Interstellar (film)

Interstellar is a 2014 epic science fiction film directed byChristopher Nolan and starring Matthew McConaughey,Anne Hathaway, Jessica Chastain, and Michael Caine.The film features a crew of astronauts who travel througha wormhole in search of a new home for humanity. Broth-ers Christopher and Jonathan Nolan wrote the screen-play, which has its origins in a script Jonathan devel-oped in 2007. Christopher Nolan produced the film withhis wife Emma Thomas through their production com-pany Syncopy and with Lynda Obst through Lynda ObstProductions. Caltech theoretical physicist Kip Thorne,whose work inspired the film, was an executive pro-ducer and acted as scientific consultant. Warner Bros.,Paramount Pictures, and Legendary Pictures co-financedthe film.Cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema shot the movie on35 mm (in anamorphic format) and IMAX 70 mm film.Filming commenced in late 2013 in Alberta, Iceland andLos Angeles. The film utilized extensive practical andminiature effects, while Double Negative created addi-tional digital effects.Interstellar premiered on October 26, 2014 in Los Ange-les. In the United States, it was released on film stock,expanding to venues using digital projectors. The filmwas successful at the box office with a worldwide grossof over $675 million, and received positive reviews fromcritics, who gave particular praise to the film’s sciencefiction themes, musical score, visual effects, and the per-formances of McConaughey, Hathaway, Chastain, andMackenzie Foy. It received several awards and nomina-tions. At the 87th Academy Awards the film won the BestVisual Effects award and was also nominated for BestOriginal Score, Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Editing,and Best Production Design.

1 Plot

A widespread catastrophic crop blight on Earth has madefarming increasingly difficult and threatens the existenceof humanity. Joe Cooper (McConaughey), a widowedformer NASA pilot, runs a farm with his father-in-lawDonald, son Tom, and daughter Murphy. Murphy be-lieves her bedroom is haunted by a poltergeist. When the"ghost" creates a pattern of dust on the floor, Cooper real-izes an unknown intelligence is using gravity to communi-cate, and interprets the pattern as geographic coordinates,which Cooper and Murphy follow to a secret NASA fa-cility.

There, they meet Dr. Brand (Michael Caine), a collegeprofessor of Cooper’s. Brand reveals that a wormhole,apparently created by an alien intelligence, appeared nearSaturn 48 years before and leads to a distant galaxy, 10billion lightyears from Earth and the Milky Way,[4] withnumerous potentially habitable planets. Twelve volun-teers have gone through it, knowing they were unlikelyto be able to return, each to assess a different planet’ssuitability as a new home for humanity. Three – Miller,Edmunds and Mann – have sent encouraging data fromplanets near Gargantua, a supermassive black hole. Brandrecruits Cooper to pilot the spacecraft Endurance to eval-uate as many of the planets as possible, while he workson “Plan A”, a theory to harness gravity for propulsion,which would allow humanity to leave Earth. However,should his efforts fail, the Endurance also carries 5,000frozen embryos as “Plan B”, to provide for humanity’ssurvival. Cooper agrees to the plan, angering Murphy.Cooper’s crew consists of three scientists – Romilly,Doyle, and Brand’s daughter Amelia – and robots TARSand CASE. Traversing the wormhole, they first head toMiller’s planet, an ocean world where time is severely di-lated due to the proximity to Gargantua; for each hourthere, seven years pass on Earth. While Romilly andTARS stay on the Endurance, the rest take a lander tothe surface, where they find wreckage of Miller’s lander.Brand and Doyle venture out further, attempting to re-trieve the craft’s black box. Cooper realizes that the landin front is not mountains but instead, a giant wave. Thetidal wave strikes, killing Doyle and waterlogging the lan-der’s engines. By the time Cooper, Amelia, and CASE re-turn to Endurance, 23 years have elapsed back on Earth.Murphy, now an adult, has been assisting Dr. Brand withhis research. On his deathbed, he admits to her thathe solved the gravity equation long before and deemedPlan A impossible, and that he lied to everyone, pinninghis hopes on Plan B. Murphy notifies Amelia of her fa-ther’s death, then accuses her and Cooper of abandon-ing Earth. She continues the research, believing Plan Amight work if they could get more data regarding Gar-gantua’s singularity.With limited fuel, Cooper decides to go to Mann’s planet,rather than Edmunds’, as Mann has been transmittingpromising data. After being revived from cryosleep,Mann assures the crew that while the frozen planet hasan ammonia-laden atmosphere, the planetary surface isfit for human survival. However, when they are alone,Mann attempts to kill Cooper, revealing that he falsifiedthe data so he would be rescued. Mann then flees, intend-

1

2 2 CAST

ing to take the Endurance. Meanwhile, Romilly is killedby a booby trap Mann had set inside his own robot.Amelia rescues Cooper, and they race to the Endurance,where Mann is attempting to dock despite a lockout of theautodocking system put in place by TARS. Mann defiesCooper’s order not to open the airlock, which fails catas-trophically. Mann is killed and the Endurance is severelydamaged and begins to fall into the planet. Cooper man-ages to use the landing craft to stabilize the ship. Us-ing Gargantua’s gravity as a slingshot, they set the shipon course to Edmunds’ planet; but being close to a blackhole, 51 years would pass on Earth.To shed weight, Cooper jettisons himself and TARS to-wards the black hole, so that Amelia and CASE can com-plete the journey. Cooper and TARS pass the event hori-zon, but emerge in a tesseract, which appears as a streamof bookshelves; with portals that look out into Murphy’sbedroom at different times in her life. Cooper realizesthat the tesseract and wormhole were created by fifthdimensional beings to enable him to communicate withMurphy through gravitational waves, and that he is her“ghost”. He relays quantum data that TARS collectedfrom the black hole in Morse code by manipulating thesecond hand of a watch he gave to Murphy before he left.Murphy uses the quantum data to solve the remaininggravitational equation, enabling Plan A.Cooper emerges from the wormhole and is rescued bythe crew of a space habitat orbiting Saturn. Aboard, hereunites with Murphy, now elderly and near death. Af-ter sharing one last goodbye, Cooper, along with TARS,leaves the habitat to rejoin Amelia, who is with CASE onEdmunds’ Planet, which was found to be habitable.

2 Cast

Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway star asJoseph “Coop” Cooper and Dr. Amelia Brand respec-tively.

• Matthew McConaughey as Joseph “Coop” Cooper

• Anne Hathaway as Dr. Amelia Brand

• Jessica Chastain as Murphy “Murph” Cooper

• Mackenzie Foy as young Murphy• Ellen Burstyn as elderly Murphy

• John Lithgow as Donald, Cooper’s father-in-law

• Michael Caine as Dr. John Brand

• Casey Affleck as Tom Cooper

• Timothée Chalamet as young Tom

• Wes Bentley as Dr. Doyle

• Bill Irwin as TARS (voice and puppetry) and CASE(puppetry)

• Josh Stewart as CASE (voice)

• Topher Grace as Getty

• David Gyasi as Dr. Romilly

• Matt Damon as Dr. Mann

• Leah Cairns as Lois Cooper

• David Oyelowo as Tom’s and Murphy’s school prin-cipal

• Collette Wolfe as Ms. Hanley

• William Devane as Williams

• Elyes Gabel as the NASA Administrator

3.2 Writing and casting 3

3 Production

• Christopher Nolan – director, producer, writer

• Jonathan Nolan – writer

• Emma Thomas – producer

• Lynda Obst – producer

• Hoyte van Hoytema – cinematographer

• Nathan Crowley – production designer

• Mary Zophres – costume designer

• Lee Smith – editor

• Hans Zimmer – music composer

• Paul Franklin – visual effects supervisor

• Kip Thorne – consultant, executive producer

3.1 Development and financing

The premise for Interstellar was conceived by film pro-ducer Lynda Obst and theoretical physicist Kip Thorne,who collaborated on the 1997 film Contact and hadknown each other since Carl Sagan set them up on ablind date.[5][6] The two conceived a scenario, basedon Thorne’s work, about “the most exotic events inthe universe suddenly becoming accessible to humans”,and attracted filmmaker Steven Spielberg's interest indirecting.[7] The film began development in June 2006,when Spielberg and Paramount Pictures announced plansfor a science fiction film based on an eight-page treat-ment written by Obst and Thorne. Obst was attached toproduce the film, which Variety said would “take severalyears to come together” before Spielberg directed it.[8][9]

By March 2007, Jonathan Nolan was hired to write ascreenplay for the film, titled Interstellar.[10]

Spielberg moved his production studio DreamWorksin 2009 from Paramount to Walt Disney Studios,and Paramount needed a new director for Interstellar.Jonathan Nolan recommended his brother Christopher,who joined the project in 2012.[11] Christopher Nolanmet with Kip Thorne, then attached as executive pro-ducer, to discuss the use of spacetime in the story.[12] InJanuary 2013, Paramount and Warner Bros. announcedthat Christopher Nolan was in negotiations to direct In-terstellar.[13] Nolan said he wanted to encourage the goalof human spaceflight.[14] He intended to write a screen-play based on his own idea that he would merge with hisbrother’s screenplay.[15] By the following March, Nolanwas confirmed to direct Interstellar, which would be pro-duced under his label Syncopy and Lynda Obst Produc-tions.[16] The Hollywood Reporter said Nolan will earna salary of $20 million against 20% of what Interstellargrosses; a final total of approximately $121 million.[17]

To research for the film, Nolan visited NASA as well asthe private space program SpaceX.[12]

Though Paramount and Warner Bros. are traditionally ri-val studios, Warner Bros., who released Nolan’s Batmanfilms and works with Nolan’s Syncopy, sought a stake inNolan’s production of Interstellar for Paramount. WarnerBros. agreed to give Paramount its rights to co-finance thenext film in the Friday the 13th horror franchise and tohave a stake in a future film based on the TV series SouthPark. Warner Bros. also agreed to let Paramount co-finance “a to-be-determined A-list Warners property”.[18]

In August 2013, Legendary Pictures finalized an agree-ment with Warner Bros. to finance approximately 25percent of the film’s production. Although it failed torenew its eight-year production partnership with WarnerBros., Legendary reportedly agreed to forego financingfor Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice in exchange forthe stake in Interstellar.[19]

