interwar period 1917-1939 the years between wwi and wwii characterized by political, and economic...
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Interwar Period
1917-1939
The Years between WWI and WWII
Characterized by political, and economic instability and rise of dictators
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The League of Nations
Essential Question:
What was the League of Nations and why did it fail?
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League of Nations
The idea of US President Woodrow Wilson
International cooperative organization
Established to prevent future wars
United States not a member
League fails because it did not have power to enforce its decisions
Essential Knowledge
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The Great Depression
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Essential Questions
Why did the world experience depression in the 1930s?
What political changes resulted from the worldwide depression?
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Post-WWI
After World War I, international organizations and agreements were established to avoid future conflicts.
A period of uneven prosperity in the1920s.
Worldwide depression in the1930s.
Depression weakened Western democracies, making it difficult for them to challenge the threat of totalitarianism.
Essential Understandings
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Post-WWI Conditions
Provided opportunities for the rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan.
The Treaty of Versailles worsened economic and political conditions in Europe and led to the rise of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany.
In Russia communist dictatorship was established by Vladimir Lenin. The government in the form of a dictatorship was continued by Joseph Stalin and the name Russia was changed to the Soviet Union.
Japan emerged as a world power after World War I and conducted aggressive imperialistic policies in Asia.
Essential Understandings
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Causes of Worldwide depression
German reparations
Inflation
High protective tariffs
Excessive expansion of credit
Stock Market Crash (1929)
Expansion of production capacities and dominance of the United States in the global economy
Essential Knowledge
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Impact of World Depression
High unemployment in industrial countries
Bank failures and collapse of credit
Collapse of prices in world trade
Nazi Party’s growing importance and popularity in Germany
Nazi Party’s blame of European Jews for economic collapse
Essential Knowledge
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Rise of Dictators
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Essential Questions
Why did dictatorial governments emerge in Germany, Italy, Japan, and the U.S.S.R. after World War I?
How did these regimes affect the world following World War I?
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Vocabulary
Totalitarianism- operating a centralized government system in which a single party without opposition rules over political, economic, social, and cultural life
Fascism- ideology that favors dictatorial government, centralized control of private enterprise, repression of all opposition, and extreme nationalism. Loyalty is to the state.
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Vocabulary
Marxist-Leninist Communism version of a classless society in which capitalism is overthrown by a working-class revolution that gives ownership and control of wealth and property to the state
Communism (beginning with Stalin): any system of government in which a single, usually totalitarian, party holds power, and the state controls the economy
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Not the Utopia Marx Envisioned
Why was the communist revolution in Russia not what Karl Marx predicted?
Russia was not industrialized and the factory workers (proletariat) did not lead the revolution.
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Italy during the Interwar Period
Benito Mussolini- il Duce- dictator of Italy
The founder and leader of the Italian Fascist Party.
Fascism- political philosophy based on nationalism and an all powerful state
Ambition to restore the glory of Rome was his goal.
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Germany: Interwar Period
The Weimar Republic was a democratic government but weak and riddled with inflation which led to economic depression.
National Socialist Worker’s Party (Nazis) gained power in the 1930s
Nazi Party blamed European Jews for economic collapse
Anti-Semitism was on the rise
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Hitler Begins His Rise to Power
Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler's attempt, in 1923, to overthrow the Weimar Republic when he fired his pistol in the ceiling of a Munich beer hall.
Mein Kampf
My Struggle. Work written by Hitler while in prison in 1923; the book outlines his policies for German expansion, war, and elimination of non Aryans.
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National Socialist Party
Hitler was a rising star in the Nazi Party.
In 1932 he campaigned for president against Hindenburg and used the slogan "Freedom and Bread"
Hitler lost this election.
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Hitler: Chancellor to Fuhrer January 30, 1933 Hindenburg, the
Germany president, under duress, named Hitler Chancellor of the German Nation.
Within weeks, Hitler was absolute dictator of Germany A decree was signed "for the Protection of the people and the State."
The killing of communists and citizens against the new chancellor began immediately.
