Intro to BiomechanicsIntro to Biomechanics

The Study of HumanThe Study of Human

LocomotionLocomotion

Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective

Significant PeriodsSignificant Periods

Antiquity - Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 A.D.650 B.C. - 200 A.D. Middle Ages - Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 A.D.200 A.D. - 1450 A.D. Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.D.1450 A.D. - 1600 A.D. Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution 1600 A.D. - 1730 A.D.1600 A.D. - 1730 A.D. EnlightenmentEnlightenment 1730 A.D. - 1800 A.D.1730 A.D. - 1800 A.D. The Gait CenturyThe Gait Century 1800 A.D. - 1900 A.D.1800 A.D. - 1900 A.D. The 20th CenturyThe 20th Century 1900 A.D. – 1980 A.D.1900 A.D. – 1980 A.D. The Computer AgeThe Computer Age 1900 A.D………present1900 A.D………present

Antiquity - Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 650 B.C. - 200 A.DA.D..

Significant Significant People/EventsPeople/Events Pythagoras - all Pythagoras - all

phenomena expained by phenomena expained by numbersnumbers

Hipprocrates - Scientific Hipprocrates - Scientific method applied to method applied to medicinemedicine

Aristotle - Wrote “About Aristotle - Wrote “About the Movement of the Movement of Animals”Animals”

Herophilos - Foundation Herophilos - Foundation of modern anatomyof modern anatomy

Archimedes - Math Archimedes - Math and mechanics, C and mechanics, C of G., buoyancyof G., buoyancy

Galen - Sports Galen - Sports Medicine Doc, “On Medicine Doc, “On the Use of Parts”, the Use of Parts”, “On the “On the Movements of Movements of Muscles”Muscles”

Antiquity - Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 650 B.C. - 200 A.D.A.D.

Instruction concerning a dislocation of a vertebra of the neck: “if you examine a man having a dislocation of the a vertebra of his neck, should you find him unconscious of his arms and legs on account of it......then you should say an ailment which cannot be treated “

Edwin Smith Papyrus (1800) – Egyptian circa 600 BC

The Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 The Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 A.DA.D

Relevance to the Study of LocomotionRelevance to the Study of Locomotion

Interest in anatomy, physiology, and Interest in anatomy, physiology, and locomotion discouraged.locomotion discouraged.

Greek and Roman Art depiction of Greek and Roman Art depiction of human movement remainedhuman movement remained

The Renaissance - 1450 A.D. - 1600 The Renaissance - 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.DA.D..

Significant People/EventsSignificant People/Events Individual genius flourishedIndividual genius flourished

Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci - artist, scientist; - artist, scientist; anatomical studies of bone, muscle, anatomical studies of bone, muscle, nerve through dissection. He nerve through dissection. He described the mechanics of the described the mechanics of the body during standing, walking up body during standing, walking up and downhill, rising from a sitting and downhill, rising from a sitting position, jumping, and human gait.position, jumping, and human gait.

Versalius - described muscle Versalius - described muscle function and related to movement, function and related to movement, advocated human dissectionadvocated human dissection

The Scientific Revolution - 1600 A.D. - 1730 The Scientific Revolution - 1600 A.D. - 1730 A.D.A.D.

Significant People/EventsSignificant People/Events Intellectual freedom Intellectual freedom

highly respectedhighly respected Experimentation - the Experimentation - the

basis of the scientific basis of the scientific methodmethod

Galileo - Studied human Galileo - Studied human jumping, horse gait, jumping, horse gait, structure of bonestructure of bone

Harvey - described blood Harvey - described blood flow through heartflow through heart

Descartes - Cartesian Descartes - Cartesian coordinate systemcoordinate system

Borelli - the “Father” Borelli - the “Father” of biomechanics, of biomechanics, wrote “Du Moto wrote “Du Moto Animalium”; used Animalium”; used geometry to describe geometry to describe walking, running, walking, running, jumping, described jumping, described muscle contractionmuscle contraction

Newton - Laws of Newton - Laws of motion and gravitymotion and gravity

The Renaissance - 1450 A.D. - 1600 The Renaissance - 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.DA.D..

Borelli –Estimated the center of mass of nude men by having them stretch out on a rigid platform supported on a knife edge. The platform was then repositioned until is balanced, thereby indicating a location corresponding to the center of mass for the entire body.

