international training workshop on groundwater modelling for arid and semi-arid areas &

International Training Workshop on Groundwater Modelling for Arid and Semi-Arid Areas

&G-WADI Asia Meeting

Dr Muhammad Akram Kahlown and Dr Ashfaq Ahmed SheikhPakistan Council of Research in Water Resources

Ministry of Science and Technology11-17 June 2007

Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07

CURRENT SITUATION

• In arid and semi-arid areas, the problems of water scarcity are exacerbated by: population growth, expansion of agricultural activities, induced salinity and agricultural/urban pollution

• Pakistan has mainly arid to semi-arid climate• Rainfall ranges from 125 mm in the extreme

southern plains to 1500 to 1900 mm in the mountains and northern plains

• More than 85% of the area receives rainfall less than 250 mm

• About 70 per cent of total rainfall in monsoon and remaining during winter


CURRENT SITUATION

WATER AVAILABILITY Vs POPULATION GROWTH

3888

2751

2129

15551282

1066915

858

34

46

65

84

115

139.5

195.5

167.72

208.4

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2002 2010 2020 2025

YEAR

PE

R C

AP

ITA

AV

AIL

AB

ILIT

Y (

M)

3

30

50

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

210

230

PER CAPITA AVAILIBILITY

POPULATION GROWTH

WA

TE

R A

VA

ILA

BIL

ITY

(M

AF

)

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N (

Mill

ion

)

160 Million (2007)

1080 m3 (2007)

5260


BALOCHISTAN• Balochistan province is unique in its geo-political

position in Pakistan: south-western part (44% area)• An arid mountainous region receiving an average

annual rainfall of about 200 mm


BALOCHISTAN• Groundwater is the main dependable source of water as

most of the streams are ephemeral • Rainwater in small to large streams/rivers plays a major

role in groundwater development and arid agricultureAnnual Rainfall in Quetta

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Years

An

nu

al

Rain

fall

(m

m)

Annual Rain Average Rainfall

Annual Rainfall in Zhob

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Years

An

nu

al

Rain

fall

(m

m)


Annual Rainfall in Sibi

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Years

An

nu

al

Rain

fall

(m

m)


Annual Rainfall in Kalat

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Years

An

nu

al

Rain

fall

(m

m)



BALOCHISTAN• Due to scarcity of water, out of 186,000 km2 culturable land,

less than 50% area is under cultivation• The province suffered due to inefficient use of its

resources: water, bio-diversity, rangelands, forest and soils

GROUNDWATER RESOURCES

• Growing population is increasing water demand and reduced rainfall increased groundwater utilization.

Human Population in Balochistan

0

3

6

9

12

15

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Years

Hu

ma

n P

op

ula

tion

(m

illio

ns)

RIVER BASINS• There are fourteen major basins in the province


GROUNDWATER BALANCES.

No.River Basins Area

(km2)Districts Groundwater

Potential (million m3)

Groundwater Developed (million m3)

Balance(million m3)

Heavily Overdrawn:

1 Nari 21830 Ziarat, Loralai, Kohlu, Sibi, Zhob, Mastung 25.60 25.60 0.0

2 Pishin-Lora20360

Quetta, Mastung, Kalat, Pishin, Qilla Abdullah

129.60 129.60 0.0

3 Zhob 15535 Qilla Saifullah, Zhob 111.70 102.40 9.30

Part Utilized:

4 Porali 30326 Lasbela, Khuzdar, Awaran 149.10 74.60 74.50

5 Hingol 40926 Awaran, Khuzdar, Washuk, Panjgur, Kalat 265.00 132.70 132.30

6 Hamun-e-Lora 9500 Nushki, Chagai 33.90 16.84 17.06

7 Gaj 6105 Khuzdar, Kalat 34.00 18.00 16.00

8 Kachhi32178

Kohlu, Sibi, Bolan, Nasirabad, Kalat, Jafferabad, Dera Bugti, Barkhan, Khuzdar, Jhal Magsi, Mastung

37.80 11.90 25.90

9 Mula 5930 Khuzdar, Kalat 23.00 9.00 14.00

Surplus Potential:

10 Hamun-e-Mashkhel 79590 Chagai, Nushki, Washuk, Kharan, Kalat 61.00 4.70 56.30

11 Rakhshan 12410 Panjgur, Washuk 24.00 4.40 19.60

12 Dasht 30765 Kech, Panjgur, Awaran, Gwadar 45.50 8.90 36.60

13 Gwadar Omara 21008 Gwadar, Awaran, Kech

130.3(not fully

assessed) 64.80 65.50

14 Others (Kaha, Kand, Kadanai)

20727

Musa Khel, Barkhan, Dera Bugti, Zhob

Zhob

Qilla Abdullah, Pishin

Total 347190 1070.50 603.44 467.06

PILOT BASINSPishin LoraMulaHamun-e-Mushkel


ASSESSMENT CASE

• The case study focused on assessment of status of groundwater utilization, present potential, responsible factors and future scenario

• Data collection through monitoring and field activities

• Secondary data from relevant agencies: WAPDA, Irrigation and Power Department, Agriculture Department, Population Census, etc.

• Further strategic and research activities


Pishin-Lora Basin

S.# Salient Features Value

1 Location 66o 15′ - 67 o 42′ E28o 42′ - 30 o 54′ N

2 Total Area 20,360 km2

3 Sub-basins Quetta, Mangochar, Mastung, Pishin, Kuchlagh

4 Major stream/river Pishin-Lora river

5 Districts Quetta (1688 km2), Mastung (4843 km2), Kalat (4266 km2), Pishin (7782 km2), and Qilla Abdullah (1781 km2).

6 Topography/Elevation Hilly to moderate (1100 to 1800 m)

7 Rainfall 150 to 250 mm(falls out of monsoon belt)

8 Average Temperature 28 oC (max.)9 oC (min.)

9 Major crops/ fruits/ vegetables Wheat, sunflower, apple, apricot, cherry, onion, potato

10 Soils sandy loam to silt loam


Groundwater MonitoringSub-basin Open surface wells Piezometer Automatic recorders Total

Quetta North

Original 1988 33 05 10 48

December 1996 13 02 09 24

Quetta South

Original 1988 20 02 00 22

December 1996 08 01 00 09

Pishin

Original 1988 48 01 00 49

December 1996 33 01 00 34

Mastung

Original 1988 44 02 04 50

December 1996 16 00 04 20

Mangochar

Original 1988 04 01 01 06

December 1996 00 00 01 01

Total

Original 1988 149 11 15 175

December 1996 070 04 14 088

Groundwater DeclineSub-basin Period Average Decline in water level

(m)

Quetta North 1969-1989 4.58

1989-1996 4.27

1997-2000 4.39

Quetta South 1967-1988 2.44

1988-1996 1.83

1997-2000 2.44

Pishin 1976-1989 3.97

1989-1996 6.40

1997-2000 6.71

Mastung 1976-1989 6.40

1989-1996 2.78

1997-2000 4.27

Mangochar 1976-1990 15.25

1990-1996 28.89

1997-2000 6.10

Water Balance in the Basin

Basin Sub-basinRecharge (cusecs)

Extractions (cusecs)

Drawn out of storage (cusecs)

Pishin Lora Quetta-North 38.4 67.2 28.8

Pishin-Lora Mastung 21.8 31.7 9.8

Pishin-Lora Mangochar 10.0 24.7 14.7

Pishin-Lora Pishin 28.5 84.0 55.5


Water Demand and Utilization

• Water is supplied through: tubewells, hand pumps, wells, karezes and springs

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1981 1995 2000 2005 2020 2045

Years

Po

pu

latio

n (

mill

ion

s)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Hu

ma

n W

ate

r D

em

an

d (

MC

M)

Population Human Water Demand


Agriculture Water Utilization• Basin is good for crops, fruits and vegetables• Major crops: wheat, sunflower, fodder• Major fruits: apple, apricot, almond, grapes,

peach, plum, cherry, pomegranate, pistachio etc.