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Marshal Law Takes Effect
The Emergency Decree stated: "Restrictions on personal liberty, on the right of free expression of opinion, including freedom of the press; on the rights of assembly and association; and violations of the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications and warrants for house searches, orders for confiscations as well as restrictions on property, are also permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed."
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The Jews between the Wars
Nuremberg Race Laws
1935-Measures that excluded Jews from German citizenship, from white-collar professions and forbade marriages between Jews and from marriage non-Jews.
The Nazis settled on defining a "full Jew" as a person with three Jewish grandparents.
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Violence Against Jews
Kristallnacht
Crystal Night or Night of Broken Glass.
November 9th,1938: anti-Jewish mobs attacked Jewish shops, homes, and synagogues.
The goal was to totally remove Jews from German public life.
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Russia during the Interwar Period
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Bolshevik Revolution
Russia was ready for revolution
Spring 1917- Czar Nicholas II abdicated.
Lenin, a communist agitator, returned from exile in western Europe at an opportune time
Lenin promised ‘peace, land and bread’ to desperate people
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Russia becomes the USSR
The Soviet government was formed on November 7th, 1917 with Lenin as Chairman
Lenin signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, on March 3, 1918 and ends Russian involvement in WWI
Russia was renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922
Lenin died (of a stroke) in 1924
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Economic Plans
New Economic Policy
NEP introduced by Lenin after the Russian civil war that allowed some private ownership among the peasants to stimulate agrarian production.
Joseph Stalin announced the abolition of the NEP in January, 1929 and replaced it with the first of his Five Year Plans.
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Joseph Stalin
Stalin firmly entrenched the USSR as a communist state and maintains complete control over Soviet domestic and international policy until his death in 1953
Stalin’s policies: five-year plans, collectivization (effort to control all the agriculture) of farms, state industrialization
The secret police created terror and obedience
Great Purge killed thousands of unwanted citizens
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The Collective-Farm Team Leader
Gregory Ryazhsky, 1932
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Japan During the Interwar Period
Hirohito—Emperor of Japan
Hideki Tojo—Japanese general
Militarism- this glorification of the military was the philosophy that guided Japanese politics before WWII
Industrialization of Japan led to drive for raw materials
Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China in 1935
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End
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Genocide
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Essential Questions
Why did the Holocaust occur?
What are other examples of genocides in the twentieth century?
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Genocide vs Ethnic Cleansing
Genocide
The systematic killing of all the people from a national, ethnic, or religious group, or an attempt to do this
Ethnic Cleansing
The removal of people of a specific ethnic group by means of genocide, terror, or forced expulsion.
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Genocide
There had been a climate of hatred against Jews in Europe and Russia for centuries.
Various instances of genocide have occurred throughout the twentieth century.
Essential Knowledge
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Elements of the Holocaust
Totalitarianism combined with nationalism
History of anti-Semitism
Defeat in World War I and economic depression blamed on German Jews
Hitler’s belief in the master race
Final solution—Extermination camps, gas chambers
Essential Knowledge
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Examples of other genocides
Armenians by leaders of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
Peasants, government and military leaders, and members of the elite in the Soviet Union by Joseph Stalin
The educated, artists, technicians, former government officials, monks, and minorities by Pol Pot in Cambodia
Tutsi minority by Hutu in Rwanda
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Causes of WWII
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Essential Questions
What were the causes of World War II?
What were the major events of World War II?
Who were the major leaders of World War II?
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WWII
Many economic and political causes led toward World War II.
Major theaters of war included Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Pacific Islands.
Leadership was essential to the Allied victory.
