Internship Report 1August to 31 AUGUST

2016 at OGDCL

Student: Zeeshan AhmadClass: Eve ‘C’Semester: 8thProgram: BS GeologyRoll No: 301Internship Company: OGDCL

Attached With: Mr.Gul Rasool (Chief Geologist)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to Mr Gul Rasool for giving me the opportunity to do an internship within the organization. For me it was a unique experience to be in Islamabad and to study Hydrocarbon prospective of Geology. It also helped to get back my interest in Petroleum Geology and to have new plans for my future career.I am also thankful to people that worked in the office of OGDCL in Islamabad. With their patience and openness they created an enjoyable working environment. I am also thankful of our parents who always pray for me.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

Acknowledgement

Chapter 1

Vision, Mission and Core Values of the company

Oil and gas training institute (OGTI)

Purpose of the study

Introduction

Chapter 2

OGDCl Islamabad Head office

Chapter3

On the Rig

Chapter 4

Conclusion

Chapter1

OGDCL VisionTo be a leading multinational exploration and production company.

OGDCL MissionTo become the leading provider of oil and gas to the country by increasing exploration and production both

domestically and internationally, utilizing all options including strategic alliances.To continuously realign ourselves to meet the expectations of our stakeholders through best management practices, the use of latest technology, and innovation for sustainable growth, while being socially responsible.

OGDCL Goals & Core Values

Core Values MeritIntegrity Team Work Safety Dedication InnovationGoals Financial Build strategic reserves for future growth/expansion  Growth and superior returns to all stakeholders Double the value of the company in the next five years. Make investment decisions by ranking projects on the basis of best economic indicators Maximize profits by investing surplus funds in profitable avenues  Reduce cost and time overruns to improve performance results.

Customers Continuously improve quality of service and responsiveness to maintain a satisfied customer base. Improve reliability and efficiency of supply to the customer Be a responsible corporate citizen 

 Learning & growth Motivate our work force, and enhance their technical, managerial and business skills through modern HR

practices.  Acquire, learn and apply state-of-the-art technology. Emphasize organizational learning and research through effective use of knowledge management systems. Fill the competency gap within the organization by attracting and retaining best professionals. Attain full autonomy in financial and decision making matters.

Internal Processing Goals Evolve consensus through consultative process inter-linking activities of all departments Excel in exploration, development and commercialization Be transparent in all business transactions Synergize through effective business practices and teamwork Have well-defined SOP’s with specific ownerships and accountabilities Improve internal business decision making and strategic planning through state-of-the-art MIS Improve internal controls Periodic business process reengineering

OIL AND GAS TRAINING INSTITUTE (OGTI)

The oil and gas development company limited (OGDCL) was set up in 1961 in the public sector under the ministry of petroleum and natural resources.A i m s   a n d O b j e c t i v e s   o f   O G T I :

The a im s and ob jec t ive s o f O GT I a r e t o i de n t i fy t he t r a in ing needs o f t he i ndus t ry , o f f e r   practical training program to professional of the petroleum industry, and provide training advice and guidance to OGDC and to help established standards for training which will meet the performance needs in the field and on the job. OGTI is dedicated to: Establish courses and in-house training programs which will meet the specific needs of OGDC and the Pakistan petroleum industry.T h e u n i v e r s i ti e s a n d t e c h n i c a l s c h o o l s d o n o t p r o v i d e t h e f u l l r a n g e o f s u b j e c t m a tt e r necessary for a graduate entering the petroleum industry. It is OGTI’S intention to ensure that the i n d i v i d u a l h a s a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o o b t a i n t h i s t r a i n i n g w i t h i n h i s fi r s t t w o y e a r s w i t h O G D C L . I n addition to basic training courses , OGTI will Organizes in-house technology update seminars.

1. IntroductionThis report is a short description of my month internship carried out as compulsory component ofthe BS Geology. The internship was carried out within the organization OGDCL (Islamabad) in 2016. SinceI am interested in Petroleum Geology, the work was concentrated on Hydrocarbon exploration. At the beginning of the internship I formulated several learning goals, which I wanted to achieve:

to understand the functioning and working conditions of a governmental organization To see what is like to work in a professional environment. To see if this kind of work is a possibility for my future career. To use my gained skills and knowledge. To see what skills and knowledge I still need to work in a professional environment. To learn about the organizing of a research project (planning, preparation, permissions etc.) To learn about research methodologies (field methods/methods to analyze data) To get fieldwork experience/collect data in an environment unknown for me. To enhance my communication skills.

