international transportation system

8/9/2019 International Transportation System

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PRESENTED BY:

DIVYA AGARWAL

GUIDED BY:

PROF. SEEMA VYAS


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MEANING OF TRANSPORT

y Transport refers to the activity that facilitates physicalmovement of goods as well as individuals from one place toanother. In business, it is considered as an auxiliary to trade,

that means, it supports trade and industry in carrying rawmaterials to the place of production and distributing finishedproducts for consumption. So it removes the distance barrier.

y Now a days goods produced at one place are readily available atdistant places, people freely move throughout the world because

of transport. It is associated with every step of our life. Withouttransport, we, as well as business units cannot move a singlestep.


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IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT

y Makes available materials to manufacturers orproducers.

y Makes available goods to consumers.

y Enhanced standard of living.

y Helps during emergencies and natural calamaties

y Helps in creation of employment.

y Helps in labour mobility.y Helps in bringing nations together.


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MODES OF TRANSPORT

y The modes of transport can be broadly divided intothree categories:

y Land transport

y Water transport

y Air transport

y On land we use trucks, tractors, train, buses, etc. tocarry goods. In air we find aeroplanes, helicopters tocarry passengers as well as goods. Similarly in water

we find ships, steamers, etc. To carry goods andpassengers.


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LAND TRANSPORT

y Land transport refers to activities of physicalmovement takes place on road, rail, rope or pipe. Soland transport may further be divided into road

transport, rail transport, ropeway transport, pipelinetransport.


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ROAD TRANSPORT

Road transport in India has a large and extensivetransportation system. The country has one of the

world's largest railway and roadway network

transporting millions of people every year. However,vast sections of the country's transportation networkremains underdeveloped. roads are the means thatconnect one place to another on the surface of land.


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y The means of road transport may be divided into threetypes:

y Man driven

y Animal driven

y Motor driven

y Compared with man driven and animal driven means ofroad transport, motor driven means of transport have

become more important over the years. This is due to

their speedy movement and larger carrying capacity.Extension of roads to every corner of the country havealso enhanced the use of motor driven transport.


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y Human-poweredy Human-powered transport is the transport of people and/or goods

using human muscle-power. Modern technology has allowedmachines to enhance human-power. Human-powered transportremains popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical

exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport issometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped orinaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainabletransportation.

y Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, thetransport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especiallywhen enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles andinline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developedfor difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraftrowing and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-poweredaircraft.


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y HUMAN-POWERED TRANSPORT: remains common in developingcountries


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y ADVANTAGES OF ROAD TRANSPORT:

y it is a relatively cheaper mode of transport ascompared to other modes.

y

Perishable goods can be transported at a fast speedby road carriers over a short distance.

y It is a flexible mode of transport as loading andunloading is possible at any destination.it providesdoor to door service.

y It helps people to travel and carry goods from oneplace to another, in places which are not connected

by other means of transport like hilly areas.


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y LIMITATIONS OF ROAD TRANSPORT:

y Due to limited carrying capacity road transport is noteconomical for long distance transportation of

goods.y Transportation of heavy goods or goods in bulk by

road involves high cost.

y It is affected by adverse weather conditions. Floods,

rains, landslides, etc, sometimes create obstructionsto road transport.


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RAIL TRANSPORT

Rail transport of goods and passengers on rail lines throughtrain is called transport. It occupies an important place inland system of our country and is the most dependablemode of transport to carry goods and passenger over a long

distance. Besides long distance, local transport ofpassenger is also provided by local trains or metro rail insome metro Politian cities. Rail transport is availablethroughout the country except some hilly or mountainous

regions.


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RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION


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y Advantages of Rail transporty (i) It is a convenient mode of transport for travlling long distances.y (ii) It is relatively faster than road transport.y (iii) It is suitable for carrying heavy goods in large quantities over long

distances.y

(iv) Its operation is less affected by adverse weathers conditions like rain,floods, fog, etc.

y Limitations of Railway transporty (i) It is relatively expensive for carrying goods and passengers over short

distances.y (

ii) It is not available in remote parts of the country.y (iii) It provides service according to fixed time schedule and is not flexible

for loading ory unloading of goods at any place.y (iv) It involves heavy losses of life as well as goods in case of accident.


