYWORDS :-

DATA TYPE KEYWORD EQUIVALENT

Character char

Unsigned character unsigned char

Signed character signed char

Signed integer signed int (or int)

Unsigned integer unsigned int

Signed short integer signed short int ( or short int)

Signed long integer signed long int ( or long int)

Unsigned short integer unsigned short int

Unsigned long integer unsigned long int

Floating point float

Double precision floating point double

Extended Double precision

floating point long double


DECLERATION


HOW TO DECLARE A VARIABLE

SYNTAX :-

DATA TYPE VARIABLENAME ;

IT IS USED FOR ONE VARIABLE DECLERATION OF ONLY ONE DATA

TYPE.EXAMPLE:- int x ;

int y; etc.

DATA TYPE VARNM1,VARNM2,VARNM3,……… ;

IT IS USED FOR DECLERATION OF MANY VARIABLES OF SAME DATA TYPE.

EXAMPLE :- int x,y;float s,p; etc.


ASSIGNMENT


HOW TO ASSIGN A VALUE

COMPILE TIME INITIALIZATION RUN TIME INITILIZATION

IT MEANS YOU CAN ASSIGN A VALUE WITH VARIABLE DECLERATION ( SUCH AS :- int x = 10;)

OR AFTER THE VARIABLE DECLERATION(SUCH AS:- int x;

X = 10; IT IS ALSO CALLED COPY A VALUE. AFTER THE DECLERATION , BY DEFAULT VALUE OF THE VARIABLE IS

GARBAGE.)

IT MEANS , YOU CAN ASSIGN A VALUE OF A VARIABLE AFTER RUNNING THE PROGRAM. FOR THIS

INITIALIZATION, WE USE scanf(“ “ ); KEYWORD.THE SYNTAX OF THE SCANF( ) KEYWORD :-

Scanf(“type specifier”,&variablename);int x ;

&x|----|----|-----|----|----|----|------||----|----|-----|----|----|----|------|

^0 1 2 3 4 5 6 NOTE :-

“ & “ IS GENERALLY USED FOR PUTTING THE VALUE OF A VARIABLE IN CERTAIN PLACE.


COMMONLY USED scanf FORMAT CODES :-

CODE MEANING %c read a single character %d read a decimal number %e read a floating point value %f read a floating point value %g read a floating point value %h read a short integer %i read a decimal, hexadecimal

of octal number %o read an octal number %s read a string %u read an unsigned decimal

number %x read a hexadcimal integer %[..] read a string of word(s)


TYPE SPECIFIER :-

DATA TYPE TYPE SPECIFIER

integer ------------- int %d

long int %ld

float ------------- float %f

long float %lf

double ---------- double %ld

or, %lf

character --------- char %c

string ----------- char %s

PRINTF ( ) KEYWORD :-

IT IS USED FOR PRINTING SOME TEXT OR MAKING GOOD

OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAM.

int x ; [ -------- decleration ]

printf(“ enter the no.”);

scanf(“%d”,&x); [-------- run time initialization ]

SYNTAX OF printf ( ) KEYWORD :-

printf (“ statement “);


PROCESS


PROCESS (ARITHEMETICAL AND LOGICAL) :-

IT MEANS, YOU CAN PERFORMS THE LOGICAL OR ARITHEMETICAL EXPRESSION OR OPERATION.

ARITHEMETICAL SUCH AS :-

+ , - , * , / , % ETC.

LOGICAL SUCH AS :-

&& , || , != , < , > , < = , > = ETC.

EXAMPLE :-

int s,x,y; [ Decleration]

s = x + y ; [ Process]


OUTPUT


OUTPUT :-IT MEANS , YOU CAN SEE THE OUTPUT OF THE

PROGRAM. FOR THIS WE USE printf KEYWORD.