3.2 Writing and casting

Screenwriter Jonathan Nolan was hired by Spielberg towrite a script for Interstellar, and he worked on it forfour years.[5] To learn the science, he studied relativityat the California Institute of Technology while writingthe script.[20] Jonathan said he was pessimistic about theSpace Shuttle program ending and how NASA lacked fi-nancing for a manned mission to Mars. The screenwriterfound inspiration in science fiction films with apocalyp-tic themes, such as WALL-E (2008) and Avatar (2009).Entertainment Weekly has commented: “He set the storyin a dystopian future ravaged by blight but populated withhardy folk who refuse to bow to despair.”[11] Jonathan’sbrother, director Christopher Nolan, had worked on otherscience fiction scripts but decided to take the Interstel-lar script and choose amongst the vast array of ideaspresented by Jonathan and Kip Thorne, picking what hefelt he as a director could get “across to the audienceand hopefully not lose them”, before he merged it with ascript he had been working on for years on his own.[21][22]

Christopher kept in place Jonathan’s conception of thefirst hour, which is set on a resource-depleted Earth in thenear future. The setting was inspired by the Dust Bowlthat took place in the United States during the Great De-pression in the 1930s. Christopher instead revised the restof the script, in which a team travels into space.[5] Afterwatching the 2012 documentary The Dust Bowl for in-spiration, Christopher contacted director Ken Burns andproducer Dayton Duncan, requesting permission to usesome of their featured interviews in Interstellar.[23]

Christopher Nolan wanted an actor who could bring tolife the vision of Cooper being an everyman characterwith whom “the audience could experience the story”.[24]

Nolan said he became interested in casting Matthew Mc-Conaughey after seeing him in an early cut of the 2012film Mud,[25] which he had an opportunity to see since hewas friends with one of its producers, Aaron Ryder.[5]

4 3 PRODUCTION

While McConaughey was in New Orleans, Louisiana,filming for the TV series True Detective, Nolan invitedthe actor to visit him at his home.Anne Hathaway was also invited to Nolan’s home, whereshe read the script for Interstellar.[26] Paramount an-nounced in April 2013 that both actors were cast in thefilm’s starring roles.[27] Jessica Chastain was contactedwhile she was filming Miss Julie in Northern Ireland, anda script was delivered to her.[26] Matt Damon was castin late August 2013 in a supporting role and filmed hisscenes in Iceland.[28]

3.3 Filming

Nolan filmed Interstellar with anamorphic 35 mm andIMAX 70 mm photography.[29] Cinematographer Hoytevan Hoytema was hired for Interstellar, as Wally Pfis-ter, Nolan’s cinematographer on all of his past films,was working on his directorial debut, Transcendence.[30]

IMAX cameras were used for Interstellar more than forany of Nolan’s previous films. To minimize the use ofcomputer-generated imagery, the director had practicallocations built, such as the interior of a space shuttle.[25]

Van Hoytema retooled an IMAX camera to be hand-held for shooting interior scenes.[5] Some of the film’ssequences were shot with an IMAX camera installed inthe nosecone of a Learjet.[31]

Nolan, who is known to keep details of his productionssecret, strove to ensure secrecy for Interstellar. The WallStreet Journal reported, “The famously secretive film-maker has gone to extreme lengths to guard the script to... Interstellar, just as he did with the blockbuster DarkKnight trilogy.”[32] As one security measure, Interstellarwas filmed under the name Flora’s Letter,[33] Flora be-ing one of Nolan’s four children with producer EmmaThomas.[12]

The Svínafellsjökull glacier in Iceland was used as a filming lo-cation for Interstellar, doubling for Mann’s planet.

The film’s principal photography was scheduled to lastfor four months.[28] It began on August 6, 2013, in theprovince of Alberta.[19] Towns in Alberta where filming

took place included Nanton, Longview, Lethbridge, FortMacleod, and Okotoks. In Okotoks, filming took placeat the Seaman Stadium and the Olde Town Plaza.[33] Fora cornfield scene, production designer Nathan Crowleyplanted 500 acres of corn that would be destroyed in anapocalyptic dust storm scene,[11] intended to be similarto storms experienced during the Dust Bowl in 1930sUnited States.[12] Additional scenes involving the duststorm and McConaughey’s character were also filmed inFort Macleod, where the giant dust clouds were createdon location using large fans to blow cellulose-based syn-thetic dust through the air.[34] Filming in the provincelasted till September 9, 2013, and involved hundreds ofextras as well as approximately 130 crew members, mostof them local.[33]

Filming also took place in Iceland, where Nolan hadpreviously filmed scenes for his 2005 film Batman Be-gins.[35] The crew transported mock spaceships weigh-ing approximately 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) to thecountry,[12] which was chosen to represent two extrater-restrial planets: one covered in ice, and the other coveredin water.[5] A two-week Iceland shoot was scheduled,[28]

and a crew of approximately 350 people, including 130locals, worked on it. Locations included the Svínafell-sjökull glacier and the town of Klaustur.[36][37] Whilefilming a water scene in Iceland, actress Anne Hathawayalmost suffered hypothermia because the dry suit she waswearing had not been properly secured.[12]

After the Iceland shoot, the crew moved to Los Ange-les to film for 54 days. Filming locations included theWestin Bonaventure Hotel and Suites, the Los AngelesConvention Center, a Sony Pictures soundstage in CulverCity, and a private residence in Altadena.[38] Filming con-cluded in December 2013, and Nolan started editing thefilm for its release in 2014.[39] Production completed witha budget of $165 million, $10 million less than whatwas allotted by Paramount, Warner Bros., and LegendaryPictures.[12]

3.4 Production design

3.6 Visual effects 5

The Endurance spacecraft (left) is based on theInternational Space Station (right).

Interstellar features three spacecraft: the Ranger, theEndurance, and the Lander. The Ranger’s function issimilar to the Space Shuttle's, being able to enter andexit planetary atmospheres. The Endurance, the crew’smother ship, has a circular structure formed by 12 cap-sules: four with planetary colonization equipment, fourwith engines, and four with the permanent functions ofcockpit, medical labs and habitation. Production designerNathan Crowley said the Endurance was based on theInternational Space Station: “It’s a real mish-mash ofdifferent kinds of technology. You need analogue stuffas well as digital stuff, you need back-up systems andtangible switches. It’s really like a submarine in space.Every inch of space is used, everything has a purpose.”Lastly, the Lander transports the capsules with coloniza-tion equipment to planetary surfaces. Crowley comparedit to “a heavy Russian helicopter”.[5]

The film also features two robots, CASE andTARS. Nolan wanted to avoid making the robotsanthropomorphic and chose a five-foot quadrilateraldesign. The director said: “It has a very complicateddesign philosophy. It’s based on mathematics. You'vegot four main blocks and they can be joined in threeways. So you have three combinations you follow. Butthen within that, it subdivides into a further three joints.And all the places we see lines—those can subdividefurther. So you can unfold a finger, essentially, but it’sall proportional.” Actor Bill Irwin voiced and physicallycontrolled both robots, but his image was digitallyremoved from the film and his voicing for CASE wasreplaced with actor Josh Stewart's voice.[5]

The human space habitats resemble O'Neill cylinders,a theoretical space colony model proposed by physicistGerard K. O'Neill in 1976.[40]

3.5 Sound design and music

Main article: Interstellar: Original Motion PictureSoundtrack

Gregg Landaker and Gary Rizzo were sound engineersfor the film, tasked with sound mixing, while sound ed-itor Richard King supervised the process.[41] Christo-pher Nolan said he sought to mix the film’s sound totake maximum advantage of current sound equipment intheaters.[42] Nolan paid close attention to designing thesound mix, for instance focusing on what buttons beingpressed with astronaut-suit gloves would sound like.[11]

The studio’s website said that “The sound on Interstellarhas been specially mixed to maximize the power of thelow end frequencies in the main channels as well as inthe subwoofer channel.”[43] Nolan deliberately intendedsome dialogue to seem drowned out by ambient noise ormusic, causing some theaters to post notices emphasis-ing that this effect was intentional and not a fault in theirequipment.[44]

Composer Hans Zimmer, who scored Nolan’s Batmanfilm trilogy and Inception, also scored Interstellar. Zim-mer and Nolan strived to develop a unique sound for In-terstellar. Zimmer said: “The textures, the music, and thesounds, and the thing we sort of created has sort of seepedinto other people’s movies a bit, so it’s time to reinvent.The endless string (ostinatos) need to go by the wayside,the big drums are probably in the bin.”[45] Zimmer alsosaid that Nolan did not provide him a script or any plotdetails for writing music for the film and instead gave thecomposer “one page of text” that “had more to do with[Zimmer’s] story than the plot of the movie”.[46] Nolanhas stated that he said to Zimmer: “I am going to giveyou an envelope with a letter in it. One page. It’s going totell you the fable at the center of the story. You work forone day, then play me what you have written”, and that heembraced what Zimmer composed. Zimmer conducted45 scoring sessions for Interstellar, which was three timesmore than for Inception. The soundtrack was released onNovember 18, 2014.[11]

3.6 Visual effects

The visual effects company Double Negative, which de-veloped effects for Nolan’s 2010 film Inception, workedon Interstellar.[47] Visual effects supervisor Paul Franklinsaid the number of effects in the film was not muchgreater than in Nolan’s The Dark Knight Rises or Incep-tion, but that for Interstellar, they created the effects first,so that digital projectors could be used to display thembehind the actors, rather than having the actors performin front of green screens.[5] Ultimately the film contained850 visual effect shots at a resolution of 5600 x 4000lines: 150 shots that were created in camera using digitalprojectors, and another 700 were created in post produc-tion. Of those, 620 were presented in IMAX, while therest were anamorphic.[48]

The Ranger, Endurance, and Lander spacecraft werecreated using miniature effects by production designer

6 5 SCIENTIFIC ACCURACY

Nathan Crowley in collaboration with effects companyNew Deal Studios, as opposed to using computer gen-erated imagery, as Nolan felt they offered the best wayto give the ships a tangible presence in space. Createdthrough a combination of 3D printing and hand sculpt-ing, the scale models earned the nickname “maxatures”by the crew due to their immense size; the 1/15th scaleminiature of the Endurance module spanned over 7.6 m(25 feet), while a pyrotechnic model of a portion of thecraft was built at 1/5th scale. The Ranger and Landerminiatures spanned 14 m (46 feet) and over 15 m (50feet), respectively. The miniatures were large enough forHoyte van Hoytema to mount IMAX cameras directlyonto the spacecraft, thus mimicking the look of NASAIMAX documentaries. The models were then attachedto a six-axis gimbal on a motion control system that al-lowed an operator to manipulate their movements, whichwere filmed against background plates of space usingVistaVision cameras on a smaller motion control rig.[49]

New Deal Studio’s miniatures were used in 150 specialeffects shots.[48]