This internship report contains my activities that have contributed to achieve a number of my statedgoals.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDYThis report is based on study carried out for the fulfillment of the degree requirement of the BS  in Geology at the UAJK. The purpose of the study is to do practical work in field and apply the knowledge of classroom lectures to the real life situations.

CHAPTER2

OGDCl Islamabad Head office

During internship at OGDCL Head office I was taught about following topics:

Symbols of oil & gas wells

Sedimentary RocksSedimentary rocks are those formed at or near the Earth's surface by the depostion(by water, wind or ice), accumulation and lithification of sediment (detrital rock) or bythe precipitation from solution (chemical rock) and/or growth in position by organicprocesses (e.g., carbonate reefs). They are formed at or near the earth's surface atrelatively low temperatures and pressures. They typically occur in layers (strata)separated by bedding planes and differences in composition

Sedimentary EnvironmentsSedimentary rocks are formed in a variety of environment where sedimentaccumulates. Sedimentary environments typically are in the areas of low elevation atthe surface, which can be divided into continental, shoreline, and marineenvironments. Each environment is characterized by certain physical, chemical, andbiological conditions, thus sedimentary rocks hold clues to ancient environments andEarth history.

TextureTexture is a function of the physical makeup of rock--namely, the size, shape, andarrangement (packing and orientation) of the discrete grains or particles of asedimentary rock.

Cuttings Shape (Argillaceous, Calcareous and Chemical Rocks)Descriptive terms used for argillaceous, calcareous and noncarbonate chemicalcuttings are:• Blocky – chunky appearance, often used with subblocky• Subblocky – often used with blocky• Amorphous – having no definite form; it is quite common with claystonesfound in the top hole section of the well• Elongate• Flat or Tabular• Platy – flaky; often used to describe shale cuttings; often used with subplaty,fissile and subfissile• Subplaty – often used with platy• Fissile - capable of being split or divided in the direction of the grain or alongnatural planes of cleavage; a characteristic of shale; often used with subfissileand platy and subfissile• Subfissile – often used with fissile; a property of shales• Irregular• Splintery – used to describe some carbonates, coals and shalesThe mud logger should always distinguish between shale, which exhibits fissility, andclaystone, which yields fragments, which do not have parallel plane faces.These terms are not used for the arenaceous / rudaceous cuttings.

Grain or Crystal Sizes (Arenaceous, Rudaceous lithologies and Clastic Carbonates)Grain size is a measure of the energy of the system where the rock was deposited.Along with sorting, it has a direct bearing on porosity and permeability. For examplecoarse-grained sandstones have often, but not always, larger pore throats, and thushave a better permeability, than finer grained deposits. Size classifications are basedon the Wentworth scale

Petroleum origination :

Death, Decay and BurialBillions of years ago, the sun fuelled life on earth. The presence of four simpleelements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen) created the conditions for life.They combined to form amino acids. From the first living cell to ourselves millionsupon millions of plant and animal species have sprung up and then vanished; billionsupon billions of creatures have lived and died.Oil and gas are derived almost entirely from decayed animals, plants and bacteria.Many special circumstances have to be in place for hydrocarbons to form. Beingmade up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, most organic waste is destroyedand digested by bacteria.However, some was deposited on the beds of inland seas, lagoons, lakes, river deltasand other oxygen-poor aquatic milieus, and were thus protected from bacterial action.In these areas, vast amounts of plant material accumulate. Bacteria breaking downthis material may use up all the available oxygen, producing a stagnant environmentthat is unfit for larger grazing and scavenging animals. The plants, bacteria and thechemicals derived from their decay become buried in silts and muds and arepreserved.Organic matter mingled with sediment (sand, salt, etc.), and then accumulates inlayers over many millions of years, the oldest layers being buried beneath ones thatare more recent. By their sheer mass, these sedimentary layers sink naturally. Thecontinuous action of plate tectonics at work in the Earth's mantle breaks up theselayers and precipitates them still more deeply into the Earth's crust.

