internet access.docx

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Internet access

The Internet developed from the ARPANET, which was funded by the US overnment to support

pro!ects within the overnment and at universities and research laboratories in the US " but rew

over time to include most of the world#s lare universities and the research arms of many technoloy

companies$%&'%('%)' Use by a wider audience only came in *++ when restrictions on the use of the

Internet to carry commercial traffic were lifted$%'

In the early to mid-*+./s, most Internet access was from personal

computers and wor0stations directly connected to local area networ0s or from dial-up

connections usin modems and analo telephone lines$ 1ANs typically operated at */ 2bit3s and

rew to support *// and */// 2bit3s, while modem data-rates rew from *&// and &)// bit3s in the

*+./s, to &. and 4 0bit3s by the mid to late *++/s$ Initially dial-up connections were made

from terminals or computers runnin terminal emulation software to terminal servers on 1ANs$ These

dial-up connections did not support end-to-end use of the Internet protocols and only provided

terminal to host connections$ The introduction of networ0 access servers 5NASs6 supportin

the Serial 1ine Internet Protocol 5S1IP6 and later the point-to-point protocol 5PPP6 e7tended the

Internet protocols and made the full rane of Internet services available to dial-up users, sub!ect only

to limitations imposed by the lower data rates available usin dial-up$

8roadband Internet access, often shortened to !ust broadband and also 0nown as hih-speed

Internet access, are services that provide bit-rates considerably hiher than that available usin a 4

0bit3s modem$ In the US National 8roadband Plan of &//+, the U$S$ 9ederal :ommunications:ommission 59::6 defined broadband access as ;Internet access that is always on and faster than

the traditional dial-up access;,%4' althouh the 9:: has defined it differently throuh the years$% there is no dial-in process

re=uired, and it does not ?ho@ phone lines$%+' 8roadband provides improved access to Internet

services such as

• 9aster world wide web browsin

• 9aster downloadin of documents, photoraphs, videos, and other lare files

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-ConneXions-April1996-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_lineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_access_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56_kbit/s_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56_kbit/s_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-howstuffworks-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_wide_webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-ConneXions-April1996-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_lineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_access_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56_kbit/s_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56_kbit/s_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-howstuffworks-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_wide_webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET


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• Telephony, radio, television, and videoconferencin

• Birtual private networ0s and remote system administration

• Cnline amin, especially massively multiplayer online role-playin ames which are

interaction-intensive

In the *++/s, the National Information Infrastructure initiative in the U$S$ made broadband Internet

access a public policy issue$ %*/' In &///, most Internet access to homes was provided usin dial-up,

while many businesses and schools were usin broadband connections$ In &/// there were !ust

under */ million dial-up subscriptions in the () CE:D countries %**' and fewer than &/ million

broadband subscriptions$ 8y &//), broadband had rown and dial-up had declined so that the

number of subscriptions were rouhly e=ual at *(/ million each$ In &/*/, in the CE:D countries,

over +/ of the Internet access subscriptions used broadband, broadband had rown to more than

(// million subscriptions, and dial-up subscriptions had declined to fewer than (/ million$%*&'

The broadband technoloies in widest use are ADS1 and cable Internet access$ Newer technoloies

include BDS1 and optical fibre e7tended closer to the subscriber in both telephone and cable

plants$ 9ibre-optic communication, while only recently bein used in premises and to the

curb schemes, has played a crucial role in enablin broadband Internet access by ma0in

transmission of information at very hih data rates over loner distances much more cost-effective

than copper wire technoloy$

In areas not served by ADS1 or cable, some community oraniFations and local overnments are

installin Gi-9i networ0s$ Gireless and satellite Internet are often used in rural, undeveloped, or

other hard to serve areas where wired Internet is not readily available$

Newer technoloies bein deployed for fi7ed 5stationary6 and mobile broadband access

include Gi2AH, 1TE, and fi7ed wireless, e$$, 2otorola :anopy$

Startin in rouhly &//4, mobile broadband access is increasinly available at the consumer level

usin ;(; and ;); technoloies such as JSPA, EB-DC, JSPAK, and 1TE$

Availability %edit'

In addition to access from home, school, and the wor0place Internet access may be available

from public places such as libraries and Internet cafes, where computers with Internet connections

are available$ Some libraries provide stations for connectin users# laptops to local area

networ0s 51ANs6$

Gireless Internet access points are available in public places such as airport halls, in some cases

