international trade and finance

International�Trade�and�FinanceDECO503

Edited by: Dr.Pavitar Parkash Singh

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ,oa foÙkINTERNATIONAL TRADE AND FINANCE

Edited By

Dr. Pavitar Parkash Singh

Printed byUSI PUBLICATIONS

2/31, Nehru Enclave, Kalkaji Extn.,New Delhi-110019

forLovely Professional University

Phagwara

Sr. No. Content

1 Trade as an engine of growth, Measurement of gains from trade, Free Trade Theory-

Absolute advantage, comparative advantage & opportunity cost, Modern theories of

international trade: Theorem of factor price equalization,

H-O Theory, Kravis & Linder theory of trade.

2 Role of dynamic factors : tastes, technology & factor endowments in trade,

Rybszynski Theorem, Causes of emergence & measurement of intra industry trade

and its impact on developing economies,

3 Tariff, Quotas & non-tariff barriers: Definitions & types, Economic effects of Tariff

& Quotas on national income, output & employment, Political economy of non-

tariff barriers and their implication.

4 Balance of Payments and Balance of Trade: Meaning & components, Equilibrium &

Dis-equilibrium in BOP, BOP Adjustment: Monetary approach, Exchange Rate:

meaning & components,

5 Theories of Determination of Exchange rate (PPP, Monetary), Theories of

Determination of Exchange rate (Portfolio & Balance of Payment), Process of

adjustments : Gold standard, Fixed Exchange Rates & Flexible Exchange Rates,

Merits & demerits of Fixed & Flexible exchange rate.

6 Expenditure reducing & expenditure switching policies, Forms of Economic

cooperation, Static & Dynamic effects of a custom union & free trade organization,

7 SAARC/SAPTA, ASEAN, Regionalism: EU & NAFTA,

8 Multilateralism & WTO, International Monetary System, East Asian crisis &

lessons for developing countries,

9 FDI : types & issues, International Debt crisis, Functions of WTO/GATT,

UNCTAD, IMF, World Bank & Asian Development Bank

10 India’s trade policy: recent developments, India’s Balance of Payment

ikB~;Øe (SYLLABUS)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ,oa foÙk

(International Trade & Finance)

mís';% ikB~;Øe vUrjkZ‘ªh; O;kikj rFkk fuos'k fl¼karksa dh tkudkjh miyC/ djkrk gS] bls bl izdkj fu;ksftr fd;k x;k gS fdvUrjkZ‘ªh; O;kikj izca/u osQ fl¼karksa dks csgrj <ax ls le>k tk losQA ;g oSf'od okrkoj.k }kjk mRiUu fd, x, voljksa rFkkpqukSfr;ksa ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks voxr djkus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA

Objectives:The course provides an understanding of international trade and investment theories. It is designed to betterunderstand the implications of such theories as they relate to international trade management. It helps studentsdeal with the opportunities and challenges created by the global environment.

1. O;kikj fodkl osQ batu osQ :i esa (Trade as an Engine of Growth) 1

2. O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHkksa dk ekiu (Measurement of Gains from Trade) 12

3. Lora=k O;kikj fl¼kar % fujis{k ykHk] rqyukRed ykHk vkSj volj ykxr (Free Trade Theory :Absolute Advantage, Comparative Advantage and Opportunity Cost) 29

4. vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vk/qfud fl¼kUr% ewY; ?kVd osQ lekuhdj.k dk fl¼kar] gsDlpj vksgfyudk fl¼kar] Øssfol vkSj fyaMj dk O;kij fl¼kar (Modern theories of International Trade:Theorem of Factor Price Equalization, H-O Theory, Kravis and Linder Theory of Trade.) 44

5. xR;kRed ?kVdksa dh Hkwfedk% #fp;ka] rduhdh ,oa O;kikj esa lk/u laiUurk (Role of DynamicFactors: Taster, Technology and Factor Endowments in Trade) 66

6. fjfCtULdh izes; (Rybszynski Theorem) 76

7. vkUrj vkS|ksfxd O;kikj osQ mn~Hko osQ dkj.k ,oa ekiu rFkk fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ijmudk izHkko (Causes of Emergence and Measurement of Intra Industry Trade and ItsImpact on Developing Economics) 84

8. iz'kqYd] vH;a'k ,oa xSj iz'kqYd ck/k,¡ % ifjHkk"kk ,oa izdkj (Tariffs, Quotas and Non-TariffBarriers : Definitions and types) 103

9. jk"Vªh; vk;] mRiknu rFkk jkstxkj ij iz'kqYd ,oa vH;a'k dk vk£Fkd izHkko (Economic Effects ofTariff and Quotas on National Income, Output and Employment) 117

10. jktuSfrd vFkZO;oLFkk dh xSj&iz'kqYd ck/k,¡ vkSj muosQ fufgrkFkZ (Political Economy of Non-TariffBarriers and their Implication) 130

11. O;kikj larqyu ,oa Hkqxrku larqyu% vFkZ ,oa ?kVd (Balance of Trade and Balance ofPayments: Meaning and Components) 138

12. Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa larqyu ,oa vlarqyu (Equilibrium and Dis-Equilibrium in BOP) 148

13. Hkqxrku&'ks"k lek;kstu % ekSfnzd mikxe (BOP Adjustment : Monetary Approach) 161

14. fofue; nj % vFkZ ,oa ?kVd (Exchange Rate : Meaning and Components) 167

fo"k;&lwph

bdkbZ (Units) (CONTENTS) i`"B la[;k (Page No.)

Pavitar Parkash Singh, Lovely Professional University







Dilfraz Singh, Lovely Professional University







15. fofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.k dk fl¼kar (Theories of Determination of Exchange Rate) 173

16. fofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.k dk fl¼kar (i=kk/ku vkSj Hkqxrku larqyu) (Theories of Determination ofExchange Rate) (Portfolio and Balance of Payment) 181

17. lek;kstu dh izfØ;k (Process of Adjustments) 189

18. fLFkj ,oa vfLFkj fofue; nj osQ xq.k ,oa nks"k (Merits and Demerits of Fixed and FlexibleExchange Rate) 200

19. O;; ?kVkus okyh ,oa O;; cnykodkjh uhfr;k¡ (Expenditure Reducing and ExpenditureSwitching Policies) 206

20. lhek 'kqYd la?k ,oa Lora=k O;kikj laxBu osQ LFkSfrd ,oa xR;kRed izHkko (Static and DynamicEffects of a Custom Union and Free Trade Organization) 211

21. lkoZQ@lkIVk] vkfl;ku (SAARC/SAPTA, ASEAN) 220

22. {ks=kokn% ;wjksih; la?k ,oa ukÝVk (Regionalism: Eu and NAFTA) 229

23. cgqi{kokn vkSj fo'o O;kikj laxBu (Multilateralism and World Trade Organization) 239

24. varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfæd O;oLFkk (International Monetary System) 255

25. fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k% izdkj ,oa eqn~ns (FDI : Types and Issues) 262

26. varjkZ"Vªh; ½.k ladV (International Debt Crises) 272

27. fo'o O;kikj laxBu@xSV osQ dk;Z (Functions of WTO/GATT) 278

28. vadVkM] vkbZ-,e-,iQ- fo'o cSad rFkk ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad (UNCTAD, I.M.F. World Bank andAsian Development Bank) 296

29. Hkkjr dh O;kikj uhfr % rkRdkfyd fodkl (India’s Trade Policy : Recent Development) 313

30. Hkkjr dk Hkqxrku&lUrqyu (India’s Balance of Payment) 325Pavitar Parkash Singh, Lovely Professional University




Hitesh Jhanji, Lovely Professional University





Tanima Dutta, Lovely Professional University







uksV

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1

bdkbZ—1% O;kikj fodkl osQ batu osQ :i esa

bdkbZμ1% O;kikj fodkl osQ batu osQ :i esa(Trade as an Engine of Growth)

vuqØef.kdk (Contents)

mís'; (Objectives)

izLrkouk (Introduction)

1.1 fodkl dk batu% O;kikj (Trade as an Engine of Growth)

1.2 O;kikj fodkl dk batu gS % D;ksa\ (Trade is an Engine of Economic Growth : Why?)

1.3 O;kikj vk£Fkd fodkl dks vo#¼ djrk gS% D;ksa\ (International Trade Obstructs Eco-

nomic Development : Why?)

1.4 v¼Z&fodflr jk"Vªksa dh fons'kh O;kikj lEcU/h leL;k,¡ (Problems of Under DevelopedCountries Related to Foreign Trade)

1.5 lkjka'k (Summary)

1.6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

1.7 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)

1.8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

mís'; (Objectives)

bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ

• ;g tkuus esa fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj D;ksa vkSj oSQls fodkl dk batu gSA

• ;g O;k[;k esa fd fdl izdkj varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj fodkl dks vo#¼ djrk gSA

• v¼Z&fodflr jk"Vªksa dh fons'kh O;kikj&laca/h leL;kvksa dks le>us esaA


orZeku le; esa vkokxeu osQ c<+rs gq, lk/uksa us iwjs fo'o dks ,d bdkbZ osQ :i esa cny fn;k gSA vc os fnulekIr gks x;s tc izR;sd ns'k osQoy vius vki rd lhfer Fkk rFkk ckgj dh nqfu;k dk mls dksbZ Kku ughaFkkA ml le; ,d ns'k osQ ukxfjd osQoy mUgha oLrqvksa dk miHkksx dj ldrs Fks tks ml ns'k esa iSnk dh tkrhFkhaA vUrjkZ"Vªh; {ks=k esa fof'k"Vhdj.k uke dh dksbZ pht ugha Fkh rFkk izR;sd ns'k viuh vko';drk dh izk;%lHkh oLrq,a Lo;a mRiUu djus dk iz;Ru djrk Fkk fdUrq fdlh Hkh oLrq osQ mRiknu esa mls fof'k"Vrk vFkokfuiq.krk izkIr ugha FkhA vc fLFkfr loZFkk fHkUu gSA vkt c<+rs gq, JefoHkktu ,oa fof'k"Vhdj.k us izR;sd ns'kdks fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq osQ mRiknu esa fuiq.krk ,oa fof'k"V ;ksX;rk iznku dh gSA ;g blfy, lEHko gqvk fd vcfofHkUu ns'kksa osQ c<+rs gq, vk£Fkd lEcU/ksa us vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks ,d u;h fn'kk nh gSA ftl izdkj ,d O;fDrmlh oLrq dk mRiknu djrk gSA ftlesa og lokZf/d fuiq.k gksrk gS] mlh izdkj ,d jk"Vª Hkh mUgha oLrqvksa dkmRiknu djrk gS tks og de rqyukRed ykxr ij mRiUu dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj mRiknu esa vkUrfjd ,oa


2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

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vUrjkZ"Vªh; nksuksa Lrjksa ij fof'k"Vhdj.k egÙoiw.kZ gks x;k gSA fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ iQyLo:i c<+s gq, mRiknu dkmiHkksx mRiknd Lo;a ugha djrk oju~ mldk fofue; djosQ ,slh oLrq izkIr djuk pkgrk gS ftls og cukus esafuiq.k ugha gSA vr% fof'k"Vhdj.k O;kikj dks tUe nsrk gS vkSj O;kikj ls fof'k"Vhdj.k dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSAtc ;gh O;kikj ns'k dh lhekvksa dks yka?k tkrk gS rks varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh uhao iM+rh gSA

1-1 fodkl dk batu % varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj (Trade as an Engine of Growth)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ,oa vk£Fkd fodkl osQ laca/ dks ysdj vFkZ'kkL=kh ,d er ugha gSaA izfrf"Br ,oauo&izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkL=kh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks vk£Fkd fodkl dk bUtu (Engine of Growth) ekurs gSaAizfrf"Br ,oa uo&izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk fo'okl gS fd fdlh ns'k osQ fodkl esa fons'kh O;kikj egÙoiw.kZ;ksxnku ns ldrk gSA gScjyj ,oa osQ;juØkl tSls vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us Hkh blh er dk leFkZu djrs gq, fopkjO;Dr fd;k gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQoy mRiknu dks oqQ'kyre cukus dk gh mik; ugha oju~ fodkl dkbUtu Hkh gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k osQ O;kikj dh ek=kk ,oa lajpuk] O;kikj dh 'krs± vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrkuμ;s rhuksafeydj mlosQ fodkl dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA izfrf"Br fopkjdksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd bu rhuksa dk vk£Fkd fodklij vuqowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA

fdUrq vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk nwljk oxZ jkmy izsfc'k] fe.V] xqUukj feMZy] lxj tSls vFkZ'kkL=kh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjdks vk£Fkd fodkl dk vojks/d ?kVd ekurs gSaA bu vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk buns'kksa osQ vk£Fkd fodkl ij izfrowQy izHkko gksrk gSA izsQMfjd fyLV us izfrf"Br fopkj/kjk dh dVq vkykspukdh gS vkSj fodkl osQ fof'k"V Lrj osQ ckn gh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk leFkZu fd;k gSA bl fopkj/kjk osQvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk fo'okl gS fd izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ fu"d"kks± osQ vk/kj ij fodkl dh leL;kvksa dkfoospu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mudk ;gk¡ rd dguk gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls /uh vkSj fu/Zu jk"Vªksa osQ chpvlekurk dh [kkbZ c<+rh gS vr% budk roZQ gS fd fu/Zu ns'kksa dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk ifjR;kx dj ns'k esavkS|ksxhdj.k dks izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A

izks- feMZy us ;g er O;Dr fd;k gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj us vYi&fodflr ns'kksa osQ vk£Fkd fodkl dksizksRlkfgr djus osQ ctk; muesa nksgjh vFkZO;oLFkk (Dualility) mRiUu dh gSA vYifodflr ns'kksa esa nksgjhvFkZO;oLFkk mRiÂ gksus osQ nks izeq[k dkj.k gSaμizFke] bu ns'kksa dh lajpuk ,oa ifjfLFkfr osQ dkj.k bu ns'kksa esafodkl izfØ;k dk izfr/kou izHkko (Back wash Effect) mlosQ izlj.k izHkko (Spread Effect) ls vfèkd'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gS ftlls {ks=kh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; vlekurk,a c<+rh gSa_ nwljs] bu ns'kksa esa Hkqxrku lUrqyu osQizfrowQy gksus dh izo`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA

1-2 O;kikj vk£Fkd fodkl dk batu gS % D;ksa\ (Trade is an Engine of EconomicGrowth: Why?)

v¼Z&fodflr ns'kks a osQ vk£Fkd fodkl esa O;kikj us lgk;rk igq¡pkbZ gS] blosQ leFkZu esa fuEu roZQ fn;stkrs gSa%

(1) okLrfod vk; vkSj iw¡th fuekZ.k esa o`f¼μvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vUrxZr ,d ns'k mUgha oLrqvksa osQmRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djrk gS ftlesa mls rqyukRed ykHk gksrk gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i mldh okLrfod vk;esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk izHkko ;g gksrk gS fd ns'k esa tks mRifÙk osQ lk/u rFkk mRiknu rduhdigys ls fuf'pr jgrh gS muesa ifjorZu gksdj lk/uksa dk forj.k vuqowQyre gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~ mRiknu vfèkdoqQ'kyrkiwoZd gksus yxrk gSA okLrfod vk; esa gksus okyh o`f¼ iwath fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrh gS rFkk iwath fuekZ.kvk£Fkd fodkl dks xfr'khy cuk ldrk gSA

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(2) fu;kZr {ks=k ls gksus okyk fodklμfdlh Hkh ns'k esa mRifÙk osQ leLr {ks=kksa esa leku fodkl ugha gksrk oju~oqQN {ks=k egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSa ftuesa igys fodkl gksrk gS rFkk ;s {ks=k vU; m|ksxksa dks xfr iznku djrs gSaA bl n`f"Vls xfr iznku djus esa fu;kZr {ks=k dh Hkwfedk dkiQh egRoiw.kZ gS tks fuEu rhu rRoksa ls Li"V gSμ

(i) foLrr cktkjμfons'kksa esa ek¡x&of¼ osQ dkj.k ns'k dh fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk cktkj foLrr gksrk gSA izfrf"BrvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us Li"V fd;k Fkk fd tks ns'k fons'kksa esa viuk eky cspus esa liQy gksrk gS og nzqr xfr lsfodkl dj ldrk gSA blls cM+s iSekus ij cpr gksrh gS rFkk fofHkÂ m|ksxksa ij bldk fodklkRed izHkkoiM+rk gSA izks- fey osQ vuqlkj] ¶fons'kh O;kikj cktkj osQ vkdkj dk foLrkj djosQ vFkZO;oLFkk ij izkoSfxdizHkko Mkyrk gSA fons'kh O;kikj ls cM+s iSekus ij Je&foHkktu rFkk e'khuksa dk iz;ksx lEHko gskrk gS ftllsns'k dh mRiknu djus dh {kerk c<+ tkrh gSA¸

(ii) fu;kZr m|ksxksa dk fodklμns'k osQ Hkhrj fcuk lkekftd iwath dk fofu;ksx fd;s] fu;kZrksa dk ykHk izkIrfd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn fons'kh O;kikj ,oa fu;kZr ugha fd;k tkrk rks ns'k osQ Hkhrj ghcktkj dks fodflr djus osQ fy, i;kZIr ifjogu ,oa forj.k dh O;oLFkk vko';d gS ftlesa dkiQh ek=kkesa fofu;ksx vko';d gksrk gS] fdUrq ;fn ns'k vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa izos'k dj ysrk gS rks mDr dfBukbZdk lkeuk fd;s fcuk gh ns'k oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr dj ykHk mBk ldrk gSA

(iii) ekax esa o`f¼μfu;kZrksa osQ dkj.k vU; {ks=kksa esa izHkkoiw.kZ ekax dk tUe gksrk gS ftlls fofHkÂ oLrqvksa dhekax c<+rh gSA yqbZl (Lewis) dk er gS fd mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa osQ fy, ?kjsyw vkSj fu;kZr m|ksxksa esaizfr;ksfxrk gksrh gS ftlls ns'k osQ vU; m|ksx Hkh uo&izorZu (Innovation) viukrs gSaA blls mRiknuesa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj us vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij fof'k"Vhdj.k] vkS|ksfxd fofo/hdj.k] vkfn dks c<+koknsdj vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks xfr'khy cuk;k gSA

(3) vk;krksa ls ns'k dk vk£Fkd fodklμv¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dks m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ,oa rduhdh fodklosQ fy, ftu lk/uksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] os i;kZIr ek=kk esa bu ns'kksa esa miyC/ ugha gksrs vr% fons'kksa lsbUgsa vk;kr fd;k tkrk gSA bu vk;krksa dks ge fuEu rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaV ldrs gSa%

(i) fodkl&lEcfU/r vk;krμfiNM+s ns'kksa esa vk; esa o`f¼ djus osQ fy, mRiknu {kerk esa o`f¼ djukvko';d gS rkfd ;s ns'k de&ls&de vius mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ ij igqap losaQA orZeku fLFkfr ;ggS fd cgqr&ls fiNM+s ns'k vius mRIkknu lEHkkouk oØ osQ Hkhrj gh mRiknu djrs gSaA bls ge js[kkfp=k 1-1 ls Li"V dj ldrs gSaA

layXu js[kkfp=k esa ,d ns'k dk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØMN gS rFkk ;fn og nks oLrqvksa X vkSj Y dk mRiknu djjgk gS rks MN oØ crkrk gS fd og bl oØ osQ fdlhfcUnq (G) ij mRiknu dj ldrk gS] fdUrq okLro esa ogmRiknu lEHkkouk oØ osQ Hkhrj P fcUnq ij gh mRiknudjrk jgrk gS vFkkZr~ ns'k osQ leLr lk/uksa dk iw.kZ iz;ksxugha djrkA bldk eq[; dkj.k mRiknu rduhd dkfiNM+kiu gSA ;fn fons'kksa ls e'khuksa ,oa vU; midj.kksadk vk;kr fd;k tkrk gS rks mRiknu {kerk esa foLRkkj

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fp=k 1-1


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gksrk gS rFkk ns'k u osQoy mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ ij igqap ldrk gS oju~ mlesa ifjorZu dj mls nk;havksj foo£rr Hkh dj ldrk gSA tks vk;kr ns'k esa mRiknu {kerk dk foLRkkj dj] vk£Fkd fodkl dhxfr dks c<+krs gSa mUgas fodkl lEcU/h vk;kr dgrs gSaA

(ii) fuokZg vFkok vuqj{k.k vk;krμtc v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa ,d fuf'pr mRiknu {kerk dh LFkkiukgksrh gS rks mldk iw.kZ iz;ksx djus osQ fy, fujUrj dPps eky ,oa eè;orhZ oLrqvksa dh vko';drk gksrhgS tks lnSo v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa miyC/ ugha gks ikrhA vr% budk fons'kksa ls vk;kr fd;k tkrk gSA,sls vk;krksa dks] tks ns'k dh mRiknu {kerk dk iw.kZ iz;ksx djus osQ fy, fd;s tkrs gSa] fuokZg&vk;krdgrs gSaA fiNM+s gq, ns'kksa esa mRiknu c<+kus osQ fy, ,sls vk;krksa dk cgqr egRo gSA

(iii) vLiQhfrdkjh vk;krμtc v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa eqnzk&izlkj osQ dkj.k LiQhfrd n'kk,a iSQy tkrh gSarks nh?kZdky esa budk vk£Fkd fodkl ij foijhr izHkko iM+rk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ns'k esa oLrqvksa dkvHkko gks tkrk gS ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk vlUrqfyr gks tkrh gSA bls nwj djus osQ fy, fons'kksa ls oLrqvksa dkvk;kr fd;k tkrk gS ftlls vFkZO;oLFkk esa fLFkjrk vkrh gS vkSj vk£Fkd fodkl lEHko gksrk gSA vr%,sls vk;kr dks vLiQhfrdkjh vk;kr dgrs gSaA

(4) fons'kh rduhd dh tkudkjh ls fodklμts- ,l- fey osQ vuqlkj] fons'kh O;kikj ls fu/Zu ns'kksa dks

ykHk gksrk gS D;ksafd blosQ }kjk mudh tkudkjh fons'kh rduhd vkSj dykvksa ls gksrh gSA blosQ dkj.k os

vfrfjDr iwath ls vf/d nj ij ykHk mBkus yxrs gSa rFkk bl n`f"V ls fons'kh iwath dk vk;kr c<+krs gSa ftlls

mRiknu esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA fons'kh dykvksa dh tkudkjh v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ O;fDr;ksa esa uohu fopkjksa dks

tkxzr djosQ ,oa mudh ijEijkxr vknrksa dks cnydj muesa uohu bPNkvksa] cM+h vkdka{kkvksa rFkk nwjn£'krk dks

tUe nsrh gSA

(5) Hkqxrku lUrqyu dk vk£Fkd fodkl ij izHkkoμHkqxrku lUrqyu dh fLFkfr vk£Fkd fodkl vkSj

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ lEcU/ dks vPNh rjg O;Dr djrh gSA fiNM+s gq, ns'k izkjfEHkd fLFkfr esa fu;kZrksa dh

rqyuk esa vk;kr vf/d djrs gSa rFkk mudk fofu;ksx] cpr dh rqyuk esa vf/d gksrk gSA cpr vkSj fofu;ksx

esa tks vUrj gksrk gS] mldh iw£r fons'kh iwath ls dh tkrh gSA v¼Z&fodflr ns'k fons'kksa ls nh?kZdkyhu iwath mèkkj

ysrs gSa ,oa mudk fofu;ksx cpr ls vf/d gksrk gSA fodflr ns'kksa dh fLFkfr blosQ foijhr gksrh gSA mudh ?kjsyw

cpr fofu;ksx ls vf/d gksrh gS ftlls os fiNM+s gq, ns'kksa dks Í.k nsrs gSaA

(6) lexz vk£Fkd fodklμ,p- fe.V osQ vuqlkj] fons'kh O;kikj xfr'khy mRikndrk osQ fl¼kUr ij

vkèkkfjr gS tks Je&foHkktu dh lEHkkoukvksa dks c<+krk gSA blls e'khuksa osQ iz;ksx dks izksRlkgu feyrk gS vkSj

uo&izorZu dk iz;ksx lEHko gksdj xfr'khy gksrk gSA blls Je dh mRikndrk c<+rh gS vkSj O;kikj djus okys

leLr ns'kksa dks vf/dre ykHk feyrk gSA blls Li"V gS fd vk£Fkd fodkl esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk egRoiw.kZ

