interrogative constructions
TRANSCRIPT
1
HUL464
INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
SAJEED MAHABOOB2011ME1111
2INTRODUCTION
Acquire information is very important to the human species Apparently most if not all languages have developed some particular means dedicated to eliciting information henceforth called interrogative constructions
An interrogative construction is a grammatical form used to ask a question
3TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
Polar interrogatives (lsquoyesno questionrsquo lsquoclosedrsquo)
ex Does a platypus lay eggs
Constituent interrogatives(lsquowhrsquo lsquoinformational questionsrsquo lsquoopenrsquo lsquospecialrsquo lsquopartialrsquo)
ex What is a platypus
Alternative interrogatives(to query which element of a set of alternatives makes an open sentence true)
ex Is a platypus a mammal or a bird
4INTRODUCTION
There are seven basic strategies of deriving interrogatives some of them being restricted to particular types of interrogatives
1 Intonation2 Interrogative particles3 Interrogative tags4 Disjunctive constructions5 The order of constituents6 Verbal inflection7 Interrogative words
Some of these strategies can occur in combination others may be mutually exclusive
5INTRODUCTION
POLAR INTERROGATIVES
The expected answer lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo The speaker asks the addressee about the truth value of the proposition expressed by the relevant interrogative clause
Polar interrogatives may have either positive or negative polarity
A Is 761 a prime number (Unbiased case) (no expectations with respect to the answer)
B Canrsquot you stay a little longer (Biased case) (either a positive or a negative answer)
6INTRODUCTION
CONSTITUENT INTERROGATIVES
We find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the Bermuda triangle
There are interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
7INTRODUCTION
ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVES
With these interrogatives the speaker offers the addressee a list of possible answers from which he is supposed to choose the correct one
Ex Would you like tea or coffee Are you going to gym Egg is vegetarian or non-vegetarian
Mostly optional answers
8POLAR INTERROGATIVES
The expected answer in the case of polar interrogatives is either lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo The speaker asks the addressee about the truth value of the proposition expressed by the relevant interrogative clause
INTONATIONThe intonation contour most widely employed for polar interrogatives and in fact interrogatives in general is a rising one with the rise usually being placed towards the end of the contour
Ex Italian Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Statement Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Question
Ex Hindi कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Statement कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Question
9POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE
Interrogative particles are expressions like French est-ce que Polish czy Finnish kouml Mandarin ma Slavic li Bengali ki etc
Used after intonation The most widely employed device
Ex Japanese(a) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoMr Yamada works at the bankrsquo
(b) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu ka yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoDoes Mr Yamada work at the bankrsquo
10POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Bengali ki beral pakhita dhorechilo IP cat birdSG caught lsquoDid the cat catch the birdrsquoEx Russian ital li ty egravetu knigu read IP you this book lsquoHave you read this bookrsquo
11POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE TAGS
Another strategy for marking polar interrogatives are the so called interrogative tags
Ex English He has gone to Tokyo hasnrsquot he
Ex Bengali beral pakhita dhorechilo noy ki lsquoThe cat caught the bird didnrsquot itrsquo
Ex Russian Ty ego sly₁al pravda lsquoYou heard him didnrsquot yoursquo
Ex German Er ist sehr reich nicht wahr lsquoHe is very rich isnrsquot hersquo
12POLAR INTERROGATIVES
DISJUNCTIONNormally used for alternative interrogativesNow a possible device for posing the polar interrogatives
An affirmative clause and its negative counterpart are being used to form such interrogatives
Ex Mandarin zh˜ng-s˜n xohuan ho ji duigrave bu duigrave Zhang-san like drink wine right NEG right lsquoZhang-san likes to drink wine rightrsquo
13POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Hindi सरज बहत अचछा आदमी ह ह ना Suraj is a very nice man Right
Ex Bhojpuri हम फिबहन कॉलज जा तानी ठीक बा I am going to college tomorrow Okay
Ex English Your father is very old right
Ex Nepali फिनशचय साथ भनन सकदन मिलयो Cannot say it confidently Understand
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
2INTRODUCTION
Acquire information is very important to the human species Apparently most if not all languages have developed some particular means dedicated to eliciting information henceforth called interrogative constructions
An interrogative construction is a grammatical form used to ask a question
3TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
Polar interrogatives (lsquoyesno questionrsquo lsquoclosedrsquo)
ex Does a platypus lay eggs
Constituent interrogatives(lsquowhrsquo lsquoinformational questionsrsquo lsquoopenrsquo lsquospecialrsquo lsquopartialrsquo)
ex What is a platypus
Alternative interrogatives(to query which element of a set of alternatives makes an open sentence true)
