intro of sustainability and sustainable development
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction of Sustainability and
Sustainable Development
Noor Amila Wan Abdullah
ZawawiDepartment of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
UTP
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Learning Objectives
The learning objectives of this lecture
are:
To understand the meaning of sustainability
from different perspectives.
To discuss the principles and guidelines of
sustainability and its components.
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Sustainability: History and Definition
There may be as many definitions of sustainability
and sustainable development as there are groups
trying to define it.
All the definitions have to do with:
Living within the limits
Understanding the interconnections among economy,
society, and environment Equitable distribution of resources and opportunities
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Sustainability: History and Definition
However, different ways of defining sustainability are
useful for different situations and different purposes.
For this reason, various groups have created
definitions of:
Sustainability and sustainable development
Sustainable community and society
Sustainable business and production Sustainable agriculture
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Sustainability: History and Definition
Since you are here to be an Engineer or
Technologist, so:
Our emphasis should be on Sustainable
Engineering and Technology
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Sustainability: History and Definition
The concept of "sustainability" linked to human
development originated in the 1970s with books such as
Goldsmith's "Blueprint for Survival" (1972) and the Club of
Rome's "Limits to Growth" (1972).
In the same year 1972, the United Nations Conference on
the Human Environment, in Stockholm put the spotlight on
the reconciliation of environment and economic
development.
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Sustainability: History and Definition
In 1987, the term sustainable development
entered into the political arena with the
publication by the World Commission on
Environment and Development (WCED) of its
report " Our Common Future" [more commonly
known as "the Brundtland Report"].
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Sustainability: History and Definition
Sustainable development is development
that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs
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Sustainability: History and Definition
In 1992, the UN Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED), or
the "Earth Summit", in Rio de Janeiro,
agreed on a Declaration setting out 27
principles supporting sustainabledevelopment.
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Sustainability: History and Definition
The Summit also agreed a plan of action, Agenda
21, and recommended that all countries produce
national sustainable development strategies.
A special UN Commission on Sustainable
Development was created.
Also in 1992, the EU adopted its Fifth Environmental
Action Program, called "Towards Sustainability".
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Sustainability: History and Definition
In 1999, the Amsterdam Treaty
enshrined sustainable development as
one of the core task of the European
Union (Article 2 of the EC Treaty).
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Sustainability: History and Definition
In June 2001, the Gothenburg
European Council adopted the
Commission's Sustainable Development
Strategy.
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Sustainability: History and Definition
From 26 August to 4 September 2002,
the Johannesburg Summit reviewed the
progress made on global sustainable
development since the Rio Summit.
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Strategic Imperatives in BruntlandReport
The Bruntland report described seven strategic imperatives for
sustainable development:
1. reviving growth;
2. changing the quality of growth;
3. meeting essential needs for jobs, food, energy, water and
sanitation;
4. ensuring a sustainable level of population;
5. conserving and enhancing the resource base;
6. reorienting technology and managing risk;
7. merging environment and economics in decision-making.
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Principles of Sustainability describedin Bruntland Report
1. Recognise your ability to act sustainably in all you do
2. Play an active role in promoting more sustainable practices
3. Through education, promote a behavioural change which
exemplifies sustainable practices4. Do not compromise the possibilities of future generations through
unsustainable activities
5. Encourage consideration of alternative and more sustainable
solutions, strategies and perspectives in addressing concepts,problems or issues in business, government and communities
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Guiding Steps towards Sustainabilitydescribed in Bruntland Report
1. Develop an environment which supports human
dignity through gender and racial equality and
promotes intergenerational respect.2. Develop honesty and integrity in daily life.
3. Encourage the fair distribution of wealth.
4. Work to strengthen local communities andsafeguard the health and safety of all.
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Guiding Steps towards Sustainabilitydescribed in Bruntland Report
5. Commit to maintaining and enhancing the integrity
and biodiversity of the natural environment
6. Use natural resources, such as water and land
wisely and aim to reduce consumption.
7. Refuse, reduce, reuse, repair and recycle.
8. Where possible buy green products, locally
produced with reduced packaging.
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Guiding Steps towards Sustainabilitydescribed in Bruntland Report
9. Understand the synergies between advances in technology
and behavioural change to achieve sustainability.