!ust for brief use while standin$ Some access points may also provide coin operated computers$

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Information_Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-OECD-countries-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-OCED-June2011-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fibrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre-optic_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_to_the_xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_to_the_xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Canopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimizedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_placehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_cafeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_cafeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Information_Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-OECD-countries-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-OCED-June2011-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fibrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre-optic_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_to_the_xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_to_the_xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Canopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimizedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_placehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_cafeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network


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Barious terms are used, such as ;public Internet 0ios0;, ;public access terminal;, and

;Geb payphone;$ 2any hotels also have public terminals, usually fee based$

:offee shops, shoppin malls, and other venues increasinly offer wireless access to computer

networ0s, referred to as hotspots, for users who brin their own wireless-enabled devices such as

a laptop or PDA$ These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based$ A hotspot

need not be limited to a confined location$ A whole campus or par0, or even an entire city can be

enabled$ rassroots efforts have led to wireless community networ0s$

Additionally, 2obile broadband access allows smart phones and other diital devices to connect to

the Internet from any location from which a mobile phone call can be made, sub!ect to the

capabilities of that mobile networ0$

Speed%edit'

Data rate units (SI)

Unit Symbol Bits Bytes

Lilobit per second 5*/(6 0bit3s *,/// bit3s *& 83s

2eabit3s 5*/46 2bit3s *,/// 0bit3s *& 083s

iabit3s 5*/+6 bit3s *,/// 2bit3s *& 283s

Terabit3s 5*/*&6 Tbit3s *,/// bit3s *& 83s

Petabit3s 5*/*6 Pbit3s *,/// Tbit3s *& T83s

Unit Symbol Bits Bytes

Lilobyte per second 5*/(

6 083s .,/// bit3s *,/// 83s

2eabyte3s 5*/46 283s .,/// 0bit3s *,/// 083s

iabyte3s 5*/+6 83s .,/// 2bit3s *,/// 283s

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_kioskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassrootshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_community_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_community_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_rate_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_prefixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_kioskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassrootshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_community_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_rate_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_prefix


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Terabyte3s 5*/*&6 T83s .,/// bit3s *,/// 83s

Petabyte3s 5*/*6 P83s .,/// Tbit3s *,/// T83s

Main articles: Data rates, Bit rates, Bandwidth (computing) and Device data rates

The bit rates for dial-up modems rane from as little as **/ bit3s in the late *+/s, to a ma7imum of

from (( to 4) 0bit3s 5B$+/ and B$+&6 in the late *++/s$ Dial-up connections enerally re=uire the

dedicated use of a telephone line$ Data compression can boost the effective bit rate for a dial-up

modem connection to from &&/ 5B$)&bis6 to (&/ 5B$))6 0bit3s$%*(' Jowever, the effectiveness of data

compression is =uite variable, dependin on the type of data bein sent, the condition of the

telephone line, and a number of other factors$ In reality, the overall data rate rarely e7ceeds */

0bit3s$%*)'

8roadband technoloies supply considerably hiher bit rates than dial-up, enerally without

disruptin reular telephone use$ Barious minimum data rates and ma7imum latencies have been

used in definitions of broadband, ranin from 4) 0bit3s up to )$/ 2bit3s$%*' In *+..

the::ITT standards body defined ;broadband service; as re=uirin transmission channels capable

of supportin bit rates reater than the primary rate which raned from about *$ to & 2bit3s$%*4' A

&//4 CraniFation for Economic :o-operation and Development 5CE:D6 report defined broadband

as havin download data transfer rates e=ual to or faster than &4 0bit3s$%*


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to-peer 5P&P6 file sharin and hih-=uality streamin video can re=uire hih data-rates for e7tended

periods, which violates these assumptions and can cause a service to become oversubscribed,

resultin in conestion and poor performance$ The T:P protocol includes flow-control mechanisms

that automatically throttle bac0 on the bandwidth bein used durin periods of networ0 conestion$