ex Is a platypus a mammal or a bird
4INTRODUCTION
There are seven basic strategies of deriving interrogatives some of them being restricted to particular types of interrogatives
1 Intonation2 Interrogative particles3 Interrogative tags4 Disjunctive constructions5 The order of constituents6 Verbal inflection7 Interrogative words
Some of these strategies can occur in combination others may be mutually exclusive
5INTRODUCTION
POLAR INTERROGATIVES
The expected answer lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo The speaker asks the addressee about the truth value of the proposition expressed by the relevant interrogative clause
Polar interrogatives may have either positive or negative polarity
A Is 761 a prime number (Unbiased case) (no expectations with respect to the answer)
B Canrsquot you stay a little longer (Biased case) (either a positive or a negative answer)
6INTRODUCTION
CONSTITUENT INTERROGATIVES
We find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the Bermuda triangle
There are interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
7INTRODUCTION
ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVES
With these interrogatives the speaker offers the addressee a list of possible answers from which he is supposed to choose the correct one
Ex Would you like tea or coffee Are you going to gym Egg is vegetarian or non-vegetarian
Mostly optional answers
8POLAR INTERROGATIVES
The expected answer in the case of polar interrogatives is either lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo The speaker asks the addressee about the truth value of the proposition expressed by the relevant interrogative clause
INTONATIONThe intonation contour most widely employed for polar interrogatives and in fact interrogatives in general is a rising one with the rise usually being placed towards the end of the contour
Ex Italian Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Statement Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Question
Ex Hindi कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Statement कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Question
9POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE
Interrogative particles are expressions like French est-ce que Polish czy Finnish kouml Mandarin ma Slavic li Bengali ki etc
Used after intonation The most widely employed device
Ex Japanese(a) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoMr Yamada works at the bankrsquo
(b) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu ka yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoDoes Mr Yamada work at the bankrsquo
10POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Bengali ki beral pakhita dhorechilo IP cat birdSG caught lsquoDid the cat catch the birdrsquoEx Russian ital li ty egravetu knigu read IP you this book lsquoHave you read this bookrsquo
11POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE TAGS
Another strategy for marking polar interrogatives are the so called interrogative tags
Ex English He has gone to Tokyo hasnrsquot he
Ex Bengali beral pakhita dhorechilo noy ki lsquoThe cat caught the bird didnrsquot itrsquo
Ex Russian Ty ego sly₁al pravda lsquoYou heard him didnrsquot yoursquo
Ex German Er ist sehr reich nicht wahr lsquoHe is very rich isnrsquot hersquo
12POLAR INTERROGATIVES
DISJUNCTIONNormally used for alternative interrogativesNow a possible device for posing the polar interrogatives
An affirmative clause and its negative counterpart are being used to form such interrogatives
Ex Mandarin zh˜ng-s˜n xohuan ho ji duigrave bu duigrave Zhang-san like drink wine right NEG right lsquoZhang-san likes to drink wine rightrsquo
13POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Hindi सरज बहत अचछा आदमी ह ह ना Suraj is a very nice man Right
Ex Bhojpuri हम फिबहन कॉलज जा तानी ठीक बा I am going to college tomorrow Okay
Ex English Your father is very old right
Ex Nepali फिनशचय साथ भनन सकदन मिलयो Cannot say it confidently Understand
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
3TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
Polar interrogatives (lsquoyesno questionrsquo lsquoclosedrsquo)
ex Does a platypus lay eggs
Constituent interrogatives(lsquowhrsquo lsquoinformational questionsrsquo lsquoopenrsquo lsquospecialrsquo lsquopartialrsquo)
ex What is a platypus
Alternative interrogatives(to query which element of a set of alternatives makes an open sentence true)
ex Is a platypus a mammal or a bird
4INTRODUCTION
There are seven basic strategies of deriving interrogatives some of them being restricted to particular types of interrogatives
1 Intonation2 Interrogative particles3 Interrogative tags4 Disjunctive constructions5 The order of constituents6 Verbal inflection7 Interrogative words
Some of these strategies can occur in combination others may be mutually exclusive
5INTRODUCTION
POLAR INTERROGATIVES
The expected answer lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo The speaker asks the addressee about the truth value of the proposition expressed by the relevant interrogative clause
Polar interrogatives may have either positive or negative polarity
A Is 761 a prime number (Unbiased case) (no expectations with respect to the answer)
B Canrsquot you stay a little longer (Biased case) (either a positive or a negative answer)
6INTRODUCTION
CONSTITUENT INTERROGATIVES
We find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the Bermuda triangle
There are interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
