internationalhumanrightsandhumanitarianlaw...cambridge studies in international and comparative law...

International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law

How do international human rights and humanitarian law protect

vulnerable individuals in times of peace and of war? Rene Provost

analyses systemic similarities and differences in the construction of

each body of law, showing how they achieve a similar goal. By

detailing the dynamics of human rights and humanitarian law,

Provost reveals how each performs a task for which it is better suited

than the other, and that the fundamentals of both fields remain

partly incompatible. This helps us understand why their norms

succeed in some ways and fail, at times spectacularly, in others.

Provost’s study represents innovative and in-depth research,

covering all relevant materials from the UN, ICTY, ICTR, and regional

organisations in Europe, Africa and Latin America. This study will be

of interest to academics and graduate students in international law

and international relations, as well as to legal practitioners in related

fields, and NGOs active in human rights.

rene provost is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law and the

Institute of Comparative Law, McGill University. He has published

in the British Yearbook of International Law, the Columbia Journal of

Transnational Law and the University of Miami Inter-American Law Review.

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

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cambridge studies in international and comparative law

This series (established in 1946 by Professors Gutteridge, Hersch Lauterpachtand McNair) is a forum of studies of high quality in the fields of public andprivate international law and comparative law. Although these are distinctlegal subdisciplines, developments since 1946 confirm their interrelationship.

Comparative law is increasingly used as a tool in the making of law atnational, regional and international levels. Private international law isincreasingly affected by international conventions, and the issues faced byclassical conflicts rules are increasingly dealt with by substantiveharmonisation of law under international auspices. Mixed internationalarbitrations, especially those involving state economic activity, raise mixedquestions of public and private international law. In many fields (such as theprotection of human rights and democratic standards, investment guaranteesand international criminal law) international and national systems interact.National constitutional arrangements relating to ‘foreign affairs’, and to theimplementation of international norms, are a focus of attention.

Professor Sir Robert Jennings edited the series from 1981. Following hisretirement as General Editor, an editorial board has been created andCambridge University Press has recommitted itself to the series, affirming itsbroad scope.

The Board welcomes works of a theoretical or interdisciplinary character,and those focusing on new approaches to international or comparative law orconflicts of law. Studies of particular institutions or problems are equallywelcome, as are translations of the best work published in other languages.

General Editors: Professor James Crawford SC FBAWhewell Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law andDirector, Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law,University of CambridgeProfessor John S. Bell FBA Professor of Law, Faculty of Law,University of Cambridge

Editorial Board: Professor Hilary Charlesworth, University of AdelaideProfessor Lori Damrosch, Columbia University Law SchoolProfessor John Dugard, Universiteit LeidenProfessor Mary-Ann Glendon, Harvard Law SchoolProfessor Christopher Greenwood, London School ofEconomicsProfessor David Johnston, University of EdinburghProfessor Heinz Kotz, Max-Planck-Institut, HamburgProfessor Donald McRae, University of OttawaProfessor Onuma Yasuaki, University of TokyoProfessor Reinhard Zimmermann, Universitat Regensburg

Advisory Committee: Professor Sir D. W. Bowett QCJudge Rosalyn Higgins QCProfessor Sir Robert Jennings QCProfessor J. A. Jolowicz QCProfessor Sir Elihu Lauterpacht QCProfessor Kurt Lipstein QCJudge Stephen Schwebel

A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume






International Human Rights andHumanitarian Law

Rene Provost






P U B L I S H E D B Y T H E P R E S S S Y N D I C A T E O F T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F C A M B R I D G E

The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

C A M B R I D G E U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, VIC 3166, AustraliaRuiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, SpainDock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa


C© Rene Provost 2002

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2002

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Typeface Swift 10/13 pt System LATEX 2ε [TB]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataProvost, Rene, 1965–International human rights and humanitarian law / Rene Provost.

p. cm. – (Cambridge studies in international and comparative law)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0 521 80697 6 (HB)1. Humanitarian law. 2. Human rights. I. Title. II. Cambridge studies in internationaland comparative law (Cambridge, England: 1996)KZ6471.P76 2002341.4′81 – dc21 2001043248

ISBN 0 521 80697 6 hardback






A mes parents,pour tout






Contents

Acknowledgments page xTable of cases xiiTable of treaties xviiiTable of other international instruments xxxiv

