intro 2 engg

8/6/2019 Intro 2 Engg

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Here, I am going to discuss about the brief

introduction to civil engg. This lecture includes some

curious question which arises in your ignited mind like

what is engg? What about civil engg? So, lets start

with this que it self.

What is engg?

Engineering is defined as the application of scientific

principle and use of natural resources (air, water, land,

etc.) for the benefit of the world community.

Engineering field has three basic conventional branches

namely civil, mechanical and electrical. The other

branches like chemical, metallurgy, electronics, computer,

instrumentation and control, information technology and

mechatronics etc have been added in the recent past.

Out of all above branches, the basic human needs like

clean (unpolluted) air, fresh and potable water, shelter,

food and clothing are created by civil engineering.

Therefore, basic knowledge of civil engineering is

required by all.

Now come to point what is civil engg?

Civil engineering is a technology that includes numerous

other disciplines that produce useful facilities for the


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importance of civil engineering may be determined

according to its usefulness in our daily life.

I think now u has got some idea regarding what is engg.What is civil engg? and its imp in our Daily routine life.

I will tell you some history of civil engg to give you

interesting knowledge regarding civil engg.

You know who is 1st civil engg john smeaton (1724-

1792)He design bridges, canals, harbors and lighthouses at that

time

You know 1st institute of civil engg in 1818 the

institution of civil engineers was founded in London and

after formally recognizing civil engineering as aprofession.

You know 1st degree of civil engg was awarded by

Rensselaer polytechnic Institue in 1835.

You know 1st degree of civil engg was awarded to a

woman is Nora Blatch and granted by Cornell universityin 1905.

Any one have arise que that Why we need civil engg? ok

lets see why we need?


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As the technology revolution expands, as the worlds

population increases, and as environment concerns mount,

Civil Engineering skills will be needed.

ASCE (American society of civil engg) estimates that $

2.2 trillion is needed over a five year period to bring the

nations infrastructure to a good condition. Its in US.

You know any thing about India! Ok let me tell you some

true fact about India.

The Indian infrastructural scenario at present is fairly

dismal. There is an actual shortage of electrical power in

most of the part in india.

Though we have a large network of roads, (about 2.3

million kms), but less than 50% of them are surfaced or

paved.

The Indian railway network is the fourth largest in

the world. However, it is over stressed, crowded and

unable to meet the growing requirements of the economy.

Form the above Indian infrastructural scenario, it can

be concluded that our country needed massive investment

in infrastructural sector.

Lots of enggs like you required to develop our nation.


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If you want to know more about currantinfrastructure development you can refer this site.

http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/

http://www.asce.org/

Scope of Civil Engineering

Civil engineering has direct relation to the fulfillment of

basic human needs: lyk air, water, food, clothing and

shelter. To fulfill any basic human needs, a system of

activities is required and corresponding space is required

for that activity. Civil engineering plans, designs,

constructs and maintain this space for such activities.

Ok let me tell you some example regarding it.

Fresh air and water every budy want its falls in the area of

environmental engg.

food products and clothing are not possible without

movement of raw material from the source to the factory.

The movements of persons are also required from their

homes to factories. These movements of persons and

material fall in the area of transportation engg.

For carrying out any activity, we require electrical power

generated by hydro or thermal power plant. Hydro power

plant uses energy of flowing water in a river.


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Moreover, water is required for the growing of the crops

when the rainfall water is not adequate. So, Water

management and water power falls under water resource

engineering.

All the above branches of civil engineering required

measurement in horizontal and vertical planes. These

measurements fall under surveying and leveling

Let me tell you,

Civil engineering is a multiple science encompassing

numerous sub-disciplines that are closely linked with each

other. The various sub-disciplines of civil engineering are

mentioned below:

Geotechnical Engineering Design and Construction of building Water Resources Engineering Environmental Engineering

Transportation Engineering Surveying and Leveling

Some of the other disciplines included in civil engineering

are coastal engineering, earthquake engineering, materialsscience, Irrigation engg.

Lets take each one subject in detail and give you brief

idea regarding the subject.


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Geotechnical Engineering:

Almost all of the facilities that make up our

infrastructure are in, on, or with earth materials andgeotechnical engineering is the discipline that dealswith applications of technology to solve theseproblems.

Examples of facilities in the earth are tunnels, deepfoundations, and pipelines, highway pavements andmany buildings are supported on the earth.

Geotechnical engineering deals with soils, rocks,foundations of buildings and bridges, highways, sewersand underground water systems. Technical informationobtained from the sciences of geology, material testing,and hydraulics is applied in the design of foundations andstructures to ensure safety and economy of construction.

Design and Construction of Building

A building is an assemblage that is firmly attached to the

ground and that provides total or nearly total shelter for

machines, processing equipment, performance of human

activities, storage of human possessions or any

combination of these.

There can be variety of building according to the function

it performs:


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1.Residential buildings (like Bunglow, row houses orapartments)

2.Public buildings (railway station)

3.Commercial buildings (Bank)4.Industrial buildings5.Recreation buildings (theatres, town-hall, auditorium

etc)6.Educational buildings (schools, colleges and

universities)7.Hospital buildings

The design of building involves functional design and

structural design. The functional design is related with

planning of different units of building to provide suitable

environment for activities, various codes and bye-laws are

available to ensure the quality of materials and

construction.