SYNTAX :-

printf (“CONTROL STRING”,LIST OF VARIABLES);

EXAMPLE :-

int x,y,s; [DECLERATION]

printf(“enter the first no:”);

scanf(“%d”,&x); [INITIALIZATION]

printf(“enter the second no:”);

scanf(“%d”,&y); [INITIALIZATION]

s = x + y;

printf(“sum of two nos=%d”,s); [OUTPUT]

[or printf(“%d”,s); ] [OUTPUT]

CONTROL STRING

STRING CONSTANT

(STATEMENT)

OPTIONAL ENTRY

TYPE SPECIFIER

(MANDATORY)


A SIMPLE PROGRAM IN ‘C’ LANGUAGE :-

main ( )

{

printf(“this is my first program.”);

printf(“Developed by RAKESH ANAND”);

}

A PROGRAM TO PRINT THE SUM OF TWO NOS. THROUGH COMPILE TIME INITIALIZATION:-

main( )

{

int x,y,s;

x = 10;

y = 25 ;

s = x + y;

printf(“SUM OF TWO NOS.=%d”,s);

}

A PROGRAM TO PRINT THE SUM OF TWO NOS. THROUGH RUN TIME INITIALIZATION:-

main( ){

int x,y,s;printf(“enter the 1st nos.:”);scanf(“%d”,&x);printf(“enter the 2nd nos,:”);scanf(“%d”,&y);s = x + y;printf(“SUM OF TWO NOS.=%d”,s);

}


HOW TO COMPILE A PROGRAM :-

FOR THIS , WE USE [Alt + c] OR [Alt + F9] OR [F9].

COMPILING IS GENERALLY USED FOR SEEING THE ERROR OF THE PROGRAM.

HOW TO RUN A PROGRAM :-

FOR RUNNING THE PROGRAM , WE USE

[Alt + r ] or [Ctrl + F9]HOW TO SEE OR VIEW THE OUTPUT OF A PROGRAM :-

FOR THIS, WE USE [Alt + F5]HOW TO SAVE A PROGRAM :-

FIRSTLY, WE USE [Alt + f] AND THEN SELECT SAVE SUB MENU AND PRESS ENTER KEY AND THEN GIVING THE NAME WITH DESIRED PLACE AND THEN PRESS ENTER KEY.

OR

PRESS F2 AND THEN GIVING THE NAME WITH DESIRED PLACE AND THEN PRESS ENTER KEY.

HOW TO CLEAR THE SCREEN :-

FOR CLEARING THE SCREEN , WE USE

clrscr( );

IT IS USED AFTER THE DECLERATION OF THE VARIABLE. SUCH AS :-

int x,y,z; [Decleration ]

clrscr( );

HOW TO GET THE FULL SCREEN :-

FOR FULL SCREEN , WE USE

[ Alt + enter ] KEY.HOW TO BREAK THE EXECUTION OF THE PROGRAM ON THE SCREEN :-

FOR THIS , WE USE getch( );

BUT IT IS GENERALLY USED FOR INPUTTING THE VALUE OF THE VARIABLE OR SOMETHING.


Firstly press Alt + f key and then

select New option for

creating new ‘C’ file and then press enter key.

Write the code or program in

this area.


For saving the

program, firstly press Alt + f key and then select the

save option and then

press enter key .( or press F2 function

key).

After perssing the

enter key and it gives a box

for writing the file name with desired path and then

press enter key.


Firstly press Alt + c key and then press

enter key for compiling the

program.

After pressing enter , a dialogue box appears and it shows many things and

then press enter key. If any error occurs firstly

correct the error(s). And then run the program.


For running the program , firstly press Alt + r key and then

press enter key.

After pressing

enter key ,it will show

and wait for inputing.


Input the required value of

the variable and then

press enter key.

After pressing the enter key, it will show the main

screen . And then press

Alt + F5 key for seeing

the output of the program.

After pressing

these key it will show

the accurate ouput.


ESCAPE SEQUENCE :-

\a ----------- Audible alert (Bell)

\b ---------- Back space

\f ---------- Form feed

\r ---------- carriage return

\n ----------- New line

\t ----------- Horizontal Tab

\v ----------- Vertical Ttab

\’ ----------- Single quote

\” ----------- Double quotes

\? ----------- Question mark

\\ ----------- Back slash

\0 ----------- Null

‘ C ’ support some special backslash character constants that are used in output function. It is combination of backslash and one caharacter. These character combination are called ESCAPE SEQUENCE.

HOW TO ESCAPE FROM THE ‘ C ’ COMPILER :-

FOR OUTGOING FROM ‘C’ COMPILER, WE PRESS [Alt + x ] key.