Introduction 1

PART I Normative frameworks

Introduction 13

1 Rights and procedural capacity 16Rights 17

Human rights 18Humanitarian law 26

Procedural capacity 42Substantive right to a remedy 43International standing 49

Conclusion 54

2 Obligations and responsibility 57Obligations 58


Responsibility 102Role of responsibility 103Duty to prosecute 110

Conclusion to Part I 116

vii






viii contents

PART II Reciprocity

Introduction 121

3 Formation 127Procedural aspects 127

Treaty law 127Customary law 130

Object and purpose of norms 133Human rights 133Humanitarian law 136

Reservations and reciprocity 140Human rights 141Humanitarian law 146

4 Application 152Initial applicability and reciprocity 152


Further application and reciprocity 163Article 60 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 163Human rights 167Humanitarian law 172

5 Sanction 182Countermeasures 182

Belligerent reprisals 183Countermeasures and human rights 201

Individual responsibility: the rule tu quoque 227

Conclusion to Part II 236

PART III Application: law and facts

Introduction 241

6 Areas of legal indeterminacy 247Humanitarian law of armed conflict 247

Inter-state armed conflicts 248National liberation armed conflicts 253Non-international armed conflicts under Protocol II 260Internal armed conflicts under common Article 3 264

State of emergency under human rights law 269






contents ix

7 Legal effect of characterisation 277Self-characterisation 278

Humanitarian law 279Human rights 284Conclusion 290

Third states 292Political organs of intergovernmental organisations 296

Characterisation by political bodies 296Nature and effect of characterisation 304

Independent bodies 315Human rights 316Humanitarian law 323

Conclusion to Part III 338

General conclusion 343

Bibliography 351Index 388






Acknowledgments

Over the course of writing a book, one accumulates many more debtsthan can be acknowledged in a few lines. I am grateful to Ian Brownlie,who gave me constant support and advice throughout the course ofthis project, even after I had left Oxford. My thanks go to Louis Henkinat Columbia Law School, with whom I had my first discussions to ar-ticulate the topic of this work. David Daube and Stefan Riesenfeld atUC Berkeley provided, in very different ways, inspiring models of whatacademic pursuit should be about. Christine Gray, Benedict Kingsbury,James Crawford and Stephen Toope gave me helpful comments and ad-vice at various stages.

St Antony’s College proved a very warm and hospitable place to spendmy time in Oxford, for which I am thankful to the Warden, Fellows andstaff. The Faculty of Law of McGill University provided, and continues toprovide, a collegial, friendly and stimulating environment. I am indebtedto the staff of the Bodleian Law Library and the McGill Law Library foraccommodating my frequent requests for esoteric books and articles.I am also grateful for the financial support provided by a number ofsources, including the Fonds pour la formation de chercheurs et l’aidea la recherche du Quebec, the Centennial Scholarship Fund, the IODEWar Memorial Scholarships Fund and the Boulton Trust Fund of McGillUniversity.

With Amanda Dickins, Fabien Gelinas, Carolina Labarta, DavidLametti, Susan Law, Hans Meier, David N’dii, Peter Oliver, Sophie ProbertOliver, Diarmuid Rossa Phelan, Nandini Ramanujam, Genevieve Saumier,Stephen Smith and Robert Wintemute, I shared much food, wine,whisky, movies, sports, outings and so many other things essential tothe production of a work such as this one. J’ai dedie ce livre a mes

x






acknowledgments xi

parents, Jean et Denyse, pour tout ce que j’ai appris et continued’apprendre d’eux. Finally my greatest debt is owed to Shauna, with-out whom nothing would have been possible . . . et pour Daniel Sol etMicah, pour qui rien n’est impossible.