The Gait Century - 1800 A.D. - The Gait Century - 1800 A.D. - 1900 A.D.1900 A.D.

Significant People/EventsSignificant People/Events Muybridge - motion Muybridge - motion

analysis - horses, people; analysis - horses, people; Animals in Motion, The Animals in Motion, The Human Figure in MotionHuman Figure in Motion

Weber brothers - “On the Weber brothers - “On the Mechanics of the Gait Mechanics of the Gait Tools” 150 hypothesesTools” 150 hypotheses

Marey - (huge) the first gait Marey - (huge) the first gait lab (force plate, lab (force plate, cinematography, cinematography, synchronized cine and synchronized cine and forceforce

Braune and Fisher - Braune and Fisher - 3d analysis of gait, 3d analysis of gait, mathematical mathematical analysis, “light” suitsanalysis, “light” suits

Duchenne - EMGDuchenne - EMG

Étienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) Studied soldiers…energy cost of locomotion…..economy of movement

Unique techniques

Eduard Muybridge - The “Father” of Eduard Muybridge - The “Father” of CinematographyCinematography

The Computer Age 1980 AD ….The Computer Age 1980 AD ….

Significant People/EventsSignificant People/Events Abdel, Azziz, and CarreraAbdel, Azziz, and Carrera - -

developed the DLTdeveloped the DLT BasmajianBasmajian - expanded - expanded

EMG techniques and EMG techniques and understanding of muscle understanding of muscle functionfunction

WinterWinter - refined - refined experimental techniques experimental techniques for the analysis of gaitfor the analysis of gait

SutherlandSutherland - classic - classic studies on the studies on the development of gait in development of gait in children, and influence of children, and influence of CP on gaitCP on gait

The Computer Age 1980 AD ….The Computer Age 1980 AD …. Murray - classic studies on adult

gait Gage, Sutherland, and Perry -

integration of gait analysis in surgical treatment of orthopaedic disorder

Development of the Miocrocomputer

Nigg, Cavanagh,Bates - biomechanical assessment of running gait

Expansion and refinement of video technology

Greaves - Video Processor Founding of the Clinical Gait and

Movement Analysis Society

SocietiesSocieties Clinical Gait and Movement

Analysis Society American Society of

Biomechanics International society of

Biomechanics Orthopedic Research Society BioMedical Engineering Society

THE STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF HUMAN THE STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF HUMAN

MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

During the past decade the term During the past decade the term BIOMECHANICS has emerged as an area of BIOMECHANICS has emerged as an area of inquiry in the sport science domain.inquiry in the sport science domain.

Biomechanics is based on NEWTON'S Biomechanics is based on NEWTON'S LAWS and involves the study of the motion LAWS and involves the study of the motion of bodies and the interrelationships among of bodies and the interrelationships among the forces acting on these bodies.the forces acting on these bodies.

THE STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF HUMAN THE STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

BIOMECHANICS: BIO = LIVINGBIOMECHANICS: BIO = LIVING MECHANICS = FORCES & EFFECTSMECHANICS = FORCES & EFFECTS The application of mechanics to the living organism The application of mechanics to the living organism Involves the principles of anatomy, engineering and Involves the principles of anatomy, engineering and

physics in the descriptions and analysis of physics in the descriptions and analysis of movement.movement.

Has many diverse applications to all biological Has many diverse applications to all biological systemssystems

The study of biological structures, processes and The study of biological structures, processes and functions by applying the methods and principles of functions by applying the methods and principles of mechanicsmechanics

QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVEQUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE

Both kinematics and kinetics can be analyzed Both kinematics and kinetics can be analyzed using a quantitative or qualitative approachusing a quantitative or qualitative approach

A quantitative analysis requires a numerical A quantitative analysis requires a numerical evaluation of an individual’s movementevaluation of an individual’s movement

Qualitative analysis involves a systematic Qualitative analysis involves a systematic analysis of movement based on biomechanical analysis of movement based on biomechanical concepts but without actual measurementconcepts but without actual measurement

      

QUALITATIVE ANALYSISQUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Qualitative analysis involves a Qualitative analysis involves a systematic analysis of movement systematic analysis of movement based on biomechanical concepts based on biomechanical concepts but without actual measurementbut without actual measurement