;ksxnku gksrk gSA

(7) iwath lap; ,oa cpr {kerk esa o`f¼μizfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us fons'kh O;kikj osQ izHkko dks Li"V fd;k

gS tks ns'k osQ lk/uksa ij iM+rk gSA mUgksaus crk;k fd fons'kh O;kikj osQ iQyLo:i lk/uksa dk oqQ'kyre <ax ls

iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i okLrfod vk; eas o`f¼ osQ lkFk cpr djus dh {kerk Hkh c<+rh gSA

fons'kh ls O;kikj djus ls cktkj dk foLrkj gksrk gS vkSj fofu;ksx izksRlkfgr gksrs gSaA fgDl osQ vuqlkj] ¶fons'kh

O;kikj djus osQ fy,] fdlh ns'k dks cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu djuk iM+rk gS ftlls mls iwathxgu mÂr rduhd

ls mRiknu djus ls ykHk gksus yxrk gSA¸

(8) O;kikj dh 'krks± dk vk£Fkd fodkl ij izHkkoμvuqowQy O;kikj dh 'krks± osQ iQyLo:i vkS|ksfxd vkSj

xSj&vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa] nksuksa dks ykHk gqvk gSA v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa us fodflr ns'kksa dks vko';d dPps eky dh

iw£r dh gS ftlls ogka vkS|ksxhdj.k c<+k gS vkSj blosQ cnys vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa us v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dks miHkksx

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vkSj iwathxr oLrq,a iznku dh gSaA fodflr ns'kksa dh iwath ,oa rduhd us v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ vk£Fkd fodkl

esa cM+h lgk;rk dh gSA bl izdkj vk;krksa vkSj c<+rh gqbZ mRiknu lEHkkoukvksa us izkFkfed mRiknu djus okys

ns'kksa esa foLr`r vkSj xgu vk£Fkd fodkl dks izksRlkgu fn;k gSA

(9) xfr'khy ykHkμgScjyj osQ vuqlkj] vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dks fuEu pkj xfr'khy ykHk

izkIr gksrs gSaμ

(i) e'khu] iwath] dPps eky] v¼Z&fufeZr oLrq,a rFkk vU; HkkSfrd lk/uksa dh miyfC/

(ii) ns'k esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; fofu;ksx ls iwath dh izkfIr

(iii) rduhd ,oa uo&izorZu osQ ykHk

(iv) fons'kh izfr;kssfxrk ls oqQ'ky ,oa vf/d mRiknu

mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj us fo'ks"k :i ls v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ vk£Fkd fodkl esa dkiQh

lgk;rk igqapk;h gSA

Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)

1- lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the correct option)μ

1. uo&izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkL=kh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks ekurs gSaμ

(d) vk£Fkd fodkl dk batu ([k) vojks/d ?kVd

(x) d vkSj [k nksuksa (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

2. izks- feMZy osQ vuqlkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj us vYifodflr ns'k esa fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djus osQ ctk,

mRiUu gSμ

(d) vojks/d ?kVd ([k) ,dgjh vFkZO;oLFkk

(x) nksgjh vFkZO;oLFkk (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

3. fons'kksa esa ek¡x o`f¼ osQ dkj.k gksrk gSμ

(d) cktkj foLr`r ([k) cktkj laoqQfpr

(x) cktkj lUrqyu (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

4. fiNM+s ns'kksa esa vk; o`f¼ djus osQ fy, vko';d gSμ

(d) mRiknu {kerk dks de djuk ([k) mRiknu {kerk esa o`f¼ djuk

(x) mRiknu {kerk dks lUrqfyr djuk (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

5. fons'kh O;kikj xfr'khy mRikndrk osQ vk/kj ij vk/kfjr gSA ; dFku fdldk gSμ

(d) ,p- fey dk ([k) feMZy dk

(x) izks- fey dk (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

1-3 O;kikj vk£Fkd fodkl dks vo#¼ djrk gS % D;ksa\ (Trade ObstructsEconomic Development : Why?)

vusd vk/qfud vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa jkmy izsfc'k] lxj] feMZy] fe.V] vkfn us vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks vYifodflr

ns'kksa osQ vk£Fkd fodkl esa vojks/d ekuk gS vkSj izfrf"Br ,oa uo&izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ fopkjksa dh

vkykspuk djrs gq, muosQ fu"d"kks± dks fujFkZd ekuk gSA


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vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks vk£Fkd fodkl esa vojks/d ekuus okyk vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk oxZ vius i{k esa fuEukafdr roZQ

izLrqr djrk gS %

(1) fu;kZr {ks=k osQ vfrfjDr 'ks"k vFkZO;oLFkk dh vogsyukμbl ckr ls badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ iQyLo:i v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ fu;kZrksa esa rks o`f¼ gqbZ gS ijUrq blls osQoy fu;kZr {ks=k

fodflr gq, gSaA 'ks"k vFkZO;oLFkk dks fodflr djus esa blus dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha fn;k gS ftldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk

fd vkt Hkh v¼Z&fodflr ns'k] vlUrqfyr fodkl osQ izR;{k mnkgj.k gSaA feMZy dk dguk gS fd ¶fiNM+s ns'kksa

dk mPp fons'kh O;kikj dk vuqikr bl ckr dk izek.k ugha gS fd mUgksaus vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je&foHkktu dk ykHk

mBk;k gS oju~ bl ckr dk lcwr gS fd os v¼Z&fodflr ,oa fu/Zu gSA¸1 fu;kZr {ks=k esa ftl mRiknu rduhd

dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k mldk 'ks"k vFkZO;oLFkk ij dksbZ izHkko ugha gqvkA

(2) dherksa esa lekurk ughaμnwljh vkykspuk bl fu"d"kZ osQ fo#¼ gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj djus okys ns'kksa

esa mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dh dhersa cjkcj gks tkrh gSaA vkykspd dgrs gSa fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj us lk/uksa dh dherksa

esa lekurk LFkkfir ugha dh oju~ blls ,slh lap;h izo`fÙk dk tUe gqvk gS ftlls lk/u vuqikrksa esa lekurk

vkSj mudh dherksa esa lekurk ls lUrqyu dk fcUnq nwj gVrk x;k gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; lekurk dh ckr rks nwj] blls

ns'k osQ fofHkÂ {ks=kksa esa Hkh lk/uksa vkSj mudh dherksa esa lekurk LFkkfir ugha gks ldh gSA okLrfodrk rks ;g

gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls vk; osQ vUrjkZ"Vªh; forj.k esa vlekurk gks vk;h gSA

(3) nksgjh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk fuekZ.kμvkykspdksa dk er gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj djus osQ ckn cgqr fiNM+s

ns'kksa esa nksgjh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA tgka fu;kZrd {ks=k ¶fodkl dk }hi¸ (Island of Develop-

ment) cuk gS ogka 'ks"k vFkZO;oLFkk izk;% fiNM+h gqbZ jgh gS vFkkZr~ fu;kZr {ks=k osQ pkjksa vksj fuokZg vFkZO;oLFkk

(Subsistance Economy) dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA fu;kZr osQ mÂr {ks=k esa mRiknu dh fof/;ka iwathxgu gksrh gSa vkSj

mRiknu xq.kd fuf'pr jgrk gS tcfd fiNM+s gq, {ks=k esa mRiknu rks Je xgu gksrk gS ,oa mRifÙk osQ lk/u osQ

cjkcj vuqikrksa esa iz;qDr ugha fd;s tkrsA fons'kh iwath osQoy fu;kZr djus osQ fy, gh ns'k osQ izkÑfrd lk/uksa

osQ nksgu osQ fy, iz;qDr dh tkrh gS ftlesa ns'k osQ yksxksa dks i;kZIr jkstxkj ugha feyrk rFkk yksxksa dks fiNM+s

{ks=kksa esa gh jkstxkj <wa<+uk iM+rk gSA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQoy mRiknu dks oqQ'kyre cukus dk mik; gh ugha cfYd fodkl dk batuHkh gSA Li"V dhft,A

(4) O;kikj dh 'krks± dk nh?kZdky esa izfrowQy jgukμ;g dgk tkrk gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kfDr;ksa us oqQN ,slh

vlUrqyudkjh n'kk,a iSnk dh gSa fd ftlls fu/Zu ns'kksa dh O;kikj dh 'krs± dkiQh le; rd izfrowQy jgus osQ

dkj.k mudh vk; /uh ns'kksa dks tkrh jgh gSA ;fn vkS|ksfxd ns'k ,oa izkFkfed oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu djus okys

v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj gksrk gS rks oLrq O;kikj dh 'krs± lnSo vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa osQ i{k esa gks tkrh

gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd dPps eky vkSj lk/uksa osQ cktkj esa /uh ns'kksa dk ,dkf/dkj gksrk gS ,oa rduhdh

izxfr osQ lg;ksx osQ dkj.k mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dh vk; c<+ tkrh gS tcfd izkFkfed mRiknu djus okys ns'kksa

esa ;fn mRikndrk c<+rh gS rks ogka dhersa ?kV tkrh gSaA

tgka rd O;kikj dh 'krks± esa pØh; xfrfof/;ksa (Cyclical movements) dk iz'u gS] budk izHkko v¼Z&fodflr

ns'kksa osQ fy, izfrowQy ,oa ck/d jgk gSA

(5) izn'kZu&izHkko (Demonstration Effect)μvkykspdksa dk er gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; izn'kZu izHkko osQ dkj.k

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Hkh fu/Zu ns'kksa osQ fodkl esa ck/k mifLFkr gksrh gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; izn'kZu izHkko dk vFkZ ;g gS fd v¼Z&fodflr

ns'k] fodflr ns'kksa dh miHkksx dh izo`fÙk dks viukrs gSa ftlls fons'kh vk;krksa esa o`f¼ gksrh gS vFkkZr~ iawth dk

cfgxZeu gksrk gS vkSj fu/Zu ns'kksa esa iwath dk lap; de gks tkrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd izn'kZu izHkko osQ

dkj.k v¼Z&fodflr ns'k osQ yksxksa esa fons'kh miHkksx ,oa foykflrk dh oLrqvksa osQ fy, ykylk tkxzr gksrh gS

vr% fons'kh oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr esa o`f¼ gksrh gS vkSj fons'kh nkf;Ro c<+rs gSa ftudk vk£Fkd fodkl ij izfrowQy

izHkko iM+rk gSA

(6) fodflr ns'kksa ls c<+rh gqbZ izfr;ksfxrk dk fodkl ij izfrowQy izHkkoμtc v¼Z&fodflr ns'k

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa izos'k djrs gSa rks buosQ lkeus dbZ leL;k,a vkrh gSa ftuesa fons'kh izfr;ksfxrk egRoiw.kZ

gSA ;fn ;s ns'k viuk fu;kZr c<+kuk pkgrs gSa rks bUgsa fons'kh eky ls izfr;ksfxrk djuh iM+rh gS pwafd fons'kh oLrq,a

mPp rduhd osQ dkj.k xq.kksa esa mÙke gksrh gSa rFkk mudh dhersa Hkh de gksrh gSa vr% v¼Z&fodflr ns'k muosQ

lkeus Bgj ugha ikrs vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkjksa ij mudk vf/dkj ugha gks ikrkA ;g leL;k blfy, vkSj Hkh fodV

gks x;h fd vktdy fodflr ns'k Hkh izkFkfed oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djus yxs gSa vkSj ;fn dHkh ;s fuèkZu ns'k

izfr;ksfxrk djus esa leFkZ Hkh gks tkrs gSa rks bUgsa vko';d midj.kksa ,oa e'khuksa dk fu;kZr cUn dj fn;k tkrk

gSA tSls oqQN le; iwoZ vejhdk us Hkkjr dks ;wjsfu;e dk fu;kZr cUn djus dh /edh nh FkhA

fu"d"kZμvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vkSj vk£Fkd fodkl ls lEcfU/r nks fofHkÂ fopkj/kjkvksa dk vè;;u djus osQ ckn

ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaprs gSa fd lEiw.kZ fo'o esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk fodkl gqvk gSA fons'kh fofu;ksx] izolu

(Migration) vkSj tula[;k o`f¼ dk okLrfod izHkko ;g gqvk fd fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa lalk/u vuqikr dh fo"kerk

de gqbZ rFkk rduhdh oqQ'kyrk vkSj Kku dk izdk'k gqvkA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj us vkS|ksfxdj.k] ifjogu&lapkj

lk/uksa] vkfn dk foLrkj djosQ vk£Fkd fodkl ij vuqowQy izHkko iM+kA v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ vk£Fkd fodkl

esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj us fu%lUnsg ldkjkRed Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA

1-4 v¼Z&fodflr jk"Vªksa dh fons'kh O;kikj lEcU/h leL;k,¡ (Problems of UnderDeveloped Countries Related to Foreign Trade)

v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa fons'kh O;kikj bu ns'kksa dh vkUrfjd vk/kjHkwr leL;kvksa osQ dkj.k vliQy gksrk gSAlS¼kfUrd rFkk O;kogkfjd nksuksa n`f"V;ksa ls fons'kh O;kikj dks vk£Fkd fodkl esa vojks/d ugha dgk tk ldrkAv¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dh viuh oqQN ekSfyd leL;k,a gSa ftudk fuokj.k fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA

(1) Í.k dk c<+rk gqvk Hkkjμv¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dh fons'kh O;kikj dh lcls cM+h leL;k ;g gS fd buij fodflr ns'kksa }kjk iznÙk Í.k ,oa C;kt vnk;xh dk Hkkjh cks> gS tks vf/dka'k :i ls izfrowQy O;kikjlUrqyu dk ifj.kke gSA bl Í.k osQ iQyLo:i fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ izkjfEHkd fuos'k ij Hkkjh vk£Fkd nckoiM+rk gS rFkk mUgsa viuh fodkl ifj;kstuk esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa dVkSrh djuh iM+rh gSA blosQ iQyLo:i fodkl'khyns'kksa dh mRiknu {kerk ?kVrh gS vkSj os vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkjksa esa izfr;ksfxrk ugha dj ikrsA

(2) cktkjksa dk NksVk gksukμv¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dh fons'kh O;kikj dh nwljh leL;k ;g gS fd buosQ cktkjdkiQh NksVs gSa tks cMs+ iSekus ij mRiknu djus okys m|ksxksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, ekax cuk ikus esa vleFkZ gSaA ;fnvk£Fkd fodkl Rofjr xfr ls ugha fd;k tkrk rFkk cktkj dh viw.kZrkvksa dks lekIr ugha fd;k tkrk rks bucktkjksa osQ NksVs gh jgus dh lEHkkouk gSA ;g ckr cgqr Li"V gS fd cktkj dh viw.kZrk] Je&foHkktu ,oamRiknu dks lhfer dj nsrh gSA

(3) m|eh oxZ dk vHkkoμfons'kh O;kikj osQ izksRlkgu ,oa fu;kZr o`f¼ osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ns'kesa i;kZIr ek=kk esa mRiknu gksA ;g mlh le; lEHko gS tc ns'k esa m|eh izfrHkk fo|eku gks rkfd os i;kZIriwath dk fuos'k dj fu;kZr c<+kus osQ fy,] mRiknu esa o`f¼ dj losaQA fdUrq v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa fodkl osQ


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fy, okafNr iwath fuos'k djus okys futh iwathifr;ksa dk i;kZIr :i ls fodflr oxZ ugha gSA ,sls fLFkfr esa ;gvko';d gS fd tgka ,d vkSj futh fofu;ksx dks izksRlkgu fn;k tk;s] ogha nwljh vksj ljdkj dks Hkh iwath&fuos'kdjuk pkfg,A

(4) fu;kZr lao¼Zu lEcU/h leL;k,aμfdlh Hkh ns'k osQ vk£Fkd fodkl esa fu;kZrksa dh o`f¼ dk egRoiw.kZLFkku gksrk gS vr% v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ fy, Hkh ;g vko';d gS fd fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ dh tk;s fdUrq os fu;kZrksadks okaNuh; fn'kk esa ugha c<+k ikrs vkSj fu;kZrksa ls tks vk; gksrh gS mls iw.kZ :i ls iwath fuekZ.k osQ fy, iz;qDrugha fd;k tkrkA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd fu;kZrksa ls izkIr vk; dk vf/dka'k Hkkx vk;krksa] fons'kh Í.k ,oa C;ktosQ Hkqxrku esa [ki tkrk gSA bu ns'kksa osQ fu;kZr&lao¼Zu esa dbZ izdkj dh leL;k,a vkrh gSa tks bl izdkj gSaμ

(i) fu;kZr dh rqyuk esa vk;krksa esa vf/d o`f¼μtc v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dh vk; c<+rh gS rks iwathxroLrqvksa ,oa miHkksx dh oLrqvksa dh ekax c<+us ls mudk vk;kr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj vk;krksa dh o`f¼]vk; dh o`f¼ ls vf/d gks tkrh gS tcfd fodflr ns'kksa esa vk;krksa dh o`f¼] vk; o`f¼ ls de gksrhgS D;kasfd bu ns'kksa esa osQoy [kk|kÂ ,oa dPps eky dk gh vk;kr fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj vk;krksadh rhoz xfr ls o`f¼] fu;kZrksa dks fujFkZd cuk nsrh gSA

(ii) pØh; ifjorZuksa dk izHkkoμv¼Z&fodflr ns'k oqQN fxuh&pquh oLrqvksa dk gh fu;kZr djrs gSa rFkkog Hkh oqQN fof'k"V ns'kksa dks gh] vFkkZr~ buosQ O;kikj esa fofo/rk ugha gksrh rFkk budk vUrjkZ"Vªh;cktkj Hkh lhfer gksrk gSA ;s jk"Vª vius fu;kZrksa osQ fy, oqQN ns'kksa ij gh fuHkZj gks tkrs gSa vkSj tc;s fodflr ns'k] v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ eky dk vk;kr vius ns'kksa esa ;k rks iw.kZ :i ls jksd nsrs gSavFkok izfrcfU/r dj nsrs gSa rks bldk izfrowQy izHkko v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ fu;kZrksa vkSj iQyLo:imudh vFkZO;oLFkk ij iM+rk gSA fodflr ns'kksa dh ekax esa ifjorZu dk eq[; dkj.k pØh; ifjorZuvFkok mPpkopu gSa vFkkZr~ tc bu ns'kksa esa eUnh dh fLFkfr vkrh gS rks pawfd] v¼Z&fodflr ns'k buij fuHkZj jgrs gSa] og eUnh dh fLFkfr] v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa Hkh izos'k djk nh tkrh gSA vkSj bu ns'kksadks eUnh dh lkjh cqjkb;ksa_ tSls csjkstxkjh] Ø;'kfDr dh deh] ekax dk vHkko] bR;kfn dk lkeuk djukiM+rk gSA bl izdkj v¼Z&fodflr ns'k vius vkidks pØh; ifjorZuksa osQ izfrowQy izHkkoksa ls ugha cpkikrsA

(iii) fodflr ns'kksa }kjk oLrqvksa dk mRiknuμv¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa }kjk blfy, Hkh fu;kZr lao¼Zu esa ckèkkvk;h gS fd igys ;s ftu izkFkfed oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr] fodflr ns'kksa dks djrs Fks] vc blesa lsvf/dka'k oLrqvksa dk mRiknu Lo;a fodflr ns'k djus yxs gSa vkSj mUgksaus izkFkfed oLrqvksa osQ u;sfodYiksa vFkok LFkkukiÂ oLrqvksa dh [kkst dj yh gSA vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa dh laj{k.kkRed uhfr;ksa osQiQyLo:i fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fu;kZrksa ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA cgqr&ls fodflr jk"Vª vktmiHkksDrk oLrqvksa osQ LFkku ij jlk;u vkSj dPps eky osQ mRiknu dks egRo ns jgs gaS] nwljh vksjv¼Z&fodflr jk"Vªksa esa Hkh] vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ dkj.k] fu£er oLrqvksa dk mRiknu c<+ jgk gS ftlesavfèkdka'k izkFkfed mRiknu dh [kir gks jgh gS vr% vc bu oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr Hkh ugha c<+ ik jgk gSA

(iv) izfr;ksxh 'kfDr dh dehμ;g fcYoqQy Li"V gS fd vkt] v¼Z&fodflr ns'k osQoy izkFkfed oLrqvksadk gh mRiknu ugha djrs oju~ miHkksx vkSj iwathxr oLrqvksa dk mRiknu Hkh dj jgs gSa fdUrq bu oLrqvksaosQ fu;kZr esa mUgsa fodflr ns'kksa esa Hkkjh izfr;ksfxrk djuh iM+ jgh gS D;ksafd mUur rduhd osQ dkj.kfodflr ns'kksa dk eky fVdkÅ vkSj lLrk gksrk gS ftlls ;s fiNM+s ns'k fo'o&cktkj osQ {ks=k ls ckgjjgrs gSa ,oa fu;kZrksa dks ugha c<+k ikrsA

(5) vk;kr lEcU/h leL;k,aμv¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dks osQoy fu;kZrksa ij fuHkZj ugha jguk iM+rk oju~ osvk;krksa osQ fy, Hkh fodflr ns'kksa ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA fiNM+s gq, ns'k eq[; :i ls fofu£er oLrqvksa

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(Manufactured Goods), lwrh oL=k] e'khuksa] gYdh miHkksx dh oLrqvksa vkSj [kk|kUu dk vk;kr djrs gSaA pawfdv¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa tula[;k dh rhoz xfr ls o`f¼ gksrh gS vr% [kk|kUu dh ekax c<+rh gS ftlls bldkvk;kr djuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA Hkkjr osQ mnkgj.k ls Li"V gS fd vHkh rd gesa fujUrj fons'kksa ls [kk|kUudk vk;kr djuk iM+rk gSA

v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa tc vkS|ksxhdj.k izkjEHk gksrk gS rks e'khuksa vkSj mPp&rduhd dh Hkh vko';drk gksrhgS ftldk fodflr ns'kksa ls vk;kr fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq izeq[k leL;k ;g gksrh gS fd fiNM+s ns'k vuqowQy 'krks±ij bUgsa vk;kr ugha dj ikrsA pwafd ;g ns'k izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa i;kZIr ek=kk esa fu£er eky vkSj miHkksx oLrqvksadk mRiknu ugha dj ikrs vr% bu oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr ij Hkh bUgsa fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA fiNM+s ns'kksa dh vk;krizo`fÙk rks Åaph jgrh gh gS lkFk gh vkarfjd izn'kZu izHkko osQ dkj.k nh?kZdky esa vkSlr vk;kr izo`fÙk esa Hkho`f¼ gksrh gSA

c<+rs vk;krksa dk Hkqxrku djus osQ fy,] fu;kZrksa dh o`f¼ djuk vko';d gS vU;FkkHkqxrku lUrqyu izfrowQy gks tkrk gSA

(6) fons'kh iwath ij vR;f/d fuHkZjrkμv¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dh fons'kh O;kikj dh ,d leL;k ;g Hkh gSfd og vius fu;kZr {ks=k osQ foLrkj osQ fy, fons'kh iwath ij fuHkZj jgrs gSa ftldk ifj.kke gksrk gS izR;{k fons'khfofu;ksxA ;g fofu;ksx] ?kjsyw ekax dh vogsyuk dj] izkFkfed mRiknu ij osQfUnzr gksrk gS ftldk eq[; mís';fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ djuk gksrk gS D;ksafd fons'kh fuos'kdrkZvksa dk eq[; mís'; fons'kh eqnzk dekuk gksrk gSA fu;kZrksals gksus okyh vk; dh rqyuk esa fons'kh iwath osQ izHkko ls vf/d mPpkopu gksrs gSa rFkk ;g ns[kus esa vk;k gSfd fons'kh iwath esa deh osQ lkFk fu;kZrksa esa Hkh deh vk;h gSA fons'kh iwath esa mPpkopu osQ lkFk ?kjsywvFkZ&O;oLFkk esa Hkh vfLFkjrk vkrh gSA

(7) fodflr jk"Vªksa dh 'kks"k.k izo`fÙkμfodflr jk"Vªksa }kjk 'kks"k.k dh izo`fÙk us Hkh] v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQO;kikj dks Hkkjh /Ddk igqapk;k gSA fodflr jk"Vª vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij vusd laxBuksa osQ ekè;e ls v¼Z&fodflrns'kksa ij vuqfpr izHkko Mkydj mudh fu;kstu mís'; ,oa izfØ;k dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA

(8) O;kikj dh 'krks± dk izHkkoμtc vkS|ksfxd :i ls fodflr ,oa izkFkfed mRiknu djus okysv¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj gksrk gS rks O;kikj 'krs± ges'kk vkS|ksfxd jk"Vªksa osQ i{k esa gks tkrh gSaA bldkdkj.k ;g gS fd izkFkfed oLrqvksa osQ ewY;ksa esa dkiQh vfLFkjrk gksrh gS tcfd vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa esa rqyukRed:i ls vfLFkjrk gksrh gSA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd izkFkfed mRiknu dh ekax ,d fuf'pr lhek rd gh gksrh gStcfd fu£er oLrqvksa dh ekax lnSo cuh jgrh gSA rhljh ckr ;g gS fd izkFkfed mRiknu dks] v¼Z&fodflrns'k] lLrh dherksa ij Hkh csp nsrs gSa D;ksafd fVdkÅ u gksus osQ dkj.k budk laxzg ugha fd;k tk ldrk tcfdfodflr ns'k fu£er oLrqvksa dk laxzg dj ldrs gSa vkSj mlosQ fy, okafNr ewY; izkIr dj ldrs gSaA ftl dPpseky dk fu;kZr vfodflr ns'k dj jgs gSa] mldk ewY; mudks fodflr ns'kksa }kjk fu;kZr fd;s tk jgs rS;kj ekydh rqyuk esa cgqr de fey ik jgk gSA okLro esa dPpk eky vkSj ml eky ls rS;kj fd;s x;s lkeku osQ ewY;ksaesa dksbZ uke ek=k dk Hkh vuqikr ugha jgrkA vr% vuqowQy O;kikj dh 'krks± osQ dkj.k fodflr ns'k fons'khO;kikj ls vf/d ykHk mBkrs gSa tcfd izfrowQy O;kikj 'krks± osQ dkj.k] v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dks ?kkVkiM+rk gSA

(9) fodflr ns'kksa }kjk laj{k.koknh uhfrμfodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fons'kh O;kikj esa cgqr cM+k /Ddk blfy,Hkh yxk fd fodflr ns'kksa us fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ vk;krksa ij dbZ rjg osQ izfrcU/ yxk fn;s gSaA fodflr ns'kksa


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dh bu lja{k.kkRed uhfr;ksa dk fojks/ djus osQ fy, fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ ikl u rks vk£Fkd {kerk gS vkSj ujktuhfrd 'kfDrA

v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dh fons'kh O;kikj lEcU/h leL;kvksa dks ns[krs gq,] rsth ls ,d u;h vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkkdh vko';drk eglwl dh tk jgh gS ftlesa le`¼ jk"Vª fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks Í.kksa esa NwV nsaxs] vf/d vk;krdjsaxs rFkk fu;kZr dh dherksa esa deh djasxs] ,oa dPps eky dk mfpr nke nasxs rFkk vko';d oLrqvksa osQ Hk.Mkj.kdh ,slh O;oLFkk djsaxss fd mudh dherksa esa vuko';d mrkj&p<+ko u gksA fdUrq fodflr vkSj v¼Z&fodflrjk"Vªksa osQ Li"V erHksn mHkjdj lkeus vk x;s gSa rFkk ;g ckr lkiQ gks x;h gS fd fo'o esa ,d u;h vFkZ&O;oLFkkosQ fuekZ.k osQ bPNqd ns'kksa dks dkiQh la?k"kZ djuk iM+sxk D;ksafd ljyrk ls os vius vkidks fons'kh O;kikj ,oa vU;izdkj osQ 'kks"k.k ls eqDr ugha dj ldrsA


2- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa vFkok × dk fu'kku yxkb, (State whether the following

statements are 'tru' or 'false')μ

1. lS¼kfUrd rFkk O;ogkfjd n`f"V;ksa ls fons'kh O;kikj vk£Fkd fodkl esa ck/d gSA

2. fdlh ns'k osQ vk£Fkd fodkl esa fu;kZrksa dh o`f¼ dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA

3. v¼Z&fodflr ns'k osQoy izkFkfed oLrqvksa dk gh mRiknu djrs gSaA

4. vuqowQy O;kikj dh 'krks± osQ dkj.k fodflr ns'k fons'kh O;kikj ls vf/d ykHk mBkrs gSaA

5. v¼Z&fodflr ns'k osQoy fxuh&pquh oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djrs gSaA buosQ O;kikj esa

fofo/rk ugha gksrhA

1-5 lkjka'k (Summary)

• uo&izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk fo'okl gS fd fdlh ns'k osQ fodkl esa fons'kh O;kikj egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnkuns ldrk gSA gScjyj ,oa osQ;juØkl tSls vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us Hkh blh er dk leFkZu djrs gq, fopkjO;Dr fd;k gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQoy mRiknu dks oqQ'kyre cukus dk gh mik; ugha oju~ fodkldk bUtu Hkh gSA

• izks- feMZy us ;g er O;Dr fd;k gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj us vYi&fodflr ns'kksa osQ vk£Fkd fodkldks izksRlkfgr djus osQ ctk; muesa nksgjh vFkZO;oLFkk (Dualility) mRiUu dh gSA

• fons'kh O;kikj cktkj osQ vkdkj dk foLrkj djosQ vFkZO;oLFkk ij izkoSfxd izHkko Mkyrk gSA

• ,p- fe.V osQ vuqlkj] fons'kh O;kikj xfr'khy mRikndrk osQ fl¼kUr ij vkèkkfjr gS tks Je&foHkktudh lEHkkoukvksa dks c<+krk gSA

• vusd vk/qfud vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa jkmy izsfc'k] ¯lxj] feMZy] fe.V] vkfn us vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dksvYifodflr ns'kksa osQ vk£Fkd fodkl esa vojks/d ekuk gSA

• lS¼kfUrd rFkk O;kogkfjd nksuksa n`f"V;ksa ls fons'kh O;kikj dks vk£Fkd fodkl esa vojks/d ugha dgktk ldrkA

• v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa tc vkS|ksxhdj.k izkjEHk gksrk gS rks e'khuksa vkSj mPp&rduhd dh Hkhvko';drk gksrh gSA

• fodflr jk"Vªksa }kjk 'kks"k.k dh izo`fÙk us Hkh] v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ O;kikj dks Hkkjh /Ddk igqapk;k gSA

• vuqowQy O;kikj dh 'krks± osQ dkj.k fodflr ns'k fons'kh O;kikj ls vf/d ykHk mBkrs gSa tcfd izfrowQyO;kikj 'krks± osQ dkj.k] v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dks ?kkVk iM+rk gSA

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1-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

••••• izfr/kouμvkØe.kA

••••• foo£rrμyq<+duk] pDdj yxkuk] fodklA

••••• izlj.kμiSQyuk] vkxs c<+ukA

••••• izoluμfons'k tkdj cluk] vU; LFkku ij clukA

1-7 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)

1. fdl izdkj O;kikj vk£Fkd fodkl dk batu gS\ foLrkj ls le>kb,A

2. fodkl'khy ns'k dh fons'kh O;kikj laca/h leL;kvksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

3. fdlh v¼Z&fodflr ns'k osQ vk£Fkd fodkl ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk D;k izHkko iM+rk gS\ le>kb,A

mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answers: Self Assessment)

1. 1. (d) 2. (x) 3. (d) 4. ([k)

5. (d)

2. 1. × 2. 3. × 4.

5.

1-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

1- ekSfnzd vFkZ'kkL=k% MkW- th- lh- fla?kbZ_ lkfgR; Hkou ifCyosQ'kUl_ vkxjkA

2- yksdfoÙk ,oa vUrjkZ‘ªh; O;kikj% MkW- ,e-,y- f>axu_ o`ank ifCyosQ'kUl izk-fy-_ fnYyhA

2- vUrjkZ‘ªh; O;kikj ,oa foÙk% MkW- ts-ih- feJk_ lkfgR; Hkou ifCyosQ'kUl_ vkxjkA


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bdkbZμ2% O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHkksa dk ekiu(Measurement of Gains from Trade)


mís'; (Objectives)


2.1 O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHkksa dk ekiu (Measurement of Gains from Trade)

2.2 ykHk dh ek=kk dks fu/kZfjr djus okys rRo (Factors Determining the Quantity of Gain)

2.3 vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls lEHkkfor vkSj okLrfod ykHk (Potential and Actual Gains fromInternational Trade)

2.4 O;kikj ls ykHk vkSj vk; forj.k (Gains from Trade and Income Distribution)

2.5 eqDr O;kikj cuke O;kikj ugha (Free Trade Vs. No Trade)

2.6 izfrcfU/r O;kikj cuke O;kikj ugha (Restricted Trade Vs. No Trade)

2.7 NksVs ,oa cM+s ns'kksa dks O;kikj ls ykHk (Gains From Trade in Case of Small and LargeCountry)

2.8 LFkSfrd ,oa izkoSfxd ykHk (Static and Dynamic Gains)





mís'; (Objectives)


• vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHk dk fo'ys"k.k djus esaA

• ykHk dh ek=kk dks fuèkkZfjr djus okys rRoksa dks le>us esaA

• eqDr O;kikj cuke O;kikj ugha vkSj izfrcafèkr O;kikj cuke O;kikj ugha dh O;k[;k djus esaA

• LFkSfrd ,oa izkoSfxd ykHk dk foospu djus esaA


izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us crk;k fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ns'k osQ oqQy dY;k.k esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA blosQ igysokf.kT;okfn;ksa us ;g er izfrikfnr fd;k Fkk fd ;fn ,d ns'k lnSo vU; ns'kksa dks fu;kZr djus esa liQygksrk gS rks og le`¼ gks ldrk gSA bls Hkh mUgksaus O;kikj osQ ykHk ls lEcfUèkr fd;k] fdUrq bldk fojksèk djrsgq, izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us crk;k fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls osQoy ,d ns'k dks gh ugha oju~ lc ns'kksa dks ykHkgksrk gS ftldk vkèkkj gS fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj mlosQ dkj.k c<+k gqvk mRiknuA blosQ vfrfjDr] vU;


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bdkbZμ2% O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHkksa dk ekiu

vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaμfey] ek'kZy (Marshall), lsE;qylu] osQEi (Kemp) vkSj gScjyj] vkfn us Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj osQ ykHkksa dks Li"V fd;k gSA izfrf"Br fopkjèkkjk osQ vuqlkj] vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa layXu ns'kfof'k"Vhdj.k osQ vkèkkj ij mRiknu ,oa fofue; djosQ vius vk£Fkd ykHk dks vfèkdre djrs gSaA vkèkqfudn`f"Vdks.k osQ vuqlkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ykHk fofue; ls gksus okys ykHkksa vkSj lkekU; lUrqyu fo'ks"k.k ijvkèkkfjr fof'k"Vhdj.k ls izkIr ykHkksa ls lEc¼ gSaA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vusd vk£Fkd ykHkksa dks tUe nsrk gSftlesa izeq[k gSaμ

(i) vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je&foHkktu ls fo'o osQ lalkèkuksa dk loksZÙke forj.k gksrk gS ftlls mudk oqQ'kyre iz;ksxfd;k tk ldrk gSA

(ii) O;kikj ls izR;sd ns'k esa fofue; dh tk ldus okyh oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu vkSj ewY; esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

(iii) fo'o osQ oqQy mRiknu esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

(iv) O;kikj osQ dkj.k izR;sd ns'k miHkksx dh fofHkUu oLrq,¡ vfèkd ek=kk esa izkIr dj ldrk gSA

(v) izR;sd ns'k osQ dY;k.k esa o`f¼ gksrh gS rFkk fo'o dh le`f¼ c<+rh gSA

2-1 O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHkksa dk ekiu (Measurement of Gains from Trade)

izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ vuqlkj (1) rqyukRed ykxr osQ ykHk ij vkèkkfjr fof'k"Vhdj.k gh vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj osQ ykHk dk izeq[k Ïksr gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] nwljk izeq[k Ïksr gS (2) cká vkSj vkUrfjd cprksa dksizkIr djuk tks fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ iQyLo:i cM+s iSekus osQ mRiknu ls izkIr gksrh gSA cktkj osQ foLrkj dkHkh cprksa ij vuqowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA ,Me fLeFk bls Li"V djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd Je&foHkktu] cktkjosQ foLrkj }kjk lhfer gksrk gSA (3) cktkj osQ foLrkj ls tc mRifÙk dk iSekuk c<+rk gS rks Je&foHkktu,oa fof'k"Vhdj.k dk {ks=k foLr`r gks tkrk gS ftlls mRiknu ykxr ?kVrh gS vkSj oLrq dk ewY; ?kV tkrkgSA ;g Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk ykHk gSA

fjdkMksZ osQ vuqlkj rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr ;g Li"V djrk gS fd O;kikj ls nksuksa ns'kksa dks ykHk gksrk gSHkys gh muesa ls ,d ns'k nksuksa oLrqvksa dks lLrs esa cuk ldrk gSA

tSdc okbuj osQ vuqlkj] izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ykHkksa dh x.kuk djus osQ fy, rhufHkUu fofèk;ksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k tks bl izdkj gSa %

(1) rqyukRed ykxr dh fofèk ftlosQ vUrxZr ykHk dk eq[; vkèkkj gS fuf'pr okLrfod vk; izkIr djusosQ fy, oqQy okLrfod ykxr esa ferO;;rkA

(2) O;kikj dh 'krs±μvUrjkZ"Vªh; forj.k vkSj ykHk dh izo`fÙk dh lwpdA

(3) ns'k dh okLrfod vk; esa o`f¼ ykHk dk vkèkkjA

mYys[kuh; gS fd Dykfldh; vFkZ'kkL=kh bu rjhdksa dks iwjh rjg Li"V fd, fcuk gh bUgsa vkil esa feykfn;k djrs FksA ijUrq tc ls fey us viuk ikjLifjd ekax dk fl¼kUr izLrqr fd;k rc ls O;kikj osQ ykHkksadks ekius osQ fy, O;kikj 'krks± dk rjhdk gh viuk;k tkrk gSA

(v) fjdkMksZ dk n`f"Vdks.k (Ricardo’s Approach)

fjdkMksZ osQ vuqlkj dksbZ ns'k mu oLrqvksa dks fu;kZr djsxk ftuesa mldh rqyukRed mRiknu ykxrsa de gksaxhvkSj mu oLrqvksa dks vk;kr djsxk ftuesa mldh mRiknu ykxrsa Å¡ph gksaxhA ¶bl izdkj ns'k vius lalkèkuksaosQ iz;ksx esa fdiQk;r djrk gS ftlls lkèkuksa dh nh gqbZ ek=kk osQ cnys og mldh vis{kk vfèkd vk; izkIrdjrk gS tks mls rc izkIr gksrh gS tc og gj oLrq dk mRiknu Lo;a djrk gSA


uksV


izksisQlj jksukYM fiQ.Mys us viuh iqLrd Trade and

Specialisation (1970) esa fjdkMksZ osQ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj lsykHk osQ fl¼kUr dks fp=k 2-1 dh lgk;rk ls Li"V fd;k gSAO;kikj ls igys dh fLFkfr esa] AB ml ns'k dk mRiknulEHkkouk oØ gS tks Je vkxr dh ek=kk osQ fn, gq, gksus ij]nks oLrqvksa X rFkk Y dk mRiknu djrk gSA AB oØ ij] ns'kfcUnq E ij lUrqyu esa gSA O;kikj esa 'kkfey gksus osQ ckn CB

js[kk dh <ky (slope) bl ns'k dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher vuqikrizn£'kr djrh gSA eku yhft, fd ;g ns'k CB js[kk osQ fcUnqF ij lUrqyu esa gSA ;fn F ij la;ksx }kjk O;Dr X rFkk Y dhek=kkvksa dk ns'k esa gh mRiknu djuk gS] rks Je vkxr dh ek=kk dks bruk c<+kuk iM+sxk tks ?kjsyw mRiknu lEHkkoukoØ dks AB ls ljdkdj A′B′ ij igq¡pk nsA bl izdkj O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHk dks BB′/OB ekisxkA

izks- jksukYM fiQ.Mys us viuh iqLrd Trade and specialisation (1970) esafjdkMksZ osQ varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj fl¼kar ij Li"Vhdj.k fn;k gSA

ekYFkl dk n`f"Vdks.kμekYFkl (Malthus) fjdkMksZ osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls lger ugha gSaA mudh èkkj.kk gS fd fjdkMksZus O;kikj ls ykHkksa dk cgqr gh vfrvuqeku fd;k gSA ekYFkl dk er gS fd tc ?kjsyw mRiknu lEHkkouk oØljd dj A′B′ ij pyk tk,xk] rks lUrqyu fcUnq F ugha gksxkA CB ij lkis{k dherksa dh vis{kk A′B′ ij lkis{kdhersa fu;kZfrr oLrq X osQ vfèkd vuqowQy gksaxh] blfy, miHkksDrk F dh ctk; A′B′ ij F osQ nkb± vksj fdlhfcUnq dks vfèkeku nsxkA vr% CB ij O;kikj ls ykHk dks BB′/OB vuqikr esa Je&vkxr dh o`f¼ }kjk ugha ekiktk ldrkA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd CB ij ifjorZu dh vis{kk A′B′ ij F osQ nk,a dks ifjorZu vis{kkÑr vfèkdmi;qDr gksxkA

fiQ.Mys dk n`f"Vdks.kμizksisQlj jksukYM fiQ.Mys us leqnk; mnklhurk oØ CI dks iz;ksx djosQ O;kikj ls ykHkosQ fjdkMksZ&eki dk la'kksèku fd;k gSA ;fn Je&vkxr dks bruk c<+k fn;k tk, fd og mRiknu lEHkkouk oØdks A′B′ dh ctk; A0B0 rd èkosQyus osQ fy, i;kZIr gks rks CI oØ ij G fcUnq izR;sd O;fDr dks mruh ghJs"B fLFkfr esa igq¡pk nsxk ftruk fd og LorU=k O;kikj&fcUnq F ij gSA blfy, O;kikj ls tks ykHk gksxk ogvis{kkÑr vfèkd ykHk BB′/OB dh ctk; BB0/OB osQ cjkcj gksxkA bl eki ls ml vkykspuk dk lekèkkugks tkrk gS tks ekYFkl us fjdkMksZ ij dh gSA

(c) fey dk n`f"Vdks.k (Mill’s Approach)

ts- ,l- fey us vius ikjLifjd ekax osQ fl¼kUr osQ :i esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ykHk dk rFkk ml ykHk osQforj.k dk Hkh fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA fey dk er gS fd ikjLifjd ekax O;kikj dh 'krks± dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gS]tks fd vkxs izR;sd ns'k osQ O;kikj ls ykHkksa osQ forj.k dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA O;kikj dh 'krs±* 'kCncUèk nks ns'kksaosQ chp oLrq fofue; dh 'krks± dks crkrk gS] vFkkZr~ fdlh ns'k osQ fu;kZrksa dks nh gqbZ ek=kk osQ fy, vk;krksa dhek=kk osQ vuqikr dks fu£n"V djrk gSA

fey dk er gS fd ikjLifjd ekax O;kikj dh 'krks± dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gS] tks fd vkxs izR;sdns'k osQ O;kikj ls ykHkksa osQ forj.k dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA

C

A�

A0

A

E

B B0

C1

B�O

F

G

oLrq-X

oLrq-

Y

fp=k 2-1

uksV



,d mnkgj.k yhft,A ns'k A esa Je dh nks bdkb;k¡ oLrq X dh 10 bdkb;ksa vkSj oLrq Y dh 10 bdkb;ksa dkmRiknu djrh gSa] tcfd ns'k B esa ogh Je 6X rFkk 8Y dk mRiknu djrk gSA ?kjsyw fofue; vuqikr (vFkok?kjsyw O;kikj&'krs±) ns'k A esa 1X = 1Y gS vkSj ns'k B esa 1X = 1.33Y gSA bldk eryc gS fd X dh ,d bdkbZdks ns'k A esa Y dh ,d bdkbZ ls vkSj ns'k B esa Y dh 1.33 bdkb;ksa ls fofue; fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkjnks ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj dh 'krs± 1X vFkok 1Y vFkok 1.33Y osQ chp dgha gksaxhA

ijUrq okLrfod fofue; vuqikr ikjLifjd ek¡x ij fuHkZj djsxk]vFkkZr~ ¶nks ijLij O;kikj dj jgs ns'kksa dh muosQ vius mRiknu osQ :iesa ,d&nwljs osQ mRiknu dh ek¡x dh lkis{k 'kfDr vkSj yksp ijokLrfod fofue; vuqikr fuHkZj djsxkA ;fn oLrq Y osQ fy, ns'k A

dh ek¡x vfèkd xgu (csyksp) gS rks O;kikj dh 'krs± 1X = 1Y osQvfèkd fudV gksaxhA O;kikj dh 'krs± B osQ vfèkd vuqowQy vkSj A osQvfèkd izfrowQy gksaxhA B dks vfèkd ykHk gksxk vkSj A dks deA nwljhvksj] ;fn oLrq Y osQ fy, ns'k A dh ek¡x de xgu (vfèkd ykspnkj)gS rks O;kikj dh 'krs± 1X = 1.33Y osQ vfèkd fudV gksaxh O;kikj dh'krs± A osQ i{k esa vkSj B osQ izfrowQy gks tk,¡xhA A dks vfèkd ykHkgksxk vkSj B dks deA

O;kikj ls ykHkksa osQ forj.k dks fp=k 2-2 esa ek'kZy ,toFkZ izLrko oØksa osQ :i esa Li"V fd;k x;k gSA OA

ns'k A dk vkSj OB ns'k B dk izLrko oØ gSA OP rFkk OQ Øe'k% ns'k A rFkk B esa oLrq X rFkk Y osQ mRiknuosQ ?kjsyw fLFkj ykxr vuqikr gSaA ;s js[kk,¡ okLro esa os lhek,¡ gSa ftuosQ chp nksuksa ns'kksa dh O;kikj 'krs± fLFkrgSa] ijUrq O;kikj dh okLrfod 'krs± fcUnq E ij r; gksrh gSa tgk¡ OA rFkk OB oØ ijLij dkVrs gSaA OT js[kkE fcUnq ij O;kikj dh lUrqyu 'krks± dks O;Dr djrh gSA

ns'k A osQ Hkhrj ykxr vuqikr Y dh MS bdkb;k¡ % X dh OM bdkb;k¡ gSa] ijUrq O;kikj ls bls Y dh ME bdkb;k¡izkIr gksrh gSaA blfy, bls Y dh SE bdkb;ksa dk ykHk gksrk gSA ns'k B osQ Hkhrj ykxr vuqikr Y dh MR bdkb;k¡% X dh OM bdkb;k¡ gSa] ijUrq ;g Y dh ME ek=k bdkb;ksa osQ cnys ns'k A ls X dh OM bdkb;k¡ vk;kr djrkgSA bls Y dh ER bdkb;ksa dk ykHk gksrk gSA bl izdkj O;kikj esa izos'k djus ls nksuksa ns'kksa dks ykHk gksrk gSA