4 Influences

Director Christopher Nolan said influences on Interstel-lar included the “key touchstones” of science fiction cin-ema: Metropolis (1927), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968),and Blade Runner (1982).[50] About 2001, Nolan said:“The movies you grow up with, the culture you absorbthrough the decades, become part of your expectationswhile watching a film. So you can't make any film in avacuum. We're making a science-fiction film... You can'tpretend 2001 doesn't exist when you're making Interstel-lar.” He also said that Star Wars (1977) and Alien (1979)influenced Interstellar ' s production design: “Those al-ways stuck in my head as being how you need to approachscience-fiction. It has to feel used—as used and as real asthe world we live in.”[51] Andrei Tarkovsky's The Mir-ror (1975) influenced “elemental things in the story to dowith wind and dust and water”.[52]

Nolan compared Interstellar to The Treasure of the SierraMadre (1948), as a film about human nature.[53] Healso sought to emulate films like Steven Spielberg's Jaws(1975) and Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977).He stated: “When you say you're making a family film,it has all these pejorative connotations that it'll be some-how soft. But when I was a kid, these were family filmsin the best sense, and they were as edgy and incisive andchallenging as anything else on the blockbuster spectrum.I wanted to bring that back in some way.” He also citedthe space drama The Right Stuff (1983) as an example tofollow, and screened it for the crew before production.[5]

To emulate that film, he sought to capture reflection onthe Interstellar astronauts’ visors. For further inspirationgrounded in real-world space travel, the director also in-vited former astronaut Marsha Ivins to the set.[12] Nolan

and his crew studied the IMAX NASA documentaries offilmmaker Toni Myers for visual reference of spacefar-ing missions, and sought to emulate the look of their useof IMAX cameras in the enclosed spaces of a spacecraftinterior.[54]

The setting of the farm in the Midwest was inspired byClark Kent's upbringing in Man of Steel.[55] Outside offilms, Nolan drew inspiration from the architecture ofLudwig Mies van der Rohe.[12]

5 Scientific accuracy

Kip Thorne, theoretical physicist, served as scientific consultantand executive producer.

Theoretical physicist Kip Thorne was a scientific consul-tant for the film to ensure the depictions of wormholesand relativity were as accurate as possible. “For the de-pictions of the wormholes and the black hole,” he said,“we discussed how to go about it, and then I worked on theequations that would enable tracing of light rays as theytraveled through a wormhole or around a black hole—so what you see is based on Einstein's general relativityequations.”[56]

Early in the process, Thorne laid down two guidelines:“First, that nothing would violate established physicallaws. Second, that all the wild speculations... wouldspring from science and not from the fertile mind of ascreenwriter.”[9] Nolan accepted these terms as long asthey did not get in the way of making the movie. At onepoint, Thorne spent two weeks trying to talk Nolan out ofan idea about a character traveling faster than light before

7

Nolan finally gave up.[9][57] According to Thorne, the el-ement which has the highest degree of artistic freedom isthe clouds of ice on one of the planets they visit, which arestructures that probably go beyond the material strengththat ice would be able to support.[9]

Astrobiologist David Grinspoon criticized the dire“blight” situation on Earth portrayed in early scenes,pointing out that even with a voracious blight it wouldhave taken millions of years to draw down the atmo-sphere’s content of oxygen. He also notes that the iceclouds should have been pulled down by gravity.[58]

Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson has explored the sci-ence behind the ending of Interstellar. He concludes thatit is theoretically possible to interact with the past, andthat “we don't really know what’s in a black hole, so takeit and run with it.” [59]

Michio Kaku praised the film for its scientific accuracyand has said Interstellar “could set the gold standard forscience fiction movies for years to come.” Likewise, Tim-othy Reyes, a former NASA software engineer, said,“Thorne’s and Nolan’s accounting of black holes andwormholes and the use of gravity is excellent.”[60]

Theoretical physicist Lawrence Krauss has called the sci-ence in Interstellar “miserable”, blaming the film indus-try for meddling with Thorne’s original ideas for a movie.Krauss also uses the blight as an example of the poor sci-ence in the movie.[61]

5.1 Wormholes and black holes

In creating the wormhole and a supermassive rotatingblack hole (which possesses an ergosphere, as opposedto a non-rotating black hole), Thorne collaborated withvisual effects supervisor Paul Franklin and a team of 30people at Double Negative. Thorne would provide pagesof deeply sourced theoretical equations to the artists, whothen wrote new CGI rendering software based on theseequations to create accurate computer simulations of thegravitational lensing caused by these phenomena. Someindividual frames took up to 100 hours to render, andresulted in 800 terabytes of data. The resulting visualeffect provided Thorne with new insight into the effectsof gravitational lensing and accretion disks surroundingblack holes, which led to the publication of two scientificpapers.[62]

Christopher Nolan was initially concerned that a scien-tifically accurate depiction of a black hole would not bevisually comprehensible to an audience and would requirethe effects team to unrealistically alter its appearance.The visual representation of the black hole in the moviedoesn't account for the Doppler effect, which when addedby the visual effects team, resulted in an asymmetricallylit black and blue black hole. Nolan didn't like the asym-metry caused by the Doppler effect and thought movie-goers wouldn't understand why it was asymmetrical, so

the finished black hole ignored the Doppler effect.[63]

Nolan found the finished effect to be understandable, pro-vided that he maintained consistent camera perspectives.“What we found was as long as we didn't change thepoint of view too much, the camera position, we couldget something very understandable”.[64]

The portrayal of what a wormhole would look like isconsidered scientifically correct. Rather than a two-dimensional hole in space, it is depicted as a sphere, show-ing a distorted view of the target galaxy.[65] The accre-tion disk of the black hole was described by Thorne as“anemic and at low temperature—about the temperatureof the surface of the sun,” allowing it to emit apprecia-ble light, but not enough gamma radiation and X-rays tothreaten nearby astronauts and planets.[66]

6 Marketing

The teaser trailer for Interstellar debuted December 14,2013 and featured clips related to space exploration, ac-companied by a voiceover by Matthew McConaughey’scharacter of Cooper.[67] The theatrical trailer debutedMay 5, 2014 at the Lockheed Martin IMAX Theater andwas made available online later that month. For the weekending May 19 it was the most-viewed movie trailer, withover 19.5 million views on YouTube.[68]

Christopher Nolan and McConaughey made their first ap-pearances at Comic-Con in July 2014 to promote Inter-stellar. In the same month, Paramount Pictures launcheda complex interactive Interstellar website. It reported thatonline users uncovered a star chart related to the Apollo11 moon landing.[69]

In October 2014, Paramount partnered with Googleto promote Interstellar across multiple platforms.[70]

The film’s website was relaunched to be a digital hubhosted on a Google domain.[71] The website collectedfeedback from film audiences, and linked to a mobileapp.[71] The app featured a game in which players couldbuild solar system models and use a flight simulatorfor space travel.[72] The Paramount-Google partnershipalso included a virtual time capsule compiled with user-generated content to be available in 2015. The initiativeGoogle for Education will also use the film as a basisfor promoting lesson plans for math science in schoolsaround the United States.[70]

Paramount is providing a virtual reality walkthrough ofthe Endurance spacecraft using Oculus Rift technology.It hosted the walkthrough sequentially in four theaters, inNew York City, Houston, Los Angeles, and Washington,D.C., from October 6 through November 19, 2014.[73][74]

The publisher Running Press released Interstellar: Be-yond Time and Space, a book by Mark Cotta Vaz aboutthe making of the film, on November 11, 2014.[75] OnNovember 7, 2014, W. W. Norton & Company releasedThe Science of Interstellar, a book by Kip Thorne.[76]

8 8 RECEPTION

On November 18, 2014 Wired released a tie-in onlinecomic titled Absolute Zero, written by Christopher Nolanand drawn by Sean Gordon Murphy. The comic servesas a prequel to the film, with Mann as the protagonist.[77]

7 Release

7.1 Theatrical run

Prior to Interstellar ' s public release, Paramount CEOBrad Grey hosted a private screening on October 19,2014 at an IMAX theater in Lincoln Square, Manhat-tan.[78] Paramount then showed Interstellar to some of theindustry’s filmmakers and actors in a first-look screen-ing at the California Science Center on October 22,2014.[79] On the following day, the film was screened atthe TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles, California forover 900 members of the Screen Actors Guild. ActorsMcConaughey, Chastain, and Hathaway appeared after-ward for a Q&A session.[80] The film officially premieredon October 26, 2014 at the TCL Chinese Theatre in LosAngeles, California.[81] It premiered in Europe on Octo-ber 29, 2014 at Leicester Square in London.[82]

Interstellar was released early on November 4 in various70 mm IMAX film, 70 mm film and 35 mm film theatersand had a limited release in North America (United Statesand Canada) on November 5, 2014 and a wide releaseon November 7, 2014.[83] The film was released in Bel-gium, France, and Switzerland on November 5, 2014 andin additional territories in the following days, includingthe United Kingdom on November 7, 2014.[84] For thelimited North America release, Interstellar was projectedfrom 70 mm and 35 mm film in 249 theaters that still sup-ported those formats, including at least 41 70 mm IMAXtheaters.[nb 1] A 70 mm IMAX projector was installed atthe TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles, California todisplay the format. The film’s wide release expanded totheaters that show it digitally.[85] Paramount Pictures dis-tributed the film in North America, and Warner Bros. dis-tributed it in the remaining territories.[29] The film wasreleased in over 770 IMAX screens worldwide, whichwas widest global release in IMAX cinemas,[86][87] untilsurpassed by Universal Pictures' Furious 7 (810 IMAXtheaters).[88]

Interstellar is an exception to Paramount Pictures’ goal tostop releasing films on film stock and to distribute themonly in digital format.[89] According to Pamela McClin-tock of The Hollywood Reporter, the initiative to projectInterstellar from film would help preserve an endangeredformat,[85] an initiative supported by Christopher Nolan,J. J. Abrams, Quentin Tarantino, Judd Apatow, PaulThomas Anderson, and other filmmakers.[90] McClintockreported that several theater owners saw the initiative as“backward”, as nearly all theaters in the United Stateshave been converted to digital projection.[91]

7.2 Home media

Interstellar was released on home video on March31, 2015 in both the United Kingdom and UnitedStates.[92][93] It topped the home video sales chart in itsopening week[94] and for a total of two weeks.[95]

8 Reception

8.1 Box office

Interstellar grossed $188 million in North America and$487 million in other territories for a worldwide totalof $675 million, against a production budget of $165million.[3] Calculating in all expenses, Deadline.com es-timated that the film made a profit of $47.16 million.[96]

The film set an IMAX opening record worldwide with$20.5 million from 574 IMAX theaters, surpassing the$17.1 million record held by The Hunger Games: Catch-ing Fire and is also the best opening for an IMAX 2D,non-sequel and November IMAX release.[97] It had aworldwide opening of $132.6 million which is the tenthlargest opening of 2014.[98] It became the tenth highest-grossing film of 2014.[99] Interstellar is the fourth filmto gross over $100 million worldwide from IMAX ticketsales. It trails Avatar, The Dark Knight Rises and Gravityin total IMAX box office revenue.[100][101][102]