10. Encourage ethical business practices.
11. Develop business strategies which promote good corporategovernance.
12. Encourage financial success through openness and
transparency.
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A more recent definition
A more recent and broader definition is the
following of 1996:
The concept of sustainability relates to themaintenance and enhancement of
environmental, social and economic resources,
in order to meet the needs of current and futuregenerations.
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Definition of Sustainability
The ability to
continue a defined
behavior indefinitely
Meet the needs
of the present without
compromising the
ability of future
generations to meettheir own needs
Sustainability
Sustainable
practices
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Components of Sustainability
The three components of sustainability are:
1. Environmental sustainability
It requires that natural capital remains intact.
This means that the source and sink functions of
the environment should not be degraded.
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Components of Sustainability
Therefore, the extraction of renewable resources
should not exceed the rate at which they are
renewed, and the absorptive capacity to the
environment to assimilate wastes should not be
exceeded.
Furthermore, the extraction of non-renewable
resources should be minimized and should notexceed agreed minimum strategic levels.
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Components of Sustainability
2. Social sustainability
Which requires that the cohesion of society and
its ability to work towards common goals bemaintained.
Individual needs, such as those for health and
well-being, nutrition, shelter, education and
cultural expression should be met.
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Components of Sustainability
3. Economic sustainability
Which occurs when development, which moves
towards social and environmental sustainability,
is financially feasible.
Source: Gilbert, Stevenson, Girardet, Stren, 1996
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Components of Sustainability
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Objectives of Sustainable Development
3 mainobjective
of SD
Economic Objective (Increasedefficiency and growth)
Social Objective
(Reducepoverty/increased
equity)
Environmental
Objective(Management of
natural resources)
Income distribution
Employment
Targeted assistance
Environmental assessment
Valuation
Internationalism
Popular participation
Consultation
Pluralism
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Sustainable Society
The Natural Step Framework's definition of
sustainability includes four system conditions
(scientific principles) that lead to a sustainablesociety.
These conditions, that must be met in order to
have a sustainable society, are as listed on thenext slide.
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Sustainable Society
In a sustainable society, nature is not subject to
systematically increasing:
1. concentrations of substances extracted from the Earth's
crust;
2. concentrations of substances produced by society;
3. degradation by physical means and, in that society
4. the ability for humans to meet their needs is not
systematically undermined.
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Sustainable Society
Referring to the basic rights of existence (all
beings have the equal right to live on the earth,
to develop themselves and carry out theirtasks),
a sustainable living can also be defined as a
life where the basic rights of existence arerespected.
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Sustainable Society
In this philosophy, the Earth is regarded as a being
and not as matter".
Therefore when the basic rights of existence are
followed, the above mentioned conditions for
sustainability are all automatically fulfilled.
Sustainability follows automatically and imperatively
from respecting the basic rights of existence.
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Sustainable Society
In the discussion of this cosmic law , we
have seen that the more consistently a
human being lives" the basic rights of
existence, the closer he comes to his
objective of perpetual harmony and peace
within himself and his environment.
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Sustainable Society
Therefore it is also possible to conclude:
Only through a sustainable living it is
possible to reach the highest of all
human goals, to permanently be able to
experience inner peace, happiness and
harmony (self-realization).
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Sustainable Society
S stainable de elopment
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Sustainable developmentterminology
Ecology Ecology is the scientific study of the relation of
living organisms with each other and their surroundings.
Ecosystems
Ecosystems are defined by a web, community, or network ofindividuals that arrange into a self-
organized and complex hierarchy of pattern and process.
Sustainable development
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Sustainable developmentterminology
Ecosystems create a biophysical feedback between
living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components
of an environment that generates and regulates
the biogeochemical cycles of the planet.
Ecosystems provide goods and services
that sustain human societies and general well-being.
Sustainable development
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Sustainable developmentterminology
Ecosystems are sustained by biodiversity within
them.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the full-scale of life and its processes,
including genes, species and ecosystems forming
lineages that integrate into a complex
and regenerative spatial arrangement of types,forms, and interactions
Sustainable development
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Sustainable developmentterminology
Ecological Footprint
The ecological footprint is a measure of
human demand on the Earth's ecosystems.
