introdução a engenharia de ontologias

7/27/2019 Introduo a Engenharia de Ontologias

1/167

Introduction to

OntologicalEngineering

Giancarlo Guizzardi

[email protected]

Workshop W3C/SLTIBraslia, BrazilJuly, 13th 2011


2/167

http://nemo.inf.ufes.br/


3/167

http://www.inf.ufrgs.br/ontobras-most2011/


4/167

http://iaoa.org/


5/167


6/167

http://www.inf.ufes.br/~gguizzardi/ontocom-2011/


7/167

AN ENGINEERING VIEW ONONTOLOGICAL ENGINEERING


8/167

Scenario 1: Information Exchange

Suppose a consortium of enterprises that needs to exchange

information in the context of a coordinated action?

How to guarantee the preservation of the original meaning of

the information across partners?

How to guarantee this inside an organization?

E.g.: Petroleum Industry (IIP - Integrated Information Platform)


9/167

Scenario 2: Component Integration in

heterogeneous scenarios

Suppose and Organization that needs to configure a newproduct/platform/service from already existing and tested

components (applications, products, services)

E.g.m: Service Integration, Integrated Development

Environments


10/167

Scenario 3: Information Integration

Suppose an Organization that needs to have an integrated

view of the information which is produced in its

organizational units in a concurrent and distributed manner

E.g.,: Intelligent Decision Making; Business Intelligence;

Knowledge and Integration Management; E-Government


11/167


12/167


13/167


14/167


15/167


16/167

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

(``Dodd-Frank Act') was enacted on July 21, 2010. The Dodd-FrankAct, among other things, mandates that the Commodity Futures

Trading Commission (``CFTC'') and the Securities and Exchange

Commission (``SEC'') conduct a study on ``the feasibility of requiring

the derivatives industry to adopt standardized computer-readable

algorithmic descriptions which may be used to describe complex

and standardized financial derivatives.'' These algorithmic

descriptions should be designed to ``facilitate computerized

analysis of individual derivative contracts and to calculate net

exposures to complex derivatives.'' The study also must consider

the extent to which the algorithmic description, ``together with

standardized and extensible legal definitions, may serve as thebinding legal definition of derivative contracts.'


17/167

7. Do you rely on a discrete set of computer-readable descriptions

(``ontologies'') to define and describe derivatives transactions and

positions? If yes, what computer language do you use?

8. If you use one or more ontologies to define derivatives

transactions and positions, are they proprietary or open to the

public? Are they used by your counterparties and others in the

derivatives industry?

9. How do you maintain and extend the ontologies that you use to

define derivatives data to cover new financial derivative products?

How frequently are new terms, concepts and definitions added?

10. What is the scope and variety of derivatives and their

positions covered by the ontologies that you use? What do they

describe well, and what are their limitations?

.


18/167

What is common to all

these cases?


19/167

M


20/167

The canadian horse is a herbivore

that eat mapple leaves


21/167

plant

herbivore tree

horse

eats

is-a

is-a

canadian horse

is-a

leave

is-part-of

mappleis-a


22/167

ObjectType

Sortal Type

RoleKind

Mixin Type

Rigid Sortal Type Anti-Rigid Sortal Type

Phase RoleMixin

Anti-Rigid MixinType

Type


23/167

ObjectType

Sortal Type

RoleKind

Mixin Type


Phase RoleMixin


Type

?


24/167

ObjectType

Sortal Type

RoleKind

Mixin Type


Phase RoleMixin


Type


25/167

ObjectType

Sortal Type

RoleKind

Mixin Type


Phase RoleMixin


Type

R

?


26/167

ObjectType

Sortal Type

RoleKind

Mixin Type


Phase RoleMixin


Type

R

R


27/167


28/167


29/167

What we see

Giancarlo GuizzardiResearch

My current main line of research is concerned with the application of foundational ontologies inthe development of philosophically and cognitively well-justified methodological tools forconceptual modeling in computer science. On this topic, I have been working for manyyears in a close collaboration with Gerd Wagner (Brandenburg University of Technology atCottbus), Nicola Guarino (Institute for Cognitive Science and Technology, Laboratory for

Applied Ontology, Trento), and Heinrich Herre (Formal Concepts Group, University ofLeipzig) in the context of GFO/GOL (General Formalized Ontology/General OntologyLanguage) Project.