SOME NOTES :-

‘0’ IS USED FOR FALSE STATEMENT OR CONDITION. (-VE)

‘1’ IS USED FOR TRUE STATEMENT OR CONDITION. (+VE)

COMMENTS :-

IT IS USED FOR DOCUMENTATION AND YOU CAN TAKE IT ANYWHERE IN THE PROGRAM.

SYNTAX :-

/* --------- STATEMENT----------- */

IT DOESN’T PARTICIPATES IN THE PROGRAM EXECUTION.


OPERATOR


ARITHMETICOPERATOR

ARITHMETICOPERATOR

ASSIGNMENTOPERATOR

ASSIGNMENTOPERATOR

UNARYOPERATOR

UNARYOPERATOR

TERNARY(CONDITIONAL)

OPERATOR

TERNARY(CONDITIONAL)

OPERATOR

LOGICALOPERATOR

LOGICALOPERATOR

RELATIONALOPERATOR

RELATIONALOPERATOR

OPERATOROPERATOR

‘ + ’ , ‘ – ’ , ‘ * ’ , ‘ / ’ ,

‘ % ’

Modular(remainder)

multiplication > , < , > = , < = , = = (comparision) ,! =(not equa

to) etc.

= (c = 0 ) , + = ( c = c +a or c+=a),

-= (c = c – a or c-=a),*= (c = c * a or (c*=a),/ = (c = c / a or c/=a ) ,

% = (c = c % a or c%=a) etc.

It is used for compound relation.

&& (and) ,|| (or ) etc.

++ (increment ) and -- (decrement) .

(C = C + 1 OR C+=1 OR ++C)AND

(C = C – 1 OR C-=1 OR --C)

( ? : ) SYNTAX :-

(COND) ? TRUE STATEMENT : FALSE STATEMENT ;EXAMPLE :-

Write a program to fine the biggest no. among two nos.

Soln :- main( ) { int x,y,b;

clrscr( );Printf(“ enter the two nos. ”);Scanf(“ %d %d ”,&x , &y);

b = ( x > y ) ? x : y ;printf(“Biggest no = %d ”,b);

}


OPERATOR PRECEDENCE AND ASSOCIATIVITY :-OPERATOR DESCRIPTION ASSOCIATIVITY RANK-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( ) Function call Left to Right 1 [ ] Array element reference -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Unary plus - Unary minus + + Increment - - Decrement ! Logical negation Right to left 2 ~ One’s complement * Pointer reference & Address sizeof Size of an object (type) Type cast (conversion)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Multiplication / Division Left to right 3 % Modulus--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


OPERATOR PRECEDENCE AND ASSOCIATIVITY :-

OPERATOR DESCRIPTION ASSOCIATIVITY RANK-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Addition Left to Right 4 - Substraction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- << Left shift Left to right 5 >> Right shift-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- < Less than Left to right 6 < = Less than or equal to > Greater than > = Greater than or equal to-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = = Equality Left to right 7 ! = Inequality--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- & Bitwise AND Left to right 8--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ^ Bitwise XOR Left to right 9---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


OPERATOR PRECEDENCE AND ASSOCIATIVITY :-

OPERATOR DESCRIPTION ASSOCIATIVITY RANK-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Bitwise OR Left to Right 10 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- && Logical AND Left to right 11-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- || Logical OR Left to right 12-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ? : Condition expression Right to left 13------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = Assignment operators Right to left 14 * = , / = , % = + = , - =, & = ^ = , | = << = , >> =--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- , Comma operator Left to right 15


STATEMENT


STATEMENT

EXPRESSIONSTATEMENT

LABELSTATEMENT

CONTROLSTATEMENT

s = x + y ;p = x * y;r = n % 2;

Etc.

SUM : s = x + y ;p = x * y ;

For this purpose, we use goto keyword.

It is a label name.

It will be discussed in next slide.


CONTROL STATEMENT

SELECTION STATEMENT

JUMPING STATEMENT

ITERATIONSTATEMENT

IT IS USED FOR MAKING SINGLE OR MULTIPLE DECISION. IN TRUE OR FALSE CONDITION. FOR THIS , WE USE

CONDITIONAL OPERATOR OR IF – ELSE STATEMENT.