It compares human demand with
planet Earth's ecological capacity toregenerate.
Sustainable development
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Sustainable developmentterminology
Ecological deficit
the amount by which the Ecological Footprint of a
population exceeds the biological capacity of the
space available to that population.
The national ecological deficit measures the amount
by which the countrys footprint (plus the countrys
share of biodiversity responsibility) exceeds theecological capacity of that nation.
Sustainable development
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Sustainable developmentterminology
Embodied energy the energy used during its entire life cycle
for manufacturing, transporting, using and disposing.
Environmental responsibility as outlined in Agenda 21
is: the responsible and ethical management of products and
processes from the point of view of health, safety and
environmental aspects. Towards this end, business and industry
should increase self-regulation, guided by appropriate codes,
charters and initiatives integrated into all elements of business
planning and decision-making, and fostering openness and
dialogue with employees and the public.
Sustainable development
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Sustainable developmentterminology
Overshoot the situation when human demand exceeds natures
supply at the local, national or global scale. According to William
Catton, it is growth beyond an areas carrying capacity, leading
to crash.
Precautionary approach the essence of the precautionary
approach is given in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration, which
states; where there are threats of serious or irreversible
damage, lack of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason
for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental
degradation.
Sustainable development
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Sustainable developmentterminology
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a
structured, proactive process to strengthen the role of
environmental issues in strategic decision making (Tonk and
Verheem, 1998). SEA aims to integrate environmental
(biophysical, social and economic) considerations into the earliest
stages of policy, plan and programme development (Sadler,
1995). It is therefore a process of integrating the concept of
sustainability into strategic decision-making.
Waste factor the ratio between the quantity of prime resource
compared to the quantity of output.
Sustainable development
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Sustainable developmentterminology
It represents the amount of biologically
productive land and sea area needed to
regenerate the resources a
human population consumes and to absorb
and render harmless the corresponding
waste.
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SD Indicators
The United Nations Commission for Sustainable
Development has prepared Indicators of
Sustainable Development as a holistic and
consistent method for monitoring progress
towards sustainable development to assist
decision-makers and to increase focus on
achieving sustainable development.
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SD Indicators
The indicators recognize the social,
environmental and economic components of
sustainable development as a means of
arriving at a broader, more complete
appreciation of communal development.
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SD Indicators
The UN Commission on Sustainable Development
(UNCSD) at its Third Session in April 1995
developed a working list of 134 indicators that were
subsequently tested and improved upon at national
levels.
A revised set of 58 indicators and methodology
sheets was prepared and is available for all countries
to use.
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Development Impacts
The pursuit of sustainable development
brings the construction industry, and
specifically the building industry componentthereof, into sharp relief.
The built environment is a major
component of contemporary life.
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Development Impacts
Almost half the worlds population
(47,2%) is now urbanized and by 2050 that
proportion will have reached two-thirds.
The urban population of the United
Kingdom is already at 89,5 percent.
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Development Impacts
Construction constitutes more than half of total
national capital investment in most countries, and
construction can amount to as much as 10 percent
of GDP.
It is estimated that the industry employs about 111
million people globally, and accounting for almost 28
percent of all industrial employment, is the biggest
industrial employer worldwide.
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Development Impacts
Construction accounts for 7 percent of total
employment with 75 percent of all construction
workers found in developing countries. Typically over 90 percent of workers are
employed in micro firms with less than 10
persons.
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Development Impacts
Construction activity is a consumer of materials and
scarce resources (water and energy), is a significant
contributor to global warming emissions (including
CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels), contributes to
air pollution (smoke and dust pollution), generates
vast quantities of waste, contaminates the soil, and
destroys existing vegetation.
l
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Development Impacts
Poverty is recognized as an important cause of environmental
degradation and therefore recognizes that economic
development has a crucial role to play in contributing to
poverty alleviation. The critical issues on which the debate has come to focus are,
therefore, the uneven spatial distribution of population relative
to natural carrying capacities, international interdependencies
in resource utilization and the extent as well as degree ofinefficient or irrational use of environmental resources.
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Development Impacts
The global intervention required to redress
this imbalance has to do with managing the
utilization of natural resources correctly.