From 2000 to 2005, I have worked with Marten van Sinderen and Luis Ferreira Pires in theASNA (Architecture and Services of Network Applications) Research Group in University ofTwente in The Netherlands. As a result of my work there, I have received a PhD (CumLaude) from the same university. The results of my PhD research have been published inthe book Ontological Foundations for Structural Conceptual Models.

Since May, 2005, I have been holding an Associate Researcher position in the Laboratory ofApplied Ontology (LOA), which is part of the Institute of Cognitive Science and Technology(ISTC), in Trento, Italy. Since March, 2006, I have been also holding an Associate

Professor position at the Federal University of Esprito Santo, in Vitria, Brazil.

My other research interests include Software Engineering (in particular Domain Engineering,Semantic Application and Interoperability of Tools, Semantic Software Environments,Software Reuse), FOL and Modal Logics, Design of Domain-specific visual languages,Formal Languages and Design Methods and Architectures for Open Distributed Systems(including Enterprise modeling, Distributed Multimedia Systems and Context-Awareapplications).

To know more about my research one should check my Publications


30/167


31/167

What our computer sees

WWW2002The eleventh inteqnational woqld wide webconfeqenceSheqaton waikiki hotelHonolulu, hawaii, USA7-11 may 20021 location 5 days leaqn inteqactRegisteqed paqticipants coming fqomaustqalia, canada, chile denmaqk,fqance, geqmany, ghana, hong kong,india, iqeland, italy, japan, malta,new zealand, the netheqlands, noqway,singapoqe, switzeqland, the unitedkingdom, the united states, vietnam,zaiqeRegisteq nowOn the 7th May Honolulu will pqovide thebackdqop of the eleventh inteqnationalwoqld wide web confeqence. Thispqestigious event Speakeqs confiqmedTim beqneqs-lee


32/167

Pessoa Nome

Foto

CientistaInstituio de

Pesquisa

Localizao

possui

possui

-uma

trabalha emsituada em

tirada em

Livro

Cientfico

escrito por

Livro-um

Emailpossui

colabora com

dirigido-por


33/167

Pessoa Nome

Foto


Pesquisa

Localizao

possui

possui

-uma


tirada em

Livro

Cientfico

escrito por

Livro-um

Emailpossui

colabora com

dirigido-por


34/167

Pessoa Nome

Foto


Pesquisa

Localizao

possui

possui

-uma


tirada em

Livro

Cientfico

escrito por

Livro-um

Emailpossui

colabora com

dirigido-por


35/167

Pessoa Nome

Foto


Pesquisa

Localizao

possui

possui

-uma


tirada em

Livro

Cientfico

escrito por

Livro-um

Emailpossui

colabora com

dirigido-por


36/167

Pessoa Nome

Foto


Pesquisa

Localizao

possui

possui

-uma


tirada em

Livro

Cientfico

escrito por

Livro-um

Emailpossui

colabora com

dirigido-por

Envie um email em meu nome para todas as

pessoas trabalhando em uma instuio de pesquisa

no norte da Itlia


37/167

Pessoa Nome

Foto


Pesquisa

Localizao

possui

possui

-uma


tirada em

Livro

Cientfico

escrito por

Livro-um

Emailpossui

colabora com

dirigido-por

Compre todos os livros escritos por cientistas que

colaboram com o diretor do LOA


38/167


39/167


40/167


41/167

Wh t d


42/167

What we can do

Define Classes

Define relations between classes

Define classes using set-theoretical operators

Define datatypes and datatype properties

Define (binary, directed) domain relations

Define relations between relations

Define formal meta-properties of relations

Important Limitations and Unans ered


43/167

Important Limitations and Unanswered

Questions

Do all classes relate to their instances in the same manner?

Where do the formal meta-properties of relations come from?

In particular, how do I delimit the scope of transitivity of part-

whole relations?

Where relations have to be binary?

How can we capture temporal notions?