Interstellar was released in the UK, Ireland and Malta,on November 6, 2014, and debuted at number one earn-ing £5.37 million ($8.6 million) in its opening week-end which was lower than the openings of The DarkKnight Rises (£14.36 million), Gravity (£6.24 million) andInception (£5.91 million).[103] The film was released in35 markets on the same day, including major marketslike Germany, Russia, Australia and Brazil and earned$8.7 million in total.[104] Through Sunday, it earned anopening weekend total of $82.9 million from 11.1 millionadmissions from over 14,800 screens in 62 markets.[105]

It earned $7.3 million from 206 IMAX screens, at anaverage of 35,400 per theater.[106] It went number onein South Korea ($14.4 million),[107] Russia ($8.9 mil-lion) and France ($5.3 million). Other high openingsoccurred in Germany ($4.6 million), Italy ($3.7 mil-lion), Australia ($3.7 million), Spain ($2.7 million),India ($4.3 million), Mexico ($3.1 million) and Brazil($1.9 million).[108] Interstellar was released in China onNovember 12 and earned $5.4 million on its opening dayon Wednesday which is Nolan’s biggest opening in Chinasurpassing the $4.61 million opening record of The DarkKnight Rises.[109][110] It went on to earn $41.7 millionin its opening weekend, accounting 55% of the marketshares.[111][112] It is Nolan’s biggest opening in China,Warner Bros’ biggest 2D opening[113] and the studio’sthird biggest opening of all time behind The Hobbit: TheBattle of the Five Armies ($49.5 million)[114] and PacificRim ($45.2 million).[115][116]

8.2 Critical reception 9

It topped the box office outside of North America fortwo consecutive weekends before being overtaken byThe Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 1 in its thirdweekend.[113] 31 days after its release, the film becamethe 13th most successful film and 3rd most success-ful foreign film in South Korea with 9.1 million admis-sions trailing only behind Avatar (13.3 million admis-sions) and Frozen (10.3 million admissions).[117] The filmclosed down its theatrical run in China on December 12,2014 (on Friday, 31 days after its initial release) witha total revenue of $122.6 million.[118][119] In total earn-ings, its largest markets outside of North America andChina are South Korea ($73.4 million), the UK, Irelandand Malta ($31.3 million), and Russia and the CIS ($19million).[120]

Interstellar and Big Hero 6 opened the same weekend(November 7–9, 2014) in the U.S. and Canada. Bothwere forecast to earn between $55 million and $60 mil-lion. TheWrap said the pairing was “potentially a closerace”. Scott Mendelson of Forbes called the race be-tween the two films a “tight one” and compared it tocompetitions between Shrek 2 and The Day After Tomor-row as well as Monsters University and World War Z.[121]

Fandango reported that pre-sales for Interstellar were out-pacing Christopher Nolan’s earlier film Inception, as wellas Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, released earlier in2014.In North America, the film is the 7th highest-grossing filmthat never hit No. 1 with a top rank of No. 2 in its open-ing weekend.[122] Interstellar had an early limited releasein the U.S. and Canada in selected theaters on Novem-ber 4, 2014 at 8:00 pm, coinciding with the 2014 USmidterm elections.[123] It topped the box office the fol-lowing day on Wednesday earning $1.35 million (whichincludes its gross from Tuesday night) from 249 theatres(42 of which were IMAX screens) for which IMAX ac-counted for 62% of its total gross.[124] 240 of those the-atres played in 35mm, 70mm, and IMAX 70mm filmformats.[125] It earned $3.6 million from Thursday late-night shows for a previews total of $4.9 million (Tuesday— Thursday).[126][127][128] The film was widely releasedon November 7 and topped the box office on its open-ing day earning $17 million (which includes the Thurs-day preview haul but not the Tuesday-Wednesday grosswhich would make up to $19.15 million) ahead of BigHero 6 ($15.8 million).[129] The film played 52% maleand 75% over 25 years old.[130]

In its opening weekend the film earned $47,510,360[nb 2]

from 3,561 theaters, debuting in second place aftera neck-and-neck competition with Disney's Big Hero6 ($56.2 million).[132] IMAX comprised $13.2 million(28%) of its opening weekend gross,[133] while otherpremium large format screens comprised $5.25 million(10.5%) of the gross. It is Nolan’s first film to not de-but at number one since 2002, when Insomnia debutedat number two.[134][135] Commenting about the heat ofcompetition between the two films and their subsequent

results, Phil Contrino, vice president and chief analyst atBoxOffice.com said, “It’s good for the marketplace”. Headded: “The programming this weekend was very intel-ligent, and we didn't have a lot of that this year. Neithermovie hurt the other one. They were both operating inseparate camps and they both found an audience.”[136] Inits second weekend the film fell to number three behindold rival Big Hero 6 and newcomer Dumb and DumberTo and dropped 39% earning $29.12 million for a twoweekend total of $97.8 million.[137][138] It earned $7.4million from IMAX theatres from 368 screens in its sec-ond weekend.[139][140] In its third week, the film earned$15.1 million and remained at #3, below newcomer TheHunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 and Big Hero 6.[141]

8.2 Critical reception

Interstellar received generally positive reviews from crit-ics. It has a rating of 71% on review aggregator web-site Rotten Tomatoes based on 294 reviews, with a ratingaverage of 7/10. The site’s critical consensus reads:"Interstellar represents more of the thrilling, thought-provoking, and visually resplendent film-making movie-goers have come to expect from writer-director Christo-pher Nolan, even if its intellectual reach somewhat ex-ceeds its grasp.”[142] On Metacritic, another review ag-gregator, the film has a score of 74 out of 100 on based on46 critics, indicating “generally favorable reviews.”[143]

Scott Foundas, chief film critic at Variety, said that Inter-stellar is “as visually and conceptually audacious as any-thing Nolan has yet done” and considered the film morepersonal than Nolan’s previous films.[144] Claudia Puigof USA Today praised the visual spectacle and powerfulthemes, while criticizing the “dull” dialogue and “tediouspatches inside the space vessel.”[145] David Stratton of Atthe Movies rated the film four and a half stars out of five,praising the film’s ambition, effects and 70mm IMAXpresentation, though criticizing the sound for being soloud as to make some of the dialogue inaudible. Con-versely, cohost Margaret Pomeranz rated the film threeout of five, as she felt the human drama got lost amongstthe film’s scientific concepts.[146] Henry Barnes of TheGuardian scored the film three out of five stars, calling it“a glorious spectacle, but a slight drama, with few char-acters and too-rare flashes of humour.”[147]

Oliver Gettell, writing for Los Angeles Times, reportedthat “Film critics largely agree that Interstellar is an en-tertaining, emotional and thought-provoking sci-fi saga,even if it can also be clunky and sentimental at times.”[148]

James Dyer, reviewing the film for Empire, awarded thefilm a full five stars, describing it as “Brainy, barmy andbeautiful to behold ... a mind-bending opera of spaceand time with a soul wrapped up in all the science.”[149]

Dave Calhoun of Time Out London also granted the filma maximum score of five stars, stating that it is “a bold,beautiful cosmic adventure story with a touch of the sur-real and the dreamlike.”[150] New York Post critic Lou Lu-

10 10 SEE ALSO

menick deemed Interstellar “a soulful, must-see master-piece, one of the most exhilarating film experiences so farthis century.”[151] Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Timesawarded the film a full four stars and wrote, “This is oneof the most beautiful films I have ever seen — in terms ofits visuals, and its overriding message about the powerfulforces of the one thing we all know but can't measure inscientific terms. Love.”[152]

Describing Nolan as a “merchant of awe,” Tim Robey ofThe Telegraph felt Interstellar was “agonisingly” close toa masterpiece, highlighting the conceptual boldness andthe “deep-digging intelligence” of the film.[153] Todd Mc-Carthy, reviewing for The Hollywood Reporter, wrote,“This grandly conceived and executed epic tries to giveequal weight to intimate human emotions and specula-tion about the cosmos, with mixed results, but is neverless than engrossing, and sometimes more than that.”[154]

In his review for The Associated Press, Jake Coyle praisedthe film for its “big-screen grandeur,” while finding someof the dialogue “clunky”. He further described it as “anabsurd endeavor” and “one of the most sublime moviesof the decade”.[155] Scott Mendelson of Forbes listed In-terstellar as one of the most disappointing films of 2014,stating that the film has a lack of flow, loss of momen-tum following the climax, clumsy sound mixing, and “thincharacters” despite seeing the film twice in order to “giveit a second chance.” Mendelson writes that Interstellar“ends up as a stripped-down and somewhat muted vari-ation on any number of 'go into space to save the world'movies.”[156]

The New York Times columnist David Brooks concludesthat Interstellar explores the relationships among “scienceand faith and science and the humanities” and “illustratesthe real symbiosis between these realms.”[157] Wai CheeDimock, in the Los Angeles Review of Books, writes thatNolan’s films are “rotatable at 90, 180, and 360 degrees,”and that “although there is considerable magical thinkinghere, making it almost an anti-sci-fi film, holding out hopethat the end of the planet is not the end of everything, itreverses itself, however, when that magic falls short, whenthe poetic license is naked and plain for all to see. Inthose moments, it suddenly dawns upon us that the oceanthat rises up 90 degrees and comes at us like a wall isnot just a special effect on some faraway planet, but ascenario all too close to home.”[158] Novelist and shortstory writer George R. R. Martin called Interstellar “themost ambitious and challenging science fiction film sinceKubrick’s 2001.”[159]

8.3 Top ten lists

Interstellar was listed on many critics’ top ten lists.[160]

• 1st – James Berardinelli, Reelviews

• 1st – Bilge Ebiri, New York

• 2nd – Lou Lumenick, New York Post

• 2nd – Richard Roeper, Chicago Sun-Times

• 5th – Lisa Kennedy, Denver Post

• 5th – Jake Coyle, Associated Press

• 8th – Kyle Smith, New York Post

• 8th – Total Film

• 8th – Scott Foundas, Variety

• 9th – Sam Adams, The Village Voice[161]

• 9th – TV Guide

• 9th – Jesse Hassenger, A.V. Club

• 10th – Ben Kenigsberg, A.V. Club

• 10th – Justin Chang, Variety

• 10th – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone

• Top 10 (ranked alphabetically) – Justin Lowe,Indiewire

• Best of 2014 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) –Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles Times

• Best of 2014 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) –Manohla Dargis, New York Times

9 Accolades

Main article: List of accolades received by Interstellar

10 See also

• Black holes in fiction

• Bootstrap paradox

• Interstellar spacecraft

• Interstellar travel

• List of films featuring drones

• List of time travel science fiction

• Wormholes in fiction

11

11 Notes[1] The sequences shot on 65 mm IMAX film are displayed

in their full 1.43:1 aspect ratio on 70 mm IMAX screens(the 5 mm difference is due to the addition of the audiotrack on the film print), but are cropped down to as large as1.9:1 on digital IMAX screens, down to 2.20:1 on regular70 mm screens, and down to 2.39:1 to match the 35 mmanamorphic footage on 35 mm film and all other digitalscreenings.

