INTRODUÇÃO À ECONOMIA Professor: José Carlos Cavalcanti (Blog: http://jccavalcanti.wordpress.com ) (E-mail: cavalcanti.jc@gmail.com ) METODOLOGIA Este curso, que será composto majoritariamente de aulas teóricas. Serão abordados além dos temas básicos da disciplina, assuntos em estruturação na literatura tradicional, como a Economia dos Bens de Informação, as Economias Baseadas no Conhecimento e assuntos relacionados. EMENTA I- Introdução 1- O que é Economia ? 2- Evolução do Pensamento Econômico 3- Sociedade Contemporânea

II- Microeconomia 4- Introdução à Demanda e à Oferta 5- Produção e Custos 6- Concorrência Perfeita 7- Concorrência Imperfeita 8- Regulação de Mercados e Falha de Mercado III - Macroeconomia 9- Contabilidade Nacional 10- Modelo de Renda e Gasto 11- Oferta e Demanda de Moeda 12- Teorias da Demanda Agregada 13- Teorias da Oferta Agregada 14- Políticas Fiscal e Monetária 15- Desenvolvimento Econômico

IV- Economia Brasileira Contemporânea AVALIAÇÃO A avaliação será feita a partir da participação em aula e trabalhos escolares. Ela levará em conta a observação de 05 competências (domínio de linguagem; compreensão e interpretação de fenômenos; solução de problemas; construção de argumentos; e elaboração de propostas). A bibliografia recomendada será dada ao longo do curso.

Desejos Infinitos

Recursos Finitos

Escassez

Escolhas

Economia: É a Ciência que estuda a alocação de recursos escassos para a satisfação de desejos que são infinitos

Desejos Infinitos

Recursos Finitos

Escassez (Trade-off)

Escolhas

Economia: “É a Ciência que estuda a alocação tanto de recursos escassos quanto abundantes para a satisfação de desejos que são infinitos”

Recursos Intangíveis

Infinitos

Abundância (Filtering)

Seleções

Por que esta definição de Economia?

Vivemos hoje

em dia um grande

dilúvio!

“O Dilúvio”, de Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (06/03/1475 a 18/02/1564),

pintor, escultor, arquiteto, engenheiro e poeta da Itália Renascentista.

Dilúvio (Tsunami) da Ásia (2004)

Dilúvio (Tsunami) no Japão (2011)

Fonte: http://www.economist.com/specialreports/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=15557443. 27th february, 2010.

Dilúvio de Informações

“Wal-Mart, a retail giant, handles more than 1m customer

transactions every hour, feeding databases estimated at more

than 2,5 petabytes – the equivalent of 167 times the books in

America´s Library of Congress”.

“When the Sloan Digital Sky Survey started work in 2000, its

telescope in New Mexico collected more data in its first few

weeks than had been amassed in the entire history of

astronomy. Now, a decade later, its archive contains a

whopping 140 terabytes of information. A successor, the Large

Synoptic Survey Telescope, due to come on stream in Chile in

2016, will acquire that quantity of data every five days”.

Fonte: The Economist. Special Report: “Data, data everywhere”. Feb, 25th 2010.

14%

34%

E como

chegamos a este

estágio?

PASSADO ... mais conhecido !

“The Industrial Revolution: Past and Future”. 2003 Annual Report Essay. Robert E. Lucas, Jr. -

Visiting Scholar. May 2004. http://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=3333

Por quê?

The Industrial

Manufacturing

Era

Rise of the factory system

Fonte: http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/

PASSADO ... menos reconhecido !

1 Billion gigabytes = 1 exabyte

2004 = 48B

2006 = 192B

2003+2004=72B

2005 = 96B

“The consumer

had become

the producer”

Fonte: Prof. Silvio Meira

Fonte: Prof. Silvio Meira

Fonte: Prof. Silvio Meira

Fonte: Prof. Silvio Meira

Fonte: Prof. Silvio Meira

Fonte: Prof. Silvio Meira

Fonte: Prof. Silvio Meira

Fonte: Prof. Silvio Meira

Por quê?

“Nowadays, most economic transactions involve a

computer” (Varian, 2010)

Hal Varian- Professor in the School of Information, the Haas School of Business, and the Department of Economics at the University of California at Berkeley, and also Chief Economist Officer of Google.

Rise of the system of

computational mediated

transactions/interactions! (JCC, 2012)

“I classify impact of computer mediated transactions into four main categories (Varian, 2010): - Facilitate new forms of contract; - Facilitate data extraction and analysis; - Facilitate controlled experimentation; - Facilitate personalization and customization”.

Professor in the School of Information, the Haas School of Business, and the Department of Economics at the University of California at Berkeley, and also Chief Economist Officer of Google.