Table of cases

Abella v. Argentina (‘La Tablada’ case) page 157, 199, 333–5Admission of a State to the United Nations

(Advisory Opinion) 311–12, 314Ahmed v. Austria 61Air Service Agreement Award 182, 185, 189, 277Ashby v. White 14Askoy v. Turkey 287–8, 316Asylum case 281, 292Austria v. Italy 134, 145, 168Avila v. Colombia 333, 335–6‘Baby Boy’ case 65Baffico v. Calleri 90, 191Barbie case 70Barcelona Traction case 124, 134, 145, 204Bauer et al. trial 35Belgium v. Falkenhausen 197Belilos v. Switzerland 143Bleier v. Uruguay 113Bouchelkia v. France 216Brannigan and McBride v. UK 242, 271, 285, 287–8, 316–17, 323Bronstein v. Peru 135Burger-Fischer et al. v. DeGussa AG 46Caso del Tribunal constitucional 135Chrysostomos v. Turkey (1991) 19Civil War Claimants Assoc. Ltd v. R 47Coard v. United States 20, 335Commission nationale des droits de l’homme v. Chad 61, 269Compulsory Membership (Advisory Opinion) 61

xii






table of cases xiii

Corfu Channel case 197Cyprus v. Turkey (1975) 19, 20, 21, 285, 333–4Cyprus v. Turkey (1979) 20Cysne case 191Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands v. Greece 206Disabled Peoples International v. US 199Diversion of Water from the Meuse case 163Doe v. Islamic Salvation Front 47, 97East Timor case 55, 124Effect of Reservations (Advisory Opinion) 135Enforceability of the Right to Reply or Correction

(Advisory Opinion) 45Essen Lynching case 85Filartiga v. Pena-Irala 44, 63First Cyprus case 316France v. Alois and Anna Bommer 84France v. Lex 84France v. Wagner 30France, Norway, Denmark, Sweden and the

Netherlands v. Turkey 146Gabcıkovo-Nagymaros case 164, 166, 170, 182, 223General Wagener case 139Genocide Convention Application case (Provisional Measures) 310–12Genocide Convention Application case

(Preliminary Objections) 69, 124, 205, 324Genocide Convention Application case (Counterclaims Order) 171, 235Gericke v. FRG 24, 135Goldstar (Panama) v. US 33Gouriet v. Union of Post Office Workers 14Greek case 272, 316–17Greiser (In re) 251Gueye v. France 217Handel v. Artukovic 33Handyside v. UK 66HCMA v. Netherlands 113Hermosilla v. Chile 113Herrera Rubio v. Colombia 61Huyn Thi Anh v. Levi 33Ibanez v. UK 21Interhandel case (Preliminary Objections) 140






xiv table of cases

International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg) 57, 81, 82, 83, 105, 107,174, 230, 232, 234, 235, 281–2

International Military Tribunal for the Far East (Tokyo) 105, 153Interpretation of the American Declaration (Advisory Opinion) 65Ireland v. UK 114, 134, 242, 288, 316Iversen v. Norway 273Iwanowa v. Ford Motor Co. 33, 46, 97Jacub L v. Teofil B 251Javor v. X 33Jaworzina Frontier Delimitation (Advisory Opinion) 340Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig 17, 62, 88Kadic v. Karadzic 46, 47, 97Kappler (In re) (the Ardeatine Cave trial) 185, 188, 190, 191, 197Kjeldsen, Busk, Madsen and Petersen case 144Kommunistische Partei Deutschland v. FRG 153Krofan v. Public Prosecutor 36Lake Lanoux case 277‘Lawless’ case 242, 273, 285–6, 287–8, 316Lockerbie Case (Provisional Measures) 310–12Lockerbie case (Admissibility) 310–12Loizidou v. Turkey (Preliminary Objections) 19, 20Loizidou v. Turkey (Merits) 19Lopez v. Uruguay 22, 66Lubicon Lake Band v. Canada 42Mavrommatis Palestine Concession case (Jurisdiction) 17, 203McVeigh v. UK 285Medina (In re) 33Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against

Nicaragua (Admissibility) 312Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against

Nicaragua (Merits) 39, 92, 94, 138, 147, 156, 192, 193, 198, 323–4Military Prosecutor v. Kassem 93Ministere public v. C . . . et B . . . 266Mohamed Ali v. Public Prosecutor 36N v. B 251Naulilaa arbitration 196Netherlands v. Heinemann 198Netherlands v. Rauter 190, 198Netherlands v. Washio Awochi 84North Sea Continental Shelf case 342






table of cases xv

Norway v. Flesch 84Norwegian Loans case 140Nuclear Test case 134, 284Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion) 5, 147, 149, 155, 184,