Reasoning Rules


44/167

Reasoning Rules

A B

A

---------

B

A B

A

---------

B

Classical Logics (Predicate Calculus)


45/167


FOR ALL x Scientist(x) Person (x)

FOR ALL x ScientificBook(x) Book (x) AND (EXISTS y Scientist(y)

AND AuthorOf(y,x))FOR ALL x,y ScientificBook(x) AND AuthorOf(y,x) Scientist(y)

Lets assume the following facts:

ScientificBook(Data&Reality)

AuthorOf(Data&Reality,Bill Kent)

Can we prove that Bill Kent is a person?



46/167


YES!

FOR ALL x,y ScientificBook(x) AND AuthorOf(y,x) Scientist(y)

ScientificBook(Data&Reality)

AuthorOf(Data&Reality,Bill Kent)

Scientist(BillKent)

FOR ALL x Scientist(x) Person (x)

Scientist(BillKent)

Person(BillKent)

Relevant Reference


47/167

Relevant Reference

Antoniou, G. ; van Harmelen, F., "Web Ontology Language:

OWL", Handbook on Ontologies in Information Systems",

Springer-Verlag, 2003.


48/167

SEMANTIC INTEROPERABILITY: THEPROBLEM REVISITED


49/167

M


50/167

M

representation interpretation


51/167

M


semantic distance ()

when < x then we consider the communication to be effective, i.e., we assume the


52/167

M


semantic distance ()

, ,existence of single shared conceptualization


53/167

ObjectType

Sortal Type

RoleKind

Mixin Type


Phase RoleMixin


Type

R

R


54/167

Small , Small Ontology Big , Small Ontology

Small , Big Ontology Big , BIg Ontology

Well-Founded

Techniches

Matching &

Alignment

Techniches


55/167



Well-Founded

Techniches

Matching &

Alignment

Techniches

Some Flexibility


56/167



Well-Founded

Techniches

Matching &

Alignment

Techniches

Some Flexibility

Intractable!

An Alternative View


57/167

Well-Founded Conceptual

Modeling Techniches

ControlledVocabularies and

Lexical Resources

Relevance of the SemanticInteoperability Task

Ontology

Size

Intractable!

Easy!

Data Formats negocitated

in Natural Language

By J.P.A. Almeida


58/167

Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/

By Maria Luiza Campos


59/167

Consistent

Integrated Use


60/167

Situations represented by

the valid specifications of

language L

Admissible state of affairs

according to a

conceptualization C


61/167


according to the conceptualization underlying

O1

State of affairs

represented

by the valid models

of Ontology O1


according to the

conceptualization

underlying

O2

State of affairs represented by the valid models

of Ontology O2

By Nicola Guarino


62/167



O1

State of affairs

represented

by the valid models

of Ontology O1


according to the

conceptualization

underlying

O2


of Ontology O2

FALSE AGREEMENT!

By Nicola Guarino


63/167

one of the main reasons that so many

online market makers have foundered[is that] the transactions they had

viewed as simple and routine actually

involvedmany subtle distinctions in

terminology and meaning

(Harvard Business Review)


64/167



O1

State of affairs

represented

by the valid models

of Ontology O1


according to the

conceptualization

underlying

O2


of Ontology O2

FOUNDATIONAL

ONTOLOGY


65/167

ObjectType

Sortal Type

RoleKind

Mixin Type


Phase RoleMixin


Type

R

Entity

Universal Individual

Object Trope

Qualit y Rel at or

Monadic Universal Relation

Object UniversalQuality Universal

Relator Universal

Formal RelationMaterial Relation

1..*

1 < inheres in

*

Abstract


66/167

The alternative to ontology is

not non-ontology but bad

ontology!

Relevant Reference


67/167

Guizzardi, G., On Ontology, ontologies, Conceptualizations,

Modeling Languages, and (Meta)Models, Frontiers in

Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Databases andInformation Systems IV, Olegas Vasilecas, Johan Edler,

Albertas Caplinskas (Editors), ISBN 978-1-58603-640-8, IOS

Press, Amsterdam, 2007.

Guizzardi, G., Halpin, T. Ontological Foundations for

Conceptual Modeling. Applied Ontology. , v.3, p.91 - 110,

2008.