Petroleum Accumulations

For petroleum to accumulate, there must be (1) a source of oil and gas; (2) a reservoir rock (a porous bed which is permeable enough to permit the oiland gas to flow through it); (3) a trap (a barrier to fluid flow so thataccumulation can occur against it). Most knowledge has been obtainedfrom experience and observation, but certain generalizations can be made:• Petroleum originates from organic matter• To become commercial, the hydrocarbons must be concentrated• Petroleum reservoirs primarily occur in sedimentary rocksTrapsA petroleum trap concentrates the petroleum fluids at particular locations, allowingcommercial exploitation. Petroleum traps provide what is known as closure at the levelof the petroleum-bearing reservoir.There are two main types of traps:• Structural traps• Stratigraphic traps

Structural TrapsStructural traps are traps formed by Earth movements. Examples of structural trapsare:• Fault traps••Anticlinal traps (80% of the world’s oilfields are in this category)Rocks are domed over rising salt massesA fault trap occurs when the formations on either side of the fault have been movedinto a position that prevents further migration of petroleum. For example, animpermeable formation on one side of the fault may have moved opposite thepetroleum-bearing formation on the other side of the fault. The impermeable layerprevents further migration of petroleum.

Stratigraphic TrapsStratigraphic traps are traps that result when the reservoir bed is sealed by other bedsor by a change in porosity or permeability within the reservoir bed itself.

Drill Bits

There are two main types of bits usedfor rotary drilling.• Roller Cone Bits• Fixed Cutter Bits

Roller Cone Bits

Roller Cone Bits, commonly called tri-cone bits, are the most common bitsused today. They are named tri-cone because the cutting structures arelocated on three rolling cones attached to the bit body. A variety of typesare available depending upon any specific conditions involved. Two maincategories of tri-cone bits are milled-tooth and insert bits.

Fixed Cutter BitsFixed Cutter Bits have no moving parts. The bit body and cutting structuresrotate as one (i.e. there are no cones). These were the earliest type of bits,with the cutting structure still evolving. The main categories of fixed cutterbits are drag bits, diamond bits, PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact)bits.1. Drag Bits:

This bit was the earliest type. Thecutting structure was sharpened steel. As such, it could only beused in soft formations, and is rarely used today.

2. Diamond Bits: These bits use natural diamond (the hardestsubstance known) as the cutting structure. They are usuallyslightly smaller than tri-cone bits to prevent diamond damagewhile being run into the borehole. The design of diamond bitsvaries greatly in the shape of the head, the size andsetting of the diamonds, and the water courses for cooling. Themain advantages of diamond bits are that, with no bearings, theycan be run for long periods of time and they can drill almost anyformation.

3. PDC Bits: The cutting structure of these bits is composed ofman-made diamond dust/crystals bonded to a tungsten carbidestud. These studs are then either pressed or molded into the bitbody. Because of the crystal structure in the cutter, it is self sharpening (exposing new crystals while others are broken off).They are used in soft to medium-hard formations.

FishingWhen great stress is placed on down hole equipment, the probability existsthat sooner or later there will be a mechanical failure and some part of theequipment will be left in the borehole. Another common source of troubleis the drill string and associated equipment becoming “stuck” in theborehole. The technique of removing pieces/section of equipment is called“fishing”.

Chapter3On the Rig:

Duties responsibilities and Authorities Before you travel to field, find out what your duties and responsibilities on location will be. Who is your supervisor? Whom do you report? What sort of daily reports will be used for the project? What are the reporting deadlines? What are the sample collection requirements? Drill cutting samples are taken routinely for

analytical purposes. Find what type of samples, from what intervals and how many sets are to be taken?

Material and equipments for well site Geologist Work clothes (coveralls), T-shirts. Safety Shoes Hard hat Safety goggles to protect your eyes against dust and chemicals Medicine

Safety:The major safety hazards on rigs are Well blow out and poison gasses. The ordinary safety hazards associated with any rig such as fire, falls and electric hazards are also important.

Hydrogen sulfide, H2S:H2S is extremely dangerous and toxic. It can cause sudden death, even in very small concentrations.H2S is heavier than air, when H2S is encountered one should move higher on the rig rather than lower to escape from it. H2S tends to accumulate at low places.

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE GAS DETECTOR - H2SThe Crowcon gas detection system is used to select and monitor H2S gas levels atvarious sensing points at the rig site. Sensors are usually installed at the bell nippleshale shaker, mud room and rig floor.Shale Shaker:This is a vibrating screen used to separate the drilled solids from the drilling fluid. Thescreen is mounted on a spring or rubber supported chassis, which is vibrated by meansof an eccentric rotating shaft. Screens of different mesh size are available. Mesh sizesbeing measured by the number of openings per square inch. The screens are sometimesmounted as a pair, using screens of different sizes.

Degassers:

These separate the gas that may be trapped in the drilling fluid. The principle ofoperation is essentially the same even though the design varies. The mud is eitherpassed over a series of baffles or caused to swirl round in a bowl; both actions causethe mud to break up resulting in the greatest surface area possible for the gas to breakout. In the swirling action the mud is spread very thinly over a surface. In addition tothe increased surface area, some degassers apply a slight vacuum, this aid in theseparation as the gas or air bubbles expand and break out of the fluid more easily.