193, 196, 199, 200, 275, 333Nulyarimma v. Thompson 108, 115OR v. Argentina 113‘Other Treaties’ (Advisory Opinion) 65Paniagua Morales v. Guatemala 114Papon case 70Paul Burghoff (In re) 227, 235Peter Pazmany University v. Czechoslovakia 16Prefecture of Voiotia v. FRG 47Princz v. FRG 33Proposed Amendment to the Constitution of Costa Rica

(Advisory Opinion) 216Prosecutor v. Akayesu 70, 71, 88, 94, 96, 100, 106, 108, 241, 266,

282, 291, 313, 329Prosecutor v. Aleksovski ( Judgment) 101Prosecutor v. Aleksovski (Appeals Judgment) 39, 92, 229Prosecutor v. Blaskic 39, 41, 71, 92, 94, 101, 327Prosecutor v. Delalic et al. (the ‘Celebici’ case) ( Judgment) 39, 101, 250Prosecutor v. Delalic et al. (the ‘Celebici’ case)

(Appeals Judgment) 39, 92, 106, 111, 149, 192, 200, 229, 241, 313Prosecutor v. Erdemovic (Sentencing Judgment) 104, 105, 108Prosecutor v. Erdemovic (Appeals Judgment) 85, 108Prosecutor v. Furundzija 63, 109, 222, 241Prosecutor v. Jelisic 102Prosecutor v. Kayishema and Ruzindana 71, 88, 100, 283Prosecutor v. Kordic ( Judgment) 71, 92, 241, 253Prosecutor v. Kordic and Cerkes (‘Lasva Valley’ case) (Decision

on the Joint Defence Motion to Dismiss the AmendedIndictment for Lack of Jurisdiction Based on the LimitedJurisdictional Reach of Articles 2 and 3) 96

Prosecutor v. Kunarac 101Prosecutor v. Kupreskic (‘Lasva Valley’ case) (Decision on

Defence Motion to Summon Witness) 139, 235Prosecutor v. Kupreskic (‘Lasva Valley’ case) (Decision on

Evidence of the Good Character of the Accused and theDefence of Tu Quoque) 235






xvi table of cases

Prosecutor v. Kupreskic (‘Lasva Valley’ case) ( Judgment) 71, 72, 140,147, 184, 187, 192, 194, 195, 200, 232, 235

Prosecutor v. Martic 96Prosecutor v. Mrksic et al. (‘Vukovar Hospital’ case) 88Prosecutor v. Musema 89, 100, 108, 261, 262, 263, 264Prosecutor v. Nikolic 71Prosecutor v. Radic 96, 241Prosecutor v. Rutaganda 71, 88, 100, 108, 261, 264Prosecutor v. Simic 327–8Prosecutor v. Tadic (Interlocutory Appeal) 95, 96, 99, 106, 139, 157,

241, 251, 267, 306, 312–13, 327, 329–30, 341Prosecutor v. Tadic (Opinion and Judgment) 39, 40, 69, 71, 86, 96,

97, 99, 100, 108, 241, 251, 253, 267, 268Prosecutor v. Tadic (Appeals Judgment) 39, 41, 71, 89, 91, 92, 97, 101,

108, 193, 251, 253Public Prosecutor v. Koi 36, 38Quirin, ex parte 77, 82R v. Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate,

ex parte Pinochet (No. 3) 68, 107, 109Ramirez v. Uruguay 285Reparations for Injuries (Advisory Opinion) 203, 283Reservations to the Genocide Convention

(Advisory Opinion) 69, 107, 133, 140Restrictions to the Death Penalty (Advisory Opinion) 141, 142Roach and Pinkerton v. US 65Roechling case (1919) 78Roechling case (1948) 86Salas v. United States 20SE v. Argentina 113Siberian Internment case 33‘Silbertanne’ Murders case 198Silva v. Uruguay 286, 319–20Soc. Timber, Soc. Zeta, Soc. Obla v. Ministeri Esteri e Tesoro 46South West Africa cases (Second Phase) 55, 163, 170, 204Swedish Engine Drivers’ Union 44Tacna-Aria Arbitration 163Tel-Oren v. Libya 33, 63‘The Blonde’ case 172Tinoco arbitration 342Tsemel v. Ministry of Defense (Israel) 291