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PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

In modern times, pipelines are used for various purposes. Water

supply to residential and commercial areas is carried on with thehelp of pipeline. Petroleum and natural gas are also transportedfrom one place to another through pipelines. This is the most

convenient as well as economical mode of transport for petroleumas well as natural gas in comparison to road and rail transport,provided the volume to be transported is large. But the cost ofinstallation and maintenance requires large capital investment.

Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables

instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used atsteep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators,escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized asconveyor transport.


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PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION


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y Ropeway transport

Ropeway refers to a mode of transport, whichconnects two places on the hills, or across a valley or

river. In the hilly areas, trolleys move on wheelsconnected to a rope and are used for carryingpassengers or goods, especially building materials,food, etc. The famous Uran Khatola Jagdamba in

Gujarat that carries pilgrims to the temple is anexample of ropeway transport, which carries morethan 100 passengers at a time.


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WATER TRANSPORT

Water transport refers to movement of goods and passengers onwaterways by using various means like boats, steamers, launches,ships, etc. With the help of these means goods and passengers arecarried to different places, both within as well as outside thecountry. Within the country, rivers and canals facilitate the

movement of boats, launches, etc. Since the goods and passengersmove inside the country, this type of transport is called inland watertransport. When the different means of transport are used to carrygoods and passengers on the sea route it is termed as oceantransport.

y In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steamengine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. Thesteam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have anengine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel.Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power toproduce the steam.


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y Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method oftransporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Commercial vessels,nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in2007.Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport fortrans-continental shipping short sea shipping and ferries remain viable incoastal areas.

y Inland water transport

Inland water transport use boats, launches, barges, streamers, etc., to carrygoods and passengers on river and canal routes. These routes are calledinland waterways and are used in domestic or home trade to carry bulkygoods. Passenger transport through waterways is not so popular in ourcountry. Inland water transport system exists only in few states like. WestBengal, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Tamil Nadu, etc.


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y II. OCEAN TRANSPORTOcean transport refers to movement of goods and passengers with the help ofships through sea or ocean waterways. It plays an important role in thedevelopment of international trade. It is also used for transporting goods andpassengers in the coastal areas. Ocean transport has its fixed route, whichlinks almost all the countries of the world. Sea transport may be of the

following two types.

y Coastal Shipping - In this transport, ships ply between the main ports of acountry. This helps in home trade, and also in carrying passengers within thecountry.

y

Overseas shipping - In this transport, ships ply between different countriesseparated by sea or ocean. It is mainly used for promotion and developmentof international trade. It is economical means of transport to carry heavymachines and goods in bulk. Overseas transport is carried out on fixedroutes, which connect almost all the countries. In ocean transport, differenttypes of ships are used to carry passengersand goods.


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WATER TRANSPORT


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y Advantages of water transport:

y Water Transport has the following advantages:y It is a relatively economical mode of transport for bulky and heavy goods.y It is a safe mode of transport with respect to occurance of accidents.y The cost of maintaining and constructing routes is very low as most of them are

naturallyy made.y It promotes international trade.

y Limitations of water transport:

y

The depth and navigability of rivers and canals vary and thus, affect operations ofy different transport vessels.y It is a slow moving mode of transport and therefore not suitable for transport ofy perishable goods.y It is adversely affected by weather conditions.

y Sea transport requires large investment on ships and their maintenance.


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AIR TRANSPORT

This is the fastest mode of transport. It carries goods and passengersthrough airways by using different aircrafts like passenger aircraft,cargo aircraft, helicopters, etc. Besides passengers it generally carriesgoods that are less bulky or of high value. In hilly and mountainousareas where other mode of transport is not accessible, air transport isan important as well as convenient mode. It is mostly used fortransporting goods and passengers during natural calamities likeearthquake and floods, etc.

During war, air transport plays an important role in carrying soldiersas well as supplies to the required areas. Air transport may beclassified as domestic and international air transport. While domesticair transport mainly facilitates movement within the country,international air transport is used for carrying goods and passengersbetween different countries. Air transport is carried out in fixed airroutes, which connect almost all the countries.


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y The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, afterthe rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometersper hour, single-engine aircraft 175 kilometers per hour .

Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited

amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur highcosts and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessibleplaces helicopters can be used. WHO estimates that up to500,000 people are on planes at any time.