68/167

EXAMPLE OF SEMANTICINTEROPERABILITY PROBLEMS IN

LIGHTWEIGHT ONTOLOGIES


69/167

Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/

Fragment of a Spatial Ontology


70/167

g p gy

Constraints:

For every two arbitrary physical objects X

and Y, if there are two spatial locations A, B,

such that X occupies A, Y occupies B, and A

is equal to B, then X and Y are the same

physical object.

For every two arbitrary physical objects X

and Y, X is equal to Y if and only if they havethe same parts.

This ontology could be used by

a GPS sensor agent to provide

a service to track the locationof physical objects in a

context-aware platform

p:includes

Physical

Object

p:occupiesp:isInside

Spatial

Location

Fragment of a Hospital Ontology


71/167

g p gy

This ontology could be used for

defining applications for

checking location of patients,locate organs for transplants,

and so forth. i:PhysicalObject

Biological

Object

Inanimate

Object

HumanOrgan

Human

Heart

HumanBeing

Male Female

i:Spatial

Location

Surgery

Room

Fragment of a Legal Ontology


72/167

g g gy

This ontology could be

used by legal

applications to refer tothe medical histories of

people; to have access

to their personal data

(e.g., blood type, skincolour, fingerprints,

height, weight); to

differentiate people by

sex; or to maintain arecord of living and

deceased people in a

community.

p:parentOf

Person

Living

Person

Deceased

Person

Parent

Father Mother

Offspring

i:Human

Being

i:Male i:Female

Fragment of a Museum Ontology


73/167

g gy

This ontology could be

used to define spatial

locations of entities likegalleries within a

museum, or inanimate

objects like statues.

These importedontologies allow for

applications to locate

objects within the

museum (e.g., statues,paintings

Statue

i:Spatial

Location

Museum Gallery

i:Inanimate

Object

Fragment of a Music Ontology


74/167

g gy

This ontology could be used to by an Event Advisorto

notifies users about upcoming events that match their

personal interests.

PerformerArtist

Band i:Person

Possible Interoperability Problems


75/167

1. An application using the Hospital Ontology can derive the

following wrong information:

if a human being receives a heart transplant, he/she becomes adifferent human being.

Similarly, consider a tourist route planner application that plans a

route including tourist points of interest or events never seen by

the user of the application. Due to an accident, a human statueknown by the user has lost a hand. The application will consider

this statue different from the one the user visited; therefore it

will be included in the route plan by error. This example uses a

physical object (statue) for the purpose of illustration of theproblem, but an analogous situation can be imagined with events

such as a play or a concert



76/167

2. Suppose an application for the obituary section of a music

newspaper, which sends information about artists who die. It

uses the Musical ontology, which imports the Legal ontology (toreuse the concept of person).

The application will malfunction and it will send information about

every person who dies, since [according to the Music Ontology]

every person is a performer artist. The intention in the ontology is

to represent that either persons or bands are performer artists.

However, as a side effect, the ontology also states that every

person is a performer artist



77/167

3. Since the Music ontology imports the Legal ontology, which

imports the Medical ontology, the heart (and all other parts) of

a person can be inferred to be part of a band, due to transitivityof the partOf relation, which can cause undesirable inferences

to be derived

Music Ontology vs. MusicBrainz and FOAF


78/167

Artist

Person Group

partOf

Album

p:creatorOf

Track

p:creatorOf

p:track

Agent

Person Group

Organization

p:knows

p:memberOf

Spatial Ontology vs SOUPA


79/167

Spatial Ontology vs. SOUPA

SpatialThing

longitude

latitude

altitude

LocationCoordinates

GeographicSpace

p:spatiallySubsumesp:spatiallySubsumedBy

p:hasLocation

SOUPA integrates parts of several other ontologies suchas FOAF, DAML-Time, OpenCyC and OpenGIS, Rei

Policy ontology and MoGATU BDI

Relevant Reference


80/167

Guizzardi, G. The Role of Foundational Ontology for

Conceptual Modeling and Domain Ontology

Representation, 7th International Baltic Conference onDatabases and Information Systems, Vilnius, Lithuania,

2006.