table of cases xvii

Tyrer v. UK 24UK v. Kesselring 190, 194UK v. von Mackensen and Maelzer 190, 194US v. Black 86US v. Dosler 30US v. Flick 85, 87US v. Goebel 86US v. Hangobl 35US v. Klein (Hadamar trial) 85, 99US v. Krauch (IG Farben trial) 87, 251US v. Krupp 87US v. List (Hostages trial) 175, 197US v. Ohlendorf (Einsatzgruppen trial) 88, 185, 192US v. Schosser, Goldbrunner and Wilm 86US v. von Leeb (High Command trial) 197, 229, 232, 233US v. Weizsaecker (Ministries trial) 251US v. Yamashita 30US Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Teheran case 73, 123, 219Velasquez-Rodrıguez case (1988) 60, 61, 113, 345Western Sahara (Advisory Opinion) 55X and Y v. Netherlands 61, 115Young, James and Webster case 61Zyklon B case 86






Table of treaties

Bold type indicates that the article is reproduced in whole or in part

1864Geneva Convention page 27, 1301899Hague Regulations 27Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs

of War on Land 51906(Geneva) Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition

of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field 249Art. 30 128

1907Hague Conventions 50, 146, 172, 249, 250Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs

of War on Land 5, 33, 105, 155, 160, 251, 301Art. 1 35Art. 2 36, 137Art. 3 45, 47, 75, 78, 92, 103, 174Art. 7 128

Hague Convention (VI) Relating to the Status of EnemyMerchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities 147

Hague Convention (IX) Concerning Bombardment byNaval Forces in Times of WarArts. 5–6 77

Hague Regulations 27, 87, 155, 251Art. 1 90, 175Art. 1(4) 160

xviii






table of treaties xix

Art. 2 160Art. 23(g) 47Art. 29 36Art. 42 251Arts. 42–56 175Art. 45 8Art. 46–8 47Art. 50 187--8, 193Arts. 52–3 47

1919League of Nations Covenant

Arts. 12–16 249Art. 16 249

Treaty of VersaillesArt. 218 105Art. 228 76

1925Geneva Protocol on Chemical and Bacteriological Warfare 174, 3001928Briand–Kellogg Pact 2491929Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners

of War 27, 105, 131, 153, 160, 172, 173, 179Art. 2 184Art. 2(3) 167Art. 10(3) 173Art. 30 173Art. 42 27Arts. 45–6 173Art. 62 27Arts. 63–4 173Art. 64 27Art. 82 160Art. 83 29Art. 92 128

Geneva Convention on Wounded and Sick 105Art. 30 105Art. 33 128

1930ILO Convention on Forced Labour (No. 29)

Art. 2(2)(c) 322






xx table of treaties

Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval ArmamentArt. 22 174

1936London Protocol on Submarine Warfare 174, 2301940Armistice Agreement between France and Germany 931945United Nations Charter 201, 206, 248, 249

Art. 1(3) 305Art. 2(4) 3, 51, 196, 199, 211Art. 4 311Art. 25 310Chapter VII 276, 304–5, 311Art. 39 310Art. 55 305Art. 56 305

London Agreement 79, 85Charter of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal 69, 79

Art. 6 79, 80, 81, 235Art. 7 82Art. 8 82Arts. 9–11 81

1948Genocide Convention 141

Art. I 68, 70Art. IV 68, 70, 107Arts. VI–VII 112Art. XIII 128

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 208ILO Convention (No. 87) on Freedom of Association 3211949Geneva Conventions (collectively) 2, 5, 6, 32, 33, 50, 89, 96, 115, 146,

148, 155, 160, 169, 173, 179, 194, 195, 200,201, 244, 248, 255, 257, 262, 280, 281, 282, 283,

290, 294, 296–7, 299, 300, 306, 309, 346, 348First Geneva Convention

Art. 1 137, 138, 154, 175Art. 2 92, 147, 153, 250Art. 2(3) 137, 154, 155, 156, 178, 179






table of treaties xxi

Art. 3 7, 32, 39, 40, 46, 94, 95, 96, 98, 106, 111, 128, 147,150, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 198, 199, 248, 253,

255, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264–69, 280,290, 299, 301, 304, 326, 330, 335–6, 347