IT IS USED FOR REPEATING( OR MAKING LOOP) THE SAME STATEMENT OR PROCESS. FOR THIS , WE USE DO

– WHILE , WHILE AND FOR LOOP.

IT IS USED FOR JUMPING THE STATEMENT FOR ONE PLACE TO

DESIRED PLACE . FOR THIS , WE USE GOTO,BREAK AND CONTINUE

STATEMENT.


SELECTION STATEMENT(BRANCHING)

DIAGRAM : -

START

PROCESS 1

CONDITION

PROCESS 3 PROCESS 2

YES

(TRUE)

NO

(FALSE)

PROCESS 4

END


p = x * y ;s = x + y;

int x ,y , s , p ;

x > yN y

Print result

EXAMPLE ON SELECTION

STATEMENT (BRANCHING)


JUMPINGSTATEMENT

DIAGRAM :-

START

PROCESS 1

PROCESS 2 COND

PROCESS 3

PROCESS 4

PROCESS 5

Y

N


ITERATION (LOOP)STATEMENT

DIAGRAM :-

START

PROCESS 1

PROCESS 2

PROCESS 3 COND

Y

PROCESS 4 END

N


DECISION MAKING AND

BRANCHING


HOW TO MAKE A SELECTION :-

1. USING TERNARY OPERATOR OR CONDITION OPERATOR

2. USING “ IF STATEMENT ”

“ if ” is a keyword which makes a

selection.


IF STATEMENT

DIAGRAM AND SYNTAX :-

ONE WAY DECISION DIAGRAM :- SYNTAX :-

PROCESS 1

START

COND

Y

PROCESS 2

PROCESS 3 END

If (cond ) Process;

if (cond){

process1;Process2;Process3;………………

}

Single statement

Multiplestatement


IF STATEMENT


SYNTAX :-

PROCESS 1

START

COND Y

PROCESS 2PROCESS 3

END

If (cond ) process;else process;

Single statement

Multiplestatement

if (cond){ process1; process2; ………} else{ process1; process2; ……….}

TWO WAY DECISION DIAGRAM :-

N

PROCESS 4


IT IS COMM-ENTS LINE.


ASSIGNMENT 1

1. Ramesh’s basic salary is input through keyboard. His dearness allowance is

40% of basic salary, and house rant allowance is 20% of basic salary. Write

a program to calculate his gross salary.

2. The distance between two cities(in km.) is input through the keyboard.

Write a program to convert and print this distance in meters,feet, inches

and centimeters.

3. The marks obtained by a student in five different subjects are input

through the keyboard, find out the aggregate marks and percentage marks

obtained by the student. Assume that the maximum marks that can be

obtained by a student in each subject is 100.

4. Temperature of a city in farenheit degrees is input through the keyboard.

Write a program to convert this temperature into centigrade degrees.

5. The length and brath of a rectangle and radius of a circle are input through

the keyboard. Write a program to calculate the area and perimeter of the

rectangle, and the area and circumference of the circle.

6. Two numbers are input through the keyboard into two localtions C and D.

Write a program to interchange the contents of C and D.

7. If a five digit number is input through keyboard, Write a program to

calculate the sum of its digits. (Hint :- Use % (modular) operator)

8. If a five digit number is input through the keyboard, Write a program to

reverse the number.

9. If a four digits number is input through the keyboard , Write a program

to obtain the sum of the first and last digit of this number.

10. Write a program to check the year is leap or not.

11. Write a program to check the number is prime or not.

12. Take quantity and rate as an input and Write a program to calculate the

amount discount and net amount on this condition :-

if amount is more than 500 then discount will be 20% of amount.

13. Take no. of units consume as an input. Write a program to calculate bill

amount on following condition :-

No. of units charge

Up to 100 Rs. 2/unit

For next unit Rs. 3/unit

14. Take no. of hours as an input.Write a c progran to calculate labours

weighes on following condition:-

No. of hours charge

up to 8 hours Rs. 55.00

for nest hours Rs. 25/hour


NESTED IF – ELSE STATEMENTWhen a series of

decisions are involved, we may have to

use more than one if…

else statement.