This is fair in the sense that all users that e7perience conestion receive less bandwidth, but it canbe frustratin for customers and a ma!or problem for ISPs$ In some cases the amount of bandwidth

actually available may fall below the threshold re=uired to support a particular service such as video

conferencin or streamin live video"effectively ma0in the service unavailable$

Ghen traffic is particularly heavy, an ISP can deliberately throttle bac0 the bandwidth available to

classes of users or for particular services$ This is 0nown as traffic shapin and careful use can

ensure a better =uality of service for time critical services even on e7tremely busy networ0s$

Jowever, overuse can lead to concerns about fairness and networ0 neutrality or even chares

of censorship, when some types of traffic are severely or completely bloc0ed$

Outages%edit'

An Internet blac0out or outae can be caused by local sinalin interruptions$ Disruptions

of submarine communications cables may cause blac0outs or slowdowns to lare areas, such as in

the &//. submarine cable disruption$ 1ess-developed countries are more vulnerable due to a small

number of hih-capacity lin0s$ 1and cables are also vulnerable, as in &/** when a woman diin

for scrap metal severed most connectivity for the nation of Armenia$%&&' Internet blac0outs affectin

almost entire countries can be achieved by overnments as a form of Internet censorship, as in the

bloc0ae of the Internet in Eypt, whereby appro7imately +( %&(' of networ0s were without access in

&/** in an attempt to stop mobiliFation for anti-overnment protests$%&)'

Cn April &, *++


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MENU

///

Typical noises of a dial-up

modem while establishin

connection with a

local ISPin order to et

access to the Internet$

"ro!lems pla#ing this ile$ See media

help%

Dial-up Internet access uses a modem and a phone call placed over the public switched telephone

networ05PSTN6 to connect to a pool of modems operated by an ISP$ The modem converts a

computer#s diital sinal into an analo sinal that travels over a phone line#s local loop until it

reaches a telephone company#s switchin facilities or central office 5:C6 where it is switched to

another phone line that connects to another modem at the remote end of the connection$%&4'

Cperatin on a sinle channel, a dial-up connection monopoliFes the phone line and is one of the

slowest methods of accessin the Internet$ Dial-up is often the only form of Internet access available

in rural areas as it re=uires no new infrastructure beyond the already e7istin telephone networ0, to

connect to the Internet$ Typically, dial-up connections do not e7ceed a speed of 4 0bit3s, as they are

primarily made usin modems that operate at a ma7imum data rate of 4 0bit3s downstream

5towards the end user6 and () or ). 0bit3s upstream 5toward the lobal Internet6$%+'

Local area networks%edit'

1ocal area networ0s 51ANs6 provide Internet access to computers and other devices in a limited area

such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office buildin, via an upstream lin0 to an Internet

service provider$ The upstream lin0s may be established by a variety of technoloies, such as Point-

to-point protocol over Ethernet$ Althouh 1ANs may provide hih data-rates that typically rane from*/ to */// 2bit3s,%&


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2ost Internet access today is throuh a 1AN %citation needed ', often a very small 1AN with !ust one or two

devices attached$ And while 1ANs are an important form of Internet access, this raises the =uestion

of how and at what data rate the 1AN itself is connected to the rest of the lobal Internet$ The

technoloies described below are used to ma0e these connections$

ardwired broadband access%edit'

The term broadband includes a broad rane of technoloies, all of which provide hiher data rate

access to the Internet$ These technoloies use wires or cables in contrast to wireless broadband

described later$

!ultilink dial-up%edit'

2ultilin0 dial-up provides increased bandwidth by channel bondin multiple dial-up connections and

accessin them as a sinle data channel$%&.' It re=uires two or more modems, phone lines, and dial-

up accounts, as well as an ISP that supports multilin0in " and of course any line and data chares

are also doubled$ Thisinverse multiple7in option was briefly popular with some hih-end users

before ISDN, DS1 and other technoloies became available$ Diamond and other vendors created

special modems to support multilin0in$ %&+'

Integrated Ser"ices Digital Network%edit'

Interated Services Diital Networ0 5ISDN6 is a switched telephone service capable of transportin

voice and diital data, is one of the oldest Internet access methods$ ISDN has been used for voice,

video conferencin, and broadband data applications$ ISDN was very popular in Europe, but less

common in North America$ Its use pea0ed in the late *++/s before the availability of DS1 and cable

modem technoloies$%(/'