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AIR TRANSPORT


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INCHEON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, SOUTH KOREA


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y Advantages ofAir transport:

y It is the fastest mode of transport.y It is very useful in transporting goods and passengers to the area, which

are not accessible by any other means.y

It is the most convenient mode of transport during natural calamities.y It provides vital support to the national security and defence.

y Limitations of air transport:

y It is relatively more expensive mode of transport.

y It is not suitable for transporting heavy and bulky goods.y It is affected by adverse weather conditions.y It is not suitable for short distance travel.y In case of accidents, it results in heavy losses of goods, property and life.


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ELEMENTS

y INFRASTRUCTURE

y Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. Itconsists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking andmaintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire waythe vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid

this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However,they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.

y Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations wherepassengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode toanother. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different

modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode'sadvantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the citycenters and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, whilebuses and coaches can operates from simple stops. For freight, terminalsact as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directlyfrom the point of production to the point of use.


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y The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport isoften a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in somecountries railways and airports are funded through taxation. Newinfrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financedthrough debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, suchas landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this,

authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles.

y Vehiclesy A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods.

Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders.Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless beingpulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own

propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustionengine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means ofpropulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy intomovement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers andpressure. Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, somesystems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated.


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y Operation

Private transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, whooperates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freighttransport, operations are done through private enterprise or by

governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned andoperated by the same company, or they may be operated by differententities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline andnational railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized.International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with littleregulation, but ports can be public owned.


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FUNCTIONS

y PASSENGER: Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public andprivate transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while privateis vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offersbetter flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmentalimpact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure ormigration.

y International travel may be restricted for some individuals due tolegislation and visa requirements.

y FRIEGHT: Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain inmanufacturing. With increased specialization and globalization, productionis being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing thedemand for transport.

y Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producerto consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing,material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of riskduring transport.


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IMPACT

y ECONOMIC:

y Transport is a key component of growth and globalization.

y Transport is a key necessity for specializationallowing production andconsumption of products to occur at different locations.

y better transport allows more trade and a greater spread of people.

y . Economic growth has always been dependent on increasing the capacityand rationality of transport.

y But the infrastructure and operation of transport has a great impact on theland and is the largest drainer of energy, making transport sustainability amajor issue.

y Passenger transport is also the essence of tourism, a major part ofrecreational transport.

y Commerce requires the transport of people to conduct business, either toallow face-to-face communication for important decisions or to movespecialists from their regular place of work to sites where they are needed.


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y PLANNING:

y Transport planning allows for high utilization and less impact regardingnew infrastructure.

y Using models of transport forecasting, planners are able to predict future

transport patterns. On the operative level, logistics allows owners of cargoto plan transport as part of the supply chain.

y Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing for maximum vehiclethroughput means that in many cities there is too much traffic and manyif not allof the negative impacts that come with it.

y

ENVI

RONM

ENT

:y Transport is a major use of energy, and burns most of the world's

petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides andparticulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming throughemission of carbon dioxide


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y Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced theindividual vehicles emission.

y Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causingenvironmentalists to call for a transition from air and road to rail andhuman-powered transport, and increase transport electrification andenergy efficiency.

y Other environmental impacts of transport systems include trafficcongestion and automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can consumenatural habitat and agricultural lands.

y By reducing transportation emissions globally, it is predicted that therewill be significant positive effects on Earth's air quality, acid rain, smogand climate change.


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Pros and cons of different modes oftransport

y When deciding which method of transport to use,you need to weigh up the advantages anddisadvantages of each.

y Depending on the distance, destination, volumeand type of goods you deliver, if you want totransport goods directly from door-to-door, youcan choose between different types of road

transport, such as bikes, cars, vans or trucks or usealternatives such as rail, air, sea or electronicdelivery.


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MODES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

ROAD Cheap, convenient, flexible,private

Noisy, pollutes the environment, lesssafe than alternatives, stressful fordrivers, potential delays, can beexpensive where there are congestionor road charges

RAIL Fast, safe, more

environmentally friendlythan alternatives, does notadd to congestion

Limited routes, inflexible routes and

timetables, expensive, sometimesunreliable

AIR Fast for long distancedeliveries, safe

Expensive, unsuitable for some goods,limited routes, inflexible timetables,pollutes the environment, airport taxes

SEA Cheap for large volumes Very slow, relatively few ports,inflexible routes and timetables, portduty or taxes - requires inlandtransportation for door-to-doordelivery

international transportation system

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