DIAGRAM :- SYNTAX :-

START

PROCESS 1

COND1 TRUE COND2 TRUE PROCESS 2

FALSE

FALSE

PROCESS 4PROCESS 3

PROCESS 5 END

if (condition 1){ if ( condition 2 ) { process 1; } else { process 2; }}else{ process 3;}


Q. Take sex and balance as an input and Write a program to calculate the net balance On following condition :- I ) . If sex is female and balance is greater than 5000 then bonus will be 5% on balance amount. II ) . If sex is female and balance is not greater than 5000 then bonus will be 2% on balance amount. III ) . Otherwise bonus will be 2% on balance amount.

( Hint :- net balance = balance + bonus )

Solution :- main( ){

char sex;float balance,bonus,netbalance;clrscr( );printf(“Enter the values of sex and balance:”);scanf(“ %c %f ”,&sex,&balance);if( sex = = ‘f ’)

{if(balance > 5000){ bonus = 0.05 * balance;}else{ bonus = 0.02 * balance;}

}else{ bonus = 0.02 * balance;

}netbalance = balance + bonus;printf(“Net balance = %f\nBonus = %f\n ”,netbalance,bonus);

}


ELSE IF LADDER STATEMENTThere is

another way of putting ifs

together when

multipath decisions are involved. A decision is a chain of ifs in which the

statement associated with each

else is an if.

DIAGRAM :-

DIAGRAM :-

START

PROCESS 1

COND1

PROCESS 2

COND2

PROCESS 3

COND3 COND n

DEFAULTSTATEMENT

PROCESS 4 PROCESS 5

PROCESS 6 END

FALSE FALSEFALSE FALSE

TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE


ELSE IF LADDER STATEMENT

SYNATAX :-

if ( condition 1) process 1; else if (condition 2 ) process 2; else if (condition 3 ) process 3); else if (condition n) process n; else default process; process;


Q. Take marks of two subjects as an input and write a program to calculate total marks and percentage and print remarks whether the student is grading 1st , 2nd , 3rd division of fail.

Soln :- main ( ){ float m1,m2,tm,avgm; clrscr( ); printf(“Enter the marks m1 and m2 :”); scanf(“%f %f ”,&m1,&m2); tm = m1 + m2 ; avgm = tm / 2 ;

if ( avgm >= 60 && avgm < 100 ) printf(“ FIRST DEVISION ”); else if ( avgm >= 45 && avgm < 60 )

printf(“ SECOND DEVISION ”); else if ( avgm >= 30 && avgm < 45 )

printf(“ THIRD DEVISION ”); else

printf(“ FAIL ”);}

Marks of subject 1

Marks of subject 2

Total marks

Average marks


FORMS IF STATEMENT

if ( condition ) process ;

If ( condition ){

process 1;process 2;

}

if ( condition )process;

elseprocess;

if ( condition) { process 1;

process 2; }else {

process 1;process 2;

}

if ( condition )process;

else{

if (condition )process 1;

elseprocess 2;

}

if ( condition ){

if (condition )process 1;

else process 2;

}else{

process 3;}


CONDITIONAL OPERATOR


DIAGRAM :-

START

PROCESS 1 COND PROCESS 2

PROCESS 3

TRUE

FALSE

PROCESS 4

END

SYNTAX :-

( CONDITION ) ? TRUE : FALSE ;

FOR THIS , WE USE ? : OPERATOR


Q. Write a program to check a given no. whether it is even or odd ?

#include <stdio.h>#include <conio.h>main( ){

int n;clrscr( );printf(“ENTER THE NO :”);scanf(“ %d ”, &n);( n % 2 = = 0 ) ? printf ( “ EVEN ”) : printf ( “ ODD ”);

}


NESTED CONDITIONAL OPERATOR


DIAGRAM :-

START

PROCESS 1

COND1 COND2

PROCESS 3

PROCESS 2PROCESS 4 PROCESS 5 END

TRUE TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

SYNTAX :-

(( COND 1) ? ( ( COND 2) ? TRUE : FALSE ) : FALSE);


Q. Take sex and balance as an input and Write a program to calculate the net balance On following condition :- I ) . If sex is female and balance is greater than 5000 then bonus will be 5% on balance amount. II ) . If sex is female and balance is not greater than 5000 then bonus will be 2% on balance amount. III ) . Otherwise bonus will be 2% on balance amount.