[2] The opening weekend gross does not include the revenueit earned from Tuesday and Wednesday night previews. Intotal the film earned $2,151,453 from the two late nightshowings which would bring its opening weekend gross to$49,661,813.[131]

12 References[1] “Interstellar”. . October 20, 2014. Retrieved October 20,

2014. External link in |publisher= (help)

[2] “Interstellar (2014)". British Film Institute. RetrievedDecember 10, 2014.

[3] “Interstellar (2014)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August29, 2015.

[4] http://m.space.com/27845-interstellar-movie-wormhole-travel-feasibility.html

[5] Jolin, Dan (November 2014). “The Ultimate Trip”.Empire.

[6] “How Building A Black Hole For 'Interstellar' Led To AnAmazing Scientific Discovery - Wired”. WIRED.

[7] Fernandez, Jay A. (March 28, 2007). “Writer with realstars in his eyes”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 14,2014.

[8] Fleming, Michael (June 14, 2006). “Space chase pic onPar launch pad”. Variety. Retrieved October 1, 2014.

[9] “Physicist who inspired Interstellar spills the backstory—and the scene that makes him cringe”.

[10] Fernandez, Jay (March 24, 2007). “Spielberg, Nolan plansci-fi project”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 1,2014.

[11] Jensen, Jeff (October 16, 2014). “Inside 'Interstel-lar,' Christopher Nolan’s emotional space odyssey”.Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 16, 2014.

[12] Galloway, Stephen (October 22, 2014). "'Interstellar’s'Christopher Nolan, Stars Gather to Reveal Secrets of theYear’s Most Mysterious Film”. The Hollywood Reporter.Retrieved October 22, 2014.

[13] Sneider, Jonathan (January 9, 2013). “Nolan in talks for'Interstellar'". Variety. Retrieved October 1, 2014.

[14] Fritz, Ben (July 24, 2014). “Director Christopher NolanCauses Stir While Promoting 'Interstellar' at Comic-Con”.Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 25, 2014.

[15] Fleming, Mike (January 10, 2013). “The MigratoryHabits Of 800-Pound Gorilla Oscar Directors And TheFilms They Make”. Deadline.com. Retrieved August 14,2013.

[16] Hayden, Erik (March 8, 2013). “It’s Official: ChristopherNolan’s 'Interstellar' to be Warner Bros., Paramount Co-Production”. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October1, 2014.

[17] Staff (October 2, 2014). “Hollywood Salaries Revealed,From Movie Stars to Agents (and Even Their Assistants)".The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 24, 2014.

[18] Kit, Borys; Masters, Kim (June 5, 2013). “Warner Bros.Gives Up 'Friday the 13th' Rights to Board ChristopherNolan’s 'Interstellar'". TheHollywood Reporter. RetrievedOctober 1, 2014.

[19] Siegel, Tatiana; Galloway, Stephen (August 14, 2013).“Legendary Scores Christopher Nolan’s 'Interstellar' inWarner Bros. Divorce”. The Hollywood Reporter. Re-trieved October 1, 2014.

[20] What Does A Showrunner Bring To A Deserted Island?(Television production). Larry King Now. Ora TV. April15, 2014. Event occurs at 3:48. Retrieved May 27, 2014.

[21] Stephen Galloway. "'Interstellar’s' Christopher Nolan,Stars Gather to Reveal Secrets of the Year’s Most Mys-terious Film”. The Hollywood Reporter.

[22] “Christopher Nolan Uncut: On 'Interstellar,' Ben Affleck’sBatman, and the Future of Mankind”. The Daily Beast.

[23] Rosenberg, Alyssa (November 6, 2014). “How KenBurns’ surprise role in 'Interstellar' explains the movie”.The Washington Post. Retrieved November 8, 2014.

[24] McClintock, Pamela (March 26, 2014). “CinemaCon:Christopher Nolan Talks 'Interstellar,' Plugs Film OverDigital in Hollywood Reporter Q&A”. The HollywoodReporter. Retrieved April 11, 2014.

[25] McClintock, Pamela (March 26, 2014). “CinemaCon:Christopher Nolan Talks 'Interstellar,' Plugs Film OverDigital in Hollywood Reporter Q&A”. The HollywoodReporter. Retrieved March 27, 2014.

[26] Itzkoff, Dave (October 22, 2014). “Flight Club: MatthewMcConaughey, Anne Hathaway and Jessica Chastain on'Interstellar'". The New York Times. Retrieved October24, 2014.

[27] Fleming, Mike (April 9, 2013). “Anne Hathaway To StarWith Matthew McConaughey in Christopher Nolan’s 'In-terstellar'". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 14, 2013.

[28] Jagernauth, Keith (August 28, 2013). “Exclusive: MattDamon Joins Christopher Nolan’s 'Interstellar,' LinesUp Directorial Debut 'The Foreigner'". The Playlist(Indiewire Network). Retrieved November 18, 2013.

[29] Fleming, Mike (August 13, 2013). “Christopher NolanStarts 'Interstellar'". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 13,2013.

12 12 REFERENCES

[30] Jagernauth, Keith (April 23, 2013). "'The Fighter'DoP Hoyte Van Hoytema Is Wally Pfister’s Replace-ment On Christopher Nolan’s 'Interstellar'". The Playlist(Indiewire). Retrieved August 14, 2013.

[31] Lussier, Germain (November 18, 2013). “ChristopherNolan Installed an IMAX Camera on a Learjet for 'In-terstellar'". /Film. Retrieved April 10, 2014.

[32] Fritz, Ben (October 13, 2013). “Hollywood Steps Up Se-curity to Keep Scripts Secret”. The Wall Street Journal.

[33] Volmers, Eric (August 22, 2013). “Matthew Mc-Conaughey, John Lithgow on Okotoks set of ChristopherNolan’s Interstellar”. Calgary Herald. Retrieved October1, 2014.

[34] McTighe, Frank (August 28, 2013). “Hollywood starMatthew McConaughey in Fort Macleod to film scenefrom 'Interstellar'". Macleod Gazette. Retrieved Septem-ber 16, 2014.

[35] Verrier, Richard; Horn, John (April 2, 2014).“Hollywood is hot for Iceland”. Los Angeles Times.Retrieved April 10, 2014.

[36] Staff (September 21, 2013). “Interstellar shots finishedin Iceland”. News of Iceland. Retrieved November 18,2013.

[37] Staff (September 9, 2013). “Hiking Paths to be Closed forNolan Film Shoot”. IcelandReview. Retrieved November18, 2013.

[38] Verrier, Richard (November 27, 2013). “WestinBonaventure Hotel hosts 'Interstellar' movie filming”. LosAngeles Times. Retrieved October 1, 2014.

[39] Zeitchik, Steven (December 19, 2013). “Star of Christo-pher Nolan’s 'Interstellar' notes film’s 'major scope'". LosAngeles Times. Retrieved December 20, 2013.

[40] Quilty-Harper, Conrad (October 30, 2014). “A guide tothe science behind Interstellar”. GQ. Retrieved June 10,2015.

[41] Desowitz, Bill (September 12, 2014). “Oscar Watch:Three Movies Will Dominate the Crafts Awards”.Thompson on Hollywood (Indiewire). Retrieved October7, 2014.

[42] Hammond, Pete (March 26, 2014). “CinemaCon:Christopher Nolan Warns Theatre Owners: How 'Inter-stellar' Is Presented Will Be More Important Than AnyFilm He’s Done Before”. Deadline.com. Retrieved Octo-ber 7, 2014.

[43] “Interstellar Technical Specifications”. interstellar-movie.com. Paramount Pictures. Retrieved October 7,2014.

[44] Reyes, Mike. “Movie Theater: Blame Christopher NolanFor Interstellar’s Sound, Not Us”. Cinema Blend. Re-trieved 12 February 2015.

[45] Chitwood, Adam (October 14, 2013). “Hans ZimmerTalks Christopher Nolan’s Interstellar and the Influence ofthe Dark Knight Trilogy Score on Blockbuster Filmmak-ing”. Collider.com (Demand Film). Retrieved November18, 2013.

[46] Khatchatourian, Maane (April 5, 2014). “ChristopherNolan Kept 'Interstellar' Plot Secret from Composer HansZimmer”. Variety. Retrieved April 10, 2014.

[47] Giardina, Carolyn (June 25, 2014). “VFX Shakeup:Prime Focus World, Double Negative to Merge”. TheHollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 26, 2014.

[48] “Oscar-Nominated VFX Supervisor Paul J. Franklin onInterstellar”. Barbara Robertson. February 11, 2015. Re-trieved February 12, 2015.

[49] “Interstellar: Creating the Various Aircrafts [sic]".Emanuel Levy. October 27, 2014. Retrieved November5, 2014.

[50] Jensen, Jeff (April 6, 2013). “To 'Room 237' andBeyond: Exploring Stanley Kubrick’s 'Shining' influ-ence with Christopher Nolan, Edgar Wright, more”.Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 16, 2014.

[51] Jolin, Dan (October 9, 2014). “Five Films You ShouldSee Before Interstellar”. Empire. Retrieved October 16,2014.

[52] Mueller, Matt (October 29, 2014). "'Interstellar' Q & A:Nolan Set Out To Make Modern-Day 'Close Encounters’".Indiewire. Retrieved October 31, 2014.

[53] Jensen, Jeff (October 15, 2014). “This week’s cover:Your exclusive all-access pass to Christopher Nolan’s 'In-terstellar'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 19,2014.

[54] "'Interstellar' in IMAX: Christopher Nolan’s Lessons onSpace Film-making (Exclusive)". Space.com. November12, 2014. Retrieved January 22, 2015.

[55] Stern, Marlow. “Christopher Nolan Uncut: On 'Interstel-lar,' Ben Affleck’s Batman, and the Future of Mankind”,The Daily Beast, November 10, 2014.

[56] “New 'Interstellar' Trailer Goes Deep; Plus Kip ThorneFeaturette”. /Film. October 1, 2014. Retrieved October5, 2014.

[57] For Christopher Nolan, Making 'Interstellar' Was AChildhood Dream

[58] Corn, David (November 12, 2014). “What’s Wrong Withthe Science of “Interstellar"?". Mother Jones. RetrievedNovember 18, 2014.