Art. 3(3) 178Art. 5 250Art. 6 27, 29, 179Art. 7 27, 28, 29Art. 9 325, 327Art. 10 325Art. 11 50, 325Art. 12 6, 40Art. 13 36Art. 13(2) 36, 90, 91, 92Art. 13(2)–(6) 160, 346Art. 13(3) 93Art. 13(6) 36Art. 23 325Art. 38 150Art. 46 184Art. 48 48Art. 49 48, 76, 110, 111, 139, 231, 295Art. 50 32, 95, 101, 106, 110, 328Art. 51 32, 139Art. 52 50Art. 53 150Art. 58 128Art. 62 156Art. 63 177

Second Geneva ConventionArt. 1 137, 138, 154, 175Art. 2 92, 147, 153, 250Art. 2(3) 137, 154, 155, 156, 178, 179Art. 3 7, 32, 39, 40, 46, 94, 95, 96, 98, 106, 111, 128, 147,

150, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 198, 199, 248, 253,255, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264–69, 280, 290, 299,

301, 304, 325, 326, 330, 335–6, 347Art. 3(3) 178Art. 4 250






xxii table of treaties

Art. 6 27, 29, 179Art. 7 27, 28, 29Art. 9 325, 327Art. 10 325Art. 11 50, 325Art. 12 6, 40Art. 13 36Art. 13(2) 36, 90, 91, 92Art. 13(2)–(6) 160, 346Art. 13(3) 93Art. 13(6) 36Art. 47 184Art. 48 48Art. 50 48, 76, 110, 111, 139, 231, 295Art. 51 32, 95, 101, 106, 110, 328Art. 52 32, 139Art. 53 50Art. 57 128Art. 61 156Art. 62 177

Third Geneva Convention 8, 325Art. 1 137, 138, 154, 175Art. 2 92, 147, 153, 250Art. 2(3) 137, 154, 155, 156, 178, 179Art. 3 7, 32, 39, 46, 94, 95, 96, 98, 106, 111, 128, 147, 150,

154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 198, 199, 248, 253,255, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264–9, 280, 290, 299,

301, 304, 325, 326, 330, 335–6, 347Art. 3(3) 178Art. 4(A) 36Art. 4(A)(2) 8, 36, 40, 90, 91, 92, 158, 191Art. 4(A)(2)–(6) 160, 346Art. 4(A)(3) 93Art. 4(A)(6) 8, 36, 40Art. 5 250Art. 5(2) 8Art. 6 27, 29, 179Art. 7 27, 28, 29Art. 9 325, 327Art. 10 325






table of treaties xxiii

Art. 11 50, 325Art. 12 103Art. 13 92, 149, 184Art. 17 28, 149, 150Art. 23 173Art. 25 173Art. 51 173Art. 56 325Art. 60 28Art. 68 47Arts. 72–81 325Art. 78 50Art. 82 173Art. 85 30, 31, 148, 149Art. 87 38Arts. 87–8 173Art. 99 173Art. 100 38Art. 102 173Art. 106 173Art. 108 173Art. 118 56Art. 127 48Art. 129 48, 76, 110, 111, 139, 231, 295Art. 130 32, 95, 101, 106, 110, 328Art. 131 32, 139Art. 132 50Art. 138 128Art. 142 156, 177

Fourth Geneva Convention 251, 293, 300–1Art. 1 137, 138, 154, 175Art. 2 92, 147, 153, 250Art. 2(3) 137, 154, 155, 156, 178, 179Art. 3 7, 32, 39, 46, 94, 95, 96, 98, 106, 111, 128, 147,

150, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 198, 199, 248,253, 255, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264–9, 280, 290,

299, 301, 304, 325, 326, 330, 335–6, 347Art. 3(3) 178Art. 4 38, 41, 194Art. 5 31, 37, 40, 158






xxiv table of treaties

Art. 5(2) 31Art. 6 250, 251Art. 7 27, 29, 179Art. 8 27, 28, 29Art. 10 325, 327Art. 11 325Art. 12 50, 325Arts. 13–26 (Part II) 7, 38, 150, 347Art. 13 38Art. 14 325Art. 19 175Arts. 27–78 (Part III) 38, 40Art. 27 6, 38Art. 29 75, 92, 103Art. 30 325Art. 31 149, 150Art. 32 38Art. 33 184, 197Art. 34 197Art. 39 41Art. 44 41Art. 49 38Art. 51 38Art. 59 325Art. 61 325Art. 63 325Art. 67 38Art. 68 38, 149Art. 76 325Art. 78 336Art. 96 325Art. 101 50Art. 102 325Art. 104 325Arts. 108–9 325Art. 111 325Art. 118 38Art. 140 325Arts. 142–3 325Art. 144 48Art. 146 48, 76, 110, 111, 139, 231, 295