(l) vkèkqfud n`f"Vdks.k (Modern Approach): vkèkqfud O;kikj fl¼kUr esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls gksus okysykHkksa dks Li"V :i ls fofue; ls ykHk rFkk fof'k"Vhdj.k ls ykHk esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA ek¡x vkSj iw£r osQvkèkkj ij bl fo'ys"k.k dks cUn vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lkekU; lUrqyu osQ :i esa Li"V fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d rks:ikUrj.k oØ dks leqnk; mnklhurk oØ osQ Li'kZ }kjk vkSj nwljsmiHkksx ,oa mRiknu oLrqvksa dh LFkkukiUurk dh lhekUr njksa dh ?kjsywO;kikj 'krks± vFkok oLrq dher vuqikr osQ lkFk lekurk }kjk gksrk gSA¶tc vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj 'kq: fd;k tkrk gS rks fofue; ls Hkh ykHkgksrk gS vkSj fof'k"Vhdj.k ls Hkh ykHk gksrk gSA tc lUrqyu LFkkfir gkstkrk gS vkSj ;s ykHk vfèkdre gks tkrs gSa] rks mRiknu esa :ikUrj.k dhubZ lhekUr nj vkSj miHkksx esa LFkkukiUurk dh ubZ lhekUr njvUrjkZ"Vªh; dher vuqikr vFkok O;kikj dh 'krks± osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA¸bl izdkj O;kikj ls igys osQ Lrj dh vis{kk vfèkd mRiknu rFkkmiHkksx djosQ mRiknd rFkk miHkksDrk nksuksa gh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj lsykHk izkIr djrs gSaA

fp=k 2-3 esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls izkIr gksus okys ykHkksa dh O;k[;k dh

oLrq-

Y

oLrq-X

Q

R

A

T

E B P

S

O M

fp=k 2-2

P2

P1

PA

D E

K N

BO

oLrq -

Y

oLrq-X

C

C�

CI2

CI1

CI0

fp=k 2-3


uksV


xbZ gSA AB :ikUrj.k oØ gS tks vFkZO;oLFkk osQ iw£r i{k dks izn£'kr djrk gS vkSj CI0 leqnk; mnklhurk oØgS tks vFkZO;oLFkk osQ i{k dks O;Dr djrk gSA cUn vFkZO;oLFkk (O;kikj u djus okyh vFkZO;oLFkk) osQ lUrqyudks fcUnq E izn£'kr djrk gS tgk¡ AB rFkk CI0 oØ ,d nwljs dks Li'kZ djrs gSa vkSj nksuksa gh O;kikj dh ?kjsyw'krks± vFkok oLrq dher vuqikr js[kk P osQ cjkcj gSaA

tc vUrjkZ"Vªh; (vFkok LorU=k) O;kikj 'kq: gksxk] rks vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher vuqikr (O;kikj dh 'krs±) ?kjsyw dhervuqikr (O;kikj dh ?kjsyw 'krks± ls fHkUu gksaxhA bls P1 ls fn[kk;k x;k gS tks ?kjsyw dher vuqikr P ls vfèkdfrjNk (Steeper) gSA bldk eryc gS fd fo'o osQ cktkj esa oLrq Y osQ eqdkcys oLrq X dh dher c<+ xbZ gSAvUrjkZ"Vªh; dher js[kk P1 ij] miHkksDrk Cl0 oØ osQ fcUnq E ls vis{kkÑr vfèkd Å¡ps leqnk; mnklhurk oØCl1 osQ fcUnq C ij pys tkrs gSaA fcUnq E ls C ij xfr fofue; ls ykHk vFkok miHkksx ykHk dks ekirh gS tksfd mRiknu esa fdlh izdkj dk ifjorZu gq, fcuk gh gksrk gSA

pwafd fo'o osQ cktkj esa X dh dher c<+ xbZ gS] blfy, mRiknd bldk mRiknu c<+krs gSa vkSj Y dk mRiknu?kVkrs gSaA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd :ikUrj.k oØ ij fcUnq E ls N rd xfr gksrh gS tgk¡ vUrjkZ"Vªh; dherjs[kk P2 oØ AB dks Li'kZ djrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] mRiknu esa :ikUrj.k dh lhekUr nj N fcUnq ij vUrjkZ"Vªh;dher vuqikr osQ cjkcj gks tkrh gSA fo'o&O;kikj 'krks± dk u;k vuqikr P2 ogh gS tks fd P1 gS] D;ksafd ;gP1 osQ lekukUrj gSA fcUnq N ij ns'k oLrq Y osQ KC′ vk;krksa osQ cnys oLrq X dk NK fu;kZr djrk gSA

X osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k c<+us dk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd miHkksx Cl1 oØ osQ fcUnq C ls ljd dj Cl2

oØ osQ fcUnq C′ ij igq¡p tkrk gS] tgk¡ ij miHkksDrk X rFkk Y nksuksa gh vis{kkÑr vfèkd ek=kkvksa dk miHkksxdjrs gSaA C ls C′ rd ;g xfr mRiknu osQ fof'k"Vhdj.k ls ykHk vFkok mRiknu ykHk dks ekirh gSA fcUnq C′ij LFkkukiUurk dh lhekUr nj vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher vuqikr cjkcj gSA blfy, N rFkk C′ fcUnqvksa ijvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ykHk vfèkdre gks tkrs gSa] D;ksafd mRiknu esa :ikUrj.k dh lhekUr nj vkSj miHkksx esaLFkkukiUurk dh lhekUr nj nksuksa gh vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher vuqikr P2 osQ cjkcj gSaA LorU=k O;kikj ls tks oqQN ykHkgksrk gS og miHkksx rFkk mRiknu ykHkksa osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gS ftls fn[kkus osQ fy, dY;k.k esa lqèkkj Cl0 ls Cl2

fn[kk;k x;k gSA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ykHk % lsE;qylu osQ fopkj

1939 esa izdkf'kr vius ys[k ‘The Gains From International Trade’ esa izks- lsE;qylu us Li"V fd;k fdvkRefuHkZj vFkZO;oLFkk dh rqyuk esa dksbZ Hkh ns'k vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls tqM+dj ykHk izkIr dj ldrk gSA

lsE;qylu dh ;g fopkjèkkjk fuEufyf[kr ekU;rkvksa ij vkèkkfjr gSμ

(1) vFkZO;oLFkk iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk ij vkèkkfjr gSA

(2) mRiknu iQyu fo'ks"kdj rduhdh Lrj ij vifjorZuh; jgrk gSA

(3) fLFkj iSekus osQ izfriQy ykxw gksrs gSaA

(4) vkxrksa (Inputs) osQ ewY; mudh iw£r dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA

(5) ns'k dk vkdkj cgqr NksVk gS vkSj og fo'o cktkj osQ ewY;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gksrkA

izks- lsE;qylu us 1962 esa izdkf'kr vius gh ys[k ‘The Gains From International Trade Once Again’ esaviuh iwoZ ekU;rk (NksVs ns'k dh ekU;rk) dk ifjR;kx djosQ cM+s ns'k dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls feyus okys ykHkdk foospu fd;k vkSj lkFk gh ;g Li"V fd;k fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ns'k osQ dY;k.k esa o`f¼ gksrh gS D;ksafdtc dksbZ cM+k ns'k vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls tqM+rk gS rc mldh O;kikfjd fØ;kvksa dk foLrkj gksrk gS ftlosQifj.kkeLo:i mlosQ vk;kr eg¡xs vkSj fu;kZr lLrs gks tkrs gSaA

osQEi us viuh iqLrd esa lsE;qylu osQ fl¼kUr dh vfèkd lkekU; ,oa mRÑ"V O;k[;k dh gSA mUgksaus lsE;qylu

uksV



osQ fl¼kUr dk foLrkj dj ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd fdlh Hkh vkdkj osQ ns'k osQ fy, u osQoy {kfriw£r okyhLorU=k O;kikj dh fLFkfr O;kikj u gksus dh rqyuk esa Js"B gS oju~ {kfriw£r okyk lhfer O;kikj (Compensated

Restricted Trade) Hkh vkRe&fuHkZj vFkZO;oLFkk ls Js"B gSA lsE;qylu osQ izek.k (Proof) dk iz;ksx djrs gq,gScjyj us js[kkfp=k dh lgk;rk ls Li"V fd;k gS fd LorU=k O;kikj ls jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj vk£Fkd dY;k.k esao`f¼ gksrh gSA

O;kikj ls ykHk osQ lEcUèk esa gScjyj dk izek.k (Haberler’s

Proof of the Gain of Trade)μgScjyj us fuEu js[kkfp=k osQekè;e ls vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ ykHkksa dks Li"V fd;k gSμ

js[kkfp=k esa AA′ ns'k dk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ gSA O;kikj osQiwoZ dh fLFkfr esa H mRiknu&miHkksx dk lUrqyu fcUnq gS rFkkPH dk <ky O;kikj osQ iwoZ X vkSj Y nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ dhervuqikr dks n'kkZrk gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj gksus osQ ckn vUrjkZ"Vªh;dher vuqikr P′P′ js[kk }kjk fn[kk;k x;k gSA u;h dher js[kkij mRiknu lUrqyu fcUnq T gS rFkk miHkksx fcUnq H′ gSA H′fcUnq ij ns'k X dh H′L ek=kk dk fu;kZr djrk gS vkSj Y dhLT ek=kk dk vk;kr djrk gSA

vc rVLFkrk oØ }kjk ;g fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gS fd fcUnqH′ fcUnq H dh rqyuk esa Js"B gSA pwafd H′ dks Li'kZ djrh gqbZrVLFkrk oØ H dh rqyuk esa Å¡ph gksxh vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ykHk gksrk gSA pwafdfcUnq H ls mRiknu gVdj tc T fcUnq ij lUrqfyr gksrk gS] blesa vk; osQ iqu£orj.k dk iz'u iSnk gksrk gS vr%gScjyj rVLFkrk oØ osQ iz;ksx osQ i{k esa ugha gS] fdUrq nwljs izdkj ls Hkh H′ fcUnq dh Js"Brk fl¼ dh tkldrh gSA ;fn H′ fcUnq H osQ Åij ,oa nkb± vksj gS] rks Li"V gS fd O;kikj osQ iwoZ dh rqyuk esa vc vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj ls X vkSj Y nksuksa oLrqvksa dh vfèkd ek=kk miyCèk gksrh gSA ;gh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk ykHk gSA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ,oa fo'o dY;k.k (International Trade and World Welfare): vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj lslEc¼ ns'kksa esa mRifÙk lkèkuksa dk oqQ'ky vkoaVu lEHko gks tkrk gS vkSj nksuksa ns'k mUgha lalkèkuksa }kjk mRiknuc<+kus esa liQy gks tkrs gSa ftlls nksuksa ns'kksa osQ dY;k.k Lrj esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA ns'kksa osQ chp gksus okyk vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj lEiw.kZ fo'o Lrj ij dY;k.k esao`f¼ osQ fy, lgk;d gSA

fp=k 2-5 esa fo'o osQ nks izfrfufèk ns'kksaosQ :i esa ns'k A rFkk B osQ chp O;kikjls mRiUu dY;k.k o`f¼ n'kkZbZ xbZ gSAnksuksa ns'k xsgw¡ ,oa diM+s dk mRiknu djrsgSaA fp=k esa OX (,oa O′Y) v{k ij xsgw¡rFkk OY (,oa O′X) v{k ij diM+s dksizn£'kr fd;k x;k gSA fp=k esa AA1 ns'kA dk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ rFkk BB1

ns'k B dk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ gSA fcUnqP ij ns'k A mRiknu rFkk miHkksx djrkgSμbl fcUnq ij ns'k A xsgw¡ dh OW ek=kkrFkk diM+s dh OC ek=kk dk mRiknu rFkk

H′ fu;kZr

P′

A′

P′ XAO

L

HP

Pvk;kr

ToLrq

dh ek=kk

Y

oLrq dh ek=kkXfp=k 2-4

fp=k 2-5

diM+k

B2 W3

BW1

AC

C2

Y′

Y

O′′

C1

O′CICI

CIC0

C3

B3B1

O W W2 A1 X X′

xsgw¡

xsgw¡

xsgw¡

diM+kdiM+k


uksV


miHkksx dj jgk gSA ns'k B dk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ BB1 gSA ,yoFkZ lUnwd dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ns'k B osQ mRiknulEHkkouk oØ ,oa v{kksa dks myV dj j[kk x;k gSA ns'k B osQ fy, fcUnq P ij xsgw¡ osQ mRiknu ,oa miHkksx dhek=kk O′W1 (vFkok WX) rFkk diM+s osQ mRiknu ,oa miHkksx dh ek=kk O′C1 (vFkok CX) gSA bl ij nksuksa ns'kksaesa xsgw¡ dk lexz mRiknu OX (= OW + WX) rFkk diM+s dk lexz mRiknu OY (= OC + CY) gSA bl lexzmRiknu osQ lkFk nksuksa ns'kksa dk lexz dY;k.k Lrj leqnk; mnklhurk oØ ClC0 }kjk izn£'kr gSA

fcUnq ij nksuksa ns'kksa osQ fy, LFkk;h lUrqyu dk fcUnq ugha gS D;ksafd fcUnq P ij nksuksa ns'kksa osQ :ikUrj.k dh lhekUrnj leku ugha gS ftlosQ dkj.k nksuksa ns'kksa esa lalkèkuksa dk vkoaVu vuqowQyre ugha gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj gksus dhn'kk esa nksuksa ns'k lalkèkuksa dk vuqowQyre vkoaVu djus esa liQy gks tkrs gSa ftlls nksuksa ns'kksa dk lexz mRiknuxsgw¡ ,oa diM+s osQ fy, Øe'k% OX′ rFkk OY′ gks tkrk gSμbl mRiknu Lrj ij nksuksa ns'kksa osQ mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ,d&nwljs dks fcUnq P1 ij Li'kZ djrs gSaA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ dkj.k oLrqvksa osQ lexz mRiknu esa o`f¼ gks tkrhgS vkSj leqnk; mnklhurk oØ nkb± vksj f[kld dj ClC1 gks tkrk gSA ;g Å¡pk leqnk; mnklhurk oØ dY;k.kosQ Å¡ps Lrj dk lwpd gSA

bl ij] vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj fo'o dY;k.k esa o`f¼ djus esa lgk;d gSA


1- lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the Correct option)

1. izks- lsE;qylu vius ys[k ‘The Gains from International Trade’ esa Li"V fd;k fd] vkRefuHkZjvFkZO;oLFkk dh rqyuk esa dksbZ Hkh ns'k varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls tqM+dj ykHk izkIr dj ldrk gSA ;g ys[kizdkf'kr gqvkμ

(d) 1935 esa ([k) 1936 esa (x) 1938 esa (?k) 1939 esa

2. viuh iwoZ ekU;rk (NksVs ns'k) dk ifjR;kx dj cM+s ns'k dks varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls feyus okys ykHk dkfoospu vius nwljs ys[k esa izks- lsE;qylu us fd;k gSA nwljk ys[k izdkf'kr gqvkμ

(d) 1959 ([k) 1960 (x) 1962 (?k) 1963

3. lSE;qylu dh fopkjèkkjk ekU;rkvkas ij vkèkkfjr gSμ

(d) vFkZO;oLFkk iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk ij vkèkkfjr gSA

([k) fLFkj iSekus osQ izfriQy ykxw gksrs gSaA

(x) ykxrksa osQ ewY; mudh iw£r dks izHkkfor ugha djrsA

(?k) d vkSj [k nksuksa lgh gSaA

4. lSE;qylu osQ fl¼kar dh viuh iqLrd esa vfèkd lkekU; ,oa mRÑ"V O;k[;k izLrqr dhμ

(d) fjdkMksZ us ([k) osQEi us (x) gScjyj us (?k) gSjM us

2-2 ykHk dh ek=kk dks fuèkkZfjr djus okys rRo (Factors Determining theQuantity of Gain)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHk ij fuEu rRoksa dk izHkko iM+rk gSμ

(1) (Difference in Cost Ratios)μ osQ vuqlkj] vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls gksus okykykHk bl ckr ij fuHkZj jgrk gS fd nks ns'kksa esa mRiknu&ykxr vuqikrksa esa D;k lEcUèk gSA ykHk mlh le; lEHkogS tc nksuksa ns'kksa esa ykxr vuqikr fHkUu&fHkUu gksaA nks ns'kksa esa

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osQ vuqlkj] ¶ykHk osQ dkj.k tc O;kikj dk foLrkj fd;k tkrk gS rks ,d ,slh fLFkfr vk,xh tc ,d ns'kdh vuqikr ykxr] nwljs ns'k osQ cjkcj gks tk,xhA ,d ns'k dks fofHkUu oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa foLrkj vkSj laoqQpuml le; rd djuk pkfg, tc rd ml ns'k osQ ykxr&vuqikr fons'k osQ ykxr&vuqikr osQ cjkcj ugha gks tkrsA¸

(2) (Production Capacity of the Country)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHkij ns'k dh mRiknu {kerk ,oa mRikndh; oqQ'kyrk dk izHkko Hkh iM+rk gSA ;fn ,d ns'k dh mRiknu {kerk ,oamRikndh; oqQ'kyrk c<+rh gS rks nwljs ns'k dks lLrh oLrq,¡ vk;kr djosQ ykHk izkIr gksxk iQyLo:i blls nwljsns'k osQ fy, O;kikj dh 'krs± vfèkd vuqowQy gks tk;saxhA mRiknu {kerk c<+us ls nwljs ns'k osQ fy, O;kikj dh'krs± blfy, vuqowQy gks tkrh gSa D;ksafd igys ns'k esa ykxr vkSj dherksa esa deh gksrh gS rFkk O;kikj esa foLrkjgksrk gS ftlls nwljs ns'k dks ykHk gksrk gSA blosQ foijhr] ;fn ,d ns'k dh mRiknu {kerk ,oa mRikndh;oqQ'kyrk ?kVrh gS rks nwljs dh gkfu gksxh D;ksafd blls nwljs ns'k dh O;kikj 'krs± izfrowQy gks tk,¡xhA rduhdhizxfr] izf'kf{kr Je&'kfDr ,oa uo&izorZu vkfn dbZ dkj.kksa ls ns'k dh mRiknu {kerk c<+ ldrh gSA

(3) (Terms of Trade or Relative Elasticities

of Demand and Supply)μO;kikj dh 'krks± dk vk'k; ml nj ls gS ftlosQ vuqlkj ,d ns'k dh oLrqvksa dknwljs ns'k dh oLrqvksa ls fofue; gksrk gSA O;kikj dh 'krs± mu oLrqvksa dh dherksa ij fuHkZj jgrh gSa ftudk O;kikjfd;k tkrk gS vr%

,d ns'k esa nwljs ns'k dh oLrq dh ek¡x ftruh vfèkd csykspnkj gksxh] igys ns'k osQ fy, O;kikj dh 'krs± izfrowQygksaxh ,oa ek¡x ykspnkj gksus ij O;kikj dh 'krs± vuqowQy gkasxhA osQ vuqlkj] ¶O;kikj ls ml ns'k dks lclsvfèkd ykHk gksrk gS ftldh oLrqvksa dh ek¡x fons'kksa esa vfèkd gksrh gS rFkk Lo;a mldh ek¡x fons'kh oLrqvksaosQ fy, de gksrh gSA¸ iw£r dh yksp dk Hkh O;kikj dh 'krks± ij izHkko iM+rk gSA ;fn ,d ns'k dh fu;kZr dhtkus okyh oLrqvksa dh iw£r ykspnkj gS rks O;kikj dh 'krs± mlosQ vuqowQy gksaxh vU;Fkk izfrowQyA mlh izdkj ns'kftu oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djrk gS] ;fn mudh fons'kksa esa iw£r csykspnkj gS rks ns'k osQ fy, O;kikj dh 'krs± vuqowQygksaxh vU;Fkk izfrowQyA

bl izdkj Li"V gS fd O;kikj dh 'krs± vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ ykHk dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA O;kikj dh 'krks± osQvuqowQy gksus dh n'kk esa ns'k dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls feyus okyk ykHk vfèkd gks tkrk gS tcfd O;kikj 'krks±osQ izfrowQy gksus ij feyus okys ykHk dk vkdkj ?kV tkrk gSA

(4) (Level of Income )μfdlh ns'k dh eqnzk vk; dk Lrj Hkh ,d ,slk dkjd gS tks O;kikjosQ ykHk vkSj fgLls dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA ftl ns'k dh oLrqvksa dh ek¡x vU; ns'kksa esa fLFkj gksxh mldk ekSfnzdvk; dk Lrj Å¡pk gksxkA ;fn mlosQ fu;kZr vfèkd gksaxs] rks mlosQ fu;kZr m|ksxksa dk foLrkj gksxkA ifj.kkeLo:i]bu m|ksxksa esa eqnzk etnwjh dk Lrj c<+sxkA Je dh izfr;ksfxrk c<+sxh vkSj vU; m|ksxksa dks etnwjh dk Lrj c<+kdjfu;kZr m|ksxksa osQ etnwjh Lrj rd ykuk iM+sxkA bl izdkj] ns'k esa eqnzk vk; dk lkekU; Lrj c<+sxk] ijUrq ns'kesa vk;kfrr fons'kh oLrqvksa dh dhersa de gksaxh] tcfd yksxksa dh ekSfnzd vk; dk Lrj Å¡pk gksxkA blfy, ns'kosQ yksxksa dks ykHk gksxk] D;ksafd os lLrh vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dk miHkksx djsaxsA blosQ foijhr ftl ns'k dh fons'khoLrqvksa osQ fy, ek¡x vfèkd gksxh] mldh ekSfnzd vk; de gksxh] D;ksafd fons'kh oLrqvksa osQ fy, mldh ek¡xvfèkd gksxh] blfy, fons'kh oLrqvksa dh dhersa vfèkd gksaxhA ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd ml ns'k osQ yksxksa dks gkfugksxh] D;ksafd os eg¡xh vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dk miHkksx djsaxsA

(5) (Size of the Nation)μns'k dk vkdkj Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ ykHk dks izHkkfor djrkgSA ,d NksVs ns'k dks cM+s ns'k dh rqyuk esa vfèkd ykHk feyus dh lEHkkouk jgrh gS D;ksafd NksVk ns'k viusfofue; vuqikr esa ifjorZu fd;s fcuk fdlh ,d oLrq osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k dj ldrk gS vkSj mllsykHk izkIr dj ldrk gSA blosQ foijhr cM+k ns'k fof'k"Vhdj.k dk ykHk ugha mBk ikrk D;ksafd fof'k"Vhdj.kosQ iz;kl esa oLrq dh iw£r cgqr vfèkd c<+ tkrh gS vkSj fo'o cktkj esa oLrq dk ewY; ?kV tkrk gS ftlosQ


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dkj.k O;kikj ls cM+s ns'kksa dk ykHk Hkh de gks tkrk gSA

(6) (Transport Cost)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls feyus okyk ykHk ifjogu ykxr ls Hkh izHkkforgksrk gSA ifjogu ykxr esa deh gksus ij fons'kh O;kikj dk {ks=k foLr`r gks tkrk gS vkSj lkFk gh vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj ls izkIr gksus okyk ykHk Hkh vfèkd gks tkrk gSA blosQ foijhr ifjogu ykxr c<+ tkus ij fons'kh O;kikjdk {ks=k lhfer gks tkrk gS vkSj fons'kh O;kikj ls feyus okyk ykHk Hkh ?kV tkrk gSA

(7) (Nature of Commodities Exported)μfu;kZfrr oLrqvksa dh izÑfr HkhO;kikj osQ ykHk dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA ,d ns'k tks eq[;r% izkFkfed oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djrk gS mlosQ O;kikjdh 'krs± izfrowQy gksrh gSaA iQyLo:i bl O;kikj ls ykHk Hkh de gksrk gSA blosQ foijhr tks ns'k fofu£er oLrqvksadk fu;kZr djrs gSa mudh O;kikj dh 'krs± vuqowQy gksrh gSa vkSj blfy, muosQ O;kikj ls ykHk Hkh vfèkd gksrsgSaA

(8) (Technological Conditions)μtks ns'k izkS|ksfxdh dh n`f"V ls mUur vkSj iw¡thizpqj gksrk gS mlosQ O;kikj dh ek=kk izk;% cM+h gksrh gS vkSj mldk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ykHk Hkh vfèkd gksrkgSA blosQ foijhr ;fn ns'k izkS|ksfxdh dh n`f"V ls fiNM+k rFkk Je izpqj jgs rks blosQ O;kikj dh ek=kk FkksM+hgksxh rFkk O;kikj ls ykHk de gksxkA

2-3 vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls lEHkkfor vkSj okLrfod ykHk (Potential and ActualGains from International Trade)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls nks ns'kksa esa nks oLrqvksa dks mRikfnr djus dk gksrk gSA eku yhft, X rFkk Y nks oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS rFkk nks ns'k A rFkk B gSa] rc lEHkkfor

ykHk dks fuEuor~ O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

P XP

Y YA B

C CG –C C⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

= ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

tgk¡ GP = lEHkkfor ykHk] CX = oLrq × dh izfr bdkbZ ykxr] CY = oLrq Y dh izfr bdkbZ ykxr gS rFkk in fpÉ

A rFkk B nksuksa ns'kksa ls lEc¼ gSaA

blosQ foijhr vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls nks O;kikj dj jgs ns'kksa esa

gksrk gSA iqu% eku yhft, nks ns'k A rFkk B gSa tcfd nks oLrq,¡ X rFkk Y gSa] rc okLrfod ykHk dks

fuEuor~ O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

X XA

Y YA B

P PG –P P⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

= ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

tgk¡ GA = okLrfod ykHk] PX = oLrq X dh izfr bdkbZ dher rFkk PY = oLrq Y dh izfr bdkbZ dherA

tc nks ns'kksa osQ chp iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk osQ vUrxZr eqDr O;kikj gksrk gS rks izR;sd ns'k esa nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ ykxrvuqikr vkSj dher vuqikr cjkcj gksrs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa lEHkkfor ykHk vkSj okLrfod ykHk cjkcj gksrs gSaAvFkkZr~

X X

Y Y

PC P A PC G G⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

= ∴ =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

ijUrq ;fn iz'kqYd ,oa vU; O;kikj izfrcUèk mifLFkr gksrs gSa rFkk oLrq ,oa lkèku cktkjksa esa viw.kZrk fo|eku jgrh

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gS rks izR;sd ns'k esa ykxr vkSj dher vuqikr cjkcj ugha gksaxsA ;fn dher vuqikr] ykxr vuqikr ls vfèkdgksrk gS rks okLrfod ykHk lEHkkfor ykHk ls de gksxkμ

X X

A PY Y

P C> G > GP C⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤

∴⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

pwafd fo'o cktkj esa lnSo viw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh n'kk fo|eku jgrh gS vr% vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa okLrfod ykHk]lEHkkfor ykHk ls lnSo de cuk jgrk gSA