[59] Gray, Sarah. “Neil deGrasse Tyson explains the sciencebehind the ending of “Interstellar."". www.salon.com. Sa-lon. Retrieved December 13, 2014.

[60] “Why scientists are in a love-hate relationship with 'Inter-stellar'". Mashable.

[61] Simons, Ted (December 3, 2014). “Krauss on Science”.Eight, Arizona PBS. Retrieved December 17, 2014.

13

[62] “WRINKLES IN SPACETIME: The Warped Astro-physics of Interstellar”. Wired. October 23, 2014. Re-trieved October 25, 2014.

[63] Aron, Jacob (February 13, 2015). “Interstellar‘s trueblack hole too confusing”. New Scientist. Retrieved Au-gust 1, 2015.

[64] “Does new film Interstellar have the most realistic blackhole EVER? Movie’s special effects may result in impor-tant scientific discovery”. The Daily Mail. October 24,2014. Retrieved October 25, 2014.

[65] “The Science of 'Interstellar': Black Holes, Wormholesand Space Travel”. Space.com.

[66] “Were Online Critics Too Harsh With Interstellar’s Sci-ence?".

[67] McIntyre, Gina (December 14, 2013). "'Interstellar'trailer: McConaughey ponders space travel, humanspirit”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 27, 2014.

[68] Lewis, Andy (May 23, 2014). “Trailer Report: 'Interstel-lar' Soars With 19.5 Million Views in First Week”. TheHollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 27, 2014.

[69] McMillan, Graeme (July 30, 2014). "'Interstellar' Web-site Invites Users to Look Around and Find Answers”.The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 30, 2014.

[70] Sneider, Jeff (October 3, 2014). “Christopher Nolan’s 'In-terstellar' at Center of Unique Google Deal”. TheWrap.Retrieved October 24, 2014.

[71] Jarvey, Natalie (October 3, 2014). “Google PromotesChristopher Nolan’s 'Interstellar' With Interactive Digi-tal Hub”. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October4, 2014.

[72] Watercutter, Angela (September 18, 2014). “ExploreBlack Holes and Destroy Planets in the Awesome NewInterstellar Game”. Retrieved September 19, 2014.

[73] Lussier, Germain (October 3, 2014). "'Interstellar' Ocu-lus Rift Experience Coming To Select Theaters”. /Film.Retrieved October 4, 2014.

[74] “Interstellar: Oculus Rift Immersive Experience”. inter-stellarmovie.com. Paramount Pictures. Retrieved Octo-ber 24, 2014.

[75] Kramer, Miriam (May 13, 2014). “New 'Interstel-lar' Book Will Go Behind the Scenes of Sci-Fi Film”.Space.com. Retrieved July 11, 2014.

[76] Staff (September 17, 2014). “Science adviser to 'Inter-stellar' writing book”. Yahoo! News (Associated Press).Retrieved September 29, 2014.

[77] Nolan, Christopher; Sean Gordon Murphy (November 18,2014). Revealed: The Lost Chapter of Interstellar www.wired.com. Wired. Retrieved November 18, 2014.

[78] Smith, Emily (October 20, 2014). “Paramount chief holdsprivate screening of 'Interstellar'". Page Six. RetrievedOctober 24, 2014.

[79] Waxman, Sharon (October 23, 2014). “ChristopherNolan’s 'Interstellar' Explodes at Intimate, First-LookScreening”. TheWrap. Retrieved October 24, 2014.

[80] Whipp, Glenn (October 24, 2014). "'Interstellar' makessome noise at Hollywood coming-out party”. Los AngelesTimes. Retrieved October 24, 2014.

[81] Ford, Rebecca (October 26, 2014). "'Interstellar' Pre-miere: Christopher Nolan’s 'Love Letter' Takes Flight”.The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 27, 2014.

[82] Staff (October 30, 2014). “Interstellar: ChristopherNolan film premieres in London”. BBC News. RetrievedOctober 30, 2014.

[83] Vlessing, Etan (October 1, 2014). “Christopher Nolan’s'Interstellar' Gets Advance Screenings in Film Formats”.The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 1, 2014.

[84] “Interstellar Movie 2014 – Worldwide Release Dates”.Warner Bros. Pictures. Retrieved September 11, 2014.

[85] McClintock, Pamela (October 1, 2014). “How Christo-pher Nolan’s Crusade to Save Film is Working”. The Hol-lywood Reporter. Retrieved October 1, 2014.

[86] Ben Child (October 24, 2014). “Interstellar wins celebrityraves as widest-ever IMAX rollout anticipated”. TheGuardian. Retrieved October 24, 2014.

[87] Etan Vlessing (October 23, 2014). “Imax Plans Biggest-Ever Theatrical Release For Christopher Nolan’s 'Inter-stellar'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 24,2014.

[88] Ann Sommerlath. “UNIVERSAL PICTURES' FURI-OUS 7 POISED TO IGNITE WORLDWIDE BOX OF-FICE WITH WIDEST-EVER GLOBAL IMAX® RE-LEASE BEGINNING APRIL 1 (Press Release)". IMAXCorporation. Retrieved April 2, 2015.

[89] Verrier, Richard (January 28, 2014). “Paramount Pic-tures to make some exceptions to all-digital policy”. LosAngeles Times. Retrieved January 28, 2014.

[90] McNary, Dave; Lang, Brent (October 1, 2014).“Christopher Nolan’s 'Interstellar' Launching Early inImax”. Variety. Retrieved October 2, 2014.

[91] McClintock, Pamela (October 2, 2014). “Why TheaterOwners Aren't Happy About Christopher Nolan’s 'Inter-stellar' Film Initiative”. The Hollywood Reporter. Re-trieved October 2, 2014.

[92] http://www.amazon.co.uk/Interstellar-Blu-ray-Region-Matthew-McConaughey/dp/B00EXPOCNO/ref=sr_1_1?s=dvd&ie=UTF8&qid=1424459592&sr=1-1&keywords=interstellar

[93] “Epic Interstellar Blu-Ray Edition Launches Into StoresMarch 31”. Space.com. February 4, 2015. RetrievedFebruary 10, 2015.

[94] John Latchem (April 9, 2015). "‘Interstellar’ SpaceThriller Tops Home-Video Charts”. Variety. RetrievedApril 10, 2015.

14 12 REFERENCES

[95] Thomas K. Arnold (April 15, 2015). “Holdovers ‘Inter-stellar,’ ‘The Hobbit’ Top Slow Home Video Sales Chart”.Variety. Retrieved April 16, 2015.

[96] Mike Fleming Jr (March 10, 2015). “No. 20 ‘Interstellar’– 2014 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament”.Deadline.com. Retrieved March 21, 2015.

[97] “INTERSTELLAR SCORES RECORD GLOBALLAUNCH IN IMAX® WITH $20.5 MILLION OPEN-ING WEEKEND (Press Release)". IMAX corporation.Retrieved January 3, 2015.

[98] “Worldwide Openings”. Box Office Mojo. RetrievedNovember 27, 2014.

[99] “2014 Worldwide Grosses”. Box Office Mojo. RetrievedDecember 1, 2014.

[100] Rebecca Ford (December 15, 2014). “Box Office: 'In-terstellar' Rockets Past $100 Million Worldwide in ImaxTheaters”. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December16, 2014.

[101] Dave McNary (December 15, 2014). "'Interstellar' Tops$100 Million in Imax Box Office”. Variety. RetrievedDecember 16, 2014.

[102] Scott Mendelson (July 2, 2014). "'Gravity' Passes $100MIn IMAX”. Forbes. Retrieved December 16, 2014.

[103] Charles Gant (November 11, 2014). “Interstellar goesinto orbit at UK box office with Mr Turner rising fast”.The Guardian. Retrieved November 12, 2014.

[104] Anita Busch (November 7, 2014). "'Interstellar' AheadOf 'Gravity' In Opening Bow – International B.O.”. Dead-line.com. Retrieved November 8, 2014.

[105] Nancy Tartaglione (November 10, 2014). "'Interstellar'Lifts Off With $82.9M Overseas Open: InternationalB.O. Final”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 11,2014.

[106] Brent Lang (November 9, 2014). "'Interstellar' TopsGlobal Box Office with $132 Million Haul”. Variety. Re-trieved November 10, 2014.

[107] Catherine Shoard (November 10, 2014). “Interstellardominates global box office but Big Hero 6 wins in US”.The Guardian. Retrieved November 11, 2014.

[108] Ray Subers (November 9, 2014). “Around-the-WorldRoundup: 'Interstellar' Opens to $82.9 Million Overseas”.Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 11, 2014.

[109] Pamela McClintock (November 12, 2014). “Global BoxOffice: Christopher Nolan’s 'Interstellar' Breaks Recordsin China”. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November14, 2014.

[110] Nancy Tartaglione (November 13, 2014). "'Interstellar'Blasts Off Hot In China As 'Penguins’ Rev Engines: Int'lBox Office”. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 14,2014.

[111] Patrick Frater (November 17, 2014). “China Box Office:'Interstellar' on Fast Track”. Variety. Retrieved Novem-ber 19, 2014.

[112] Nancy Tartaglione (November 24, 2014). “Katniss HotWith $154.3M, 'Interstellar' Logs $330.6M: Int'l B.O. –Update”. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 27, 2014.

[113] Nancy Tartaglione (November 16, 2014). "'Interstellar'Blasts Past $200M With $42M China Lift-Off: Interna-tional Box Office”. Deadline.com. Retrieved November17, 2014.

[114] Nancy Tartaglione (January 25, 2015). "‘Hobbit’ StormsChina; ‘Sniper’ Takes Out More Records: InternationalBox Office”. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 26, 2015.

[115] Pamela McClintock (November 16, 2014). “Global BoxOffice: 'Interstellar' Rockets Past $300M Worldwide”.The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 17, 2014.

[116] Pamela McClintock (August 4, 2013). "'Pacific Rim'Scores Massive $45.2 Million China Debut”. The Hol-lywood Reporter. Retrieved November 17, 2014.

[117] Lee Hyo-won (December 8, 2014). “South Korean BoxOffice: 'Exodus’ Debuts in First, 'Interstellar' BecomesThird Best Foreign Film Ever”. The Hollywood Reporter.Retrieved December 9, 2014.

[118] Brent Lang (December 14, 2014). "'Hobbit: Battle ofFive Armies’ Rules Foreign Box Office With $117.6 Mil-lion”. Variety. Retrieved December 15, 2014.

[119] Nancy Tartaglione (December 14, 2014). “Footloose‘Hobbit’ Grows; ‘Mockingjay’ Tempers ‘Fire': Intl BoxOffice Final”. Deadline.com. Retrieved December 15,2014.