table of treaties xxv

Art. 147 32, 95, 101, 106, 110, 328Art. 148 32, 139Art. 149 50Art. 153 128Art. 157 156Art. 158 177

1949ILO Convention (No. 98) On the Right to Organise 3211950Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and

Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention onHuman Rights) (as amended) 272, 288Art. 1 19, 60Art. 2 142, 332Art. 4 142Art. 5(5) 103Art. 7 142Art. 10 302Art. 10(2) 66Art. 13 43, 45Art. 14 215Art. 15 273, 285–7, 302, 307, 316–17, 334Art. 15(1) 332, 333–4Art. 15(2) 199, 221Art. 16 25, 216Art. 17 66Art. 32 (1950 Convention) 297, 302, 307, 314Art. 33 74, 134, 206, 332Art. 34 332Art. 37(1) 24Art. 46(2) (1950 Convention) 146Art. 46(2) 302, 307Art. 55 220Art. 57 141Art. 59(2) 128

Protocol 4Art. 3(1) 25Art. 3(2) 25

Protocol 7Art. 1 25

Protocol 11 297, 302, 307, 314






xxvi table of treaties

1952ILO Convention (No. 103) on Maternity Protection 2151954Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event

of Armed Conflict (Hague Convention on Cultural Property) 146Art. 4(4) 184Art. 4(4)–(5) 176Art. 11 184Art. 11(1) 176, 177Art. 18(3) 155Art. 19 176, 178, 265

Protocol 2Art. 6 176Art. 13 176

1956Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the

Slave Trade, and Similar Institutions and Practices Similarto Slavery 68Art. 3 107Art. 3(1) 68Art. 5 68Art. 6 68Art. 9 141

1958ILO Convention (No. 110) on Plantations 2151960UNESCO Convention Against Discrimination in Education

Art. 9 1411961Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

Art. 47(2)(a) 123European Social Charter

Art. 30 269Appendix

Art. 30 (Part V) 2711965International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms

of Racial Discrimination 43Art. 1(1) 215Art. 1(2) 215






table of treaties xxvii

Art. 2(1)(d) 59Art. 11 206Art. 20(2) 141

1966International Covenant on Economic, Social and

Cultural Rights 2, 66, 141, 244Preamble 64Art. 2(2) 215Art. 2(3) 26Art. 8 168Art. 27(1) 128

International Covenant on Civil andPolitical Rights 2, 141, 244, 289, 316Preamble 64Art. 1 55Art. 1(1) 145Art. 2 22Art. 2(1) 21, 22, 60, 215Art. 2(3) 43Art. 4 199, 269, 285, 287, 317–20Art. 4(1) 219, 221, 319, 333Art. 4(2) 199, 319Art. 4(3) 294, 319Art. 5(1) 22, 66Art. 6 142, 199, 333Art. 7 142Art. 8 69Art. 10(3) 168Art. 11 142Art. 12 217Art. 12(4) 22, 213Art. 13 25Art. 14 6, 32, 55, 117Art. 14(6) 103Art. 15 142Art. 18 142Art. 19(3) 66Art. 20 61Art. 25 25Art. 26 217






xxviii table of treaties

Art. 40 317, 320, 332Art. 40(1)(b) 318Art. 41 74, 134, 145, 146, 206, 320, 332Art. 44 220Art. 49(1) 128

Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civiland Political Rights 319Art. 1 22, 74, 332