What are ontologies and why we


81/167

need them?

1. Reference Model of Consensus to support different types ofSemantic InteroperabilityTasks

2. Explicit, declarative and machine processable artifact coding

a domain model to enable efficient automated reasoning

REFERENCE:

GUIZZARDI, G., Theoretical Foundations and Engineering Tools forBuilding Ontologies as Reference Conceptual Models, Semantic

Web Journal, Editors-in-Chief: Pascal Hitzler and KrzysztofJanowicz, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2011. (Personal Response tothe Special Issue on What is missing on the Semantic Web? ).


82/167

1. We need to recognize that Thereis not Silver Bullet! and start seing

ontology engineering from an

engineering perspective

A Software Engineering view


83/167

Conceptual Modeling

Implementation1 Implementation2 Implementation3

A Software Engineering view


84/167

Conceptual Modeling

Implementation1 Implementation2 Implementation3

DESIGN

transported to Ontological Engineering


85/167

Ontology as aConceptual Model

Ontology as

Implementation1(SHOIN/OWL-DL,

DLRUS

)

Ontology as

Implementation2(CASL)

Ontology as

Implementation3(Alloy, F-Logic)

Explore the domain


86/167

Explore the domain

This should be clear from the business requirements - it might

be food or music or gardening or...

Concentrate on modelling real (physical and metaphysical)things not web pages - try to blank from your mind all thoughts

of the resulting web site.

This work should never stop - you need to do this through thelifetime of the project as you refine your understanding.

Michael Smethurst, BBC

http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/radiolab

s/2009/01/how_we_make_websites

.shtml

Identify your domain objects and the relationships

between them


87/167

between them

As you chat and sketch with your domain expert you should

build up a picture of the types of things they're concerned with.As your knowledge of the domain increases you'll build up apicture of how your objects interlink.

Bear in mind you're trying to capture the domain ontology - thisisn't about sketching database schemas.

The resulting domain model will inform the rest of your projectand should be one of the few artifacts your project ever creates.

Michael Smethurst, BBC

http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/radiolabs/2009/01/how_we_make_w

ebsites.shtml

transported to Ontological Engineering


88/167

Ontology as aConceptual Model

Ontology as

Implementation1(SHOIN/OWL-DL,

DLRUS

)

Ontology as

Implementation2(CASL)

Ontology as

Implementation3(Alloy, F-Logic)

DESIGN


89/167

complexity

without automated

reasoningwith automated

reasoning

a catalog

a set of

text files

a glossarya collection oftaxonomies

a thesaurus a collection of

frames

a set of general

logical constraints

Example: The ECG Ontology


90/167


91/167


92/167


93/167


94/167


95/167

Relevant Reference


96/167

GONALVES, B.N.; GUIZZARDI, G.; PEREIRA FILHO, J.G., Using

an ECG reference ontology for semantic interoperability of

ECG data, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, Special Issueon Ontologies for Clinical and Translational Research,

Editors: Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters and Richard H.

Scheuermann, Elsevier, 2011.

GONCALVES, B. N.; ZAMBORLINI, V. ; GUIZZARDI, G. AnOntological Analysis of the Electrocardiogram. ELECTRONIC

JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, INFORMATION AND

INNOVATION IN HEALTH, 2009.


97/167

2. We need ontologyrepresentations languages which

are based on Truly Ontological

Distinctions

Semantic Networks

( ll ll )


98/167

(Collins & Quillian, 1967)

Semantic Networks

( ll & ll )


99/167

(Collins & Quillian, 1967)

KL-ONE (Brachman, 1979)


100/167

KL-ONE (Brachman, 1979)


101/167

Todos os TrailerTrucks so Trucks

TrailerTrucks tem

NumberOfWheels=18

The Logical Level


102/167

x Apple(x) Red(x)

The Epistemological Level


103/167

Apple

color = red

Red

sort = apple

The Epistemological Level


104/167

Apple

color = red

Red

sort = apple

Why ???

The Ontological Level


105/167

Apple

color = red

Red

sort = apple

sortal universal characterizing

Universal

Formal Relations


106/167

JohnPaul

w1 w2

Weight Quality Dimension0

heavier (Paul, John)?