8asic rate ISDN, 0nown as ISDN-8RI, has two 4) 0bit3s ;bearer; or ;8; channels$ These channels

can be used separately for voice or data calls or bonded toether to provide a *&. 0bit3s service$

2ultiple ISDN-8RI lines can be bonded toether to provide data rates above *&. 0bit3s$ Primary rate

ISDN, 0nown as ISDN-PRI, has &( bearer channels 54) 0bit3s each6 for a combined data rate of

*$ 2bit3s 5US standard6$ An ISDN E* 5European standard6 line has (/ bearer channels and a

combined data rate of *$+ 2bit3s$

Leased lines%edit'

1eased lines are dedicated lines used primarily by ISPs, business, and other lare enterprises toconnect 1ANs and campus networ0s to the Internet usin the e7istin infrastructure of the public

telephone networ0 or other providers$ Delivered usin wire, optical fiber , and radio, leased lines are

used to provide Internet access directly as well as the buildin bloc0s from which several other forms

of Internet access are created$%(*'

T-carrier technoloy dates to *+< and provides data rates that rane from 4 and 4) 0bit3s 5DS/6 to

*$ 2bit3s 5DS* or T*6, to ) 2bit3s 5DS( or T(6$ A T* line carries &) voice or data channels 5&)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilink_stripinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_bondinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_bondinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Multimediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Multimediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Multimediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-fail-29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-Horak-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilink_stripinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_bondinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Multimediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-fail-29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-Horak-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_3


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DS/s6, so customers may use some channels for data and others for voice traffic or use all &)

channels for clear channel data$ A DS( 5T(6 line carries &. DS* 5T*6 channels$ 9ractional T* lines

are also available in multiples of a DS/ to provide data rates between 4 and *,// 0bit3s$ T-carrier

lines re=uire special termination e=uipment that may be separate from or interated into a router or

switch and which may be purchased or leased from an ISP$%(&'

In Oapan the e=uivalent standard isO*3O($ In Europe, a slihtly different standard, E-carrier , provides (& user channels 54) 0bit3s6 on an

E* 5&$/ 2bit3s6 and *& user channels or *4 E*s on an E( 5()$) 2bit3s6$

Synchronous Cptical Networ0in 5SCNET, in the U$S$ and :anada6 and Synchronous Diital

Jierarchy 5SDJ, in the rest of the world6 are the standard multiple7in protocols used to carry hih-

data-rate diital bit-streams over optical fiber usin lasers or hihly coherent liht from liht-emittin

diodes 51EDs6$ At lower transmission rates data can also be transferred via an electrical interface$

The basic unit of framin is an C:-(c 5optical6 or STS-(c 5electrical6 which carries *$&/ 2bit3s$

Thus an C:-(c will carry three C:-* 5*$.) 2bit3s6 payloads each of which has enouh capacity to

include a full DS($ Jiher data rates are delivered in C:-(c multiples of four providin C:-

*&c 54&&$/./ 2bit3s6, C:-).c 5&$).. bit3s6, C:-*+&c 5+$+( bit3s6, and C:-


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Digital subscriber line (DSL$ %DSL$ SDSL$ and &DSL)%edit'

Diital Subscriber 1ine 5DS16 service provides a connection to the Internet throuh the telephone

networ0$ Unli0e dial-up, DS1 can operate usin a sinle phone line without preventin normal use of

the telephone line for voice phone calls$ DS1 uses the hih fre=uencies, while the low 5audible6

fre=uencies of the line are left free for reular telephone communication$%+' These fre=uency bands

are subse=uently separated by filters installed at the customer#s premises$

DS1 oriinally stood for ;diital subscriber loop;$ In telecommunications mar0etin, the term diital

subscriber line is widely understood to mean Asymmetric Diital Subscriber 1ine 5ADS16, the most

commonly installed variety of DS1$ The data throuhput of consumer DS1 services typically ranes

from &4 0bit3s to &/ 2bit3s in the direction to the customer 5downstream6, dependin on DS1

technoloy, line conditions, and service-level implementation$ In ADS1, the data throuhput in the

upstream direction, 5i$e$ in the direction to the service provider6 is lower than that in the downstream

direction 5i$e$ to the customer6, hence the desination of asymmetric$%(4' Gith a symmetric diital

subscriber line 5SDS16, the downstream and upstream data rates are e=ual$ %(


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The use of optical fiber offers much hiher data rates over relatively loner distances$ 2ost hih-

capacity Internet and cable television bac0bones already use fiber optic technoloy, with data

switched to other technoloies 5DS1, cable, PCTS6 for final delivery to customers$%))'