1969American Convention on Human Rights 20, 25, 200, 244, 272

Art. 1 60, 112Art. 1(1) 19, 215, 216Art. 4 112Art. 5 112Art. 8 112Art. 10 103Art. 22(5) 25Art. 22(6) 25Art. 22(9) 25Art. 23 25Art. 25 43, 112, 335Art. 27 269, 320–1, 334–5Art. 27(1) 219, 221, 333Art. 27(2) 199Art. 27(3) 294Art. 29(b) 335Art. 32 66, 75Art. 32(1) 66Art. 32(2) 66Art. 41 332Art. 44 65, 74, 146, 332Art. 45 65, 74, 206, 332Art. 45(2) 146Art. 62(3) 146Art. 64 335Art. 74(2) 128Art. 75 141

Vienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesPreamble (para. 6) 170Art. 4 170






table of treaties xxix

Art. 19(c) 140Art. 20(4)(b) 144Art. 21 144Art. 21(1) 140Art. 21(3) 143Art. 43 166, 178Art. 53 221Art. 60 163--4, 166, 170Art. 60(1)–(3) 169Art. 60(2)(b) 167Art. 60(3) 203Art. 60(5) 144, 155, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171,

173, 175, 177, 178, 180, 2251972US–Polish Air Service Agreement 208, 2951973ILO Minimum Age Convention 168International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment

of the Crime of Apartheid 68Art. I(2) 68Art. III 68, 107Art. IV 112Art. V 68Art. XI 112

1976Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile

Use of Environmental Modification TechniquesArt. V(5) 306

1977Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August

1949 4, 5, 6, 33, 146, 148, 155, 280, 281, 282, 283, 296, 309Protocol I 94, 115, 162, 173, 179, 195, 200, 201, 252, 255,

257, 259, 297, 303, 306–7, 325, 348Art. 1 55, 137, 138, 157, 175, 250Art. 1(4) 7, 55, 94, 155, 159, 250, 252, 254, 256,

257, 260, 283, 291, 296, 298, 309Art. 3 325Art. 5–6 325Art. 9 40Art. 11(4) 328






xxx table of treaties

Art. 20 184, 193Art. 33 325Arts. 43–4 40Art. 43 40, 94, 158, 257Art. 43(1) 36, 159, 347Art. 44 94Art. 44(2) 31, 37Art. 44(3) 37Art. 44(4) 37Arts. 46–7 40Art. 51(5)(b) 199Art. 51(6) 184, 193, 194Art. 51(7) 176Art. 51(8) 176, 177Art. 52(1) 184, 193Art. 53(c) 184, 193Art. 54 137Art. 54(4) 184, 193, 194Art. 55(2) 184, 193Art. 56 165Art. 56(4) 184, 193Art. 57 176, 177Art. 60(7) 180Art. 73 40, 41, 150Art. 75 6, 7, 32, 40, 42, 55, 56, 100, 117, 150, 198Art. 75(1) 202Art. 75(2)(c) 202Art. 78 325Art. 81 325Art. 83 48Art. 85 101, 106, 110, 328Art. 86 295Art. 86(1) 110, 111Art. 89 305, 306, 328, 329Art. 90 50, 185, 328, 329, 331–2Art. 90(2)(a) 50, 331Art. 90(2)(c) 328–9, 330Art. 90(2)(d) 50, 330–1Art. 90(5)(a) 331Art. 90(5)(c) 332






table of treaties xxxi

Art. 91 45, 48, 75, 92, 103Art. 95(1) 128Art. 96 154, 178Art. 96(2) 153, 154, 156, 178, 179Art. 96(3) 94, 154, 155, 178, 254, 256, 257, 258,

260, 283–4, 294, 296, 303, 347Art. 97 325Art. 99 177

Protocol II 94, 95, 96, 106, 111, 150, 157, 158, 160,248, 259, 260, 261, 264, 267, 268, 293,

299, 301, 330, 341, 347, 349Art. 1 161, 259, 261, 279Art. 1(1) 7, 161, 261, 262, 265, 280Art. 1(2) 263Art. 2 40Art. 19 48Art. 23 128Art. 24 177

1979African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights 141, 244, 345

Preamble 64Art. 1 60Art. 2 215Art. 7 43Art. 12(2) 25Art. 12(4) 25Art. 12(5) 25Art. 13 25Arts. 27–9 67Art. 27(1) 67Art. 27(2) 67Art. 28 67Art. 29 67Art. 29(1) 67Art. 29(3) 67Art. 29(7) 67Arts. 46–59 332Art. 47 206Art. 58 307Art. 63(3) 128

International Hostages Convention 213






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