Essential Understandings
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Economic and Political Causes of World War II
Aggression by totalitarian powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
Nationalism
Failures of the Treaty of Versailles
Weakness of the League of Nations
Appeasement
Tendencies towards isolationism and pacifism in Europe and the United States
Essential Knowledge
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Major Events of the War: 1939-1945
German invasion of Poland
Fall of France
Battle of Britain
German invasion of the Soviet Union
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
D-Day (Allied invasion of Europe)
Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Essential Knowledge
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Major Leaders of the WarFranklin D. Roosevelt—U.S. President
Harry Truman—U.S. President after death of President Roosevelt
Dwight D. Eisenhower—U.S. general
Douglas MacArthur—U.S. general
George Marshall—U.S. general
Winston Churchill—British prime minister
Joseph Stalin—Soviet dictator
Adolf Hitler—Nazi dictator of Germany
Hideki Tojo—Japanese general
Hirohito—Emperor of Japan
Essential Knowledge
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Weimar Republic
The republic of Germany that lasted from 1919 to 1933.Characterized by a lack of strong political leadership, social problems and was hurt by the Great Depression.
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FascismThe political and economic methods of Mussolini in
Italy. Glorification of the state. Political philosophy that advocates an aggressive form of nationalism, single-party system with a strong ruler, glorification if the state. Dictatorial government, centralized control of private enterprise, repression of all opposition, and extreme nationalism
The name comes from the fasces or bundle of rods tied around an axe, the symbol of authority in ancient Rome.
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Third Reich
Name given to Germany during the Nazi regime, between 1933 and 1945. The First Reich (or empire) was from 963 to 1806 (the Holy Roman Empire); the second was from 1871 to 1917 (the reigns of William I and William II).
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Essential Knowledge
Impact of world depression
High unemployment in industrial countries
Bank failures and collapse of credit
Collapse of prices in world trade
Nazi Party’s growing importance in Germany; Nazi Party’s blame of European Jews for economic collapse
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http://www.suite101.com/content/collectivisation-under-stalin-history-of-the-soviet-union-a359988
http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/bio/timeline.htm
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The Mandate System
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Essential Question
Why was the mandate system created?
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The Mandate System
During World War I, Great Britain and France agreed to divide large portions of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East between themselves.
After the war, the “mandate system” gave Great Britain and France control over the lands that became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine (British control) and Syria and Lebanon (French control).
The division of the Ottoman Empire through the mandate system planted the seeds for future conflicts in the Middle East.
Essential Knowledge
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Mandates in the Middle East
Established by the League of Nations
Nations under the Mandate system were granted independence after World War II
Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious differences
Essential Knowledge
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Essential Knowledge
French Mandates in the Middle East
Syria
Lebanon
British Mandates in the Middle East
Jordan
Palestine (part became independent as the State of Israel)
Essential Knowledge
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Russia during the Interwar Period
Vladimir Il'ic Uljanov ‘Lenin’ Established communism
Joseph Stalin- Leader of USSR in 1930sEntrenchment of communismThe official name was changed to USSR/Soviet Union.Stalin’s policies: five-year plans, collectivization
(effort to control all the agriculture )of farms, state industrialization
The secret police created terror and obedience Great Purge
Essential Knowledge
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Stalin
Under Joseph Stalin the Soviet Union developed into a totalitarian state.
Command economy – government makes most of the economic decisions.
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Stalin
Stalin wanted all peasants to farm on state owned farms or collectives
In the Soviet Union the idea of collectivization was to use the massive peasant population to work together on state-owned farms where all the produce would belong to the state and be distributed out by the state
Stalin collectivization was brutally forced upon the peasantsKulaks were regarded as ‘well-off’ peasants who did not fit into the Communist utopia and were also blamed for the resistance to collectivization
PurgeTo remove opponents or people considered undesirable from a
state or organization
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Stalin
Became the Soviet leader after Lenin and a struggle for power.
Plan was to strengthen communist state and modernize economy. First Five-Year Plan began 1928.
Stalin’s Five Year Plans
Plan to transform the USSR from an agricultural into an industrial economy.
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Collectivization
System in which the government owns the land and uses the peasants to farm it.
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Effects of Collectivization
Despite the huge demand for food and modernization of agriculture under collectivization, such as the introduction of tractors, the amount of grain produced actually fell as did the numbers of livestock. The massive industrialization program undertaken in the Soviet Union increased the demand for more food from the countryside but also took peasants from the countryside to work in the city, making increased production less likely