2-4 O;kikj ls ykHk vkSj vk; forj.k (Gains from Trade and Income Distribution)

tc ,d ns'k vU; ns'k osQ lkFk O;kikj izkjEHk djrk gS rks mls O;kikj ls ykHk gksrk gSA O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHkosQ iQyLo:i ns'k esa vk;&forj.k izHkkfor gksrk gSA

¡ (Assumptions)

;g fo'ys"k.k fuEufyf[kr ekU;rkvksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA

1- A rFkk B nks ns'k gSaA 2- ,d ns'k NksVk gSA

3- ;g X rFkk Y nks oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrk gSA

4- ljdkj ,d ifjHkkf"kr dY;k.k iQyu osQ vuq:i vk; dk forj.k djrh gSA

(Explanation)

mijksDr ekU;rkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij O;kikj osQ ykHk ls vk; forj.k dh O;k[;k dks fuEu fp=k }kjk izLrqr fd;ktk ldrk gSμ

fp=k esa oLrq Y osQ miHkksx ls ns'k A dh mi;ksfxrk dks {kSfrt v{k ij rFkk oLrq X osQ miHkksx ls ns'k B dhmi;ksfxrk dks vuqyEc v{k ij izn£'kr fd;k x;k gSA O;kikj iwoZ n'kk esa] mudh mi;ksfxrk lEHkkouk lhek BA

gSA ;fn os P la;ksx dk mi;ksx djrs gSa rks A dh mi;ksfxrk Bls vfèkd gksrh gS] D;ksafd ns'k A ns'k B dh rqyuk esa Y oLrqdh vis{kk X oLrq dh vfèkd ek=kk dk miHkksx djrk gS] vFkkZr~OX > OY ;fn os Q fcUnq ij gksrs gaS rks nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ miHkksxls mUgsa leku mi;ksfxrk izkIr gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ OX1 = OY1

O;kikj i'pkr~ tc ns'k dks ykHk gksrk gS rc mldh mi;ksfxrklEHkkouk lhek B1 A1 gS tks O;kikj ls iwoZ dh mi;ksfxrklEHkkouk lhek BA dks P fcUnq ij Li'kZ djrh gSA oØ B1A1

osQ fcUnq P osQ Åij dksbZ vU; fcUnq tSls f=kHkqt RQS ijfcUnq E nksuksa miHkksDrkvksa dks igys ls vPNh fLFkfr esa yk nsxk]D;ksafd Q fcUnq ij O;kikj iwoZ fLFkfr (OX1 rFkk OY1) dhvis{kk og X rFkk Y dh vfèkd ek=kkvksa (OX2 rFkk OY2) dk miHkksx djrk gSA

O;kikj ls ykHk osQ iQyLo:i vk; osQ forj.k esa ifjorZu gksxkA eku yhft, fd O;kikj i'pkr~ fLFkfr esa miHkksDrkB1A1 oØ osQ T fcUnq ij gS tgk¡ O;kikj&iwoZ fLFkfr esa fcUnq D ij miHkksDrk A dh rqyuk miHkksDrk B vis{kkÑrvPNh fLFkfr esa gSA ljdkj nksuksa miHkksDrkvksa osQ chp vk; dk iqufoZrj.k bl <ax ls djrh gS fd os B1A1 oØosQ lkFk fcUnq E ij xfr djrs gSaA fcUnq E b"Vre gS tgk¡ dY;k.k vfèkdre gksrk gS] D;ksafd nksuksa miHkksDrk fcUnqQ dh vis{kk X rFkk Y dh vfèkd ek=kkvksa (OX2 rFkk OY2) dk miHkksx djrs gSaA

T

R

E

S

P

D

Q

O

B1

Y3

Y2

Y1

B

Y

X3

X1

X2 X A A

1

Bdh mi

;ksfxrk

fp=k 2-6


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2-5 eqDr O;kikj cuke O;kikj ugha (Free Trade Vs. No Trade)

lSE;qylu us nks ys[k izLrqr fd, (i) The Gains from International Trade (1939) vkSj (ii) The Gains from

International Trade Once Again (1962)] mlus bu ys[kksa esa fl¼ fd;k gS fd O;kikj ugha* dh vis{kk eqDrO;kikj* Js"B gS (Free trade is superior to no trade) A

eqDr O;kikj ls rkRi;Z ml fLFkfr ls gS ftlesa oLrqvksa dh ?kjsyw vkSj fo'o&dhersa cjkcj gksaA ;g izLFkkiuk fl¼djus osQ fy, fd O;kikj ugha dh vis{kk eqDr O;kikj Js"B gS] fuEufyf[kr ekU;rk,¡ j[kh x;h gSaμ

1- dksbZ ifjogu ykxrsa ugha gSaA

2- mRiknu osQ lkèkuksa dh iw£r fLFkj gSA

3- u rks dksbZ O;kikj mRiknu vkSj miHkksx djrs gSa] vkSj u gh dksbZ lgkf;dh rFkk dksVs (Quotas) gSaA

4- O;kikj esa ,dkfèkdkj 'kfDr dk vHkko gSA

5- izkS|ksfxdh ,slh gS ftlls urksnj (concave) mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ izkIr gksrk gSA

6- iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk gSA

7- ns'k NksVk gSA

bu ekU;rkvksa osQ fn, gq, gksus ij] izLFkkiuk dks fp=k 2-7 dhlgk;rk ls fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gSA fp=k esa eku fy;k x;kgS fd ?kjsyw ns'k osQoy nks oLrqvksa X rFkk Y dk mRiknu djrkgSA tc O;kikj ugha gksrk] rks ?kjsyw ns'k dk mRiknu lEHkkoukoØ ASEB gSA DP js[kk ?kjsyw dher vuqikr iznku djrh gS]tks crkrh gS fd ns'k esa mRiknu vkSj miHkksx fcUnq S ij gksjgs gSaA tc O;kikj izkjaHk gksrk gS rks WL (DP osQ lekukarj)js[kk dh <yku fo'o&dher vuqikr n'kkZrh gSA WL oØvFkZO;oLFkk dk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ gSA bl oØ ij dksbZHkh fcUnq X rFkk Y oLrqvksa osQ ml la;ksx ls izkIr gksrk gS ftlsfcUnq E fuèkkZfjr djrk gS tgk¡ mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ AB oØWL dks Li'kZ djrk gSA fcUnq E vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls vfèkdre n{k mRiknu fcUnq dks O;Dr djrk gSA

vfèkdre miHkksx fcUnq V ij gksrk gS tgk¡ WL oØ Cl′ oØ dks Li'kZ djrk gS tks lkekftd dY;k.k dks izn£'krdjrk gSA

fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd eqDr O;kikj osQ vUrxZr ns'k fcUnq E ij X rFkk Y nksuksa oLrqvksa dk mldhvis{kk vfèkd mRiknu djrk gS tks og O;kikj&ugha osQ vUrxZr fcUnq S ij djrk gS vkSj fiQj] eqDr O;kikj osQvUrxZr miHkksx lEHkkouk lhek WEL O;kikj&ugha osQ vUrxZr miHkksx lEHkkouk lhek AEB osQ ckgj fLFkj jgrhgS] flok; fcUnq E osQ tks nksuksa lhekvksa dk lkekU; Li'kZ&fcUnq gSA bu rF;ksa ls ;g izLFkkiuk fl¼ gksrh gS fdO;kikj&ugha dh vis{kk eqDr O;kikj Js"B gSA

2-6 izfrcfUèkr O;kikj cuke O;kikj ugha (Restricted Trade Vs. No Trade)

dh èkkj.kk gS fd O;kikj&ugha dh vis{kk izfrcfUèkr O;kikj Js"B gksrk gS c'krsZ fd izfrcUèk

fu"ksèkdkjh u gksa vkSj iz'kqYdksa] dksVk (quotas) vFkok fofue; fu;U=k.kksa osQ :i esa gksaA bls fp=k 2-8 }kjk izn£'kr

fd;k tk ldrk gS tgk¡ vFkZO;oLFkk osQ O;kikj&ugha lUrqyu dks fcUnq E }kjk fn[kk;k x;k gS] tgk¡ mRiknu

lEHkkouk oØ AB rFkk leqnk; mnklhurk oØ Cl0 ,d nwljs dks Li'kZ djrs gSa vkSj nksuksa gh ?kjsyw dher js[kk

W

D

AS

E

V

B P LOX–oLrq

CI

CI�

Y–oL

rq

fp=k 2-7

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P dh <yku osQ cjkcj gSaA eqDr O;kikj osQ vUrxZr vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher js[kk P1 ij oØ Cl1 osQ E fcUnq ls oØ Cl1

rd xfr }kjk miHkksx ykHk dks izn£'kr fd;k x;k gS] vkSj fof'k"Vhdj.k ls vfrfjDr ykHk dks C ls C″ ij xfr

}kjk fn[kk;k x;k gS] tc vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher js[kk P3 mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ AB dks N ij rFkk CL3 oØ dks C″ij Li'kZ djrh gSA

eku yhft, fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher vuqikr osQ fn, gq, gksus ij

ns'k vfu"ksèkdkjh (non-prohibitive) iz'kqYd yxkrk gSA

ifj.kkeLo:i PT js[kk dh <yku ij ?kjsyw mRiknu dks izn£'kr

djrh gS vkSj mRiknu N fcUnq ls ljd dj N′ ij igq¡p tkrkgSA N′ ij ubZ ?kjsyw dher js[kk] ftlesa iz'kqYd PT 'kkfey gS]

mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ AB dks Li'kZ djrh gSA izfrcfUèkr

O;kikj vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher js[kk P2 ij gksxk tks fd P3 osQ

lekukUrj gSA miHkksx Cl2 oØ ij ljd dj C′ ij pyk tkrkgSA blls irk pyrk gS fd fu;fU=kr O;kikj osQ vUrxZr dY;k.k

Cl2 jg tkrk gSA ;g Cl2 dY;k.k Cl3 dY;k.k ls de gS tks

eqDr O;kikj osQ vUrxZr Fkk] ijUrq ml Cl0 dY;k.k ls vfèkd

gS tks O;kikj&ugha osQ vUrxZr FkkA blls fl¼ gksrk gS fd

izfrcafèkr O;kikj ls eqDr O;kikj vPNk gS vkSj O;kikj&ugha dh

vis{kk izfrcafèkr O;kikj Js"B gSA

^O;kikj ugha ls izfrcafèkr O;kikj Js"B gSA*] bl dFku dks Li"V dhft,A

txnh'k Hkxorh us vius ys[k “The Gains from Trade Once Again”

(1968) esa fn[kk;k gS fd ;g izLFkkiuk fd O;kikj&ugha dh vis{kk

izfrcfUèkr O;kikj Js"B gS rHkh rd lgh gS tc dksVk iz'kqYd vFkok

fofue; fu;U=k.kksa osQ :i esa yxk, x, izfrcUèk mu fons'kh dherksa

rFkk ?kjsyw dherksa esa vUrj mRiUu djsa ftudk miHkksDrkvksa vkSj

mRikndksa nksuksa dks lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gS] ijUrq vk;krksa (vFkok

fodYir% fu;kZrksa) ij mRiknu lgkf;dh (subsidy) (vFkok fodYir%

dj) osQ }kjk O;kikj dks izfrcfUèkr fd;k tkrk gS] rks dk

fl¼kUr [kjk ugha mrjrkA fp=k 2-9 esa vk;kr oLrq Y (vuqyEc

v{k) ij mRiknu lgkf;dh dh fLFkfr Li"V dh xbZ gSA tc

O;kikj&ugha dh fLFkfr gS] rks Cl0 oØ dY;k.k&Lrj dks O;Dr djrk

gSA eqDr O;kikj osQ vUrxZr P1 js[kk dh <yku }kjk ekis x,

vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher vuqikr osQ fn, gq, gksus ij] dY;k.k Cl0 ls c<+dj Cl1 ij igq¡p tkrk gSA tc mRiknu

lgkf;dh pkyw dh tkrh gS rks mRiknu N ls ljd dj N1 ij pyk tkrk gS vkSj miHkksx C ls de gksdj C′gks tkrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] dY;k.k ?kV dj eqDr O;kikj Lrj ls uhps rFkk O;kikj&ugha Lrj ls uhps vk tkrk

gS] Cl′ oØ Cl0 ls uhps gSA blls fl¼ gksrk gS fd izfrcfUèkr O;kikj dh fLFkfr O;kikj&ugha ls ?kfV;k gSA

Y–oL

rq

X–oLrq

A

BO

N

P

E

N�

C

PT

P1

P2

P3

C�

C��

CI0

CI1

CI2

CI3

fp=k 2-8

X–oLrq

Y–oL

rq

OB

N

EPS

A

CP�

P1

C�

N�

CI1

CI0

CI�

fp=k 2-9


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eqDr O;kikj ls izfrcfUèkr O;kikj Js"B% ns'k cM+k gksus dh n'kk esa (Restricted TradeSuperior to Free Trade : Case of a Large Country)

Åij tks fLFkfr;k¡ nh xbZ gSa os ,d NksVs ns'k ls lEcUèk j[krh gSaA

NksVk ns'k fo'o dh dherksa dks izHkkfor ugha dj ikrkA ;fn ge ;g

eku ysa fd ns'k cM+k gS rks tc ;g dksbZ iz'kqYd yxk,xk rks oLrqvksa

dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; dherksa dks izHkkfor djsxkA iz'kqYd osQ ifj.kkeLo:i

fp=k 2-10 esa mRiknu N ls N′ ij pyk tkrk gS tgk¡ iz'kqYd lfgr

?kjsyw dher js[kk RT mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ AB dks Li'kZ djrh gS]

pwafd ns'k cM+k gS] blfy, vk;kr ;ksX; oLrq Y ij iz'kqYd yxkus

ls fo'o osQ cktkjksa esa Y dh dher de gks tk,xhA bls vUrjkZ"Vªh;

dher js[kk P4 izn£'kr djrh gS tks fd iz'kqYd&iwoZ fo'o dher

js[kk P3 osQ eqdkcys vfèkd frjNh gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd

dY;k.k C″ ls c<+dj C′″ gks x;k gS vkSj fl¼ gksrk gS fd eqDr

O;kikj ls izfrcfUèkr O;kikj Js"B gS] Cl3 oØ dh vis{kk Cl4 oØ Å¡pk gSA

2-7 NksVs ,oa cM+s ns'kksa dks O;kikj ls ykHk (Gains from Trade in Case of Smalland Large Country)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ,d cM+s ns'k dh vis{kk NksVs ns'k dks vfèkd ykHk gksrk gSA NksVs ns'k esa lalkèkuksa dh dehjgrh gS rFkk mlosQ ?kjsyw cktkj dk vkdkj Hkh izk;% lhfer gksrk gSA vr% ;gk¡ ?kjsyw fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj fofue;osQ ykHk lhfer gksrs gSaA blosQ foijhr ,d cM+s ns'k osQ ikl lalkèkuksa dh izpqjrk jgrh gS rFkk bldk ?kjsyw cktkjHkh cM+k gksrk gSA vr% og ns'k osQ vUnj gh fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj fofue; dk ykHk izkIr dj ysrk gSA

tc nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj [kqyrk gS rks NksVk ns'k mu oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vrk izkIr djrkgS ftlesa mls vfèkd rqyukRed ykHk izkIr gksrk gS] vkSj og fo'o cktkj esa vius mRiknuksa dk fofue; djrkgSA fo'o cktkj dh dhersa] ?kjsyw cktkj dh dherksa ls ftruh vfèkd gksaxh] NksVs ns'k dks mruk gh vfèkd ykHkizkIr gksxkA (Haller) osQ vuqlkj ;fn ;g eku fy;k tk, fd volj ykxr fLFkj jgrh gS vkSj cM+s ns'kdks O;kikj 'krks± esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk gS] rks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls cM+s ns'k dks dksbZ ykHk ugha gksrk vkSjNksVk ns'k gh lkjs ykHk ys tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr dks fp=k 2.11-(A) rFkk (B) }kjk Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA

A

PE

C

CI

LO

(A)

cM+k ns'k(B)

NksVk ns'k

Y–oL

rq

X–oLrq

B

P

O

C1

C2

CI1

CI2

S1

S2

T

+

–

+

–

fp=k 2-11

A

O

N

B

Y–oL

rq

X–oLrq

N�

C��

C��

PT

P3

P4

CI4

CI3

fp=k 2-10

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fp=k&2.11 (A) esa ns'k A (cM+k ns'k) dk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ AL gSA O;kikj u gksus dh n'kk esa ns'k A fcUnqC ij mRiknu rFkk miHkksx djrk gS] tgk¡ leqnk; rVLFkrk oØ CI bl ns'k osQ mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ AL dksLi'kZ djrk gSA blh rjg ns'k B (NksVk ns'k) fcUnq C1 ij mRiknu rFkk miHkksx djrk gS tgk¡ leqnk; rVLFkrkoØ CI1 blosQ mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ BS1 dks Li'kZ djrk gS tSlk fd fp=k 2-11 (B) esa izn£'kr fd;k x;k gSApwafd A ,d cM+k ns'k gS vr% AL oØ }kjk O;Dr ?kjsyw dher vuqikr js[kk dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher vuqikr js[kkekuk tk ldrk gSA vc NksVs ns'k B osQ le{k ,d lEHkkouk ;g izLrqr gksrh gS fd og AL js[kk osQ lekukUrjBS2 js[kk }kjk O;Dr vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher&vuqikr ij viuh oLrq dk fofue; djsA bl ns'k dks rHkh ykHk izkIrgksxk tc ;g osQoy oLrq Y osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djs vkSj fcUnq B ij mRiknu djsA fp=k 2.11(B) esa ;gleqnk; rVLFkrk oØ Cl2 osQ fcUnq C2 ij oLrq X dk miHkksx Hkh c<+k nsrk gSA pwafd cM+s ns'k osQ dher vuqikr(O;kikj 'krks±) esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk vr% ;g osQoy vius mRiknu <kaps esa ifjorZu djrk gS rkfd NksVsns'k osQ O;kikj vko';drkvksa dks iwjk dj losaQA vr% ;g fcUnq P ij pyk tkrk gSA NksVk ns'k cM+s ns'k dks oLrqY dh TC2 ek=kk fu;kZr djsxk ftls fp=k 2.11 (A) esa cM+s ns'k osQ EC vk;kr osQ :i esa izn£'kr fd;k x;k gSrFkk cM+s ns'k ls oLrq X dh TB ek=kk vk;kr djsxk ftls cM+s ns'k osQ EP fu;kZr osQ :i esa izn£'kr fd;k x;k gSA

bl rjg] NksVs ns'k dks cM+s ns'k ls O;kikj djus ls fof'k"Vhdj.k ,oa fofue; nksuksa ls ykHk gqvk gS tcfd cM+sns'k dks fdlh Hkh rjg dk ykHk ugha gqvk gSA

2-8 LFkSfrd ,oa izkoSfxd ykHk (Static and Dynamic Gains)

O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHkksa dks LFkSfrd ,oa izkoSfxd ykHkksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(Static Gains)

O;kikj ls gksus okys LFkSfrd ykHk bl izdkj gSaμ

1- (Maximisation of Production)μizfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dh èkkj.kk Fkhfd O;kikj ls ykHk jk"Vªh; vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrjksa ij Je foHkktu vkSj fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ ykHkksa osQiQyLo:i mRiUu gksrs gSaA ,d ns'k esa lalkèku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh fn, tkus ij O;kikj vkSj rqyukRed ykHkosQ vkèkkj ij mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k izR;sd ns'k dks viuh oLrq,¡ vU; ns'k dh oLrqvksa osQ lkFkfofue; djus dh {kerk iznku djrk gSA bl izdkj ;g O;kikj osQ fcuk dh rqyuk esa O;kikj ls vfèkdykHk izkIr djrk gSA izR;sd ns'k de ykxr ls mRikfnr oLrqvksa dks vk;kr djrk gS rFkk viuh vU;lLrh mRikfnr oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djrk gSA bl rjg nksuksa ns'k vius mRiknu dks vfèkdre djrs gSaA

2- (Vent for Surplus)μ,d ns'k esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls iwoZ Hkwfe] Je rFkk vU;lalkèku fuf"Ø; iM+s jgrs gSaA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa layXu gksus osQ iQyLo:i ;s mRiknu dk;Z esa iz;qDrgksrs gSaA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ lalkèku vHkko esa ;g vfrjsd fcuk fcosQ jg tk,¡xsA ;g dk O;kikj ls vfrjsd dk fuxZe dgykrk gSA

3- (Increase in National Income)μO;kikj esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSjoLrqvksa osQ fofue; ls tc ,d ns'k ykHk izkIr djrk gS rks blosQ iQyLo:i ml ns'k dh jk"Vªh; vk;esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA vkxs pydj ns'k osQ mRiknu vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dh o`f¼ nj Hkh c<+rh gSA

4- (Increase in Welfare)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; Je foHkktu ,oa fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ iQyLo:iO;kikj djus okys ns'kksa esa oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA blls bu ns'kksa esa yksxksa osQ miHkksx osQLrj esa o`f¼ gksrh gS vkSj yksxksa dk dY;k.k c<+rk gSA

(Dynamic Gains)

O;kikj ls izkIr gksus okys izkoSfxd ykHk fuEuor~ gSaμ

1- (Efficient Utilisation of Resources)μfons'kh O;kikj dk izR;{k izkoSfxd


uksV


ykHk ;g gksrk gS fd rqyukRed ykHk osQ iQyLo:o fo'o osQ mRiknu osQ lalkèkuksa dk vfèkd oqQ'kyiz;ksx gksus yxrk gSA

2- (Increase in Investment)μfons'kh O;kikj gsrq fofHkUu izdkj dh oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksadk mRiknu ,oa ,d=khdj.k fd;k tkrk gS blls ubZ&ubZ mRiknd bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA iwjd,oa lgk;d bdkb;k¡ Hkh LFkkfir gksrh gSaA blosQ lkFk gh fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr dks lqfoèkktud cukus osQfy, vU; vk£Fkd fØ;kvksa dk fodkl Hkh gksrk gSA bu lcosQ iQyLo:i ns'k esa Lok;Ùk ,oa izsfjr fuos'kesa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

3- (Wide Market)μfons'kh O;kikj dk ,d ijks{k] ijUrq izeq[k izkoSfxd ykHk ;g gSfd blls cktkj dk foLrkj gksrk gSA fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ {ks=k vkSj cktkj osQ vkdkj dk foLrkj djus lse'khuhdj.k dks c<+kok feyrk gS] mRiknu dh uohu fofèk;ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] uo&izorZuksa dks izksRlkgufeyrk gS] Je dh mRikndrk c<+rh gS] ykxrsa de gksrh gSa rFkk vk£Fkd fodkl dh xfr rst gksrh gSA

4- (Development of Other Activities)μtc ,d ns'k fu;kZr gsrqoLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrk gS rFkk ?kjsyw miHkksx gsrq oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djrk gS rks ns'k esa vU; vk£FkdfØ;kvksa dh Hkh izxfr gksrh gSA vkS|ksfxd osQUnzksa osQ lkFk&lkFk O;kikfjd osQUnzksa dk fodkl gksrk gSAfo|qr] lM+d] iqy] vkfn vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA izkFkfed {ks=k osQ fodkl osQ lkFk ghlkFk cSa¯dx] chek] lapkj tSls lsok {ks=k dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gSA


(Fill in the blanks)

1. nks ns'kksa esa ykxr vuqikr esa ftruk vf/d varj gksxk ------------------- ls mu ns'kksa dks mruk gh vfèkd ykHkizkIr gksxkA

2. --------------------- dh 'krs± fu;kZr dherksa ,oa vk;kr dherksa osQ chp laca/ dks O;Dr djrh gSaA

3. --------- ls rkRi;Z ml fLFkfr ls gS ftlesa oLrqvksa dh ?kjsyw vkSj fo'o dhersa cjkcj gksaA

4. ------------------- dh /kj.kk gS fd O;kikj ugha dh vis{kk izfrcaf/r O;kikj Js’ gSA

5. varjkZ‘ªh; O;kikj ls cM+s ns'k dh vis{kk NksVs ns'k dks vf/d ------------------- gksrk gSA


• izfrf"Br fopkjèkkjk osQ vuqlkj] vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa layXu ns'k fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ vkèkkj ij mRiknu ,oa

fofue; djosQ vius vk£Fkd ykHk dks vfèkdre djrs gSaA vkèkqfud n`f"Vdks.k osQ vuqlkj vUrjkZ"Vªh;