Bentham,

Jevons,

Menger,

Cournot

“Se ganhar dinheiro dá prazer, e se a experiência de perder é dolorosa, a atividade de regular dinheiro é também uma atividade ligada à saúde pública !”

Jürgen Habermas

The Theory of Moral Sentiments

The Theory of Moral Sentiments was written by Adam Smith in 1759. It provided the ethical, philosophical, psychological, and methodological underpinnings to Smith's later works, including The Wealth of Nations (1776), A Treatise on Public Opulence (1764) (first published in 1937), Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795), and Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue, and Arms (1763) (first published in 1896). Smith divided moral systems into: Categories of the nature of morality. These included Propriety, Prudence, and Benevolence. Categories of the motive of morality. These included Self-love, Reason, and Sentiment.

The Theory of Moral Sentiments

Part I: Of the propriety of action Part II: Of merit and demerit; or of the objects of reward and punishment

Part III: Of the foundations of our judgments concerning our own sentiments and conduct, and of the sense of duty.

Part IV: Of the effect of utility upon the sentiments of approbation. Part V: Of the influence of custom and fashion upon the sentiments of moral approbation and disapprobation.

Part VI: Of systems of moral philosophy

Part I: Of the propriety of action

Section 1: Of the sense of propriety Section 2: Of the degrees of which different passions are consistent with propriety

Section 3: Of the effects of propriety and adversity upon the judgment of mankind with regard to the

propriety of action; and why it is more easy to obtain their approbation in the one state than the other

Part I, Section I: Of the Sense of Propriety Chapter 1: Of sympathy

Chapter 2: Of the pleasure of mutual sympathy Chapter 3: Of the manner in which we judge of the propriety or impropriety of the affections of other men by

their concord or dissonance with our own Chapter 4: The same subject continued

Chapter 5: Of the amiable and respectable virtues

http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/morality10/morality.haidt.html

THE NEW SCIENCE OF MORALITY

JONATHAN HAIDT is Professor in the Social Psychology area of the Department of Psychology at the University of Virginia, where he does research on morality and emotion, and how they vary across cultures.

Haidt (2007) described three principles that have characterized

this New Synthesis in Moral Psychology:

(1) Intuitive primacy (but not

dictatorship); (2) Moral thinking is for social doing,

and (3) Morality binds and builds

The five hypothesized foundations of The Moral Foundations Theory are: 1. Harm/care: Concerns for the suffering of others, including virtues of caring and compassion. 2. Fairness/reciprocity: Concerns about unfair treatment, cheating, and more abstract notions of justice and rights. 3. Ingroup/loyalty: Concerns related to obligations of group membership, such as loyalty, self - sacrifice, and vigilance against betrayal. 4. Authority/respect: Concerns related to social order and the obligations of hierarchical relationships, such as obedience, respect, and the fulfillment of role - based duties. 5. Purity/sanctity: Concerns about physical and spiritual contagion, including virtues of chastity, wholesomeness, and control of desires.

INTUITIVE PRIMACY (BUT NOT DICTATORSHIP)

1. People Make Rapid Evaluative Judgments of Others 2. Moral Judgments Involve Brain Areas Related to Emotion 3. Morally Charged Economic Behaviors Involve Brain Areas Related to Emotion 4. Psychopaths Have Emotional Deficits 5. Moral - Perceptual Abilities Emerge in Infancy 6. Manipulating Emotions Changes Judgments 7. People Sometimes Can’t Explain Their Moral Judgments 8. Reasoning Is Often Guided by Desires 9. Research in Political Psychology Points to Intuitions, Not Reasoning 10. Research on Prosocial Behavior Points to Intuitions, Not Reasoning

Enraizamento:

Instituições

informais, costumes,

tradições, normas,

religião

Ambiente

institucional: regras

formais do jogo –

esp. propriedade

(política, judiciário,

burocracia)

Governança: jogar

o jogo – esp.

contrato (alinhar

estruturas de

governança com

transações)

Alocação de

recursos e emprego

(preços e

quantidades;

incentivos de

alinhamento)

Frequentemente

não-calculativo;

espontâneo

Nível Frequência de

mudança (anos) Propósito

Alcançar o ambiente

institucional correto.

Economização de

Primeira Ordem

Alcançar as

estruturas de

governança corretas.

Economização de

Segunda Ordem

Alcançar as

condições marginais

corretas.

Economização de

Terceira Ordem

L1

L2

L3

L4

102 a 103

10 a 102

1 a 10

contínua

Quatro Níveis de Análise Social

L1: Teoria Social

L2: Economia de Direitos de Propriedade/Teoria Positiva Política

L3: Economia de Custos de Transação

L4: Economia Neoclássica/Teoria de Agência

Fonte: Williamson, O. E (2000). “The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking

Ahead”. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXVIII, September, pp. 595-613.

Organizational

Economics

OE – Economia

Organizacional

New

Institutional

Economics

Nova

Economia

Institucional