Material Relations


107/167

rolePatient

kindMedical Unit

1..*1..* treated In

Material Relations


108/167

How are these cardinality constraints to be interpreted ?

In a treatment, a patient is treated by several medicalunits, and a patient can participate in manytreatments

In a treatment, a patient is treated by several medical

units, but a patient can only participate in onetreatment

In a treatment, several patients can be treated by onemedical unit, and a medical unit can participate inmany treatments

In a treatment, a patient is treated by one medical unit,and a patient can participate in many treatments

...


109/167

The problem is even worse in n-ary associations (with n >2)


110/167

Explicit Representation for Material Relations


111/167

Patient MedicalUnit

1..*

1..*

mediation

1

1..*

mediation relator

Treatment

1..* 1..*

material

/TreatedIn

Material Relations


112/167

As seen before from a relator and mediation relation

we can derive several material relationsAsides from all the benefits previously mentioned,

perhaps the most important contribution of

explicitly considering relations is to force the

modeler to answer the fundamental question ofwhat is truthmakerof that relation

Material Relations


113/167

Yet another example:

Modeling that a graduate student have one or moresupervisors and a supervisor can supervise one ormore students

Material Relations


114/167

Yet another example:

Modeling that a graduate student have one or moresupervisors and a supervisor can supervise one ormore students


115/167

Relevant Reference

G i di G O t l i l F d ti f St t l


116/167

Guizzardi, G. Ontological Foundations for Structural

Conceptual Models, Telematica Instituut Fundamental

Research Series No. 15,ISBN 90-75176-81-3 ISSN 1388-1795,The Netherlands, 2005.

Guarino, N.; Guizzardi, G., In the Defense of Ontological

Foundations for Conceptual Modeling,Scandinavian Journal

of Information Systems, Vol.18, No. 1, ISSN 0905-0167,2006.

Guizzardi, G., Wagner, G. Using the Unified Foundational

Ontology (UFO) as a Foundation for General Conceptual

Modeling Languages ,In: Theory and Application of

Ontologies ed.Berlim: Springer-Verlag, 2010.

Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO)


117/167

Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO)

UFO-A (STRUCTURAL ASPECTS)(Objects, their types, their parts/wholes,

the roles they play,their intrinsic and relational properties

Property value spaces)

UFO-B (DYNAMIC ASPECTS)(Events and their parts,

Relations between events,Object participation in events,

Temporal properties of entities, Time)

UFO-C (SOCIAL ASPECTS)(Agents, Intentional States, Goals, Actions,

Norms, Social Commitments/Claims, Social Dependency Relations)

Events

Events have a compositional structure


118/167

Events have a compositional structure

Events are dependent entities (participations)

Events can bear properties

Events are temporally connected

Events change the world (events map situations to situations)


119/167


120/167

Ontological

Grounding

Meta-Category

Instantiation


121/167

Representation

Redundancy


122/167

CategoricalOverload


123/167

UndetectedLogical

Inconsistency


124/167

Incident


125/167

Incident


126/167

MissingOntological

Relationships

??

Incident


127/167

Relevant Reference

GUIZZARDI G FALBO R A GUIZZARDI R S S


128/167

GUIZZARDI, G., FALBO, R. A., GUIZZARDI, R. S. S.

Grounding Software Domain Ontologies in the Unified

Foundational Ontology (UFO): The case of the ODE SoftwareProcess Ontology (In: XI Iberoamerican Conference on

Software Engineering (CIbSE2008), 2008, Recife.


129/167

3. We need Patterns- Design Patterns

- Analysis Patterns

- Transformation Patterns- Patterns Languages

Recurrent Modeling Problems


130/167

how would one model the customer entity conceptually?

The Customer as a supertype of Organisation and Person?The Customer as a subtype of Organisation and Person?

The Customer as a relationship between or Organisation

and (Organization or Person)?