YearsTotal Cultivated

Area(km2)

Area under Fruits(km2)

1990-91 1935 116 (6%)

2002-03 4037 361 (9%)

% Increase 109 211

Agriculture Water UtilizationIrrigation Sources in Pishin Lora Basin: 1990-91

Rainfed67% Karezes/sprin

g3%

Canal1%

Tubewells29%

Canal Tubewells Karezes/spring Rainfed

Irrigation Sources in Pishin Lora Basin: 2002-03

Canal1%

Karezes/spring

3%Rainfed

73%

Tubewells23%


Pishin Lora Basin

6896 69257854

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

1990-91 1993-94 2002-03

Years

No

. o

f T

ub

ew

ell

s

Electric Diesel Total


Water Quality

Sub-basinsSamples Collected

EC(S/cm)

SARTDS

(mg/l)Prevalent Salts

Pishin 811 560-11800 0.2 - 17 400 - 7413 NaHCO3, NaCl,

Na2 SO4

Kuchlagh 400- 7900 0.6 – 1.7 265- 5526

Patki Shahnawaz 1300- 5500 3.6- 19 886- 3593

Shirinab 360- 45000 0.8- 57 274- 32044

Mangochar 570- 4100 0.6- 21 442- 2742

Quetta 450- 4500 0.6- 12 260- 2970

Kalat 520- 4100 0.6- 28 342- 2784

Mastung 180- 15000 0.9- 11 129- 8978


Main Observations

• High rate of electrical tubewells installation due to flat charge rates and led to indiscriminate and inefficient use of groundwater

• Most agriculture by traditional irrigation techniques (flooding)

• Most tubewells either abandoned or further drilling done to pump water

• Situation led to drying of most fruit orchards• Groundwater extraction beyond sustainable limit


Mula BasinS.# Salient Features Value

1 Location 66o 18′ - 67 o 39′ E27o 45′ - 30 o 54′ N


3 Sub-basins Lahri, Orchino, Arjira

4 Major river Mula River

5 Districts Kalat (1593 km2), Khuzdar (4337 km2)

6 Topography/Elevation Moderate slope (600 to 1000 m)

7 Rainfall 190 to 220 mm (outside monsoon belt)

8 Average Temperature 29 oC (max) 11 oC (min)

9 Major crops/ fruits/ vegetables Wheat, Apple

10 Soils Clay and clay loam




• No monitoring groundwater network

Mula Basin

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1951 1961 1972 1981 1998 2030 2050

Years

Po

pu

lati

on

(m

illi

on

s)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Wat

er D

eman

d (

MC

M)

Human Population Water Demand


Agriculture Water Utilization

• Basin is good for crops, fruits and vegetables• Major crops: wheat, barley, cumin, fodder• Major fruits: apple, peach, plum, apricot

YearsTotal Cultivated Area

(km2)Area under Fruits

(km2)

1990-91 234 6 (3%)

2002-03 407 16 (4%)

% Increase 74 155



Irrigation Sources in Mula Basin: 1990-91

Tubewells24%

Canal5%

Karezes/spring4%

Rainfed67%


Irrigation Sources in Mula Basin: 2002-03

Tubewells30%

Rainfed57%

Karezes/spring7%

Canal6%


Mula Basin

696

875

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1990-91 2002-03Years

No

. o

f T

ub

ew

ell

s



Water Quality


EC(S/cm)

SARTDS


Lehri 157 400- 1900 0.1- 9.6 322- 1218 Na/MgHCo3,

NaCl

Orchino 750- 1320 4.3- 9.2 480- 844

Arjira 740- 1800 1.2- 8.4 472- 1152


Main Observations

• High rate of electrical tubewells installation due to flat charge rates and led to indiscriminate and inefficient use of groundwater


• No permanent monitoring network• Sufficient groundwater potential available as

balance is 14 MCM, out of 23 MCM.


Hamun-e-Mushkel BasinS.# Salient Features Value

1 Location 60o 51′ - 66 o 15′ E27o 11′ - 29 o 48′ N


3 Sub-basins Nushki, Badoo Rud, Ladgasht, Basima, Dalbandin, Nokundi, Koh-e-Dalil, Buzurg

4 Major river Hamun-e-Mushkel river (40,460 km2)

5 Districts Chagai (38,923 km2), Kalat (1,236 km2), Kharan (39,431 km2)

6 Topography/Elevation Moderate to hilly (700 to 1100 m)

7 Rainfall 30 to 180 mm

8 Average Temperature 32 oC (max)8 oC (min)

9 Major crops/ fruits/ vegetables

Wheat, Barley, Jawar, fodder, apple, apricot, pomegranate, dates, cumin, onion, melon

10 Soils Silt loam, sandy loam, silty clay calcareous in nature




• Groundwater monitoring non-existentHamun-e-Mushkel Basin

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

1951 1961 1972 1981 1998 2030 2050

Years

Po

pu

lati

on

(m

illi

on

s)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Wate

r D

em

an

d (

MC

M)