This management requirement has come to
be termed sustainable development.
D l I
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Development Impacts
Its objectives are quite concrete: development only
takes place if the resource harvest rates are at levels
no higher than managed or natural regeneration
rates permit, and the use of the environment as a
waste sink occurs only on the basis that waste
disposal rates should not exceed the managed ornatural assimilation capacity of the environment.
Did Y K
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Did You Know
Approximately 1.6 million single-use pens are discarded each year in the
United States.
24 trees are cut down to make a ton of virgin printing and office paper.
A ton of paper made from 100% recycled paper, as compared to virgin
paper, saves the equivalent of 4,100 kilowatt-hours of energy, 7,000
gallons of water, 60 pounds of air emissions, and 3 cubic yards of landfill
space.
By sending their printer and copying cartridges for remanufacturing, U.S.
businesses could save $1.5 billion and at least 100,000 barrels of oil
annually.
Did Y K
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Did You Know
Standard incandescent bulbs have changed very little from
Thomas Edisons first light bulb in 1879.
Only 10% of the energy used by these standard bulbs
contributes to light; the other 90% is wasted as heat. Advanced technology enables compact fluorescent lights
(CFLs) to use 75% less energy than a standard
incandescent bulb and last up to 10 times longer.
Over the life of one CFL, you can avoid replacing up to 13incandescent bulbs!
Did Y K
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Did You Know
Water covers 70% of the earths surface, at least
97% of the worlds water is salty and undrinkable.
Another 2% of the earths water is polluted, polar
ice, or otherwise inaccessible and undrinkable.
That leaves approximately 1% of the earths water
for humans to use.
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Engineering for Sustainable
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Engineering for Sustainable
Developments
Nasir Shafiq and
Muhd Fadhil Nuruddin
Lea i Obje ti e
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Learning Objectives
Learning objectives of this lesson cover:
The Link between elements of sustainable
and engineering practices
Basic engineering principles and
sustainability
Examples of sustainable designs
Why Engineering for SD
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Why Engineering for SD
This lecture is intended to provide an
introduction to how sustainability and
sustainable development affect the way
in which engineering must in future be
practiced.
Why Engineering for SD
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Why Engineering for SD
Sustainable development is the process of moving human
activities to a pattern that can be sustained in perpetuity.
It is an approach to environmental and development issues
that seeks to reconcile human needs with the capacity ofthe planet to cope with the consequences of human
activities.
It is useful to represent the constraints that make
sustainable development an imperative in the form of asimple Venn diagram (next slide).
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Why Engineering for SD
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Why Engineering for SD
Techno-centric concerns, which encompass
techno-economic systems, represent
human skills and ingenuity the skills thatengineers must continue to deploy and
the economic system within which we
deploy them.
Why Engineering for SD
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Why Engineering for SD
Eco-centric concerns represent the
ability of the planet to sustain us both
by providing material and energy
resources and by accommodating us and
our emissions and wastes.
Why Engineering for SD
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Why Engineering for SD
Socio-centric concerns represent human
expectations and aspirations the needs of
human beings to live worthwhile lives, summed
up by the phrase in many interpretations of
sustainable development as a better quality of
life for everyone, now and in the future.
Why Engineering for SD
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Why Engineering for SD
Sustainable development can be thought of as
the process of moving the circles together so
that they almost completely overlap but with the
societal and techno-economic circles sitting
within the environmental circle, at which point
all human activity is sustainable Figure at side.
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Why Engineering for SD
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Why Engineering for SD
Although Figure on last slide is simplistic, it
reminds us that sustainability means living
within all three types of long-term
constraint:
technology cannot be deployed as though it has
no environmental or societal implications.
Why Engineering for SD
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Why Engineering for SD
Engineers must therefore be key players in
sustainable development, and have an obligation
as citizens not just to act as isolated technical
experts.
Achieving sustainability through sustainable
development will require some significant shifts
in behavior and consumption patterns.
Why Engineering for SD
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Why Engineering for SD
Often it will be and should be engineers
who lead processes of making decisions
about the use of: material,
energy and water resources,
the development of infrastructure,
the design of new products and so on.