7INTRODUCTION
ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVES
With these interrogatives the speaker offers the addressee a list of possible answers from which he is supposed to choose the correct one
Ex Would you like tea or coffee Are you going to gym Egg is vegetarian or non-vegetarian
Mostly optional answers
8POLAR INTERROGATIVES
The expected answer in the case of polar interrogatives is either lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo The speaker asks the addressee about the truth value of the proposition expressed by the relevant interrogative clause
INTONATIONThe intonation contour most widely employed for polar interrogatives and in fact interrogatives in general is a rising one with the rise usually being placed towards the end of the contour
Ex Italian Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Statement Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Question
Ex Hindi कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Statement कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Question
9POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE
Interrogative particles are expressions like French est-ce que Polish czy Finnish kouml Mandarin ma Slavic li Bengali ki etc
Used after intonation The most widely employed device
Ex Japanese(a) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoMr Yamada works at the bankrsquo
(b) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu ka yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoDoes Mr Yamada work at the bankrsquo
10POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Bengali ki beral pakhita dhorechilo IP cat birdSG caught lsquoDid the cat catch the birdrsquoEx Russian ital li ty egravetu knigu read IP you this book lsquoHave you read this bookrsquo
11POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE TAGS
Another strategy for marking polar interrogatives are the so called interrogative tags
Ex English He has gone to Tokyo hasnrsquot he
Ex Bengali beral pakhita dhorechilo noy ki lsquoThe cat caught the bird didnrsquot itrsquo
Ex Russian Ty ego sly₁al pravda lsquoYou heard him didnrsquot yoursquo
Ex German Er ist sehr reich nicht wahr lsquoHe is very rich isnrsquot hersquo
12POLAR INTERROGATIVES
DISJUNCTIONNormally used for alternative interrogativesNow a possible device for posing the polar interrogatives
An affirmative clause and its negative counterpart are being used to form such interrogatives
Ex Mandarin zh˜ng-s˜n xohuan ho ji duigrave bu duigrave Zhang-san like drink wine right NEG right lsquoZhang-san likes to drink wine rightrsquo
13POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Hindi सरज बहत अचछा आदमी ह ह ना Suraj is a very nice man Right
Ex Bhojpuri हम फिबहन कॉलज जा तानी ठीक बा I am going to college tomorrow Okay
Ex English Your father is very old right
Ex Nepali फिनशचय साथ भनन सकदन मिलयो Cannot say it confidently Understand
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
4INTRODUCTION
There are seven basic strategies of deriving interrogatives some of them being restricted to particular types of interrogatives
1 Intonation2 Interrogative particles3 Interrogative tags4 Disjunctive constructions5 The order of constituents6 Verbal inflection7 Interrogative words
Some of these strategies can occur in combination others may be mutually exclusive
5INTRODUCTION
POLAR INTERROGATIVES
The expected answer lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo The speaker asks the addressee about the truth value of the proposition expressed by the relevant interrogative clause
Polar interrogatives may have either positive or negative polarity
A Is 761 a prime number (Unbiased case) (no expectations with respect to the answer)
B Canrsquot you stay a little longer (Biased case) (either a positive or a negative answer)
6INTRODUCTION
CONSTITUENT INTERROGATIVES
We find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the Bermuda triangle
There are interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
7INTRODUCTION
ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVES
With these interrogatives the speaker offers the addressee a list of possible answers from which he is supposed to choose the correct one
Ex Would you like tea or coffee Are you going to gym Egg is vegetarian or non-vegetarian
Mostly optional answers
8POLAR INTERROGATIVES
The expected answer in the case of polar interrogatives is either lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo The speaker asks the addressee about the truth value of the proposition expressed by the relevant interrogative clause
INTONATIONThe intonation contour most widely employed for polar interrogatives and in fact interrogatives in general is a rising one with the rise usually being placed towards the end of the contour
Ex Italian Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Statement Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Question
Ex Hindi कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Statement कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Question
9POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE
Interrogative particles are expressions like French est-ce que Polish czy Finnish kouml Mandarin ma Slavic li Bengali ki etc
Used after intonation The most widely employed device
Ex Japanese(a) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoMr Yamada works at the bankrsquo
(b) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu ka yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoDoes Mr Yamada work at the bankrsquo
10POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Bengali ki beral pakhita dhorechilo IP cat birdSG caught lsquoDid the cat catch the birdrsquoEx Russian ital li ty egravetu knigu read IP you this book lsquoHave you read this bookrsquo
11POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE TAGS
Another strategy for marking polar interrogatives are the so called interrogative tags
Ex English He has gone to Tokyo hasnrsquot he
Ex Bengali beral pakhita dhorechilo noy ki lsquoThe cat caught the bird didnrsquot itrsquo
Ex Russian Ty ego sly₁al pravda lsquoYou heard him didnrsquot yoursquo
Ex German Er ist sehr reich nicht wahr lsquoHe is very rich isnrsquot hersquo
12POLAR INTERROGATIVES
DISJUNCTIONNormally used for alternative interrogativesNow a possible device for posing the polar interrogatives
An affirmative clause and its negative counterpart are being used to form such interrogatives
Ex Mandarin zh˜ng-s˜n xohuan ho ji duigrave bu duigrave Zhang-san like drink wine right NEG right lsquoZhang-san likes to drink wine rightrsquo
13POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Hindi सरज बहत अचछा आदमी ह ह ना Suraj is a very nice man Right
Ex Bhojpuri हम फिबहन कॉलज जा तानी ठीक बा I am going to college tomorrow Okay
Ex English Your father is very old right
Ex Nepali फिनशचय साथ भनन सकदन मिलयो Cannot say it confidently Understand
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
5INTRODUCTION
POLAR INTERROGATIVES
The expected answer lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo The speaker asks the addressee about the truth value of the proposition expressed by the relevant interrogative clause
Polar interrogatives may have either positive or negative polarity
A Is 761 a prime number (Unbiased case) (no expectations with respect to the answer)
B Canrsquot you stay a little longer (Biased case) (either a positive or a negative answer)
6INTRODUCTION
CONSTITUENT INTERROGATIVES
We find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the Bermuda triangle
There are interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
7INTRODUCTION
ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVES
With these interrogatives the speaker offers the addressee a list of possible answers from which he is supposed to choose the correct one
Ex Would you like tea or coffee Are you going to gym Egg is vegetarian or non-vegetarian
Mostly optional answers
8POLAR INTERROGATIVES
The expected answer in the case of polar interrogatives is either lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo The speaker asks the addressee about the truth value of the proposition expressed by the relevant interrogative clause
INTONATIONThe intonation contour most widely employed for polar interrogatives and in fact interrogatives in general is a rising one with the rise usually being placed towards the end of the contour
Ex Italian Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Statement Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Question
Ex Hindi कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Statement कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Question
9POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE
Interrogative particles are expressions like French est-ce que Polish czy Finnish kouml Mandarin ma Slavic li Bengali ki etc
Used after intonation The most widely employed device
Ex Japanese(a) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoMr Yamada works at the bankrsquo
(b) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu ka yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoDoes Mr Yamada work at the bankrsquo
10POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Bengali ki beral pakhita dhorechilo IP cat birdSG caught lsquoDid the cat catch the birdrsquoEx Russian ital li ty egravetu knigu read IP you this book lsquoHave you read this bookrsquo
11POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE TAGS
Another strategy for marking polar interrogatives are the so called interrogative tags
Ex English He has gone to Tokyo hasnrsquot he
Ex Bengali beral pakhita dhorechilo noy ki lsquoThe cat caught the bird didnrsquot itrsquo
Ex Russian Ty ego sly₁al pravda lsquoYou heard him didnrsquot yoursquo
Ex German Er ist sehr reich nicht wahr lsquoHe is very rich isnrsquot hersquo
12POLAR INTERROGATIVES
DISJUNCTIONNormally used for alternative interrogativesNow a possible device for posing the polar interrogatives
An affirmative clause and its negative counterpart are being used to form such interrogatives
Ex Mandarin zh˜ng-s˜n xohuan ho ji duigrave bu duigrave Zhang-san like drink wine right NEG right lsquoZhang-san likes to drink wine rightrsquo
13POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Hindi सरज बहत अचछा आदमी ह ह ना Suraj is a very nice man Right
Ex Bhojpuri हम फिबहन कॉलज जा तानी ठीक बा I am going to college tomorrow Okay
Ex English Your father is very old right
Ex Nepali फिनशचय साथ भनन सकदन मिलयो Cannot say it confidently Understand
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
6INTRODUCTION
CONSTITUENT INTERROGATIVES
We find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the Bermuda triangle
There are interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
7INTRODUCTION
ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVES
With these interrogatives the speaker offers the addressee a list of possible answers from which he is supposed to choose the correct one
Ex Would you like tea or coffee Are you going to gym Egg is vegetarian or non-vegetarian