The orientation of various rooms of a building with

respect to sun and wind is vital for minimum energy

consumption.

As a structural engineer, you will face the challenge

of analyzing and designing structures to ensure thatthey safely perform their purpose.


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They much support their own weight and resistdynamic environmental loads such as earthquakesand floods.

The structural design involves the design of foundations,

wall and slab thickness, beam, column sections and roof

design. This discipline involves the design of structures

that should be safe for the users, be economical, and

accomplish the desired functions. The design and analysisshould initially identify the loads that act on the

structures, stresses that are created due to loads, and then

design the structure to withstand these loads. It includes

steel structures, buildings, tunnels, highways, dams, and

bridges

Some more example like Stadiums, arenas, skyscrapers,

offshore oil structures, bridge, office buildings and off

course homes are which structural engineers are involved

Building construction is the process of assembling

materials (like brick, concrete, steel, plastics, etc) to form

a building. The construction activity should be managedin such a way that best quality construction is achieved in

the most economic way by organizing labour, material,

method and time.


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These can be achieve using your technical andmanagements skills, you will help turn designs intoreality- on time and within budget.

You will apply your knowledge of constructionmethods and equipment, along with principles offinancing, planning and managing to turn the designsof other engineers into successful facilities.

Environmental Engineering:

Environment engineering has mainly three branches

namely water supply engineering, waste-water treatment

and pollution control. It is concerned with the health of

the general public.

Water supply engineering takes care of adequate quantityand good quality of water to be distributed to variety of

users domestic and industrial etc.

Utilised water in homes or industries is contaminated and

this water, which we call sewage, needs treatment before

disposal to land or water body (river or sea). Depending

on the quality of sewage, primary, secondary treatment is

given to waste water before it is re-cycled or dispose to

land or water body.


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Pollution control is the newest branch of environmental

engineering. Air and water pollution have increased in

proportion to industrialization. Moreover, land also gets

polluted due to untreated disposal of solid waste and

sewage. Industrial area and urban area (like Delhi,

Calcutta, Hyderabad, and Bombay) suffer from air

pollution and noise pollution. The tremendous growth of

vehicles in urban area (due to lake of good public

transport system) has polluted the air which hasdetrimental effect on the health.

Transportation Engineering:

Transportation engineering involves movements of

person and goods from one place to other place.

Economic and cultural progress of the country is

dependent on safe and speedy transport. Transportation

system of the nation consists of many sub-systems like

highway, railways, waterways, and airways. Moreover,

miscellaneous systems of transportation are pipeline (to

carry the liquid and gas), belt conveyors (in industry) etc.

Transportation system is a life line of economy andencourages the feeling of one world by allowing the

movement of persons of the world.


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Transportation engineering has mainly three branches

namely

1.

Transportation way (highway, railway etc) with itsgeometrical and structural design.2.Traffic engineering which takes care of the operation

and control of vehicles including human factors; and3.Transportation planning in which a number of broad

is there but important questions and issues areaddressed by transportation professional on an urban,

regional or statewide basis, before specific decisionsrelating to layout and design of transportationfacilities, can be made.

Water Resources Engineering:

Water resources engineering has broadly divide into

two areas

1.Water management in which planning and design ofwater collection and distribution system for the cropsare done in an economical way.

2.Water- power engineering in which energy of flowingwater in a river is utilized to generate electric power.

As the rainfall is highly non uniformly distributed in

space and is confined to about 3 to 4 months in monsoon,

the agricultural country like india requires additional


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water apart from rain water. The water is stored in

reservoir by constructing a dam across the river on its

upstream side. Water is distributed to cultivated field by

canals. Canal headworks and regulation works are

constructed on canal to regulate water distribution.

The methods of applying water to the crops are basically

three types. They are surface irrigation, sub surface

irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. In the surface irrigation,

water is applied on the ground surface which infiltratesand then it is absorbed by plants. In sub surface irrigation,

water is supplied directly to the root zone of the crops. In

the sprinkler irrigation, water is applied in the form of

spray (its like rainfall).

Surveying and Leveling

Surveying is an art and science by which the relative

positions of different objects on the surface of the earth

are determined. After taking measurements in horizontal

plane and noting them in field book, we prepare plan or

map on drawing sheet to suitable scale.

Measurement in horizontal plane and vertical plane

are basic to any branch of engineering. The relative

positions of different objects on the surface of the earth

are measured on the ground and reproduce on the paper to


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certain scale. Surveying deals with linear and angular

measurements along horizontal plane.

In leveling, we determine the relative verticaldistance of different points on the surface of the earth.

Thus the measurements are taken in the vertical plane.

The purpose of surveying is to prepare a

topographical map which shows natural features such as

mountains, lakes, rivers etc and also artificial feature like

school, roads, railways, building etc.

A map or plan is the horizontal projection of the area

surveyed. It indicates horizontal distances. A map is a

drawing where scale is small (ex. map of india). A plan is

a drawing where scale is large (ex. Plan of building).

The purpose of leveling is to find relative heights of

various points on the surface of the earth. The vertical

distances are measured above some horizontal plane

called datum. Thus, leveling helps to prepare vertical

sections of features of ground.

This is all about the civil engg and its discipline, I thinkyou all enjoy this lecture and u got ample amount of

knowledge regarding civil engg and its discipline.

intro 2 engg

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