Human Population Water Demand



• Basin is good for crops, fruits and vegetables• Major crops/vegetables: wheat, fodder, onion,

potato• Major fruits: apricot, pomegranate, dates, melon

YearsTotal Cultivated Area

(km2)Area under Fruits

(km2)

1990-91 1005 19 (2%)

2002-03 1099 29 (3%)

% Increase 9 54



Irrigation Sources in Hamun-e-Mushkel: 1990-91

Rainfed90%

Karezes/spring2%

Canal1%

Tubewells7%


Irrigation Sources in Hamun-e-Mushkel: 2002-03

Karezes/spring14%

Rainfed52%

Canal1%

Tubewells33%


Hamun-e-Mushkel Basin

686

2034

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1990-91 2002-03

Years

No

. o

f T

ub

ew

ell

s



Water Quality


EC(S/cm)

SARTDS


Nushki 480 700-78000 0.9-75 467-46234 NaHCO3, NaCl,

Na2SO4

Badoo Rud 1000-35000 4.5-48 630-22134

Ladgasht 630-5500 - 432-3601

Basima 540-16800 1.8-37 387-11239

Dalbandin 900-23000 3.8-30 611-13676

Nokkundi 450-50000 1.8-100 342- 31104

Koh-e-Dalil 30000-52800 31-79 16855 - 29711

Buzurg 1300-8500 7.0-28 851 - 5642


Main Observations

• High rate of diesel tubewells installation due to scanty population in desert area


• No permanent monitoring network• Sufficient groundwater potential available as

balance is 56 MCM, out of 61 MCM• The quality of groundwater and sparse

population density have been limiting factors for development.

Overall Water Balance in Balochistan

Water

1998 2010 2025 2050

million cubic meters (MCM)

Available water:Surface (Indus):Surface (flood/runoff):Groundwater: Total:

4,780.012,460.01,071.0

18,311.0

7,050.012,460.01,071.0

20,581.0

7,050.012,460.01,071.0

20,581.0

7,050.012,460.01,071.0

20,581.0

Water Used:Surface (Indus):Surface (flood/runoff)Groundwater: Total:

4,780.01,568.5603.6

6,952.1

7,050.03,876.0685.0

11,611.0

7,050.08,193.0815.0

16,058.0

7,050.011,130.01,050.0

19,235.0

Balance:Surface (Indus):Surface (flood/runoff)Groundwater: Total:

0.010,891.5

467.411,358.9

0.08,584.0386.0

4,523.0

0.04,267.0256.0

4,523.0

0.01,330.0

16.01,346.0

RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

• Enforcement of a water management authority including community members to coordinate water resources planning/ development

• Long term sustainable resource management strategy including: reduced groundwater utilization; development of new surface supplies involving storage dams, leaky dams for recharge; reduction in demand from some sectors notably agriculture through adoption of efficient water management techniques.

• In rural areas, establishing a relationship between power charges and water consumption for agriculture. The present flat rate charges should be abolished.

• Future prices of water and electricity should reflect the commodities opportunity cost.

• A policy of controlled groundwater mining must be acknowledged. A strategy should be established in those areas where the aquifer storage can be proven sufficient to provide resource until such time as sustainable resources may be available.

• Establishment of a regular groundwater monitoring network

• An awareness campaign to deliver the message of efficient water conservation and management techniques for all water users.


ACTIVITIES AND PROPOSED ESTIMATE FOR

PILOT BASINS S.No. Activities Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

1 Establishment/Rehabilitation of surface flow measurements

30,000 - -

2 Establishment/Rehabilitation of groundwater monitoring network

30,000 - -

3 Capacity Building of Technical Personnel

10,000 - -

3 Field data collection activities 8000 8000 8000

4 Operational expenses/overheads 8000 8000 8000

5 Technical and Field Personnel PCRWR and allied Departments

6 Research Infrastructure for Database Maintenance

PCRWR and allied Departments

7 Miscellaneous 3000 3000 3000

Total (US$) 89,000 19,000 19,000

US$

Total: US$ 127,000Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07

Visit Us @ : http://www.pcrwr.gov.pk , E-mail: [email protected]

http://www.pcrwr.gov.pk/

mailto:[email protected]

international training workshop on groundwater modelling for arid and semi-arid areas &

Documents