Mostly optional answers
8POLAR INTERROGATIVES
The expected answer in the case of polar interrogatives is either lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo The speaker asks the addressee about the truth value of the proposition expressed by the relevant interrogative clause
INTONATIONThe intonation contour most widely employed for polar interrogatives and in fact interrogatives in general is a rising one with the rise usually being placed towards the end of the contour
Ex Italian Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Statement Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Question
Ex Hindi कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Statement कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Question
9POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE
Interrogative particles are expressions like French est-ce que Polish czy Finnish kouml Mandarin ma Slavic li Bengali ki etc
Used after intonation The most widely employed device
Ex Japanese(a) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoMr Yamada works at the bankrsquo
(b) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu ka yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoDoes Mr Yamada work at the bankrsquo
10POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Bengali ki beral pakhita dhorechilo IP cat birdSG caught lsquoDid the cat catch the birdrsquoEx Russian ital li ty egravetu knigu read IP you this book lsquoHave you read this bookrsquo
11POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE TAGS
Another strategy for marking polar interrogatives are the so called interrogative tags
Ex English He has gone to Tokyo hasnrsquot he
Ex Bengali beral pakhita dhorechilo noy ki lsquoThe cat caught the bird didnrsquot itrsquo
Ex Russian Ty ego sly₁al pravda lsquoYou heard him didnrsquot yoursquo
Ex German Er ist sehr reich nicht wahr lsquoHe is very rich isnrsquot hersquo
12POLAR INTERROGATIVES
DISJUNCTIONNormally used for alternative interrogativesNow a possible device for posing the polar interrogatives
An affirmative clause and its negative counterpart are being used to form such interrogatives
Ex Mandarin zh˜ng-s˜n xohuan ho ji duigrave bu duigrave Zhang-san like drink wine right NEG right lsquoZhang-san likes to drink wine rightrsquo
13POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Hindi सरज बहत अचछा आदमी ह ह ना Suraj is a very nice man Right
Ex Bhojpuri हम फिबहन कॉलज जा तानी ठीक बा I am going to college tomorrow Okay
Ex English Your father is very old right
Ex Nepali फिनशचय साथ भनन सकदन मिलयो Cannot say it confidently Understand
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
7INTRODUCTION
ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVES
With these interrogatives the speaker offers the addressee a list of possible answers from which he is supposed to choose the correct one
Ex Would you like tea or coffee Are you going to gym Egg is vegetarian or non-vegetarian
Mostly optional answers
8POLAR INTERROGATIVES
The expected answer in the case of polar interrogatives is either lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo The speaker asks the addressee about the truth value of the proposition expressed by the relevant interrogative clause
INTONATIONThe intonation contour most widely employed for polar interrogatives and in fact interrogatives in general is a rising one with the rise usually being placed towards the end of the contour
Ex Italian Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Statement Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Question
Ex Hindi कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Statement कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Question
9POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE
Interrogative particles are expressions like French est-ce que Polish czy Finnish kouml Mandarin ma Slavic li Bengali ki etc
Used after intonation The most widely employed device
Ex Japanese(a) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoMr Yamada works at the bankrsquo
(b) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu ka yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoDoes Mr Yamada work at the bankrsquo
10POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Bengali ki beral pakhita dhorechilo IP cat birdSG caught lsquoDid the cat catch the birdrsquoEx Russian ital li ty egravetu knigu read IP you this book lsquoHave you read this bookrsquo
11POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE TAGS
Another strategy for marking polar interrogatives are the so called interrogative tags
Ex English He has gone to Tokyo hasnrsquot he
Ex Bengali beral pakhita dhorechilo noy ki lsquoThe cat caught the bird didnrsquot itrsquo
Ex Russian Ty ego sly₁al pravda lsquoYou heard him didnrsquot yoursquo
Ex German Er ist sehr reich nicht wahr lsquoHe is very rich isnrsquot hersquo
12POLAR INTERROGATIVES
DISJUNCTIONNormally used for alternative interrogativesNow a possible device for posing the polar interrogatives
An affirmative clause and its negative counterpart are being used to form such interrogatives
Ex Mandarin zh˜ng-s˜n xohuan ho ji duigrave bu duigrave Zhang-san like drink wine right NEG right lsquoZhang-san likes to drink wine rightrsquo
13POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Hindi सरज बहत अचछा आदमी ह ह ना Suraj is a very nice man Right
Ex Bhojpuri हम फिबहन कॉलज जा तानी ठीक बा I am going to college tomorrow Okay
Ex English Your father is very old right
Ex Nepali फिनशचय साथ भनन सकदन मिलयो Cannot say it confidently Understand