By J.P. van Belle

Roles with Disjoint Allowed Types


131/167

roleCustomer

Person Organization



132/167

roleCustomer

Person Organization


133/167

Participant

Person SIG

Forum

1..* *

participation

Roles with Disjoint Admissible Types


134/167

roleMixin

Customer



135/167

roleMixin

Customer

rolePersonalCustomer

roleCorporateCustomer



136/167

roleMixin

Customer

role

PersonalCustomer

Person Organization

role

CorporateCustomer


137/167

roleMixin

Customer

rolePrivateCustomer

roleCorporateCustomer

kindPerson

Organization

kindSocial Being

roleMixin

Partic ipant

roleIndividualParticipant

roleCollectiveParticipant

kindPerson

SIG

kindSocial Being

Roles with Disjoint Admissible Types


138/167

roleMixin

A

role

B

F

D E

role

C

1..*

1..*

Quality, Quale, Quality Space


139/167

a w

w::Weight

c

c::Color

0v1

Weight Quality Space

Quality, Quale, Quality SpaceColor Quality Space


140/167

a w

a::Apple w::Weight

c

c::Color

0v1


v2

Quality Space with Multiple QualityDimensions


141/167

By http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:SharkD

Quality Space with Multiple QualityDimensions


142/167

By http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:SharkD

Alternative Quality SpacesColor Quality Space


143/167

a w

a::Apple w::Weight

c

c::Color

0v1


v2

Explicit Representation of Qualities andQuality Spaces


144/167

Explicit Representation of Qualities and

Quality Spaces


145/167

HSBColorDomain

RGBColorDomain

a::Apple c::Color

i

equivalence

* 1/classified by(union)4


146/167

mileage

manufacturing date

kind

Car

subkind

Ferrari

subkind

VW Beetle

subkind

Ferrari Testarossa

subkind

Ferrari Spyder

maximum speed

release date

powertype

CarModel

* 1

classified by4

/name of the author

kind

Book

subkindHarryPotter-Goblets of Fire

subkindTheAleph

powertype

BookTitle* 1

classified by4

relator

Authorship

1

1

mediation

roleAuthor

1..* 1..*

mediation

name

kind

Person

serial number

category

Product

{disjoint,complete}

{disjoint,complete}

{disjoint,complete}

{disjoint,complete}

kind

Factory* 1

historical dependence

list price

powertype

ProductModel

{disjoint,complete}

tax rate

powertype

ProductCategory

* 1

classified by4

Ferrari Testarossa[R$500000. 300Km/h, 1989]

Maranello


::

::

::

CarModel

[50%]

::

Johns Ferrari[XXX123,10.000, 01-01-2010]

* 1/classified by(union)4


147/167

mileage

manufacturing date

kind

Car

subkind

Ferrari

subkind

VW Beetle

subkind

Ferrari Testarossa

subkind

Ferrari Spyder

maximum speed

release date

powertype

CarModel

* 1

classified by4

/name of the author

kind

Book

subkindHarryPotter-Goblets of Fire

subkindTheAleph

powertype

BookTitle* 1

classified by4

relator

Authorship

1

1

mediation

roleAuthor

1..* 1..*

mediation

name

kind

Person

serial number

category

Product

{disjoint,complete}

{disjoint,complete}

{disjoint,complete}

{disjoint,complete}

kind

Factory* 1


list price

powertype

ProductModel

{disjoint,complete}

tax rate

powertype

ProductCategory

* 1

classified by4

My copy of the Aleph[YUZ-567,/J.L.Borges]

The Aleph[R$45]

Borges[J.L.Borges]

a2

LHC Publishers


:: ::

::::

BookTltle

[15%]

::

Joo


148/167

NEMO

UFES

part of

part of

part of

Joos

Brain


149/167

Brain

Joo

UFES

part of

part of

part of

Joos

Brain


150/167

Brain

Joo

UFES

part of

part of

part of


151/167


152/167


153/167

Student Course

1

enrolled at

1 1

representative for

20..*

1

:: Man :: Woman:: Marriage


154/167

John Marym

g

:: Husband,

27 years old

:: Wife,

26 years old

27 years old

TimeLine

26 years old

:: Husband,28 years old

:: Wife,

27 years old

:: Husband,

28 years old

:: Wife,26 years old

27 years old28 years old

:: ManTS :: WomanTS:: MarriageTS

Relevant Reference

Guizzardi, G.; Masolo, C.; Borgo, S. In the Defense of a Trope-

d l f l d l l h


155/167

Based Ontology for Conceptual Modeling: An Example with

the Foundations of Attributes, Weak Entities andDatatypes, 25th International Conference on Conceptual

Modeling (ER2006), Arizona, USA, 2006.