[120] “Interstellar (2014) — International Box Office”. Box Of-fice Mojo. Retrieved March 30, 2015.

[121] Scott Mendelson (October 27, 2014). “Review: 'Interstel-lar' Gets Lost In Space”. Forbes. Retrieved October 27,2014.

[122] “TOP GROSSING MOVIES THAT NEVER HIT #1,THE TOP 5 OR TOP 10* (1982–Present)". Box OfficeMojo. Retrieved December 31, 2014.

[123] “WORLDWIDE RELEASE DATES”. Warner Bros. Re-trieved November 7, 2014.

[124] Anita Busch (November 6, 2014). "'Interstellar' ReportsGrosses Before Weekend Showdown Against 'Big Hero6'". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 7, 2014.

[125] Scott Mendelson (November 6, 2014). “Box Office: ChrisNolan’s 'Interstellar' Earns $1.35M Wednesday”. Forbes.Retrieved November 7, 2014.

[126] Anita Busch (November 7, 2014). "'Interstellar' & 'BigHero 6' Off To Strong Box Office Starts – Thursday B.O.”.Deadline.com. Retrieved November 8, 2014.

[127] Scott Mendelson (November 7, 2014). “Box Office: 'In-terstellar' Nabs $3.5M Thursday, Has $4.9M HeadingInto Weekend”. Forbes. Retrieved November 8, 2014.

[128] Dave MacNary (November 7, 2014). “Box Office: 'Inter-stellar,' 'Big Hero 6' Soar in Thursday Previews”. Variety.Retrieved November 8, 2014.

15

[129] Maane Khatchatourian (November 8, 2014)."'Interstellar' Tops Friday Box Office, 'Big Hero 6'Skyrocketing to Weekend Win of $56 Million”. Variety.Retrieved November 9, 2014.

[130] Scott Mendelson (November 8, 2014). “Box Office: 'In-terstellar' Tops 'Big Hero 6' With $17M Friday”. Forbes.Retrieved November 9, 2014.

[131] "'Big Hero 6' Wins B.O. As 'Interstellar' Takes Second;Monday Returns”. Deadline.com. November 10, 2014.Retrieved November 13, 2014.

[132] Ray Subers (November 9, 2014). “Weekend Report: Dis-ney’s 'Big Hero 6' Eclipses Nolan’s 'Interstellar'". Box Of-fice Mojo. Retrieved November 11, 2014.

[133] Ray Subers (November 9, 2014). “Weekend Report: Dis-ney’s 'Big Hero 6' Eclipses Nolan’s 'Interstellar'". Box Of-fice Mojo. Retrieved November 15, 2014.

[134] Scott Mendelson (November 9, 2014). “Box Office:'Big Hero 6' Tops 'Interstellar' With $56.2M Weekend”.Forbes. Retrieved November 10, 2014.

[135] Pamela McClintock (November 10, 2014). “Final BoxOffice: 'Interstellar' Falls Short of $50M Launch Hol-lywood Reporter”. The Hollywood Reporter. RetrievedNovember 11, 2014.

[136] Brent Lang (November 9, 2014). “Box Office: 'Big Hero6' Races Past 'Interstellar' With $56.2 Million”. Variety.Retrieved November 10, 2014.

[137] Scott Mendelson (November 16, 2014). “Box Office:'Dumb And Dumber To' Scores $38.1M Weekend, 'Inter-stellar' Tops $320M Global”. Forbes. Retrieved Novem-ber 17, 2014.

[138] Pamela McClintock (November 16, 2014). “Box Office:'Dumb and Dumber To' Laughs Past 'Big Hero 6' With$38.1M”. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November17, 2014.

[139] Brent Lang (November 16, 2014). “Box Office: 'Dumband Dumber To' On Top With $38.1 Million”. Variety.Retrieved November 17, 2014.

[140] Scott Bowles (November 16, 2014). "'Dumb and DumberTo' Graduating Box Office Money Cum Laude”. Dead-line.com. Retrieved November 17, 2014.

[141] Brent Lang (November 23, 2014). “Box Office: 'HungerGames: Mockingjay – Part 1' Scores Year’s Biggest Open-ing With $123 Million”. Variety. Retrieved November24, 2014.

[142] “Interstellar”. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 14,2015.

[143] “Interstellar Reviews”. metacritic.com. Metacritic. Re-trieved November 17, 2014.

[144] Foundas, Scott (October 27, 2014). “Film Review: 'In-terstellar'". Variety. Retrieved October 27, 2014.

[145] Puig, Claudia (October 27, 2014). "'Interstellar': Sci-fisaga gets lost in space”. USA Today. Retrieved October29, 2014.

[146] “Interstellar”. At the Movies. November 4, 2014. Re-trieved November 5, 2014.

[147] Barnes, Henry (October 28, 2014). “Interstellar review:McConaughey v the whole wide world”. The Guardian.Retrieved October 31, 2014.

[148] Gettell, Oliver (November 5, 2014). "'Interstellar' is anambitious, imperfect sci-fi epic, reviews say”. Los AngelesTimes. Retrieved November 6, 2014.

[149] Dyer, James (October 28, 2014). “Interstellar: Star TrekInto Greatness”. EmpireMagazine. Retrieved October 29,2014.

[150] Calhoun, Dave (October 27, 2014). “Interstellar”. TimeOut London. Retrieved October 29, 2014.

[151] Lumenick, Lou (November 3, 2014). "'Interstellar' isa must-see masterpiece”. New York Post. RetrievedNovember 4, 2014.

[152] Roeper, Richard (November 4, 2014). "'Interstellar':Epic Beauty In Its Effects and Its Ideas”. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved November 4, 2014.

[153] Robey, Tim (October 27, 2014). “Interstellar, first-lookreview: 'close to a masterpiece'". The Telegraph. Re-trieved October 29, 2014.

[154] McCarthy, Todd (October 27, 2014). "'Interstellar': FilmReview”. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 27,2014.

[155] Coyle, Jake (October 30, 2014). “Review: 'Interstellar'a sublime cosmic knockout”. The Associated Press. Re-trieved October 31, 2014.

[156] Mendelson, Scott (December 26, 2014). "'Interstellar,''The Interview,' And The Most Disappointing Films Of2014”. Forbes. Retrieved December 29, 2014.

[157] Brooks, David. “Love and Gravity”. www.nytimes.com.The New York Times. Retrieved December 13, 2014.

[158] Dimock, Wai Chee (December 25, 2014). “Books inSpace: Christopher Nolan’s “Interstellar"". The Los An-geles Review of Books. Archived from the original onDecember 29, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2015.

[159] R. R. Martin, George (March 8, 2015). “For Your Con-sideration: Stuff Not By Me”. Not A Blog. Retrieved May23, 2015.

[160] Dietz, Jason (December 6, 2014). “Best of 2014: FilmCritic Top Ten Lists”. Metacritic. Retrieved August 14,2015.

[161] http://www.villagevoice.com/filmpoll/view/critics/Sam+Adams/2014

13 Further reading• Thorne, Kip (November 7, 2014). The Science

of Interstellar. Book about the science behind thefilm. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-35137-8.

16 14 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Vaz, Mark Cotta (November 11, 2014). Interstellar:Beyond Time and Space. Book about the making ofthe film. Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-5683-3.

• MacKay, John. "On INTERSTELLAR (2014)(preliminary notes)"

• Kaku, Michio (December 28, 2004). ParallelWorlds: A Journey Through Creation, Higher Di-mensions, and the Future of the Cosmos. Doubleday.ISBN 978-0385509862.

• Hawking, Stephen (September 7, 2010). The GrandDesign. Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-80537-1.