O;kikj ls ykHk fofue; ls gksus okys ykHkksa vkSj lkekU; lUrqyu fo'ks"k.k ij vkèkkfjr fof'k"Vhdj.k ls

izkIr ykHkksa ls lEc¼ gSaA

• fjdkMksZ osQ vuqlkj rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr ;g Li"V djrk gS fd O;kikj ls nksuksa ns'kksa dks ykHk gksrk

gS Hkys gh muesa ls ,d ns'k nksuksa oLrqvksa dks lLrs esa cuk ldrk gSA

• vkèkqfud O;kikj fl¼kUr esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHkksa dks Li"V :i ls fofue; ls ykHk

rFkk fof'k"Vhdj.k ls ykHk esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA ek¡x vkSj iw£r osQ vkèkkj ij bl fo'ys"k.k dks cUn

vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lkekU; lUrqyu osQ :i esa Li"V fd;k tkrk gSA

• us viuh iqLrd esa lsE;qylu osQ fl¼kUr dh vfèkd lkekU; ,oa mRÑ"V O;k[;k dh gSA mUgksaus

lsE;qylu osQ fl¼kUr dk foLrkj dj ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd fdlh Hkh vkdkj osQ ns'k osQ fy, u osQoy

{kfriw£r okyh LorU=k O;kikj dh fLFkfr O;kikj u gksus dh rqyuk esa Js"B gS oju~ {kfriw£r okyk lhfer

uksV



O;kikj (Compensated Restricted Trade) Hkh vkRe&fuHkZj vFkZO;oLFkk ls Js"B gSA osQ

izek.k (Proof) dk iz;ksx djrs gq, us js[kkfp=k dh lgk;rk ls Li"V fd;k gS fd LorU=k O;kikj

ls jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj vk£Fkd dY;k.k esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

• vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls lEc¼ ns'kksa esa mRifÙk lkèkuksa dk oqQ'ky vkoaVu lEHko gks tkrk gS vkSj nksuksa ns'k

mUgha lalkèkuksa }kjk mRiknu c<+kus esa liQy gks tkrs gSa ftlls nksuksa ns'kksa osQ dY;k.k Lrj esa o`f¼ gksrh

gSA ns'kksa osQ chp gksus okyk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj lEiw.kZ fo'o Lrj ij dY;k.k esa o`f¼ osQ fy, lgk;d gSA

• lSE;qylu us nks ys[k izLrqr fd, (i) The Gains from International Trade (1939) vkSj (ii) The Gains

from International Trade Once Again (1962)] mlus bu ys[kksa esa fl¼ fd;k gS fd O;kikj ugha* dh

vis{kk ^eqDr O;kikj* Js"B gS (Free trade is superior to no trade) A

• eqDr O;kikj ls rkRi;Z ml fLFkfr ls gS ftlesa oLrqvksa dh ?kjsyw vkSj fo'o&dhersa cjkcj gksaA

• dh èkkj.kk gS fd O;kikj&ugha dh vis{kk izfrcfUèkr O;kikj Js"B gksrk gS c'krsZ fd izfrcUèkfu"ksèkdkjh u gksa vkSj iz'kqYdksa] dksVk (quotas) vFkok fofue; fu;U=k.kksa osQ :i esa gksaA

• txnh'k Hkxorh us vius ys[k “The Gains from Trade Once Again” (1968) esa fn[kk;k gS fd ;gizLFkkiuk fd O;kikj&ugha dh vis{kk izfrcfUèkr O;kikj Js"B gS rHkh rd lgh gS tc dksVk iz'kqYdvFkok fofue; fu;U=k.kksa osQ :i esa yxk, x, izfrcUèk mu fons'kh dherksa rFkk ?kjsyw dherksa esa vUrjmRiUu djsa ftudk miHkksDrkvksa vkSj mRikndksa nksuksa dks lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gS] ijUrq vk;krksa (vFkokfodYir% fu;kZrksa) ij mRiknu lgkf;dh (subsidy) (vFkok fodYir% dj) osQ }kjk O;kikj dksizfrcafèkr fd;k tkrk gS] rks dk fl¼kUr [kjk ugha mrjrkA

• vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ,d cM+s ns'k dh vis{kk NksVs ns'k dks vfèkd ykHk gksrk gSA NksVs ns'k esa lalkèkuksadh deh jgrh gS rFkk mlosQ ?kjsyw cktkj dk vkdkj Hkh izk;% lhfer gksrk gSA vr% ;gk¡ ?kjsywfof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj fofue; osQ ykHk lhfer gksrs gSaA blosQ foijhr ,d cM+s ns'k osQ ikl lalkèkuksa dhizpqjrk jgrh gS rFkk bldk ?kjsyw cktkj Hkh cM+k gksrk gSA vr% og ns'k osQ vUnj gh fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSjfofue; dk ykHk izkIr dj ysrk gSA


••••• xfrghu] fLFkjA

••••• izosx lEcaèkhA

••••• vko';drk ls vfèkd gksukA

2-11 vH;kl&iz'u ( Review Questions)

1. varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ ykHk Ïksrksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2. varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ykHk dh ek=kk dks fuèkkZfjr djus okys rRoksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

3. O;kikj ls ykHk vkSj vk; forj.k dk foospu dhft,A

4. eqDr O;kikj cuke O;kikj ugha vkSj izfrcafèkr O;kikj cuke O;kikj ugha dh O;k[;k djsaA

5. NksVs ,oa cM+s ns'kksa dks O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHkksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

6. LFkSfrd ,oa izkoSfxd ykHk dk foospu djsaA


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mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answer: Self Assessment)

1. 1. (?k) 2. (x) 3. (?k) 4. ([k)

2. 1. varjkZ‘ªh; O;kikj 2. O;kikj 3. eqDr O;kikj

4. ,-lh- oSQEi 5. ykHk





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bdkbZ—3% Lora=k O;kikj fl¼kar % fujis{k ykHk] rqyukRed ykHk---

bdkbZμ3% Lora=k O;kikj fl¼kar % fujis{k ykHk] rqyukRed

ykHk vkSj volj ykxr (Free Trade Theory :Absolute Advantage, Comparative Advantage

and Opportunity Cost)


mís'; (Objectives)


3.1 Lora=k O;kikj fl¼kar (Free Trade Theory)

3.2 ,Me fLeFk dk Lora=k O;kikj fl¼kar (Free Trade Theory of Adam Smith)

3.3 ,Me fLeFk dk fujis{k ykHk dk fl¼kar (Smith’s Theory of Absolute Advantage)

3.4 fjdkMksZ dk rqyukRed ykHk vkSj volj ykxr fl¼kar (Ricardian Theory of ComparativeAdvantage and Opportunity Cost)

3.5 rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar dh O;k[;k (Explanation of Comparative Cost Theory)

3.6 rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu (Critical Evaluation of ComparativeCost Theory)





mís'; (Objectives)


• ,Me fLeFk osQ Lora=k O;kikj fl¼kar ,oa fujis{k ykHk fl¼kar dks le>us esaA

• fjdkMksZ osQ rqyukRed ykHk vkSj volj ykxr fl¼kar dks tkuus esaA

• rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar dh O;k[;k dks le>us esaA


okf.kT;okfn;ksa }kjk yxk;s x;s vk;kr izfrcU/ksa osQ fojks/ esa ,Me fLeFk us eqDr O;oLFkk dk vkàku fd;k rFkkmuosQ vuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu dh dVq vkykspuk djrs gq, eqDr O;kikj dk fl¼kar izLrqr fd;kA

1776 esa izdkf'kr viuh iqLrd ‘An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations’ esa ,MefLeFk us okf.kT;okfn;ksa dh jkT; 'kfDr (State Power) dh fopkj/kjk ij rhoz izgkj fd;kA ,Me fLeFk uscrk;k fd izR;sd foosd'khy O;fDr vius fgrksa dks vPNh rjg tkurk gS og viuh vk£Fkd fLFkfr dks lqn`<+cuk ldrk gS rFkk mldh le`f¼ ls lkekftd dY;k.k esa Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gS fLeFk us Lora=k izfr;ksfxrk dk leFkZu



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fd;k rFkk blesa ljdkjh gLr{ksi dh dVq vkykspuk dhA fLeFk dk vn`';'kfDr (Invisible Hand) esa fo'oklFkk tks euq"; dks iw.kZrk dh vksj ys tkrh gSA

3-1 Lora=k O;kikj fl¼kar (Free Trade Theory)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ izfrf"Br fl¼kar dk lw=kikr ;|fi ,Me fLeFk us fd;k] fdUrq ,Me fLeFk }kjkLFkkfir izfrf"Br lEiznk; ls iwoZ Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk fopkj vfLrRo esa FkkA of.kdoknh ;qx (1500ls 1750 rd) esa varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks jk"Vª dh lEiUurk ,oa 'kfDr dk vk/kj Ïksr ekuk x;kA vr%varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ izfrf"Br fl¼karksa ls iwoZ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh of.kdoknh fopkj/kjk dk vè;;ufd;k tkuk vko';d gSA

varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh of.kdoknh fopkj/kjk (Mercantilistic Concept of InternationalTrade)

bl fopkj/kjk dk fodkl if'peh ;wjksi esa lu~ 1500 ls ysdj 1750 rd gqvkA bl ;qx esa eè;;qxhuijEijkvksa vkSj lkearoknh laLFkkvksa osQ LFkku ij vk/qfud jk"Vªokn dk fodkl gqvkA bl fopkj/kjk us viusjk"Vªokn osQ mís'; dks iwjk djus osQ fy, vk£Fkd le`f¼ dks ,d vk/kj cuk;kA budk fo'okl Fkk fdvarjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ ekè;e ls gh fdlh jk"Vª dks le`¼ cuk;k tk ldrk gSA viuh 'kfDr dks c<+kus osQfy, bUgksaus /u lap; ij tksj fn;kA budk ukjk Fkkμvf/d Lo.kZ] vf/d lEifÙk] vf/d 'kfDrAtksf'k;k pkbYM osQ vuqlkj] ¶fons'kh O;kikj /u mRiUu djrk gS] /u ls 'kfDr mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj 'kfDrvius O;kikj o /eZ dk ijh{k.k djrh gSA¸

okf.kT;oknh fopkjd VkWel eu dk bl ckr esa vVwV fo'okl Fkk fd os lHkh ns'k ftuosQ ikl cgqewY;/krqvksa dh [kkusa ugha gSa] O;kikj }kjk fons'kksa ls Lo.kZ vkSj pk¡nh izkIr djosQ /uoku cu ldrs gSaA ns'kksa esaeqnzk vkSj cgqewY; /krqvksa dks c<+kus osQ fy, ;g vko';d ekuk x;k fd O;kikj lUrqyu vuqowQy gks vFkkZr~vk;kr dh rqyuk esa vf/d fu;kZr fd;k tk;A blh fopkj/kjk osQ vU; leFkZd lj tksf'k;k pkbYM uscrk;k fd vk;krksa dh vis{kk vf/d fu;kZr djus ls tks cpr lksuk&pkanh osQ :i esa gksrh gS] mlls [ktkusesa o`f¼ gksrh gSμvk;kr de djus osQ fy, fons'kh oLrqvksa dk miHkksx U;wure djuk vkSj fu;kZr c<+kus osQfy, fu;kZr m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k] izksRlkgu nsuk vko';d gSA

fu;U=k.k dh vFkZO;oLFkk (Economy of Regulation)

okf.kT;okfn;ksa us vius mís'; dh izkfIr osQ fy, ljdkj dks lEiw.kZ vf/dkj iznku fd;sA mudk er Fkk fdeuq"; dh fØ;kvksa dks ljdkj }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk mUgsa jk"Vªh; 'kfDr osQ mís'; osQ vuq:igksuk pkfg,A ljdkjh fu;U=k.k osQ vfrfjDr rRdkyhu vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fy, vU; dksbZ fodYi Hkh ugha FkkD;ksafd ml le; fofHkUu f'kYi ,oa m|ksx Hkh fdlh u fdlh :i esa fu;fU=kr FksA ,YlcFkZ osQ vuqlkj]¶okf.kT;oknh n'kZu dks ,d :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSμftlus jk"Vªh; 'kfDr osQ mís'; dks loksZPpizkFkfedrk nh ,oa lEifÙk esa okaNuh; o`f¼ djus osQ fy, vk£Fkd thou osQ fu;a=k.k dks ekè;e cuk;kA¸

of.kdokfn;ksa dh vuqowQy O;kikj dh fopkj/kjk (The Concept of Favourable Trade ofMercantilistic)

;gka okf.kT;okfn;ksa dk vè;;u bl n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gS fd mUgksaus vius mís';ksa osQ lanHkZ esa ,d varjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj osQ fl¼kar dk izfriknu fd;k ftldk lkj ;g Fkkμ¶fons'kh O;kikj ls ,d jk"Vª mlh le; ykHkizkIr dj ldrk gS tc mldk O;kikj lUrqyu vuqowQy gS vFkok mlosQ fu;kZrksa dk ewY; vk;kr ewY;ksa lsvf/d gSA¸ vuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu dh fopkj/kjk okf.kT;okfn;ksa dh bl Hkkouk osQ vuq:i gS fd lksuk

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vkSj pkanh lEifÙk osQ lcls vf/d egRoiw.kZ :i gSa ftUgsa vuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu osQ ekè;e ls gh izkIr fd;ktk ldrk gSA os fu;kZr ewY;ksa dks vf/dre djuk pkgrs FksA blosQ fy, os u osQoy vf/d ek=kk esa fu;kZrdjuk pkgrs Fks oju~ de ewY;ksa osQ vk;krksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d ewY;ksa osQ fu;kZr djuk pkgrs FksμblosQ fy,mUgksaus dPps eky osQ fu;kZr ij jksd yxk nh rFkk mls iDosQ eky esa fu£er dj fu;kZrksa dks izksRlkgu fn;kAvk;krksa dks os U;wure j[kuk pkgrs Fks ,oa iDosQ eky dh rqyuk esa dPps eky osQ vk;kr dks izkFkfedrk nsrsFks D;ksafd mldk ewY; de FkkA

of.kdoknh fopkjd oku gk£ud (Mercantilistic Thinker Von Hornick) us vuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu dhO;k[;k bu 'kCnksa esa dh gS] ¶ns'k esa ik;h tkus okyh oLrqvksa dks] ftudk mi;ksx izkÑfrd :i ls ugha fd;ktk ldrk] ns'k esa gh iDosQ eky esa ifjo£rr fd;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd dPps eky dh rqyuk esa fu£er ekydk ewY; lkS xquk rd gksrk gSA ns'k osQ fuokfl;ksa dks viuk miHkksx ns'k esa fu£er oLrqvksa rd gh lhfer j[kukpkfg, ;gka rd fd foykflrkvksa osQ fy, Hkh bUgha ij fuHkZj jguk pkfg, vkSj tgka rd lEHko gks fons'kh oLrqvksaosQ fcuk dke pykuk pkfg,A ;fn vko';d gh gks rks fons'kh oLrqvksa dks vfu£er :i (Unfinished form)

esa gh vk;kr djuk pkfg, rFkk ns'k esa mls iDosQ eky osQ :i esa cuk;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd mlosQ fuekZ.k dhetnwjh dekbZ tk losQ--- cgqr vko';d fLFkfr;ksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; fdlh Hkh gkyr esa ,slh oLrqvksa dk vk;krugha fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftudh fd ns'k esa i;kZIr iw£r gSA ,d oLrq osQ fy, nks MkWyj nsuk csgrj gS ;fn os ns'kesa gh jgrs gSa vis{kkÑr ,d Mkyj nsus osQ fy, tks ns'k osQ ckgj pyk tkrk gSA¸

of.kdoknh varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh fopkj/kjk dk ,d igyw vkSj egRoiw.kZ gSμos u osQoy O;kikj lUrqyu lsifjfpr Fks oju~ Hkqxrku lUrqyu ls Hkh voxr FksA os u osQoy vius eky osQ fy, fonsf'k;ksa ls vf/d ewY;ysrs Fks oju~ vn`'; enksa (Invisible items) ls Hkh vius Hkqxrku dks vf/dre djuk pkgrs Fks tSls_eky&ifjogu dk HkkM+k] chek Hkqxrku] ;k=kh&O;;] fons'kksa esa owQVuhfrd vkSj lSfud O;;] bR;kfnA vr%okf.kT;okfn;ksa dk lUrqyu osQoy O;kikj lUrqyu rd lhfer ugha Fkk oju~ mlesa leLr izdkj osQ varjkZ"Vªh;Hkqxrku dk lUrqyu 'kkfey FkkA blfy, oku gk£ud dgrs gSa fd ¶;fn fu;kZr dk eky ge vius tgktksa lsHkstrs gSa rks gekjs fu;kZr dk ewY; c<+ ldrk gS D;ksafd ,slh fLFkfr esa gesa u osQoy vius eky dk ewY; feyrkgS] fdUrq eky dks leqnz ikj ys tkus dk fdjk;k vkSj chek&O;; Hkh feyrk gSA¸

of.kdokfn;ksa osQ O;kikj fl¼kar dh vkykspuk (Criticism of Merchantistic TradeTheory)

of.kdokfn;ksa us eqnzk vkSj lEifÙk esa dksbZ Hksn ugha fd;k rFkk cgqewY; /krqvksa dks cgqr egRo fn;k ,oa ns'kesa lkssus&pkanh dh vfHko`f¼ osQ fy, mUgksaus vuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu ij tksj fn;k] ijUrq vkxs pydj buosQfl¼kar dh dVq vkykspuk dh x;hA vuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu dh vkykspuk bl vk/kj ij dh x;h fd leLrns'kksa osQ fu;kZr vf/d gks rFkk vk;kr de gksa] ;g lEHko ugha gSA dkj.k ;g gS fd tc ,d ns'k viusvk;kr dks de djus osQ fy, izfrcU/ yxk;sxk rks nwljs ns'kksa dks uqdlku gksxk D;ksafd os de eky fu;kZrdj ik;saxs vr% nwljs ns'k Hkh cnys vFkok ns'k fgr dh Hkkouk ls blh uhfr dks viuk;saxs ftldk izHkko;g gksxk fd lHkh ns'kksa osQ fu;kZr de gks tk;saxsA okf.kT;okfn;ksa dh ;g cM+h Hkwy Fkh fd os vk;kr dhrqyuk esa vf/d fu;kZr djus dh uhfr dks vius O;kikj fl¼kar dk LFkk;h igyw cukuk pkgrs FksA

vkykspdksa dk fopkj Fkk fd ;fn izR;sd ns'k osQoy fu;kZr c<+kus dh uhfr viuk,xk vkSj vk;krksa dks viuslaj{k.koknh] mik;ksa }kjk ns'k esa vkus ls jksosQxk rks fd;s x;s fu;kZr fdlh ns'k osQ vk;kr ugha cu losaQxsvkSj varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vo#¼ gksxkA blh ifjizs{; esa ,Me fLeFk us Lora=k O;kikj uhfr ij vk/kfjr fujis{kykHk fl¼kar izLrqr fd;kA


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3-2 ,Me fLeFk dk Lora=k O;kikj fl¼kar (Free Trade Theory of Adam Smith)

,Me fLeFk us ,d O;fDroknh vk£Fkd iz.kkyh dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftlesa ljdkjh fu;U=k.k dks vuko';d crk;kx;k vkSj izfrikfnr fd;k x;k fd vgLr{ksi uhfr (Laissez faire) osQ varxZr gh loksZÙke ifj.kke izkIr fd;stk ldrs gSaA ,Me fLeFk us ;g dgdj okf.kT;oknh iz.kkyh dh vkykspuk dh fd mlesa miHkksDrk osQ fgrksa dksfrykatfy nsdj mRiknd osQ fgrksa dh j{kk dh tkrh FkhA

,Me fLeFk us okf.kT;okfn;ksa osQ vuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu] vk;krksa ij izfrcU/ rFkk

fu;kZr izksRlkgu dh rhoz fuUnk dhA

,Me fLeFk us LorU=k O;kikj dks vk£Fkd fodkl osQ fy, vko';d 'krZ Lohdkj fd;k D;ksafd Lora=k O;kikjosQ dkj.k gh ns'k mu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu dj ldrk gS tks U;wure ykxr ij rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA ,Me fLeFkus okf.kT;okfn;ksa osQ bl fopkj dks Hkh vLohdkj dj fn;k fd O;kikj ls vkil esa nksuksa i{kksa dks ykHk ugha gksrkA

Je&foHkktu % ,Me fLeFk dh fopkj/kjk dk vk/kj (Division of Labour : Base ofAdam Smith’s Concept)

,Me fLeFk us Je foHkktu osQ egRo dks izfrikfnr fd;k vkSj crk;k fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je foHkktu osQ dkj.kgh fons'kh O;kikj ls ykHk gksrk gSA nks ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj D;ksa gksrk gS] bls le>kus osQ fy, mUgksaus fujis{kykHk osQ fl¼kar dk izfriknu fd;kA fLeFk us Li"V fd;k fd ;fn Je&foHkktu ,oa fof'k"Vhdj.k(Division of Labour & Specialisation) dk lgkjk fy;k tk, rks dk;Z{kerk esa o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gS vkSjmRiknu c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

LorU=k vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je foHkktu dks izksRlkgu feyrk gS D;ksafd blls izR;sd jk"Vª ,slhoLrqvksa dk mRiknu dj ldrk gS rks og lcls de ykxr ij cuk ldrk gSA tc ,d ns'k nwljs ns'k dh rqyukesa ,d oLrq dks lLrk rS;kj dj ldrk gS] rks nwljs ns'k osQ fy, og ykHknk;d gksxk fd ml oLrq dk fuekZ.kvius ns'k esa u djs oju~ igys ns'k ls [kjhn ysA blh izdkj igyk ns'k] nwljs ns'k ls ml oLrq dks [kjhn ys tksog rqyukRed :i ls lLrh cuk ldrk gSA bl izdkj fLeFk osQ vuqlkj ns'kkssa esa gksus okys O;kikj ls fo'o osQmRiknu osQ lk/uksa dk oqQ'kyre forj.k lEHko gks tkrk gS ftlls O;kikj djus okys ns'kksa dh okLrfod vk;c<+rh gSA

,Me fLeFk vius LorU=k O;kikj dh lhekvksa ,oa viokn ls Hkh voxr FksA mUgksaus ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd lqj{kkm|ksxksa dks iw.kZ laj{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg,A blh izdkj mQ¡ph iz'kqYd njksa dk fojks/ djus osQ fy, fLeFk us cnysdh Hkkouk dk Hkh leFkZu fd;kA ysfdu bu vioknksa dks NksM+dj fLeFk us LorU=k O;kikj esa vU; cU/uksa dksLohdkj ugha fd;kA fLeFk dk fo'okl Fkk fd fons'kh O;kikj ls cktkj dk foLrkj gksrk gS ftlls mRikndrkc<+rh gSA ;g lc jk"Vªksa osQ fgr esa gksrk gS fd os lk/uksa dks ,sls mRiknu esa yxk;sa ftlesa mUgsa vU; ns'kksa dhrqyuk esa ykHk gks rFkk viuh vU; vko';drk dh oLrqvksa dks vU; ns'kksa ls [kjhn ysaA fons'kh O;kikj osQ izeq[kykHk dh ppkZ djrs gq, ,Me fLeFk dgrs gSa fd ¶blls ,d ns'k osQ mRiknu dk vfrfjDr va'k ftldh fdns'k esa ekax ugha gksrh] fons'kksa dks Hkstk tk ldrk gS rFkk blosQ cnys esa mu oLrqvksa dks [kjhnk tk ldrk gSftudh ns'k esa ekax gksrh gSA blls muosQ vfrfjDr mRiknu dk ewY; izkIr gksrk gS ftldk fofue; mu oLrqvksals fd;k tkrk gS tks mudh vko';drkvksa osQ ,d va'k dks iw.kZ djrh gS rFkk vkuUn dks c<+krh gSA¸

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Lo&ewY;kadu (Self-Assessment)

fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsa (Fill in the blanks)μ

1. ,Me fLeFk us ,d ---------- vkfFkZd iz.kkyh dk fuekZ.k fd;kA

2. fLeFk us --------- osQ egÙo dks izfrikfnr fd;kA

3. fLeFk us Li"V fd;k fd ;fn --------- dk lgkjk fy;k tk; rks dk;Z{kerk esa o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gS vkSjmRiknu c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

4. Lora=k varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls varjkZ"Vªh; --------- dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

5. fLeFk osQ vuqlkj] fofHkUu ns'kksa esa gksus okys O;kikj ls fo'o osQ mRiknu osQ lk/uksa dk oqQ'kyre -------lEHko gks tkrk gSA

3-3 ,Me fLeFk dk fujis{k ykHk dk fl¼kar (Smith’s Theory of AbsoluteAdvantage)