Why Engineering for SD
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Why Engineering for SD
One implication is that engineers must
recognize and exercise their responsibility
to society as a whole, which may
sometimes conflict with their responsibility
to the immediate client or customer.
Why Engineering for SD
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Why Engineering for SD
Engineers will still be called on to design and manage
complex systems, or simple systems to meet complex sets
of demands.
However, sustainable development redefines the contexts
within which these skills must be deployed.
It is a new integrative principle, not a new set of tools, so
that the concept cannot simply be regarded as an add-on
to existing engineering skills and educational programs.
Scoping of Engineering for SD
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Scoping of Engineering for SD
Holistic view, recognizes three (3) main
issues.
Firstly, engineering and sustainable
development are closely linked, with many
aspects of sustainable development depending
directly and significantly on appropriate and
timely actions by engineers.
Scoping of Engineering for SD
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Scoping of Engineering for SD
Secondly, engineering design is only a part,
though a very important part, of the extended
engineering process of analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and execution, as summarized in The
Universe of Engineering A UK Perspective,
(The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2000).
Scoping of Engineering for SD
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Scoping of Engineering for SD
Thirdly, engineering input to sustainable
development solutions must be provided in
partnership with many other interests. Such engineering input begins with participation
in framing the issue of concern or how it is
described in terms of the actual needs or wants
underlying the issue to be addressed.
Scoping of Engineering for SD
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Scoping of Engineering for SD
The input needed then proceeds through the
development and detailing of the engineering
dimension of options, to the implementation of the
option that is judged as the most attractive by andto the variety of stakeholders.
It is also vital that the engineering input includes
consideration of all of the consequences of that
implementation into the future.
Engineering Principles for SD
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Engineering Principles for SD
The Principles of engineering for sustainable
development are presented together with the
guidance on its application in practice, should
assist all involved in engineering to make their
vital and urgent contribution to society to:
drive down the adverse environmental and social
aspects of engineered products, services and
infrastructure
Engineering Principles for SD
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Engineering Principles for SD
dramatically improve their environmental
performance
improve the contribution of engineering products,
services and infrastructure to a high quality of life help society to move towards a significantly more-
sustainable lifestyle
ensure products, services and infrastructure
meeting these criteria are competitive in their
marketplace and, ideally, the most competitive
Engineering Principles for SD
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Engineering Principles for SD
This task is vital and urgent, and demands innovation,
creativity and other traditional engineering skills, alongside
an ability to work with the many other disciplines involved.
It also requires a new view of the world, and a
preparedness to adopt new ways of working and thinking
about the impacts into the future negative as well as
positive of engineered products, processes and
infrastructure.
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Sustainability by American Societyf Ci il E i (ASCE)
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of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
A set of environmental, economic and social
conditions in which all of society has the
capacity and opportunity to maintain and
improve its quality of life indefinitely without
degrading the quantity, quality or the availability
of natural, economic and social resources.
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of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Code of Ethics, Fundamental Canon 1
"Engineers shall hold paramount the safety,
health and welfare of the public and shallstrive to comply with the principles of
sustainable development in the
performance of their professional duties.
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of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Policy
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
supports government policies that encourage
anticipation of and preparation for possible
impacts of climate change on the built
environment.
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of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Issue
Climate change could pose a potentially serious
impact on world-wide water resources, energy
production and use, agriculture, forestry, coastal
development and resources, flood control and
public infrastructure.
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of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Examples include:
Alterations to the hydrologic patterns for multi-purpose water
resource projects, of particular concern to civil engineers
working in the hydroelectric industry, and water supply utilities
where reservoir storage capacity may need to be increased.Climate extremes such as floods and droughts and other
significant variations in hydrologic patterns that may
necessitate changes or additions to flood control
infrastructure to provide adequate public safety andperformance.
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of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Changes in frequency and strength of
tropical storms that will require changes in
coastal protection systems.Changes in ocean levels that will require
adaptation of coastal infrastructure,
including ports.
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of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Changes in permafrost conditions that require
retrofitting existing foundations and alterations to
foundation design.
Such impacts could require modified agriculturalpractices and measures to deal with rising sea
levels, water supply and quality, threats to critical
infrastructure facilities and the potential for theoutbreak of disease.