14 External links• Official website

• Interstellar at the Internet Movie Database

• Interstellar at AllMovie

• Interstellar at Metacritic

• Interstellar at Rotten Tomatoes

17

15 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

15.1 Text

• Interstellar (film) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_(film)?oldid=695747389 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Edward, Patrick,Disdero, Janko, Lumos3, HaeB, Xanzzibar, DocWatson42, Alison, Primigenus, Xorx77, DoubleCross, Kuralyov, Necrothesp, Discospin-ster, Brianhe, Mhoenig, Qutezuce, Xezbeth, Davorg, Art LaPella, Chriscf, Stesmo, Viriditas, Nesnad, Katana, Mailer diablo, Wtmitchell,SidP, Erik, Dismas, Oleg Alexandrov, Stephen, Zntrip, Empoor, Scjessey, GregorB, Sprague, Ronnotel, Cuchullain, BD2412, Jclemens,Drbogdan, Nightscream, Alaney2k, MZMcBride, Enfestid, President Rhapsody, DVdm, Igordebraga, Bgwhite, Mongol, Dextersinister,SPKx, Witan, Rsrikanth05, Cryptic, Slobo~enwiki, UDScott, EEMIV, Gadget850, Deeday-UK, Cueball8384, Spikezoft, Rhynchosaur,Closedmouth, Arthur Rubin, Smurrayinchester, Caballero1967, Katieh5584, Matt Heard, Bernardlan, Skudrafan1, Kakarukeys, Kintet-subuffalo, Edgar181, Tim@, Peter Isotalo, Gilliam, CajunGypsy, Bluebot, Afasmit, PureRED, Hariharan91, Crboyer, Sskoog, Rusty-pup49, Invincible Ninja, Goofyboy777, Matt.forestpath, Gildir, Razorhead, Parrot of Doom, Bejnar, Ohconfucius, Qwerty0, Lambiam,Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Fubaz, Mcshadypl, Loodog, Guat6, IronGargoyle, Queryzo, Noah Salzman, Rev-san, Feureau, Phaeton23, Sub-Seven, HelloAnnyong, Clarityfiend, Craigboy, Hipporoo, KingCharles108, Gabrielkat, Sirwhiteout, DJGB, Lasersharp, Matthieu Houriet,Musikxpert, Malamockq, Cydebot, Treybien, Gogo Dodo, Siberian Husky, Carstensen, Ebyabe, Jmg38, QuasyBoy, Alientraveller, TheProffesor, Krevans, Yumsse, Oosh, Baville, Tiger Trek, Fru1tbat, Edokter, Darshak.parmar, Lklundin, Ingolfson, Paul1776, Omega-nian, MER-C, Inks.LWC, Cyclonius, Alpinu, MB1972, Albany NY, Awien, Reign of Toads, TallulahBelle, Magioladitis, JamesBWatson,Ajphctp46, Cartoon Boy, Jackthesmack, Donald McKinney, Alex Spade, Torchiest, Little Jimmy, Rif Winfield, Lbmouschi, Richard1990,Connor Behan, Kaijucole, Kronnang Dunn, Keith D, CommonsDelinker, Hondo77, TheLastAmigo, Lg16spears, A Nobody, 97198,HiLo48, BeŻet, Shadow Android, KylieTastic, CuddlySteve, AzureCitizen, Samuelsenwd, DrNegative, Fdonck, Bovineboy2008, June-Gloom07, Oshwah, Jacknarcotta, And1987, Russellg99, Minusf, Abhinavsingh4u, BeIsKr, Pulsar06, Fbs. 13, Afrey94, Lamro, Nin-jaRobotPirate, Magiclite, Jonah22, Denyce, Malcolmxl5, DavisGL, Strayan, Djayjp, Yankees10, Bentogoa, Flyer22 Reborn, Enti342,Wilson44691, Galaxia92, Aspects, TheOnlyOne12, Wlegro, MysticEarth, Denisarona, Tom Reedy, Bigmooseextreme, YSSYguy, Sfan00IMG, RisingSunWiki, All Hallow’s Wraith, 100percentrecord, Frmorrison, Aidar24, Niceguyedc, UKoch, Bluerules, Trivialist, PeteRidges, Nymf, Eujin16, Bartallen2, Sonicdrewdriver, Plastic Fish, A22~enwiki, Arjayay, AndyFielding, Gciriani, Another Believer, RuiGabriel Correia, Jonojuggles, Hattiedog, XLinkBot, AgnosticPreachersKid, MaximumMadnessStixon, Stickee, Cliff1911, Yuvn86, Air-planeman, Fluffernutter, Jamie1743, Debresser, Doniago, Mdnavman, Okungnyo, Yobot, Quolav, Otiuqok, AnomieBOT, Rockypedia,Skralam810, Jim1138, OscarFercho, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Adamthemillionth, FreeRangeFrog, Betty Logan, Tiller54, Amaury,Rubiscous, Jal11497, Silbad, Chaheel Riens, FrescoBot, Sock, St. Alfonzo, Prisonermonkeys, Masterknighted, Mfwitten, Tavernsenses,Josephchakola, Stolengood, Sydneyboy0528, Freshh, מדר ,יובל Abhiram040, Lady Lotus, Taeyebaar, I dream of horses, Caseyjd, Jone-sey95, Serols, Wikiain, ShatteredPlastic, Jamengulfer221, Horst-schlaemma, Arbero, Jedi94, Srschu273, EJYang, Rafalq, Pimpinpakman,Ktlynch, WCCasey, Earthandmoon, Reach Out to the Truth, HISTA, Sailpra, Onel5969, Carlborden, 42and5, Vishnun456, Arcmonk,STATicVapor, Racerx11, Tinss, GoingBatty, JustinTime55, Teditor170, Wikiturrican, Imlikeaboss, Winner 42, AsceticRose, Antovolk,JDDJS, Physcovideos, SunOfErat, NicatronTg, Medeis, Unreal7, SporkBot, Prathamesh Patki, NGPriest, Jdebenedict, Surat123, Kindz-marauli, L1A1 FAL, Punkminkis, Jpcase, StewSchmidt, Brandmeister, KazekageTR, KYLEMONGER, Mikechen, Zephyrus Tavvier,Donner60, Captain Assassin!, Orange Suede Sofa, Ananyabhardwaj, InfamousPrince, Rusted AutoParts, Sofffie7, Ebehn, Narconarco1,A12jun, -revi, FormalLogician, ClueBot NG, Nick O'Demus 1979, CanonJim, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Yash2777, Kikichugirl, Brauden,EnglishTea4me, A wild Rattata, Easy4me, Dlh9690, Jithil89, Widr, Msannakoval, BenjaniBoy139, Steevithak, Popcornduff, Cojovo,Gothicfilm, SchroCat, Theoldsparkle, HesioneHushabye, Kailash29792, Krimuk90, Eminent Archon, BG19bot, Flax5, Dontreadalone,Archrith, MusikAnimal, Skeleton 777, SamEtches, Kredns, Cncmaster, Cadiomals, AngusWOOF, Glaucon81, Tony Tan, PhilipTerryGra-ham, Zhu Haifeng, BattleshipMan, Maksymilian Sielicki, Jor.langneh, MisterMorton, Coralium, Wrath X, CAWylie, Koncurrentkat, Yfine,Vin13ish, Thehof125, Cralb821, Samwalton9, BattyBot, Dewy60, Tutelary, Hasaan5, Favre1fan93, Swrnyn123, Mithoron, CrunchySkies,Arjann, MissingMia, MadGuy7023, Afong10, Kanghuitari, AP526, Red chapman, Mattjsrules, Michael A Bekoff, Charles Essie, Mo-gism, Nodaybuttoday10, Frogkermit, Coolio1996, Kewash, Parkjw10, Sammyjankis88, Lankeymarlon, Frosty, Jc86035, NightShadow23,StewieBaby05, Jewhealer, Countryfan89, Koala15, Joeinwiki, Ecoroyalty, Epicgenius, Vanamonde93, Squaredroot, Kneedeepinice, Break-fastJr, John Snow II, Fumiko Take, Jodosma, Sadirakulio, Thebadger33, ZarhanFastfire, Blythwood, HenryBarnill, Jeremy 412, Cebr1979,Seeaysee, Thira1998, Froglich, TreCoolGuy, Saif 563, Transphasic, Chameo1210, Armegon, Henry.the.Hamster, Callmemirela, Weird-man125, Gofinsc, LahmacunKebab, Troymtu, Superific6, UnknownBat, Ginsuloft, Lembrazza, Quenhitran, Internet Informant, B4ben24,Heglin1, Atotalstranger, Crystalmover, Manul, JKLoling, FirdausGupte, Twotimer17, MagicatthemovieS, BNickols05, Param Mud-gal, ProKro, OccultZone, Mainstreammark, Stamptrader, Fatskis5, 123gogeta, AffeL, Has7nab, Spencer Maverick, Fortuna Impera-trix Mundi, TheDarkKnight180, JaconaFrere, Benjamin “Jeffrey” Powell, Chhenning, Bievahh, WikiWinters, 25lman, Antoniopadil-larocks, Archistat, Kylejaylee, JoIsaza, Charge2charge, Monterey54, Thomasamuse, Melcous, Emirazza, Swipers25ersa, TropicAces, Leg-erPrime, Livvysoda147, LTsike, Nooriega, Gavinuk86, Ryopus, Godwin1996, Fwd079, Apurva.tiwari2, BrayLockBoy, Vinethemonkey,Jvm21, MercuryStuff2035, Souravsen45, Jackw12345, Ssven2, Vacilao, Tobi3393, TerryAlex, Happiest persoN, Joel Freecheck, Kier-ancremin, Josephlalrinhlua786, Rickflag, Zombiesturm, Warner REBORN (old), Theironminer, Zowayix001, Jayman4426, Karzelek,Ale236, Warner REBORN, JShanley98, Tsatujig000, ChamithN, Fsvrgtevr, NyanCatGirl, Fernandoesparza, Sathyaprakash01, Euro-dyne, AkIcee, Glitchygirl, Dibyendutwipzbiswas, Markyn27, Monsta unda yo bed, Lucienwd, Kashiki200, Nutshell9, Littleguy88, Eye-YamIronMan, Xanderox, Cicciononno, CHOKOLADEKIKS, Rshenk3, Itiskenz, Muscat Hoe, Higgsbozone, Ypehmish, Mohankrish6897,Jcareb, Chrisgarrison, TiGaJeeVes, Mattedgod, Russett red, Darpan 549, Blakcii, Pugsareprettycool, Kanasu kannu theredaga, Oscar-AlfredoAlcantara, Lemonewoks, Freshness For Lettuce, Johanna, The Cheeky Sow, Elnino88x, Jwin2321, OliviaPGirl, Miscelanegan,Bronchodan1986, Synyster21, Tom33333, LozzaOG, Mickeycock, Rahish123, Monomalya, LemmyMots, Educated Harvard Graduate,Ndk1986, Nedstug, Mt. Dewish, Ggbroski, AnonUser10133, Higle8492, Trollipedia2000, Louiethecuckking, Iwan9999, RMA 7412l,Johnny7584, Edward1m27, Randall Bateson, Anonymous427, BigBaldur, Akis2001, Danish Thondiyil, Danish T Wikipedian, AKM1995,Cathar66, Hsjdhdjs, Data man1024, ToonLucas22, Superbatheatre, Debasish04Nayak, Sundayclose, Hassan234556785567, ACE5000,Yemny, Knight Errant00, Diamond amethyst, Bocharnon, Kd3535kd, Makemeamixedtape, Grosshigh, Charhun410, VSuhas22, Amer-icanEagle2000, Kazzazi, Johannesburg9816, Windycliff, JuanLT2045, , KarenMichelle.Lane, User000name, Sameeparora,Harvie90, Soyasauce, Shrgggg, Nmr1998, Fusionem, Hemant Kumar Balot, Zack Bendeck, Kpark0410, MrZiggle, Dspickle, TheMedi-aFanatic, Pagliaccious, Arx Sapientiae, EMJuniorNo2, ExoplanetaryExplorer, Coolnick745, Bhaskarbandit, Anonymous Macaw, Rukshan-jonny, Airmailquill112233, Geelsmark, JaMcSu, Shreerajtheauthor, SuperCarnivore591, Pinewood27892, Old Native, JokerLaugh214,Specialitar, Jawwaj, Rmw140, Rglkwjergljwebrglibwerg, Mzajmi, Diehardhomer, Jmeganaut and Anonymous: 972

18 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

15.2 Images• File:AnneHathawayAAFeb09.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/AnneHathawayAAFeb09.jpg Li-

cense: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Anne Hathaway Original artist: Chrisa Hickey• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?• File:Interstellar_film_-_Endurance_spacecraft.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/af/Interstellar_film_-_

Endurance_spacecraft.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:Capture from trailerOriginal artist: ?

• File:Iris_centralheterochromy.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Iris_centralheterochromy.jpg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SheLovesGhosts

• File:Kip_Thorne_at_Caltech.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Kip_Thorne_at_Caltech.jpg License:CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Keenan Pepper

• File:Matthew_McConaughey_-_Goldene_Kamera_2014_-_Berlin.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Matthew_McConaughey_-_Goldene_Kamera_2014_-_Berlin.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:Avda

• File:S130e012150.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/S130e012150.jpg License: Public domain Con-tributors: http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/assembly/html/s130e012150.html Original artist: NASA

• File:Svínafellsjökull.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Sv%C3%ADnafellsj%C3%B6kull.JPG Li-cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from nl.wikipediaOriginal artist: Bromr Original uploader was Bromr at nl.wikipedia

• File:Video-x-generic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg License: Public domain Contrib-utors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

15.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0