,Me fLeFk osQ vuqlkj nks ns'kksa esa O;kikj ml fLFkfr esas gksrk gS ;fn muesa ls ,d ns'k dks ,d oLrq osQ mRiknuesa fujis{k ykHk gS rFkk nwljs ns'k dks nwljh oLrq osQ mRiknu esa fujis{k ykHk gSA

mnkgj.k }kjk Li"Vhdj.k

rkfydk 1 }kjk ,Me fLeFk osQ fujis{k ykHk fl¼kar dks le>k;k x;k gSA nks ns'k Hkkjr vkSj cekZ gSa tks twV ,oapkoy dk mRiknu djrs gSaA nksuksa ns'kksa esa izR;sd Jfed nl ?k.Vs dk;Z djrk gS rFkk twV vkSj pkoy dh ozQe'k%10 vkSj 5 bdkb;k¡ iSnk dh tk ldrh gSa rFkk brus gh Je ls cekZ es twV vkSj pkoy dh ozQe'k% 5 vkSj 10bdkb;k¡ iSnk dh tk ldrh gSaA Hkkjr esa twV vkSj pkoy dh ykxu dk vuqiku 10 % 5 ;k 2 % 1 gS tcfd cekZesa twV vkSj pkoy dk vuqikr 5 % 10 ;k 1 % 2 gSA bl ykxr osQ vk/kj ij izR;sd ns'k esa nksuksa oLrqvksa dkfofue; vuqikr Hkh Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa ,d bdkbZ pkoy dks twV dh nks bdkb;ksa osQ cnys izkIrfd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk cekZ esa twV dh ,d bdkbZ dks pkoy dh nks bdkb;ksa osQ cnys izkIr fd;k tk ldrkgSA nksuksa ns'kksa dk fofue; vuqikr bl izdkj gksxkμHkkjr esa twV dh ,d bdkbZ ¾ pkoy dh nksbdkb;k¡A rkfydk 1 ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr dks cekZ dh rqyuk esa twV osQ mRiknu esa fujis{k ykHk gS rFkk cekZ

dks Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa pkoy osQ mRiknu esa fujis{k ykHk gSA ;fnHkkjr osQoy twV osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djs rFkk twV dhcnys cekZ ls pkoy [kjhns ,oa osQoy pkoy osQ mRiknu esafof'k"Vhdj.k djs rFkk pkoy osQ cnys Hkkjr ls twVs [kjhns rks nksuksans'kksa dks ykHk gksxkA ;fn ;g ekudj pysa fd ifjogu ykxr ughayxrh rks Hkkjr ls twV [kjhns rks Hkkur ls twV dh nks bdkb;ksa dkfu;kZr djosQ cekZ ls mlosQ cnys pkoy dh pkj bdkb;k¡ izkIr dhtk ldrh gSa tcfd Hkkjr esa twV dh 2 bdkb;ksa osQ cnys pkoydh 1 bdkbZ gh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA blh izdkj pkoy dh 2bdkb;ksa dk fu;kZr djosQ Hkkrj esa twV dh 4 bdkb;k¡ izkIr dj

ldrk gS ;k tc rd cekZ ls pkoy dh 2 bdkb;ksa osQ cnys twV dh ,d ls vf/d bdkb;k¡ izkIr dj ldrkgS] nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj gksxk rFkk nksuksa dks ykHk gksxkA

fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ iwoZμtc nksuksa ns'kksa fcuk fof'k"Vhdj.k viuk;s nksuksa gh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djsa rks oqQymRiknu fuEuor~ gksxkμ

rkfydk 1

10 ?k.Vs Je dk mRiknu

ns'k mRiknu bdkb;k¡

twV pkoy

Hkkjr 10 5

cekZ 5 10


uksV


Hkkjr ¾ 10 bdkbZ twV + 5 bdkbZ pkoy

cekZ ¾ 5 bdkbZ twV + 10 bdkbZ pkoy

oqQy mRiknu ¾ 15 bdkbZ twV + 15 bdkbZ pkoy

fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ cknμHkkjr osQoy twV rFkk cekZ osQoy pkoy dk mRiknu djs rks oqQy mRiknu fuEuor~ gksxkμ

Hkkjr ¾ 20 bdkbZ twV

cekZ ¾ 5 bdkbZ pkoy

;gka Li"V gS fd fof'k"Vhdj.k gksus osQ ckn twV vkSj pkoy osQ mRiknu djs rks oqQy mRiknu fuEuor~ gksxkμ



;gka Li"V gS fd fof'k"Vhdj.k gksus osQ ckn twV vkSj pkoy osQ mRiknu esa 5&5 bdkbZ dh o`f¼ gks x;h gSA ;ghvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk ykHk gSsA

fujis{k ykHk dk vfHkizk; gS fd ,d ns'k nks oLrqvksa esa ls ,d oLrq dks nwljs ns'k dh rqyuk esafujis{k :i ls de ykxr ij mRikfnr dj ldrk gSA

vkykspukRed ewY;kadu (Critical Evaluation)

O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls ,Me fLeFk dk O;kikj dk fl¼kar Li"V vkSj fo'oluh; ugha gSA ;g fl¼kar bl ekU;rk

ij vk/kfjr gS fd ,d ns'k dks fdlh u fdlh oLrq osQ mRiknu esa fujis{k ykHk gksuk pkfg, rkfd mldk fu;kZr

fd;k tk losQ vFkkZr~ fu;kZrd ns'k dks fn;s gq, Je vkSj iwath dh lgk;rk ls vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d

mRiknu djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,] ijUrq ,slk ns'k Hkh gks ldrk gS tks vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa fdlh Hkh oLrq

osQ mRiknu esa Js"B u gks vFkkZr~ mls fujis{k ykHk u gksA ,slk mnkgj.k fdlh fiNM+s gq, ns'k dk gks ldrk gS

tks voqQ'ky gS] ftldh mRiknu fof/;k¡ fiNM+h gqbZ gSaA D;k ,sls ns'k dk fons'kh O;kikj ls ykHk izkIr gksxk\

vFkok fons'kh izfr;ksfxrk osQ dkj.k mlosQ m|ksxksa ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+sxk\ ,Me fLeFk dk fl¼kar bl leL;k

dks gy ugha dj ldkA okLro esa] ,Me fLeFk us fons'kh O;kikj osQ dkj.kksa rFkk mldh 'krks± dks fu/kZfjr djus

okys rRoksa dh dksbZ foLr`r vkSj lUrks"ktud O;k[;k izLrqr ugha dhA fLeFk us osQoy vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vk/kj

dks gh izLrqr fd;k tks varjkZ"Vªh; Je foHkktu osQ dkj.k gksus okyk ykHk FkkA ckn esa MsfoM fjdkMksZ us 1817

esa izdkf'kr gksus ij viuh iqLrd ‘Principles of Political Economy’ esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ rqyukRed

ykxr fl¼kar dks izLrqr djosQ u osQoy ,Me fLeFk osQ O;kikj osQ fl¼kar osQ nks"k dks nwj fd;k oju~ vUrjkZ"Vªh;

O;kikj dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fl¼kar izfrikfnr fd;kA

,Me fLeFk osQ Lora=k O;kikj fl¼kar ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

3-4 fjdkMksZ dk rqyukRed ykHk vkSj volj ykxr fl¼kar (Ricardian Theory

uksV



of Comparative Advantage and Opportunity Cost)

,Me fLeFk }kjk izfrikfnr fujis{k ykxr ykHk fl¼kar dh viw.kZrk ls vlUrq"V gksdj MsfoM fjdkMksZ us rqyukRedykxr fl¼kar (vFkok rqyukRed ykHk fl¼kar) izfrikfnr fd;kA ,Me fLeFk ;g ekurs Fks fd nks ns'kksa osQ chpvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj rHkh ykHkizn gks ldrk gS tc nksuksa ns'kksa dks ,d&,d oLrq osQ mRiknu esa fujis{k ykHk izkIrgks] fdUrq ;fn ,d ns'k fdlh Hkh oLrq osQ mRiknu esa ykxr ykHk ugha j[krk rc vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh D;kfLFkfr gksxh\ bl iz'u dk mÙkj ,Me fLeFk dk fujis{k ykxr fl¼kar nsus esa vliQy jgkA blh deh dks nwjdjus dk Js; MsfoM fjdkMksZ dk gS ftUgksaus rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar }kjk Li"Vhdj.k izLrqr fd;k gSA

Je dk ewY; fl¼kar % fjdkMksZ dh fopkj/kjk dk vk/kj (Value thoery of Labour : Base of

Ricordian Concept): fjdkMksZ dk rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar Je osQ ewY; fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr gSA ;g fl¼karLi"V djrk gS fd oLrqvksa dk ewY; mlesa fufgr Je ls vkadk tkrk gS vkSj oLrqvksa dk ijLij fofue; muoLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa yxs gq, Je osQ vk/kj ij gksrk gSA ftu oLrqvksa dk ewY; leku gksrk gS mudks cukusesa Je dh leku ek=kk yxrh gSA bl izdkj fjdkMksZ us okLrfod ykxr dks Je osQ le; (labour time) osQ:i esa O;Dr fd;kA nwljs 'kCnksa esa fdlh oLrq dk ewY; mldh Je ykxr ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA

fjdkMksZ dh ;g ekU;rk gS fd nks ns'kksa esa ewY;ksa dh izo`fÙk leku gksus dh ugha gksrh D;ksafd bu ns'kksa esa mRifÙkosQ lk/uksa esa Lrj ij xfr'khyrk ugha ik;h tkrhA ,slh fLFkfr esa oLrqvksa dk vk;kr&fu;kZrk fdl vk/kj ijgksxk\ fjdkMksZ osQ vuqlkj ;g rqyukRed ykxr osQ vk/kj ij gksrk gS rks izR;sd ns'k osQ fy, ykHknk;d gksxkfd og mu oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djs ftudh ykxr lkisf{kd :i ls U;wure gSA¸

rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar dh ekU;rk,¡ (Assumptions of the Comparative Cost Theory)

fjdkMksZ us rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar dh O;k[;k izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls fuEu ekU;rkvksa osQ vk/kj ij dh gSμ

(1) O;kikj djus okys osQoy nks ns'k gSa ftuesa nks oLrqvksa dk fofue; gksrk gS vFkkZr~ fjdkMksZ dk fl¼kar nksns'k vkSj nks oLrqvksa osQ ljy ekWMy ij vk/kfjr gSA

(2) nksuksa gh ns'kksa esa nksuksa gh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(3) Je dh mRifÙk dk lcls egRoiw.kZ ,oa mRiknd` lk/u gS rFkk vU; lk/uksa dks Je esa gh lekfgr ekufy;k x;k gSA

(4) nksuksa ns'kksa esa oLrq fofue; gksrk gS rFkk fofue; esa eqnzk dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA

(5) bl fl¼kar esa ewY; osQ Je fl¼kar dks ekuk x;k gS ftls okLrfod ykxr dk fl¼kar dgk tkrk gSAoLrqvksa dk fofue; bl vk/kj ij gksrk gS fd muosQ mRiknu esa fdrus fnu dk Je yxk gSA

(6) ;g Hkh bl fl¼kar dh ekU;rk gS fd nksuksa ns'kksa esa mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dks iw.kZ jkstxkj izkIr gSA ;g ekU;rkizfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ ¶iw.kZ jkstxkj¸ osQ fl¼kar osQ vuq:i gSA

(7) ;g fl¼kar ekudj pyrk gS fd nksuksa ns'kksa esa fLFkj ykxr vuqikr osQ vUrxZr (mRiknu lerk fu;e)mRiknu gksrk gSA

(8) bl fl¼kar dh ;g ekU;rk gS fd ns'k esa mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa esa iw.kZ xfr'khyrk jgrh gS] fdUrq nks ns'kksaosQ chp bu mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa esa xfr'khyrk dk iw.kZ vHkko jgrk gSA

(9) nks ns'kksa osQ chp vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa dksbZ jksd&Vksd ;k O;o/ku ugha gksrk vr% oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksadk fofue; Lora=krkiwoZd gksrk gSA

3-5 rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar dh O;k[;k (Explanation of Comparative Cost


uksV


rkfydk 210 ?k.Vs Je dk mRiknu (bdkb;ksa esa)

ns'k twV pkoy

Hkkjr 10 10

cekZ 4 8

Theory)

rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj blfy, gksrk gS fd fofHkUu ns'kksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu oLrqvksaosQ mRiknu esa vyx&vyx ykHk gksrk gSA bu fofHkUu ykHkksa dks fu/kZfjr djus esa ns'k osQ vk£Fkd lk/uksa dkegRoiw.kZ gkFk gksrk gS] tSls] vuqowQy tyok;q] vuqowQy Hkwfe] dPps eky dh i;kZIr iw£r ,oa rduhdh izxfrosQ dkj.k vf/d dk;ZoqQ'ky Je 'kfDr] bR;kfnA

bl fl¼kar osQ izfriknd fjdkMksZ us bldh O;k[;k bl izdkj dh gS] ¶nks O;fDr gSa vkSj os nksuksa gh twrs rFkkVksi cuk ldrs gSa rFkk buesa ,d O;fDr nwljs dh vis{kk nksuksa gh dk;ks± esa Js"B gS ijUrq Vksi cukus esa ogvius izfr;ksxh ls 20 izfr'kr vkSj twrs cukus esa 33 1@3 izfr'kr vf/d oqQ'ky gSA D;k ;g nksuksa O;fDr;ksaosQ fgr esa ugha gksxk fd oqQ'ky O;fDr osQoy twrk cuk;s rFkk nwljk O;fDr osQoy Vksi cukus dk dk;Z djsAtsdc okbuj (Jacob Viner) osQ vuqlkj] ¶;fn Lora=k O;kikj gksrk gS rks izR;sd ns'k nh?kZdky esa mu oLrqvksaosQ mRiknu vkSj fu;kZr esa fof'k"Vhdj.k izkIr dj ysrk gS ftuosQ mRiknu esa mls okLrfod ykxrksa osQ lUnHkZesa rqyukRed ykHk gksrk gS rFkk mu oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djrk gS ftudk ns'k esa mRiknu okLrfod ykxrksa osQlUnHkZ esa rqyukRed :i ls vykHknk;d gksrk gSA bl izdkj dk fof'k"Vhdj.k vkil esa O;kikj djus okysns'kksa dks ykHknk;d gksrk gSA¸

csLVscy us rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar dks bl izdkj le>k;k gSμ

¶,d MkWDVj ckxokuh dk dk;Z ekyh ls vf/d oqQ'kyrk ls dj ldrk gS ijUrq og MkWDVjh esa vkSj Hkh vf/doqQ'ky gks ldrk gSA mls lokZf/d ykHk mlh le; gksxk tc og osQoy MkWDVjh dk gh dk;Z djsA blh izdkj,d ns'k nwljs ns'k dh vis{kk oqQN oLrq,¡ lLrh cuk ldrk gS ij ml ns'k dks lcls vf/d ykHk mlh le;gksxk tc og osQoy ,slh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djs ftuesa mls nwljs dh vis{kk lokZf/d rqyukRed ykHk izkIrgksA¸ ek'kZy osQ vuqlkj] ¶;fn ,slh oLrqvksa dks ftudk mRiknu ns'k esa fd;k tk ldrk gS] fons'kksa ls Lora=kvk;kr fd;k tkrk gS rks og bl ckr dk lwpd gS fd bu oLrqvksa dks ns'k esa mRiknu dh tks ykxr gksrhgS mldh vis{kk bu oLrqvksa dks fons'kksa ls vU; oLrqvksa osQ cnys esa eaxkus esa de ykxr yxrh gSA

mnkgj.k }kjk Li"Vhdj.k

tc ,d ns'k dks nwljs ns'k dh rqyuk esa nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa Js"Brk izkIr gksrh gS ;|fi ,d oLrqosQ mRiknu esa ;g Js"Brk vf/d rFkk nwljh oLrq esa de jgrh gS rks bls ykxrksa esa rqyukRed vUrj dgrsgSaA ,Me fLeFk us fujis{k ykHk dks gh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vk/kj ekuk Fkk ijUrq fjdkMksZ us crk;k fdykxrksa esa rqyukRed vUrj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, i;kZIr dkj.k gSA ,d ns'k mu oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djsxkftuosQ mRiknu esa mls rqyukRed :i ls vf/d ykHk gS rFkk mu oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djsxk ftuesa mls deykHk gSA ,d ns'k nwljs ns'k dh rqyuk esa gj oLrq osQ mRiknu esa iw.kZ:i ls vf/d oqQ'ky gks ldrk gSrFkk nwljk ns'k lc oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu dh lkisf{kd oqQ'kyrk fHkUu&fHkUu gS] rks Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa esa O;kikjgksxkA bls ge mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V djsaxsA ekuk Hkkjr vkSj cekZ esa izR;sd Jfed 10 ?k.Vs dk;Z djrk gS rFkktwV vkSj pkoy dh fuEu bdkb;ksa dk mRiknu djrk gSμ

rkfydk 2 ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr dks cekZ dh rqyuk esa twV vkSj pkoy nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu osQ fujis{k ykHkgSa] fdUrq rqyukRed :i ls bls pkoy dh rqyuk esa twV osQ mRiknuesa vf/d ykHk gS D;ksafd tgk¡ twV osQ mRiknu esa mldh Js"Brk <kbZxquh gS] ogha pkoy osQ mRiknu esa osQoy lok xquh gSA tgk¡ rd cekZdk iz'u gS] mls Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esafujis{k gkfu gS] fdUrq mldh ykxr dh rqyukRed gkfu twV dhrqyuk esa pkoy ls de gSA O;kikj u gksus dh fLFkfr esa nksuksa ns'kksa

uksV



esa nksuksa oLrqvksa dk fuEu fofue; vuqikr gksxkμ

Hkkjr esa → 1 bdkbZ twV ¾ 1 bdkbZ pkoy

cekZ esa → 1 bdkbZ twV ¾ 2 bdkbZ pkoy

ijUrq ;fn nksuksa ns'kksa esa O;kikj gksrk gS rks mlls nksuksa ns'k ykHkkfUor gksaxsA Hkkjr twV osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.kdjs rFkk cekZ pkoy osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djs rks nksuksa ns'k O;kikj ls ykHk izkIr dj ldrs gSaA ge ;gekudj pysa fd ifjogu ykxr ugha yxrh rks Hkkjr 1 bdkbZ twV osQ cnys cekZ ls 2 bdkbZ pkoy izkIr djldrk gS (D;ksafd cekZ esa twV vkSj pkoy dk fofue; vuqikr 4-8 gS) tcfd Hkkjr vius ns'k esa ,d bdkbZtwV osQ cnys osQoy 1 bdkbZ pkoy gh izkIr dj ldrk gSA blh izdkj cekZ ,d bdkbZ pkoy osQ cnys Hkkjrls 1 bdkbZ twV izkIr dj ldrk gSA (D;ksafd Hkkjr esa twV vkSj pkoy dk fofue; vuqikr 10 % 10 gS) tcfdcekZ vius ns'k esa ,d bdkbZ pkoy osQ cny osQoy vk/k bdkbZ twV izkIr dj ldrk gSA ifjogu ykxr gksusij Hkh tc rd Hkkjr ,d bdkbZ twV osQ cnys pkoy dh ,d ls vf/d bdkbZ izkIr dj ldrk gSμ,oa cekZ,d bdkbZ pkoy osQ cnys twV dh vk/s ls vf/d bdkbZ izkIr dj ldrk gS rks nksuksa ns'kksa esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjgksxk ,oa nksuksa dks ykHk gksxkA ;g nksuksa osQ fgr esa gksxk fd Hkkjr osQoy twV dk mRiknu djs rFkk mlosQ cnyscekZ ls pkoy dk vk;kr djs rFkk cekZ osQoy pkoy dk mRiknu djs rFkk mlosQ cnys Hkkjr ls twV dk vk;krdjsA

mDr fof'k"Vhdj.k ls fdl izdkj oqQy mRiknu esa o`f¼ gksrh gS ;g Hkh Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(i) ;fn nksuksa ns'kksa esa fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj O;kikj u gks rks oqQy mRiknu bl izdkj gksxkμ

Hkkjr ¾ 10 bdkbZ twV $ 10 bdkbZ pkoy

cekZ ¾ 4 bdkbZ twV $ 8 bdkbZ pkoy

oqQy mRiknu ¾ 14 bdkbZ twV $ 18 bdkbZ pkoy

(ii) ;fn fof'k"Vhdj.k viukdj Hkkjr osQoy twV ,oa cekZ osQoy pkoy dk mRiknu djs rksμ



oqQy mRiknu ¾ 20 bdkbZ twV $ 16 bdkbZ pkoy

bl izdkj fof'k"Vhdj.k ls twV dh 6 bdkbZ vf/d dk mRiknu gqvk ;|fi pkoy esa 2 bdkb;ksa dh deh gqbZ]fdUrq bl gkfu dh rqyuk esa twV dk mRiknu cgqr vf/d gS vr% oqQy feykdj mRiknu vf/d gqvkA

js[kkfp=k }kjk Li"Vhdj.kμykxrksa esa rqyukRed vUrj dks vxz js[kkfp=k 1 }kjk Hkh Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA

js[kkfp=k 3-1 esa AB Hkkjr dh lhek js[kk gS rFkk AC cekZ dh mRiknu lhek js[kk gS tks bl vk/kj ij [khaphx;h gS fd Hkkjr esa twV vkSj pkoy dk fofue; vuqikr1 % 1 gS rFkk cekZ esa ;gh fofue; vuqikr 1 % 2 gSA bunksuksa ns'kksa esa O;kikj gksus ls vfrjsd ykHk BC izkIr gksxkrFkk fofue; nj B o C osQ chp dgha Hkh fu/kZfjr gksxhA;g è;ku jgs fd mRiknu lhek js[kk fLFkj ykxr osQ vUrxZr[khaph x;h gSA

fdlh oLrq dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj gksus dk vk/kj osQoybruk gh ugha gS fd mldh mRiknu ykxr U;wure gSA ,dns'k Hkys gh lkjh oLrqvksa dks de ykxr ij iSnk dj ldrkgS fdUrq mlosQ fy, ;g ykHknk;d gksxk fd og osQoy oqQN

A

B CX

Y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1

2

3

4

5

O

pkoy

twV

cekZHkkjr

fp=k 3-1


uksV


gh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djs ,oa 'ks"k dks vk;kr djsA bl izdkj varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ {ks=k esa rqyukRed ykxrdk fl¼kar crkrk gS fd ,d ns'k vko';d :i ls mu lc oLrqvksa dk mRiknu ugha djrk ftUgsa og vU;ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa lLrs esa iSnk dj ldrk gSA oju~ mu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrk gS ftUgsa og vf/dreykHk vFkkZr U;wure rqyukRed ykxr ij rS;kj dj ldrk gSA

3-6 rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu (Critical Evaluation ofComparative Cost Theory)

rqyukRed ykxr dk fl¼kar izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkL=k dk cgqr yksdfiz; fl¼kar jgk gSA izFke fo'o&;q¼ osQ le;rd bl fl¼kar dh izk;% dksbZ vkykspuk ugha dh x;h rFkk bls vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk lUrks"ktud Li"Vhdj.kLohdkj fd;k x;k] fdUrq blosQ ckn Hkh bl fl¼kar esa tks fodkl fd;s x;s mUgksaus mDr fl¼kar osQ ewy Lo:idks u"V ugha fd;k] osQoy mlosQ iwjd fl¼kar gh fodflr fd;sA bl fl¼kar dks fodflr djus dk Js;vksgfyu] ,YlcFkZ rFkk gscjyj dh gS ;|fi bUgksaus bl fl¼kar dh dVq vkykspuk Hkh dh gSA

lsE;qylu osQ vuqlkj] ¶rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar esa lR; dh cgqr egRoiw.kZ >yd gS---rqyukRed ykHk dhvogsyuk djus okys jk"Vª dks thou&Lrj ,oa fodkl dh lEHkkfor nj osQ :i esa ,d Hkkjh dher pqdkuh iM+ldrh gSA bldk fu"d"kZ ;g ugha gS fd fl¼kar esa dksbZ nks"k ugha gSA bl fl¼kar dk rk£dd <kapk rks etcwrgS] fdUrq bldh izeq[k detksjh os ekU;rk,¡ gSa ftu ij ;g vk/kfjr gSA blosQ vfrfjDr fjdkMksZ dk fl¼kar;g rks Li"V djrk gS fd fdu oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr rFkk fdu oLrqvksa dk vk;kr fd;k tk;sxk] fdUrqfjdkMksZ dk fl¼kar ;g ugha crykrk fd nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp oLrqvksa dh fofue; nj D;k gksxh\ ;ghdkj.k gS fd vksgfyu ,oa xzkge ljh[ks vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us bl fl¼kar dh dVq vkykspuk dh gSA vkykspuk dhizeq[k ckrsa bl izdkj gSaμ