AREAS OF STUDY, AREAS OF STUDY, RESEARCH AND PRACTICERESEARCH AND PRACTICE

Sport and Exercise ScienceSport and Exercise Science CoachingCoaching ErgonomicsErgonomics Equipment DesignEquipment Design Gait & LocomotionGait & Locomotion Orthopedics - Orthopedics -

Rehabilitation -Rehabilitation -Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy, Occupational TherapyOccupational Therapy

Prosthetics and OrthoticsProsthetics and Orthotics Motor ControlMotor Control Computer SimulationComputer Simulation

Biomechanic’s SchemaBiomechanic’s Schema

Rigid Body Mechanics

kinematics kinetics

linear curvilinear statics dynamics

angular parabolic

KINEMATICSKINEMATICS Describes the Describes the

motion of a body motion of a body without reference without reference to the forces to the forces causing it. causing it. Kinematics Kinematics examines how, examines how, when, and where a when, and where a body moves. body moves.

SEGMENTAL ANALYSISSEGMENTAL ANALYSIS

We often make the We often make the assumption that the human assumption that the human skeleton can be represented skeleton can be represented as a series of links. as a series of links. Researchers have used Researchers have used everything from cones to everything from cones to spheres to form the links spheres to form the links which best approximated the which best approximated the complexity of the human complexity of the human body. However, by far the body. However, by far the most widely adopted and most widely adopted and simplest link system simplest link system representation is the stick representation is the stick man.man.

The stick man uses straight sticks to represent The stick man uses straight sticks to represent each of the links. In any case, regardless of the each of the links. In any case, regardless of the

shapes which are used we also make the shapes which are used we also make the assumption that the human link system is a assumption that the human link system is a

system of rigid bodies connected at the jointssystem of rigid bodies connected at the joints

Videotape Analysis: A Videotape Analysis: A Functional Capacity LiftFunctional Capacity Lift

Graphical AnalysisGraphical Analysis

KINETICSKINETICS examines the causes of motion, the examines the causes of motion, the

internal and external forces that internal and external forces that cause motion or cause a body to cause motion or cause a body to remain at rest, and the interactions remain at rest, and the interactions between these forces. There are two between these forces. There are two branches of kinetics; STATICS and branches of kinetics; STATICS and DYNAMICSDYNAMICS

JOINTJOINTREACTIONREACTIONFORCESFORCES

MECHANICSMECHANICS

Rigid body mechanics are based on Rigid body mechanics are based on the assumption that a solid body is the assumption that a solid body is considered to be a rigid body if the considered to be a rigid body if the distance between the particles distance between the particles remains fixed when a force is remains fixed when a force is applied.applied.

STATICSSTATICS: Statics refers to situations : Statics refers to situations where the body or object remains at where the body or object remains at rest, or is moving at a constant rest, or is moving at a constant speed in a state of equilibrium. speed in a state of equilibrium. Equilibrium is a balanced state in Equilibrium is a balanced state in which there is no acceleration. which there is no acceleration.

DYNAMICSDYNAMICS: Dynamics deals with : Dynamics deals with the changes in motion brought on by the changes in motion brought on by unbalanced forces. unbalanced forces.

QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVEQUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE

Both kinematics and kinetics can be analyzed Both kinematics and kinetics can be analyzed using a quantitative or qualitative approachusing a quantitative or qualitative approach

A quantitative analysis requires a numerical A quantitative analysis requires a numerical evaluation of an individual’s movementevaluation of an individual’s movement

Qualitative analysis involves a systematic Qualitative analysis involves a systematic analysis of movement based on biomechanical analysis of movement based on biomechanical concepts but without actual measurementconcepts but without actual measurement

      

Fax

EMGEMG

BASED ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BASED ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORCE AND THE ELECTRICAL FORCE AND THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY ACROSS THE MUSCLE ACTIVITY ACROSS THE MUSCLE MEMBRANEMEMBRANE

EXAMPLE: Which exercise is best for EXAMPLE: Which exercise is best for rehabilitation of a particular muscle?rehabilitation of a particular muscle?

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY-EMGRaw EMG

Full wave Rectify

Linear Envelope

Integrate over contraction