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
8POLAR INTERROGATIVES
The expected answer in the case of polar interrogatives is either lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo The speaker asks the addressee about the truth value of the proposition expressed by the relevant interrogative clause
INTONATIONThe intonation contour most widely employed for polar interrogatives and in fact interrogatives in general is a rising one with the rise usually being placed towards the end of the contour
Ex Italian Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Statement Suo marito egrave ancora malato -Question
Ex Hindi कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Statement कबर न फितर फिलम दखा ह -Question
9POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE
Interrogative particles are expressions like French est-ce que Polish czy Finnish kouml Mandarin ma Slavic li Bengali ki etc
Used after intonation The most widely employed device
Ex Japanese(a) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoMr Yamada works at the bankrsquo
(b) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu ka yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoDoes Mr Yamada work at the bankrsquo
10POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Bengali ki beral pakhita dhorechilo IP cat birdSG caught lsquoDid the cat catch the birdrsquoEx Russian ital li ty egravetu knigu read IP you this book lsquoHave you read this bookrsquo
11POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE TAGS
Another strategy for marking polar interrogatives are the so called interrogative tags
Ex English He has gone to Tokyo hasnrsquot he
Ex Bengali beral pakhita dhorechilo noy ki lsquoThe cat caught the bird didnrsquot itrsquo
Ex Russian Ty ego sly₁al pravda lsquoYou heard him didnrsquot yoursquo
Ex German Er ist sehr reich nicht wahr lsquoHe is very rich isnrsquot hersquo
12POLAR INTERROGATIVES
DISJUNCTIONNormally used for alternative interrogativesNow a possible device for posing the polar interrogatives
An affirmative clause and its negative counterpart are being used to form such interrogatives
Ex Mandarin zh˜ng-s˜n xohuan ho ji duigrave bu duigrave Zhang-san like drink wine right NEG right lsquoZhang-san likes to drink wine rightrsquo
13POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Hindi सरज बहत अचछा आदमी ह ह ना Suraj is a very nice man Right
Ex Bhojpuri हम फिबहन कॉलज जा तानी ठीक बा I am going to college tomorrow Okay
Ex English Your father is very old right
Ex Nepali फिनशचय साथ भनन सकदन मिलयो Cannot say it confidently Understand
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
9POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE
Interrogative particles are expressions like French est-ce que Polish czy Finnish kouml Mandarin ma Slavic li Bengali ki etc
Used after intonation The most widely employed device
Ex Japanese(a) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoMr Yamada works at the bankrsquo
(b) yamada-san wa ginkoo de hataraite-imasu ka yamada-Mr TOP bank at working lsquoDoes Mr Yamada work at the bankrsquo
10POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Bengali ki beral pakhita dhorechilo IP cat birdSG caught lsquoDid the cat catch the birdrsquoEx Russian ital li ty egravetu knigu read IP you this book lsquoHave you read this bookrsquo
11POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE TAGS
Another strategy for marking polar interrogatives are the so called interrogative tags
Ex English He has gone to Tokyo hasnrsquot he
Ex Bengali beral pakhita dhorechilo noy ki lsquoThe cat caught the bird didnrsquot itrsquo
Ex Russian Ty ego sly₁al pravda lsquoYou heard him didnrsquot yoursquo
Ex German Er ist sehr reich nicht wahr lsquoHe is very rich isnrsquot hersquo
12POLAR INTERROGATIVES
DISJUNCTIONNormally used for alternative interrogativesNow a possible device for posing the polar interrogatives
An affirmative clause and its negative counterpart are being used to form such interrogatives
Ex Mandarin zh˜ng-s˜n xohuan ho ji duigrave bu duigrave Zhang-san like drink wine right NEG right lsquoZhang-san likes to drink wine rightrsquo
13POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Hindi सरज बहत अचछा आदमी ह ह ना Suraj is a very nice man Right
Ex Bhojpuri हम फिबहन कॉलज जा तानी ठीक बा I am going to college tomorrow Okay
Ex English Your father is very old right
Ex Nepali फिनशचय साथ भनन सकदन मिलयो Cannot say it confidently Understand
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
10POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Bengali ki beral pakhita dhorechilo IP cat birdSG caught lsquoDid the cat catch the birdrsquoEx Russian ital li ty egravetu knigu read IP you this book lsquoHave you read this bookrsquo
11POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE TAGS
Another strategy for marking polar interrogatives are the so called interrogative tags
Ex English He has gone to Tokyo hasnrsquot he
Ex Bengali beral pakhita dhorechilo noy ki lsquoThe cat caught the bird didnrsquot itrsquo
Ex Russian Ty ego sly₁al pravda lsquoYou heard him didnrsquot yoursquo
Ex German Er ist sehr reich nicht wahr lsquoHe is very rich isnrsquot hersquo
12POLAR INTERROGATIVES
DISJUNCTIONNormally used for alternative interrogativesNow a possible device for posing the polar interrogatives
An affirmative clause and its negative counterpart are being used to form such interrogatives
Ex Mandarin zh˜ng-s˜n xohuan ho ji duigrave bu duigrave Zhang-san like drink wine right NEG right lsquoZhang-san likes to drink wine rightrsquo
13POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Hindi सरज बहत अचछा आदमी ह ह ना Suraj is a very nice man Right
Ex Bhojpuri हम फिबहन कॉलज जा तानी ठीक बा I am going to college tomorrow Okay
Ex English Your father is very old right
Ex Nepali फिनशचय साथ भनन सकदन मिलयो Cannot say it confidently Understand
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
11POLAR INTERROGATIVES
INTERROGATIVE TAGS
Another strategy for marking polar interrogatives are the so called interrogative tags
Ex English He has gone to Tokyo hasnrsquot he
Ex Bengali beral pakhita dhorechilo noy ki lsquoThe cat caught the bird didnrsquot itrsquo
Ex Russian Ty ego sly₁al pravda lsquoYou heard him didnrsquot yoursquo
Ex German Er ist sehr reich nicht wahr lsquoHe is very rich isnrsquot hersquo
12POLAR INTERROGATIVES
DISJUNCTIONNormally used for alternative interrogativesNow a possible device for posing the polar interrogatives
An affirmative clause and its negative counterpart are being used to form such interrogatives
Ex Mandarin zh˜ng-s˜n xohuan ho ji duigrave bu duigrave Zhang-san like drink wine right NEG right lsquoZhang-san likes to drink wine rightrsquo
13POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Hindi सरज बहत अचछा आदमी ह ह ना Suraj is a very nice man Right
Ex Bhojpuri हम फिबहन कॉलज जा तानी ठीक बा I am going to college tomorrow Okay
Ex English Your father is very old right
Ex Nepali फिनशचय साथ भनन सकदन मिलयो Cannot say it confidently Understand
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
12POLAR INTERROGATIVES
DISJUNCTIONNormally used for alternative interrogativesNow a possible device for posing the polar interrogatives
An affirmative clause and its negative counterpart are being used to form such interrogatives
Ex Mandarin zh˜ng-s˜n xohuan ho ji duigrave bu duigrave Zhang-san like drink wine right NEG right lsquoZhang-san likes to drink wine rightrsquo
13POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Hindi सरज बहत अचछा आदमी ह ह ना Suraj is a very nice man Right
Ex Bhojpuri हम फिबहन कॉलज जा तानी ठीक बा I am going to college tomorrow Okay
Ex English Your father is very old right
Ex Nepali फिनशचय साथ भनन सकदन मिलयो Cannot say it confidently Understand
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
13POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex Hindi सरज बहत अचछा आदमी ह ह ना Suraj is a very nice man Right
Ex Bhojpuri हम फिबहन कॉलज जा तानी ठीक बा I am going to college tomorrow Okay
Ex English Your father is very old right
Ex Nepali फिनशचय साथ भनन सकदन मिलयो Cannot say it confidently Understand
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
14POLAR INTERROGATIVES
ORDER OF CONSTITUENTSOne of the strategies of marking polar interrogatives that languages across the world are not particularly likely to manifest is a change in the order of their basic constituents (inversion)
English Ex John is a policeman Is John a policeman
French Ex John est un policier -Does not valid John un policier -Since French is VSO in question form it kicked out
Inversion of the verb-fronting type can only occur in languages whose basic word order type is either SVO or SOV it is ruled out for VSO-languages
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
15POLAR INTERROGATIVES
In English inversion is restricted to auxiliaries and modals and do-support is necessary to convert clauses lacking such operators into polar interrogativesEx John phoned me yesterday Did John phone you yesterday
There are only seven examples of inverting languages to be found and six out of these seven languages come from Europe(English Finnish French Hungarian Rumanian Russian)
The only non-European language in this sample to demonstrate inversion is Malay
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
16POLAR INTERROGATIVES
VERBAL INFLECTION
Relatively rare in terms of frequency
The strategy employed by Kalaallisut and Eskimo language (Inuit)
Special verbal morphology
Exclusively dedicated to interrogative formation so that it makes sense to assume an interrogative mood for this group of languages
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
17POLAR INTERROGATIVES
Ex takuvoq lsquoHe seesrsquo वह दखता ह takua lsquoDoes he seersquo कया वह दखता ह
Ex nerivutit lsquoyou atersquo तमन खाया nerivit lsquoDid you eatrsquo कया तमन खाया
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
18CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
In the constituents interrogatives we find an interrogative word (who what when etc) in the position of the unknown informationSpeaker expects the addressee to supply adequate information for these variablesEx What is the ISIS
There could be interrogative with one or with multiple interrogative wordsA Who opened the door B Who did what to whom
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
19CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Strategies discussed in the previous section can also be found with these interrogatives but they play a less important role in this domain and are normally optional
Therefore I will discuss the constituents interrogative in different aspects
1 The position of interrogative words2 Key properties of interrogative words3 Additional uses of interrogative words
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
20CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
THE POSITION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
According to the position of interrogative words languages fall into three types