Mud pitsAfter drilling fluid has been processed by the solids control equipment; it passes intothe return pit, that is connected sometimes by other pits to the suction pit. The suctionpit is directly connected to the pumps allowing the mud to circulate through this system. Between the return and suction pits the mud is constantly agitated by electric paddle mixers and mud guns.

Drilling with MudDrilling is accomplished by rotating the drill string by means of a power-driven rotarytable or Top Drive System, with a bit attached to the bottom of the pipe. The bit cutsand breaks up rock material as it penetrates the formation. Drilling fluid or mud is pumped from the mud suction pit (1) by the mud pumps (2) through a discharge line to a standpipe (3).The standpipe is a steel pipe mounted vertically on one side of the mast. From thestandpipe the mud passes through a reinforced rubber hose, called the kelly hose orrotary hose. This is connected to the swivel via the gooseneck. As the mud entersthe swivel (4) it flows down the drill stem (5 and 6) and exits at the bit.Drilling fluid swirls in the bottom of the hole picking up material broken by the bit, andthen flows upward in the annulus (space between the walls of the hole and the drillpipe), carrying the cuttings to the surface and clearing the hole (7). The drill pipe andbit deepen the hole as the operation proceeds.At the surface, drilling mud flows into the shakers (8) and into a ditch to a settling pitwhere the cuttings settle to the bottom (9). From the settling pit the fluid overflows intothe mud suction pit from which it is picked up through the suction hose of the mudpump (2) and recirculated through the drill pipe. In the rotary drilling method thecasing pipe is not introduced until after the drilling operations are completed. Thewalls of the hole are held in place by the pressure of the mud pump against the sidesof the hole.

Drilling Fluid Technology

Numerous types of mud are available due to the varied hole conditions.Factors such as depth, types of formations, local structural conditions, etc.,all enter into the choice of a particular mud. The functions andcorresponding properties of a drilling mud are to:• Control subsurface pressures and prevent caving (mud density)• Remove cuttings from the borehole (viscosity)• Suspend cuttings when circulation stops (gel strength)• Cool and lubricate the bit and drill string (additive content)• Wall the borehole with an impermeable filter cake (water loss)• Release the cuttings at the surface (viscosity/gel strength)• Help support the weight of the drill string/casing (density)• Ensure maximum information from the formation

CasingCasing in a well serves a number of functions, it:• Prevents caving of the borehole• Provides a means of containing well (formation) pressures bypreventing fracturing of upper, weaker zones• Provides a means for attaching surface equipment (blowoutpreventors and production tree)• Confines production to the wellbore• Allows segregation of formations behind the pipe and therebyprevents inter-formational flow, and permits production from aspecific zone• Permits installation of artificial lift equipment for producing the well• Provides a borehole of a known diameter for further operationsCementingOil well cementing is the process of mixing and displacing a cement slurrydown the casing and up the annular space behind the casing where it isallowed to set, thus bonding the pipe to the formation. Cementingprocedures are classified as primary or secondary. Primary cementing isperformed immediately after the casing is run into the borehole. Itsobjective is to obtain an effective zonal separation and help protect thecasing. Cementing also helps in the following ways:• Bonds the casing to the formation• Protects the producing formations• Helps in the control of blowouts from high-pressure zones• Seals off troublesome zones (i.e. lost circulation zones)• Provides support for the casing.• Prevents casing corrosion• Forms a seal in the event of a kick during drilling

Chapter4Conclusion:On the whole, this internship was a useful experience. I have gained new knowledge, skills and met many new people. I achieved several of my learning goals, I got insight into professional practice. I learned the different facets of working in OGDCL.There is still a lot to discover and to improve. The methods used at the moment are still notstandardized and a consistent method is in development. The internship was also good to find out what my strengths and weaknesses are. This helped me to define what skills and knowledge I have to improve in the coming time. It would be better that the knowledge level of the language is sufficient to contribute fully to projects. After BS I think that Icould start my working career. However I could perform certain tasks in research better if I practice/knowmore the research methodologies , It would also be better if I can present andexpress myself more confidently.At last this internship has given me new insights and motivation to pursue a career as petroleum Geologist.

References:1. The wellsite Guide by OGDCL.2. Basic Mud Logging Sperry-Sun Drilling Services.3. From Experts at wellsite.4. Google.5. Google Images.