Australia has already beun rollin out its National 8roadband Networ0 across the country usin

fiber-optic cables to +( percent of Australian homes, schools, and businesses$ %)' Similar efforts are

underway in Italy, :anada, India, and many other countries 5see 9iber to the premises by country6$%)4'

%)


11/29

,i-i%edit'

Gi-9i loo

Gi-9i is a trade name for a wireless local area networ0 5G1AN6 that uses one of the IEEE

./&$** standards$ It is a trademar0 of the Gi-9i Alliance$ Individual homes and businesses often use

Gi-9i to connect laptops and smart phones to the Internet$ Gi-9i Jotspots may be found in coffee

shops and various other public establishments$ Gi-9i is used to create campus-wide and city-

wide wireless networ0s$%'%4'%


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2otorola :anopy and other proprietary technoloies offer wireless access to rural and other mar0ets

that are hard to reach usin Gi-9i or Gi2AH$

,i!%%edit'

Gorldwide Interoperability for 2icrowave Access 5Gi2AH 6 is a set of interoperable implementations

of the IEEE ./&$*4 family of wireless-networ0 standards certified by the Gi2AH 9orum$ Gi2AH

enables ;the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DS1;$

%4*' The oriinal IEEE ./&$*4 standard, now called ;9i7ed Gi2AH;, was published in &//* and

provided (/ to )/ meabit-per-second data rates$ %4&' 2obility support was added in &//$ A &/**

update provides data rates up to * bit3s for fi7ed stations$ Gi2a7 offers a metropolitan area

networ0 with a sinal radius of about / 0m 5(/ miles6, far surpassin the (/-metre 5*//-foot6

wireless rane of a conventional Gi-9i local area networ0 51AN6$ Gi2AH sinals also penetrate

buildin walls much more effectively than Gi-9i$

Satellite broadband%edit'

Satellite Internet access via BSAT in hana

Satellite Internet service provides fi7ed, portable, and mobile Internet access$ It is amon the most

e7pensive forms of broadband Internet access, but may be the only choice available in remote

areas$%4(' Data rates rane from & 0bit3s to * bit3s downstream and from & 0bit3s to */ 2bit3s

upstream$ Satellite communication typically re=uires a clear line of siht, will not wor0 well throuh

trees and other veetation, is adversely affected by moisture, rain, and snow 50nown as rain fade6,

and may re=uire a fairly lare, carefully aimed, directional antenna$

Satellites in eostationary Earth orbit 5EC6 operate in a fi7ed position (,


13/29

via satellite$ T:P tunin and T:P acceleration techni=ues can mitiate some of these problems$

EC satellites do not cover the earth#s polar reions$%4)' JuhesNet and BiaSat are EC systems$

Satellites in 1ow Earth orbit 51EC, below &/// 0m or *&)( miles6 and 2edium earth orbit 52EC,

between &/// and (,


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Q S2 PRS 5&$6 4 to ** 0bit3s

Q S2 EDE 5&$


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Q not movin or movin at lower speeds

Q MB.A (/0%0)

The download 5to the user6 and upload 5to the Internet6 data rates iven above are pea0 or

ma7imum rates and end users will typically e7perience lower data rates$

Gi2AH was oriinally developed to deliver fi7ed wireless service with wireless mobility added in

&//$ :DPD, :D2A&/// EB-DC, and 28GA are no loner bein actively developed$

In &/**, +/ of the world#s population lived in areas with & coverae, while ) lived in areas with

& and ( coverae$%44'

Local !ultipoint Distribution Ser"ice%edit'

1ocal 2ultipoint Distribution Service 512DS6 is a broadband wireless access technoloy that usesmicrowave sinals operatin between &4 JF and &+ JF$%4


16/29

This map presents an overview of broadband affordability, as the relationship between averae yearly income per capita and the cost of a

broadband subscription 5data referrin to &/**6$ Source Information eoraphies at the C7ford Internet Institute$ %


17/29

unnecessary or motivated by concerns other than the cost of deliverin bandwidth to the end user$ %


18/29

%rab States . &4 )*

%sia and *aci2ic + &( (&

#ommonwealt o2

Independent States

*/

()

4

6urope )4 4


19/29

i8ed broadband Internet subscriptions in .34.

as a percentage o2 a country7s population

Source International Telecommunications Union$%.4'

!obile broadband Internet subscriptions in .34.

as a percentage o2 a country7s population

Source International Telecommunications Union$%.