Guizzardi, G.; Wagner, G.; Guarino, N.; van Sinderen, M.

An Ontologically Well-Founded Profile for UML ConceptualModels, (6th International Conference on Advances in

Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), Latvia,

2004.Springer-Verlag , Berlin, Lecture Notes in Computer

Science 3084, ISBN 3-540-22151-4.

Relevant ReferenceGuizzardi, G. The Problem of Transitivity of Part-Whole Relations in

Conceptual Modeling Revisited, 21st International Conference


156/167

p g ,

on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAISE09),

Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2009.

Zamborlini, V.; Guizzardi, G., On the representation of temporally

changing information in OWL, IEEE 5th Joint International

Workshop on Vocabularies, Ontologies and Rules for The

Enterprise (VORTE) Metamodels, Ontologies and SemanticTechnologies (MOST), together with 15th International

Enterprise Computing Conference (EDOC 2010), Vitria, Brazil,

2010.

Guizzardi, G.; Wagner, G. On A Unified Foundational Ontology andsome Applications of it in Business Modeling, Open INTEROP

Workshop on Enterprise Modelling and Ontologies for

Interoperability, 16th International Conference on Advances in

Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), Latvia, 2004.


157/167

4. We need tools to create, verify,validate and handle the

complexity of the produced

models

Type

specific*

name:String[0..1]

NamedElement

Element

/relatedElement

1..*

/target1..*

/source

1..*


158/167

isAbstract:Boolean = false

Classifier

DirectedRelationship

Generalization

1

generalization

*

general1

/general

isCovering:Boolean = falseisDisjoint:Boolean = true

GeneralizationSet **

Relationship

Class

Object Class

Anti Rigid Sortal Class

Mixin ClassSortal Class

{disjoint, complete}

Rigid Sortal Class

RolePhaseSubKindSubstance Sortal

{disjoint, complete} {disjoint, complete}


Non Rigid Mixin Class


Rigid Mixin Class

Category


Anti Rigid Mixin Class Semi Rigid Mixin

RoleMixin Mixin

QuantityisExtensional:Boolean

CollectiveKind



159/167

Tool Support


160/167

The underlying algorithm merely has to check structural properties of thediagram and not the content of involved nodes


161/167

role1..* mediation


162/167

kind

Person

roleOrgan Donor

roleOrgan Donee

relatorTransplant

Transplant Surgeon

1

1..*

mediation

1 1..*

mediation

1..*


163/167

ATL Transformation

Alloy Analyzer + OntoUML visual Plugin

Simulation and Visualization


164/167

Relevant Reference

Benevides, A.B.; Guizzardi, G. A Model-Based Tool for

Conceptual Modeling and Domain Ontology Engineering in


165/167

Conceptual Modeling and Domain Ontology Engineering in

OntoUML, 11th International Conference on EnterpriseInformation Systems (ICEIS), Milan, 2009. Lecture Notes in

Business Information Processing, Springer-Verlag.

Guizzardi, G.; Graas, A.P., Guizzardi, R.S.S., Design Patterns

and Inductive Modeling Rules to Support the Constructionof Ontologically Well-Founded Conceptual Models in

OntoUML,3rd International Workshop on Ontology-Driven

Information Systems (ODISE 2011), together with the 23rd

International Conference on Advanced Information SystemEngineering (CAiSE'11), London, UK.

Relevant Reference

Benevides, A.B.; Guizzardi, G.; Braga, B.F.B.; Almeida, J.P.A.,

Validating modal aspects of OntoUML conceptual models


166/167

Validating modal aspects of OntoUML conceptual models

using automatically generated visual world structures,Journal of Universal Computer Science, Special Issue on

Evolving Theories of Conceptual Modeling, Editors: Klaus-

Dieter Schewe and Markus Kirchberg, 2010.


167/167

[email protected]

introdução a engenharia de ontologias

Documents