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Engineers, UK
According to Royal Academy of Engineering,
UK, 2005, there are 12 principles of
Engineering for Sustainable Development
that should be taken into account and are
of relevant to be mentioned here:
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Engineers, UK
1. Look beyond your own locality and the
immediate future
2. Innovate and be creative
3. Seek a balanced solution
4. Seek engagement from all stakeholders
5. Make sure you know the needs and wants
6. Plan and manage effectively
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Engineers, UK
7. Give sustainability the benefit of the doubt
8. If polluters must pollutethen they must pay as well
9. Adopt a holistic cradle-to-grave approach
10.Do things right, having decided on the right thing todo
11.Beware cost reductions that masquerade as value
engineering
12.Practice what you preach
Principle 1 Look beyond your ownlocality and the immediate future
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locality and the immediate future
In considering the effects of our decisions on the wider
world, we need to:
identify the potential positive and negative impacts of our
proposed actions, not only locally and soon but also outsideour immediate local environment, organization and context,
and into the future
seek to minimize the negative, while maximizing the
positive, both locally and more widely, and into the future
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locality and the immediate future
Examples where these considerations may apply
include the environmental and social effects of raw
material extraction, which may arise a very long way
from a product manufacturing plant or other point of
use such as construction, and in the environmental
effects of operating a product, which may also arise
far from its point of manufacture.
Principle 2 Innovate and be creative
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A sustainable development approach is creative, innovative
and broad, and thus does not mean following a specific set of
rules.
It requires an approach to decision-making that strikes abalance between environmental, social and economic factors.
This means that:
we are not seeking a holy grail of a single correct solution
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alternative solutions can be identified that fit with the
sustainable development approach
it is very difficult to predict with certainty how these
alternatives will work into the future, so we need to provideoptions and flexibility for change and other action in the
future
there are no guarantees that our solutions will be truly
sustainable we therefore must do our best with the skills,knowledge and resources we have at our disposal now
Principle 3 Seek a balanced solution
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Approaches like the three pillars and the five capitals
seek to deliver economic, social and environmental success
all at the same time, and so seek to avoid any product,
process or project that yields an unbalanced solution. This could be one that generates significant environmental
harm, that generates social disquiet or that generates
economic loss or spends public funds inefficiently, because
each of these should be characterized as un-sustainable.
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Thus, in considering options and in our decision-
making, we need to:
not just seek to balance the adverse and positive
impacts on economic, social and environmentalfactors in the challenge we are addressing but seek
gains in all three
ensure, as far as practicable, that renewable or
recyclable resources are used preferentially before
non-renewable, non-recyclable ones
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ensure non-renewable resources are used, wherever
possible, only for the creation of permanent new assets
focus on the future at least as much as the present
aim for durability, flexibility and low impact products and
infrastructure
live off the interest rather than depleting natures
capital assets recognize that the environment is an
ecological system, and assess the carrying capacity ofthe environment and natures capacity for regeneration
Principle 3 Seek a balanced solution
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avoid irrecoverable changes to already-refined
materials
recognize that, even though enhancement of social
capital may be difficult to quantify, it is a very
important aspect of sustainable development
recognize that sustainable solutions that are
competitive will be promoted and propagated by the
market
Principle 4 Seek engagement fromall stakeholders
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all stakeholders
Society will ultimately say what is needed or wanted for any
development, sustainable or otherwise.
So reaching decisions in this area requires:
engagement of stakeholders to bring their different views,
perceptions, knowledge and skills to bear on the challenge
being addressed
professional engineers to participate actively in the decision-
making as citizens as well as in their professional roles
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Electricity
Generation from
fossil fuels
Household
appliances
Cement Replacing Materials
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Cement Replacement Materials in
Construction Industry
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Fiber ReinforcementSteel Reinforced Concrete
Wi d E
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Wind Energy
Photovoltaique Panels
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Photovoltaique Panels
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Hydroelectric Power Generation
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Recycling of Waste Materials
Conclusion
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Project site
Design
Construction
OperationMaintenance
Renovation
Deconstruction
Comfort
Durability
Utility
Economy
Sustainability as a process should be considered at all phases
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Questions
Thank you