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C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G UC H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Internet Votingin Estonia
Priit Vinkel, PhD
Head of Secretariat
Estonian National Electoral Committee
Head of Elections Department
Chancellery of Riigikogu
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Elections in Estonia
• General (Riigikogu), 4 years, 101 MP, PR list system, multi-member (5-14) districts
• Local government councils, 4 years, 213units, PR list system, multi-member (7-49) districts
• European Parliament, 5 years, 6 MEP, PR list system, national multi-member district
• Referendums, 1991 (independence), 1992 (constitution), 2003 (EU membership)
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Election Administration in Estonia
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Voting in Estonia
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Internet Voting?
• In October 2005 Estonia had first-ever pan-national Internet Voting with binding results
• Ever since, I-voting has been used in eight elections in total (three times in local, three times in parliamentary and twice in EP elections)
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Brief Pre-History
• 2002» Legal basis set in the law
• 2003» Project started: project manager and steering
committee» Initial concept developed
• 2004» Security Analysis on concept» Refined concept» Use-case model developed» Public procurement: winner - Cybernetica» Development of the 1st version
• 2005» Pilot project in Tallinn in January» Municipal elections in October
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
The cardCompulsory document for all residents!
Contains: • Personal data file• Certificate for authentication
(along with e-mail [email protected])
• Certificate for digital signature
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Mobile-ID
• SIM-card with added eIDfunctionality
» Authentication
» Digital signature
• Certificates issued by thestate
» Phone – card reader
» SIM – ID-card
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
I-voting Main Principles
• All major principles of paper-voting are followed
• Voting from any computer connected to the Internet
• Alternative to the paper-ballot
• Digital voter register based on population register
• Voter's identification with eID
• Virtual double envelope scheme
• Public-private key cryptography
• “Virtual voting booth” (changing the I-vote and supremacy of the paper vote)
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Encrypted
vote
Digital signature
I-voters
I-votes Results
Private keyPublic key
Envelope scheme
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G UC H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
User view
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Website for voting
www.valimised.ee
Download and runVoting Application
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Run the Application
• Select your eID
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
In case of ID-card...
• Put your card into card reader
• Insert PIN 1
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
In case of Mobile-ID...
Enter phone number
Verify verification code
Insert PIN 1
Valimised
kontrollkood
7030
Sisenen?
Sisesta PIN1
****
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
You are identified
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Ballot completion
Choose a candidate
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Confirmation (ID-card) Confirm your choice with PIN2
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Confirmation (mobile-ID)
Confirm your choice by signing digitally
Insert PIN 2
Verify verification code
Valimised
kontrollkood
3654
Allkirjastan?
Sisesta PIN2
*****
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Vote received
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Scheme of Verification
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G UC H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Statistics & Sociological content
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
The spread of Internet Voting
1,95,5
14,7 15,824,3 21,2
31,3 30,59317
30275
58669
104413
140846133 808
103151
176491
0
30000
60000
90000
120000
150000
180000
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
2005
local2007
national2009 EP 2009
local2011
national2013
local2014 EP 2015
national
% of voters Internet voters
I-voting Statistics
2005
LE
2007
PE
2009
EP
2009
LE
2011
PE
2013
LE
2014
EP
2015
PE
Number of I-votes 9 681 31 064 59 579 106 786 145 230 136 853 105 170 181 084
Repeated i-votes 364 789 910 2 373 4 384 3 045 2 019 4 593
Number of I-
voters9 317 30 275 58 669 104 413 140 846 133 808 103 151 176 491
I-votes cancelled by
paper ballot30 32 55 100 82 146 46 162
I-votes counted 9 287 30 243 58 614 104 313 140 764 133 662 103 105 176 329
% of i-votes
among total
voters1,9% 5,5% 14,7% 15,8% 24,3% 21,2% 31,3% 30,5%
% of i-votes
among total
advance votes
given
7,2% 17,6% 45,4% 44% 56,4% 50,5% 59,2% 59,6%
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Is it for young people only?
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Is it for curious men?
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
All over the world... 116 countriesin total, 5,7% (in 2015 PE)
• Finland (2980)
• UK (940)
• Sweden (852)
• Germany (541)
• Norway (521)
• U.S. (465)
• Denmark (360)
• Belgium (330)
• Australia (324)
…
• Netherlands (243)
• Thailand (152)
• Poland (62)
• Cambodia (21)
• Sri Lanka (11)
• Cyprus (9)
• Fiji (6)
• Iran (1)
• Bahamas (1)
• etc...
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
Why Estonia?
• eID infrastructure
• Political will (majority)
• Compliance with general principles
• Size of the country
• Relatively high tech knowledge level
• General attitude towards high-tech
• Laziness
• Weather
C H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G UC H A N C E L L E R Y O F R I I G I K O G U
More information
www.valimised.eewww.vvk.ee