20/29

to the overnments# fear of political instability that miht accompany the benefits of access to the

lobal Internet$%+(' The U$S$ trade embaro is another barrier limitin Internet access in :uba$%+)'

In the United States, billions of dollars has been invested in efforts to narrow the diital divide and

brin Internet access to more people in low-income and rural areas of the United States$ Internet

availability varies widely state by state in the U$S$ In &/** for e7ample, .


21/29

over *// towns across the United Lindom ;from :wmbranto :lydeban0; that have access to their

*// 2bit3s service$%&/'

Gireless Internet Service Provider 5GISPs6 are rapidly becomin a popular broadband option for

rural areas$%*/&' The technoloy#s line-of-siht re=uirements may hamper connectivity in some areas

with hilly and heavily foliated terrain$ Jowever, the Teola pro!ect, a successful pilot in remote

Scotland, demonstrates that wireless can be a viable option$%*/('

The 8roadband for Rural Nova Scotia initiative is the first proram in North America to uarantee

access to ;*// of civic addresses; in a reion$ It is based on2otorola :anopy technoloy$ As of

November &/**, under */// households have reported access problems$ Deployment of a new cell

networ0 by one :anopy provider 5Eastlin06 was e7pected to provide the alternative of (3) service,

possibly at a special unmetered rate, for areas harder to serve by :anopy$%*/)'

A rural broadband initiative in New ealand is a !oint pro!ect between Bodafone%*/' and :horus,

%*/4'

with :horus providin the fibre infrastructure and Bodafone providin wireless broadband,supported by the fibre bac0haul$

%ccess as a ci"il or uman rigt%edit'

3urther inormation: Digital rights and 4ight to 2nternet access

The actions, statements, opinions, and recommendations outlined below have led to the suestion

that Internet access itself is or should become a civil or perhaps a human riht$%*/


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• 9inland 8y Ouly &/*/, every person in 9inland was to have access to a one-meabit per

second broadband connection, accordin to the 2inistry of Transport and :ommunications$ And

by &/*, access to a *// 2bit3s connection$%***'

• 9rance In Oune &//+, the :onstitutional :ouncil, 9rance#s hihest court, declared access to

the Internet to be a basic human riht in a stronly-worded decision that struc0 down portions of

the JADCPI law, a law that would have trac0ed abusers and without !udicial review

automatically cut off networ0 access to those who continued to download illicit material after two

warnins%**&'

• reece Article A of the :onstitution of reece states that all persons has a riht to

participate in the Information Society and that the state has an obliation to facilitate the

production, e7chane, diffusion, and access to electronically transmitted information$%**('

• Spain Startin in &/**, TelefVnica, the former state monopoly that holds the country#s

;universal service; contract, has to uarantee to offer ;reasonably; priced broadband of at least

one meabyte per second throuhout Spain$ %**)'

In December &//(, the Gorld Summit on the Information Society 5GSIS6 was convened under the

auspice of the United Nations$ After lenthy neotiations between overnments, businesses and civil

society representatives the GSIS Declaration of Principles was adopted reaffirmin the importance

of the Information Society to maintainin and strenthenin human rihts%*//' %**'

*$ Ge, the representatives of the peoples of the world, assembled in eneva from */"*&

December &//( for the first phase of the Gorld Summit on the Information Society, declareour common desire and commitment to build a people-centred, inclusive and development-

oriented Information Society, where everyone can create, access, utiliFe and share

information and 0nowlede, enablin individuals, communities and peoples to achieve their

full potential in promotin their sustainable development and improvin their =uality of life,

premised on the purposes and principles of the :harter of the United Nations and respectin

fully and upholdin the Universal Declaration of Juman Rihts$

($ Ge reaffirm the universality, indivisibility, interdependence and interrelation of all human

rihts and fundamental freedoms, includin the riht to development, as enshrined in

the Bienna Declaration$ Ge also reaffirm that democracy, sustainable development, andrespect for human rihts and fundamental freedoms as well as ood overnance at all levels

are interdependent and mutually reinforcin$ Ge further resolve to strenthen the rule of law

in international as in national affairs$

The GSIS Declaration of Principles ma0es specific reference to the importance of the riht

to freedom of e7pression in the ;Information Society; in statin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Communications_(Finland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Communications_(Finland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADOPI_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-gr-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-WSIS-03-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-Murray-115http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Communications_(Finland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADOPI_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-gr-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-WSIS-03-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access#cite_note-Murray-115http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_society