( Hint :- net balance = balance + bonus )Solution :-

main( ){

char sex;float balance,bonus,netbalance;clrscr( );printf(“Enter the values of sex and balance:”);scanf(“ %c %f ”,&sex,&balance); bonus = (( sex = = ‘f ’) ? ((balance > 5000) ? (0.05 * balance) : (0.02 * balance)) :

(0.02 * balance)) ;netbalance = balance + bonus;printf(“Net balance = %f\nBonus = %f\n ”,netbalance,bonus);

}


FORMS OF CONDITIONAL OPERATOR

( CONDITION ) ? TRUE : FALSE ;( CONDITION ) ? (( CONDITION) ? TRUE : FALSE ) : FALSE ;( CONDITION ) ? TRUE : (( CONDITION ) ? TRUE : FALSE );( CONDITION ) ? (( CONDITION ) ? (( CONDITION ) ? TRUE : FALSE ) : FALSE ) : FALSE ;


SWITCH STATEMENTThe Control statement which

allows us to make a decision from the number of choices is called a switch , or more correctly a

switch – case – default .

DIAGRAM :-

START

PROCESS 1

COND1

PROCESS 2break;

COND2

PROCESS 3break;

COND3 COND n

DEFAULTSTATEMENT

PROCESS 4break;

PROCESS 5break;

PROCESS 6 END

FALSE FALSEFALSE FALSE

TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE


SWITCH STATEMENT

SYNTAX :-

switch ( integer expression ){

case constant 1 : process ;break;

case constant 2 : process;break;

case constant 3 : process;break;

case constant n : process;break;

default : default process; }

Break is used forTerminating the

Execution of block.


Q. Take day number as an input and print the corresponding day .

main ( ){

int dn;clrscr( );printf(“ Enter the day no. : ”);scanf(“ %d ”, &dn);switch ( n ){

case 1 : printf ( “ SUNDAY ”); break;case 2 : printf (“ MONDAY ”); break;case 3 : printf (“ TUESDAY ”); break;case 4 : printf (“ WEDNESDAY ”); break;case 5 : printf (“ THURSDAY ”); break;case 6 : printf (“ FRIDAY ”); break;case 7 : printf (“ SATURDAY ”); break;default : printf (“ INVALID DAY NO. ”);

}}


JUMPING STATEMENT

BREAK CONTINUE GOTO

We often come across situations where we want to jump out of a loop instantly, without waiting to get back to the conditional test.

The keyword break allows us to do this. When the keyword break encountered inside any C loop, control automatically passes to the

first statement after the loop.A break is usually associated with an if.

In some programming situations we want to take the control to the beginnig of the loop, by passing the statements inside the

loop which have not yet been executed. The keyword continue allows us to do this. When the keyword continue encounteredinside any C loop control automatically passes to the beginnig

of the loop.A continue is usually associated with an if.

In some programming situation we want to transfer the control to the specific location . The keyword goto allows us to do this.

A goto keyword usually associated with if .


GOTO STATEMENT


DIAGRAM

START

LABEL 1 :

PROCESS 1

COND TRUE

G

O

T

O

PROCESS 2 ENDFALSE

SYNTAX :-

LABEL 1 : process 1;

process 2; if ( cond )

goto LABEL 1;

LABELNAME


Q. Write a program to print the sum of the two positive nos. ?

main ( ){

int x,y,s;clrscr( );printf(“ Enter the two nos. : ”);scanf(“ %d %d ”, &x, &y);input1 : printf (“ Enter the 1st no. :”);

scanf (“ %d ”, &x);if ( x < 0 ) goto input1;

input2 : printf (“ Enter the 2nd no. :”); scanf( “ %d ”, &y);

if ( y < 0 ) goto input2;

s = x + y;printf(“ SUM OF TWO NOS.=%d ”,s);

}

LABEL NAME


BREAK STATEMENT


DIAGRAM

START

PROCESS 1

PROCESS 2

COND

PROCESS 3

TRUE

PROCESS 4FALSE

PROCESS 5

BREAK

END

SYNTAX :-

if ( condition ){

process1;process2;break;

}

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