1 Those that put interrogative words obligatorily in clause-initial position (fronting languages )
2 Those in which interrogative words occupy the same position as the constituent questioned (in-situ languages)
3 Those languages that allow either of these two positions (optional fronting languages)
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
21CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Examples FinnishA Maija ottaa omenaa Maija take3SG applePAR lsquoMaija is taking an applersquo
B Mitauml Maija ottaa whatPAR Maija take3SG lsquoWhat is Maija takingrsquo
MandarinA Hufei m1i-le y1048576-bn-sh1048576 Hufai buy-ASP one-CL-book lsquoHufai bought a bookrsquo
B Hufei m1i-le sheacutenme Hufai buy-ASP what lsquoWhat did Hufai buyrsquo
SwahiliA A-li-fika lini 3SG-PAST-arrive when lsquoWhen did she arriversquo B kwa nini chakula ki-me-chelewa why food 3SG-PERF-late lsquoWhy is the food latersquo
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
22CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Additional fronting languages include English German Hebrew Supyire Yoruba Zapotec
Further examples of in-situ languages are Indonesian Japanese Lezgian and Mandarin
Egyptian Arabic Kannada Korean or Palauan belong to the group of optional fronting languages
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
23CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
KEY PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Languages can vary greatly in the number of interrogative words they possess
Nevertheless one typically finds two basic kinds of interrogative words
1 Those that substitute for the core arguments of a predication (who what) and which inquire about the central participants of the situations denoted by the relevant clauses
2 Interrogative words that seek circumstantial information of the situation in question and which syntactically speaking one would have to analyze as adjuncts
(a) Who invited him Who did he invite (b) When where did he arrive
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
24CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
Particularly interesting parameters of cross-linguistic variation can be observed with those clauses that contain not just one interrogative word but multiple occurrences of themEx Who did what to whom
Based on position of occurrences
Ex (a) Ram gave the book to Radha सरज न कबर को गद दिदया (b) Who gave what to whom किकस न किकस को कया दिदया
Additional languages following the English pattern include German Dutch Swedish Italian Spanish
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
25CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
Well defined orderLanguages in which multiple occurrences of interrogative words all occur clause-initially although often in a well defined order
Such multiple fronting languages are most likely a proper subset of fronting languages
Ex Bulgarian Koj kogo e vidjal who whom saw3SG lsquoWho saw whomrsquo
PolishCo komu Monika da1048576awhat to whom Monica gavelsquoWhat did Monica give to whomrsquo
RussianKto kogo ljubitwho whom loveslsquoWho loves whomrsquo
Very strong requirement to front all interrogative words
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
26CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
ADDITIONAL USES OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS
In most European languages interrogative words are also used as relative pronouns
Ex German a Wer kommt da lsquoWho is comingrsquo
b Da kommt wer lsquoSomeone is comingrsquo
Languages may either use interrogative words as a source for the development of indefinites or simply use the same form for either function
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
27ANY QUESTIONS
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
28REFERENCES
Ackema Peter amp Neeleman Ad 1998 ldquoOptimal ques-tionsrdquo Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory
Baker Carl Lee 1970 ldquoNotes on the description of English questionsrdquo Foundations of Language
httpsenwikipediaorgwikiInterrogative httpswwwlaitsutexasedutexgrint1html www2denizyuretcomrefginzburgginz-sag-ch2pdf wwwsurreyacuklctsbillpalmerNWS_siteKokPhDCh10pdf httpswwwgymglishcomenenglish-grammarforming-negative-interrogative-
constructions Comrie Bernard 1981 Language universals and lin-guistic typology
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-
29
- HUL464 INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF INTERROGATIVES
- INTRODUCTION (2)
- INTRODUCTION (3)
- INTRODUCTION (4)
- INTRODUCTION (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (2)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (3)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (4)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (5)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (6)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (7)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (8)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (9)
- POLAR INTERROGATIVES (10)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (2)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (3)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (4)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (5)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (6)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (7)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (8)
- CONSTITUENTS INTERROGATIVES (9)
- ANY QUESTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Slide 29
-