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)$ Ge reaffirm, as an essential foundation of the Information Society, and as outlined in

Article *+ of the Universal Declaration of Juman Rihts, that everyone has the riht

to freedom of opinion and e7pression> that this riht includes freedom to hold opinions

without interference and to see0, receive and impart information and ideas throuh any

media and reardless of frontiers$ :ommunication is a fundamental social process, a basichuman need and the foundation of all social oranisation$ It is central to the Information

Society$ Everyone, everywhere should have the opportunity to participate and no one should

be e7cluded from the benefits of the Information Society offers$;%**'

A poll of &


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society, includin the private sector and relevant overnment ministries, to ma0e the Internet

widely available, accessible and affordable to all sements of population$

Network neutrality%edit'

Net neutrality

+opics and issues

8a

ndwidth throttlin

Da

ta discrimination

De

ep pac0et inspection

En

d-to-end principle

Int

ernet Protocol 5IP6

Ne

t bias

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_throttlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_access&action=edit&section=31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_throttlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_throttlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_bias


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Ne

t neutrality law

Se

arch neutrality

Tie

red Internet

By country or region

8r

aFil

:a

nada

European Union

Ind

ia

Ne

therlands

Phi

lippines

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_neutralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiered_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Civil_Rights_Framework_for_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_law#European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta_for_Philippine_Internet_Freedomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_neutralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_neutralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiered_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiered_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Civil_Rights_Framework_for_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Civil_Rights_Framework_for_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_law#European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_law#European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta_for_Philippine_Internet_Freedomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta_for_Philippine_Internet_Freedom


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Un

ited States 59::6

Internet portal

B

T

E

Main article: 5et neutralit#

Networ0 neutrality 5also net neutrality, Internet neutrality, or net e=uality6is the principle that Internet service providers and overnments should

treat all data on the Internet e=ually, not discriminatin or charin

differentially by user, content, site, platform, application, type of

attached e=uipment, or mode of communication$ %*&/'%*&*'%*&&'%*&(' Advocates of

net neutrality have raised concerns about the ability of broadband

providers to use their last mile infrastructure to bloc0 Internet

applications and content 5e$$ websites, services, and protocols6, and

even to bloc0 out competitors$ %*&)' Cpponents claim net neutrality

reulations would deter investment into improvin broadband

infrastructure and try to fi7 somethin that isn#t bro0en$ %*&'%*&4'

Natural disasters and access%edit'

Natural disasters disrupt internet access in profound ways$ This is

importantnot only for telecommunication companies who own the

networ0s and the businesses who use them, but for emerency crew

and displaced citiFens as well$ The situation is worsened when

hospitals or other buildins necessary to disaster response lose their

connection$ Lnowlede ained from studyin past internet disruptionsby natural disasters could be put to use in plannin or recovery$

Additionally, because of both natural and man-made disasters, studies

in networ0 resiliency are now bein conducted to prevent lare-scale

outaes$%*&


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Cne way natural disasters impact internet connection is by damain

end sub-networ0s 5subnets6, ma0in them unreachable$ A study on

local networ0s after Jurricane Latrina found that &4 of subnets within

the storm coverae were unreachable$ %*&.' At Jurricane LatrinaMs pea0

intensity, almost ( of networ0s in 2ississippi were without power,while around *) of 1ouisianaMs networ0s were disrupted$%*&+' Cf those

unreachable subnets,


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bac0ups, affectin companies such as Netfli7, Pinterest, Reddit, and

Instaram$%*(


29/29

• Ghite Spaces :oalition, a roup of technoloy companies wor0in

to deliver broadband Internet access via unused analo television

fre=uencies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Spaces_Coalitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Spaces_Coalition

internet access.docx

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