(1) ewY; osQ Je fl¼kar dh ekU;rk nks"kiw.kZ gS

bl fl¼kar esa Je dks gh ykxr dk izeq[k vk/kj ekuk x;k gS vFkkZr~ oLrqvksa dk fofue; Je ykxr osQvuqikr esa gh fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq oqQy ykxr esa Je osQ vfrfjDr vU; lk/uksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrkgS D;ksafd osQoy Je dh mRifÙk dk vosQyk lk/u ugha gSA vr% fofue; nj ekSfnzd ykxr osQ vk/kj ijgh Kkr dh tk ldrh gS vkSj tgk¡ rd ewY; osQ Je&fl¼kar dk iz'u gS] og Lo;a vokLrfod ekU;rkvksaij vk/kfjr gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkfLV;u lEiznk; osQ vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us bldk ifjR;kx dj ewY; osQ lhekUrmi;ksfxrk fl¼kar dk izfriknu fd;kA

mDr vkykspuk dk mÙkj Vkftu (Prof. Taussig) us fn;kA ewY; osQ Je fl¼kar dk vkSfpR; crkrs gq, os dgrsgSa fd ;fn ge ;g ekudj pysa fd O;kikj djus okys ns'kksa osQ rduhdh fodkl dk Lrj leku gS rks Je osQlkFk ,df=kr gksus okys mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dk vuqikr Hkh leku gksxkA ,slh fLFkfr esa ge mRifÙk osQ vU; lk/uksa ij è;ku fn;s fcuk fofHkUu ns'kksa esa Jfedksa dh lkisf{kd oqQ'kyrk dh rqyuk dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj Vkftxus fjdkMksZ osQ mRifÙk osQ ,d lk/u (Je) ekWMy dks mfpr Bgjk;k] fdUrq Vkftx dk mDr roZQ mfpr ughagS D;ksafd O;kikj djus okys leLr ns'k rduhdh fodkl dh leku voLFkk esa ugha gksrsA

(2) Jfedksa esa le:irk lEHko ugha

ewY; osQ Je fl¼kar dh fufgr ekU;rk ;g Hkh gS fd O;kikj ls tqM+s ns'kksa osQ Jfed ,dleku gksrs gSa] fdUrq;g xyr gS D;ksafd Jfedksa esa ,d:irk ugha gksrh vr% Je osQ vk/kj ij ykxr dh rqyuk ugha dh tk ldrhAbl izdkj rqyukRed ykxr dk vk/kj ij ykxr dh rqyuk ugha dh tk ldrhA bl izdkj rqyukRed ykxr dkvk/kj gh xyr gSA

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Vkftx us iqu% mDr vkykspuk dk mÙkj nsus dk iz;Ru fd;k gS mudk dguk gS fd ;fn Jfedksa dks oqQN lewgksaesa ckaV fn;k tk, rks izR;sd lewg esa ,dleku dk;Z{kerk okys Jfed gksaxsA bl Je&Lrjc¼rk (Stratification)

dgrs gSaA bldk vk'k; ;g gS fd O;kikj djus okys nksuksa ns'k vk£Fkd fodkl osQ leku Lrj ij gSA ijUrq Vkftxdk mDr leFkZu detksj gS D;ksafd O;kikj djus okys ns'k vk£Fkd vkSj rduhdh fodkl osQ fofHkUu Lrj ijgksrs gSaA

(3) mRiknu lerk fu;e dh ekU;rk vO;kogkfjd gS

;fn O;kogkfjd :i ls varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj <k¡ps dks ns[kk tk;s rks mRifÙk lerk (fLFkj) fu;e dh ekU;rk mfpr izrhrugha gksrh] fdUrq ;fn ge bl ekU;rk dks vyx dj nsa rks fjdkMksZ dk fl¼kar Hkh ykxw ugha gksxkA fjdkMksZ dk dgukgS fd ;fn baxyS.M rqyukRed ykHk osQ dkj.k diM+s osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djrk gS rks mls 'kjkc dk mRiknudjus dk dksbZ dkj.k ugha gSA blh izdkj ;fn iqrZxky dks 'kjkc cukus esa rqyukRed ykHk gS rks og diM+s dk mRiknuugha djsxk oju~ mls baxyS.M ls vk;kr djsxkA ;g fo'ys"k.k mRifÙk lerk fu;e ij vk/kfjr gS tks O;kogkfjd:i esa ugha ik;k tkrkA ,d ,slh fLFkfr vk ldrh gS tc iqrZxky baxyS.M ls diM+s dk vk;kr u djs D;ksafdbaxyS.M esa mRifÙk ßkl fu;e ykxw gksus ls iqrZxky dks diM+s dk vk;kr egaxk iM+ ldrk gSA

bl fl¼kar dh ;g ekU;rk Hkh xyr gS fd ,d ns'k fdlh oLrq dks iw.kZ:i ls vk;kr djrk gSA okLrfodrkrks ;g gS fd ,d ns'k ,d oLrq dh oqQN ek=kk rks vk;kr djrk gS] 'ks"k dk mRiknu ns'k esa gh djrk gSA ysfdurqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar esa bls Li"V ugha fd;k x;k gSA

(4) ifjogu O;; dh vogsyuk

rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar esa ifjogu ykxr ij dksbZ è;ku ugha fn;k x;k] fdUrq ;fn ifjogu O;; vf/d gSrks dHkh ;g Hkh lEHko gks ldrk gS fd rqyukRed ykxr osQ dkj.k gksus okyk vUrj lekIr gks tk;A ,slh fLFkfresa varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ugha gksxkA varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ml le; lEHko gksrk gS tc ykxr esa rqyukRed varj]ifjogu O;; feykus ij Hkh vf/d gksA

oqQN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us mDr vkykspuk dks egRoiw.kZ ugha ekuk gS D;ksafd mudk ekuuk gS fd ;fn ifjogu O;;dks Hkh 'kkfey dj fy;k tk; rks mlls rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar dh ewy /kj.kk ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA

(5) nks ls vf/d ns'kksa ij ykxw ugha

rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar osQ fu"d"kZ mlh le; ykxw gksrs gSa tc bls osQoy nks oLrqvksa vkSj nks ns'kksa ij ykxwfd;k tk;sA nks ls vf/d ns'kksa ;k nks ls vf/d oLrqvksa ij ykxw djus ls bldk iz;ksx lhfer gks tkrk gS tcge nks ls vf/d oLrqvksa ij fopkj djrs gSa rks gesa u osQoy O;kikj dh 'krks± oju~ bldk Hkh fu/kZj.k djus osQfy, fd ,d ns'k fdu oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djsxk] ekax dh n'kkvksa ij fopkj djuk gksxk D;ksafd ,d ghrqyukRed ykxr osQ vk/kj ij fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr fd;k tk,xkA okLrfod :i esa varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjfofHkUu ns'kksa esa nks ls vf/d oLrqvksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl lhek dks Li"V djrs gq, vksgfyu dgrs gSa fd¶osQoy rqyukRed ykxr dk roZQ varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ lEcU/ esa cgqr vi;kZIr gSA ;g okLro esa iw£r dhn'kkvksa osQ laf{kIr fooj.k ls vf/d oqQN ugha gSA¸

(6) lk/uksa dh xfr'khyrk dh ekU;rk vO;kogkfjd

rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar dh ,d vkykspuk ;g Hkh gS fd og ,d ns'k osQ Hkhrj mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dks iw.kZ:ils xfr'khy ekurk gS ,oa nks ns'kksa osQ chp bl xfr'khyrk dks Lohdkj ugha djrk] fdUrq vksgfyu us mDr erdk [k.Mu fd;k gSA mudh n`f"V esa] mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa esa xfr'khyrk dk vHkko varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk gh fo'ks"ky{k.k ugha gS oju~ ,d gh ns'k osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa Hkh mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa esa xfr'khyrk dk vHkko ik;k tkrkgSA osQ;jUl us Hkh ;g er izdV fd;k Fkk fd Jfedksa osQ vizfr;ksxh lewg u osQoy fofHkUu ns'kksa esa ik;s tkrsgSa oju~ ,d gh ns'k osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa Hkh ik;s tkrs gSaA


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(7) ek¡x dh n'kkvksa dh vogsyuk

vkykspdksa dk n`f"Vdks.k gS fd rqyukRed ykxr dk fl¼kar ,di{kh; gS D;ksafd ;g osQoy iw£r i{k ij fopkjdjrk gS rFkk ek¡x i{k ij dksbZ è;ku ugha nsrkA ;g fl¼kar ;g rks crkrk gS fd ,d ns'k vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjosQ {ks=k esa fdu oLrqvksa dks cspsxk ,oa fdu oLrqvksa dks [kjhnsxk] fdUrq ;g n`f"Vdks.k osQoy iw£ri{k ij vk/kfjr gksus osQ dkj.k viw.kZ gSA izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us fLFkj ykxr dh dYiuk dh gS ,oa iw£r dh n'kkvksa osQvk/kj ij gh dher&ykxr dk varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA mudh n`f"V eas ekax dher dks izHkkforugha djrh tks mRifÙk osQ iSekus esa ifjorZu osQ ckotwn Hkh fLFkj jgrh gSA

;g ekU;rk mfpr ugha gS D;ksafd mRiknu esa ifjorZu osQ lkFk ykxr esa Hkh ifjorZu gks ldrk gSA ,slh fLFkfresa fdlh oLrq dh ykxr vkSj dher osQoy iw£r dh n'kkvksa ij fuHkZj u jgdj ek¡x dh n'kkvksa }kjk Hkh izHkkforgksrh gSA

(8) ykspiw.kZ cktkj ,oa fLFkj dherksa dh rF;ghu dYiuk

vkykspdksa osQ vuqlkj ;g bl fl¼kar dh detksjh gS fd ;g ykspiw.kZ cktkjksa ,oa fLFkj dherksa dks LohdkjdjosQ pyrk gSA ,d ns'k rqyukRed ykHkksa dh dYiuk mlh le; dj ldrk gS tcfd ns'k ;g pquko djusosQ fy, Lora=k gks fd og viuk fu;kZr c<+k;s vFkok vk;kr izfrLFkkiuk djs] fdUrq fu;kZrksa osQ fy, ek¡x esa ykspdk vHkko gksus ls rqyukRed ykHkksa dks iw.kZ:i ls Kkr ugha fd;k tk ldrk ,oa rqyukRed ykHk dk fopkj ghvO;kogkfjd gks tkrk gSA dherksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk gS ftlls rqyukRed ykHk ij izHkko iM+rk gSA

(9) lqj{kkRed vFkok lSfud oLrqvksa osQ fy, rqyukRed ykxr egRoghu

oqQN ,sls egRoiw.kZ eqís gSa tgk¡ rqyukRed ykHk dk fl¼kar fØ;k'khy ugha gksrkA tSls ns'k dh lqj{kk ,oa lSfudegRo dh oLrqvksa dks ns'k esa gh iSnk fd;k tk ldrk gS Hkys gh mlosQ mRiknu esa rqyukRed gkfu gks ,oa osfons'kksa ls de dher ij miyC/ gksaA ns'k esa lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls vkRefuHkZjrk ykus ,oa jktuhfrd dkj.kksa ls ;g,d ns'k osQ fgr esa gksrk gS fd og lSfud egRo dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu Lo;a djs D;ksafd ladVdky esa ,slhoLrqvksa osQ fy, fons'kksa ij fuHkZj jguk [krjukd gks ldrk gSA Hkkjr dks ;g f'k{kk vPNh rjg fey pqdh gSA

(10) iw.kZ fof'k"Vhdj.k lEHko ugha

izks- xzkge (Graham) rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr dh vkykspuk djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj djus okysnks ns'k fofHkUu oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa iw.kZ:i ls fof'k"Vhdj.k ugha djrs vr% ,slh fLFkfr esa mDr fl¼kUr egRoghugks tkrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr fo'ks"k :i ls ml le; mifLFkr gksrh gS tc O;kikj djus okys nks ns'kksa esa ,d cM+k rFkknwljk ns'k NksVk gksA NksVk ns'k rks iw.kZ:i ls fof'k"Vhdj.k dj ldrk gS D;ksafd og viuk iw.kZ vfrjsd mRiknu cM+sns'k dks fu;kZr dj ldrk gS] fdUrq cM+k ns'k vxz nks dkj.kksa ls iw.kZ fof'k"Vhdj.k ugha dj ldrkA

(i) ;fn ;g ns'k ,d fo'ks"k oLrq osQ mRiknu esa iw.kZ:i ls fof'k"Vhdj.k djrk gS rks mldk vfrjsd mRiknubruk vfèkd gks ldrk gS fd NksVk ns'k mldks vk;kr ugha dj ldrkA

(ii) og viuh iw.kZ vko';drk dh iw£r nwljs ns'k osQ vk;kr ls ugha dj ldrkA

(11) iw.kZ jkstxkj dh ekU;rk xyr

rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr dh ,d eq[; detksjh ;g gS fd iw.kZ jkstxkj dh ekU;rk ij vkèkkfjr gS vFkkZr~ O;kikjdjus okys nksuksa ns'kksa esa iw.kZ jkstxkj dh fLFkfr fo|eku jgrh gS] fdUrq osQUl us izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dh iw.kZjkstxkj dh ekU;rk dks vokLrfod fl¼ dj [kf.Mr dj fn;k gSA osQUl dk dguk gS fd lnSo iw.kZ jkstxkjls de dh fLFkfr fo|eku jgrh gSA bl n`f"V ls rqyukRed ykxr dk fl¼kUr Hkh vO;kogkfjd izrhr gksrk gSA

(12) xfr'khyrk dk vHkko

rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr vko';d :i ls oqQN LFkSfrd ekU;rkvksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA ;g O;kikj djus okys ns'kksaesa mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa dks fLFkj ekudj pyrk gS rFkk nksuksa osQ mRiknu iQyu (Production Function) dks Hkh

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leku ekurk gS] fdUrq okLrfod txr esa bu lcls ifjorZu gksrk gS vr% mDr fl¼kUr xfr'khy vFkZO;oLFkkesa ykxw ugha gksrk D;ksafd rduhd] mRifÙk osQ lkèku vkSj mRiknu iQyu esa ifjorZu gksus osQ dkj.k rqyukRedykxr dh x.kuk djuk vklku ugha gSA bl ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, ,sYlcFkZ dgrs gSa fd ¶;k rks iqjkus fl¼kUrosQ iwjd osQ :i esa] vfèkd lkjx£Hkr vkSj mi;qDr u;h O;oLFkk dks fodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg, vFkok cM+siSekus ij (bl fl¼kUr dh) iwjd tkap dh tkuh pkfg,A¸

(13) oLrqvksa osQ Hksn dks Li"V ugha djrk

oqQN vkykspdksa us bl vkèkkj ij Hkh bl fl¼kUr dh vkykspuk dh gS fd rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr bl ckrdh Li"V O;k[;k ugha djrk fd ,d ns'k fdlh oLrq dh nwljh fdLe dk mRiknu dj mldk fu;kZr D;ksa djrkgS rFkk ml oLrq dh nwljh fdLe dk fons'kksa ls vk;kr D;ksa djrk gS\ tSls Hkkjr yksgs dh oqQN oLrqvksa dkfu;kZr djrk gS ,oa oqQN oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djrk gSA

;g vkykspuk ml le; egRoghu gks tkrh gS tc oLrq dh izR;sd fdLe dks ,d i`Fko~Q mRiknu eku fy;ktk;A

(14) LorU=k O;kikj esa ckèkk,a

rqyukRed ykxr dk fl¼kUr osQoy mUgha n'kkvksa esa ykxw gks ldrk gS tc vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj LorU=k :ils gks jgk gks rFkk mlosQ ekxZ esa dksbZ ckèkk,a u gksa] fdUrq rF; ,oa okLrfodrk rks ;g gS fd orZeku esavfèkdka'k ns'k laj{k.k dh uhfr viuk jgs gSa rFkk iz'kqYd] dksVk iz.kkyh] fofue; fu;U=k.k] vkfn dbZ ckèkk,aLorU=k O;kikj esa #dkoV iSnk djrh gSA

(15) ;g fl¼kUr v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa ykxw ugha gksrk

rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr dh detksjh ;g Hkh gS fd ;g fiNM+s vkSj v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa ykxw ugha gksxkA;fn ,d fodflr vkSj fiNM+s ns'k esa O;kikj gks rks fiNM+s ns'k dks ykHk ugha gksxk cfYd gkfu gksxhA bldhfoLr`r O;k[;k i`Fko~Q vè;k; esa dh x;h gSA

(16) Je dh dk;Z{kerk esa fe=krk D;ksa\

rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr bl ckr dh O;k[;k ugha djrk fd mRiknu osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa vU; ns'kksa dh rqyukesa ,d ns'k osQ Jfed vfèkd oqQ'ky D;kas gksrs gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gks ldrk gS fd ml ns'k osQ izkÑfrdlkèku Js"B gksa] ogka vPNh e'khuksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gks rFkk ogka m|eh izfrHkk vfèkd gks vFkkZr~ Je dhdk;Z{kerk vfèkd gksus osQ dkj.k vU; lkèkuksa dh izpqjrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vksgfyu us mRifÙk osQ lkèkuosQ :i esa osQoy Je dks egRo u nsdj vU; lkèkuksa dks Hkh egRo fn;k gSA

fu"d"kZμ;|fi rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr dh dkiQh vkykspuk dh x;h gS] fdUrq bldk vk'k; ;g ugha gSfd ;g fl¼kUr egRoghu gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh izÑfr dks Li"V djus esa bl fl¼kUr us egRoiw.kZ dk;Zfd;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lseqvylu us nksuksa osQ ckotwn bl fl¼kUr dh iz'kalk dh gSA muosQ gh 'kCnksaesa] ¶;fn yM+fd;ksa dh Hkkafr] fl¼kUr Hkh lkSUn;Z izfr;ksfxrkvksa esa fot;h gks losQ rks rqyukRed ykHk dkfl¼kUr mPp LFkku izkIr djsxk D;ksafd bldk lqUnj vkSj roZQiw.kZ <kapk gSA¸



1. nks ns'k vkSj nks oLrqvksa osQ ekWMy ij vk/kfjr O;kikfjd fl¼kar fdldk gSμ

(d) ,Me fLeFk ([k) fjdkMksZ (x) tksf'k;k pkbYM (?k) ,DlcFkZ

2. fujis{k fl¼kar dk izfriknu fdlus fd;kμ

(d) ,Me fLeFk ([k) fjdkMksZ (x) tksf'k;k pkbYM (?k) ,DlcFkZ


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3. ewY; osQ Je fl¼kar dks ekU;rk nh x;h gSμ

(d) fLeFk }kjk ([k) fjdkMksZ }kjk

(x) ts- pkbYM }kjk (?k) ,DlcFkZ }kjk

4. ¶iw.kZ jkstxkj¸ dk fl¼kar fn;k gSμ

(d) fLeFk us ([k) fjdkMksZ us

(x) ts- pkbYM us (?k) izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa usA

5. ¶nks ns'kksa esa fLFkj ykxr vuqikr osQ varxZr mRiknu gksrk gS¸ ;g fdl fl¼kar dh ekU;rk gSμ

(d) fjdkMksZ osQ fl¼kar dh ([k) fLeFk osQ fl¼kar dh

(x) ,DlcMZ osQ fl¼kar dh (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA


• okf.kT;okfn;ksa }kjk yxk;s x;s vk;kr izfrcU/ksa osQ fojks/ esa ,Me fLeFk us eqDr O;oLFkk dk vkàkufd;k rFkk muosQ vuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu dh dVq vkykspuk djrs gq, eqDr O;kikj dk fl¼kar izLrqrfd;kA

• vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ izfrf"Br fl¼kar dk lw=kikr ;|fi ,Me fLeFk us fd;k] fdUrq ,Me fLeFk }kjkLFkkfir izfrf"Br lEiznk; ls iwoZ Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk fopkj vfLrRo esa FkkA of.kdoknh ;qx(1500 ls 1750 rd) esa varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks jk"Vª dh lEiUurk ,oa 'kfDr dk vk/kj Ïksr ekuk x;kA

• ,YlcFkZ osQ vuqlkj] ¶okf.kT;oknh n'kZu dks ,d :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSμftlus jk"Vªh;'kfDr osQ mís'; dks loksZPp izkFkfedrk nh ,oa lEifÙk esa okaNuh; o`f¼ djus osQ fy, vk£Fkd thouosQ fu;a=k.k dks ekè;e cuk;kA¸

• f.kdoknh fopkjd oku gk£ud (Mercantilistic Thinker Von Hornick) us vuqowQy O;kikjlUrqyu dh O;k[;k bu 'kCnksa esa dh gS] ¶ns'k esa ik;h tkus okyh oLrqvksa dks] ftudk mi;ksx izkÑfrd:i ls ugha fd;k tk ldrk] ns'k esa gh iDosQ eky esa ifjo£rr fd;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd dPps ekydh rqyuk esa fu£er eky dk ewY; lkS xquk rd gksrk gSA

• blfy, oku gk£ud dgrs gSa fd ¶;fn fu;kZr dk eky ge vius tgktksa ls Hkstrs gSa rks gekjs fu;kZrdk ewY; c<+ ldrk gS D;ksafd ,slh fLFkfr esa gesa u osQoy vius eky dk ewY; feyrk gS] fdUrq ekydks leqnz ikj ys tkus dk fdjk;k vkSj chek&O;; Hkh feyrk gSA¸

• vkykspdksa dk fopkj Fkk fd ;fn izR;sd ns'k osQoy fu;kZr c<+kus dh uhfr viuk,xk vkSj vk;krksa dksvius laj{k.koknh] mik;ksa }kjk ns'k esa vkus ls jksosQxk rks fd;s x;s fu;kZr fdlh ns'k osQ vk;kr ugha culosaQxs vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vo#¼ gksxkA blh ifjizs{; esa ,Me fLeFk us Lora=k O;kikj uhfr ij vk/kfjr fujis{k ykHk fl¼kar izLrqr fd;kA

• ,Me fLeFk us LorU=k O;kikj dks vk£Fkd fodkl osQ fy, vko';d 'krZ Lohdkj fd;k D;ksafd Lora=kO;kikj osQ dkj.k gh ns'k mu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu dj ldrk gS tks U;wure ykxr ij rS;kj dh tk ldrhgSA ,Me fLeFk us okf.kT;okfn;ksa osQ bl fopkj dks Hkh vLohdkj dj fn;k fd O;kikj ls vkil esa nksuksai{kksa dks ykHk ugha gksrkA

• ,Me fLeFk }kjk izfrikfnr fujis{k ykxr ykHk fl¼kar dh viw.kZrk ls vlUrq"V gksdj MsfoM fjdkMksZ usrqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar (vFkok rqyukRed ykHk fl¼kar) izfrikfnr fd;kA ,Me fLeFk ;g ekurs Fksfd nks ns'kksa osQ chp vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj rHkh ykHkizn gks ldrk gS tc nksuksa ns'kksa dks ,d&,d oLrq osQ

uksV



mRiknu esa fujis{k ykHk izkIr gks] fdUrq ;fn ,d ns'k fdlh Hkh oLrq osQ mRiknu esa ykxr ykHk ugha j[krkrc vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh D;k fLFkfr gksxh\ bl iz'u dk mÙkj ,Me fLeFk dk fujis{k ykxr fl¼kar nsusesa vliQy jgkA

• rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj blfy, gksrk gS fd fofHkUu ns'kksa dks fHkUu&fHkUuoLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa vyx&vyx ykHk gksrk gSA bu fofHkUu ykHkksa dks fu/kZfjr djus esa ns'k osQ vk£Fkdlk/uksa dk egRoiw.kZ gkFk gksrk gS] tSls] vuqowQy tyok;q] vuqowQy Hkwfe] dPps eky dh i;kZIr iw£r ,oarduhdh izxfr osQ dkj.k vf/d dk;ZoqQ'ky Je 'kfDr] bR;kfnA


••••• O;kikj larqyuμ tc vk;kr dh rqyuk esa fu;kZr vfèkd gksrk gSA

••••• O;kikj vlarqyuμ tc fu;kZr dh vis{kk vk;kr vfèkd gksrk gSA


1. varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh okf.kdoknh fopkjèkkjk dk o.kZu dhft,A

2. ,Me fLFke osQ Lora=k O;kikj fl¼kar dk o.kZu dhft,A

3. ,Me fLeFk osQ fujis{k ykHk osQ fl¼kar dk foospu dhft,A

4. fjdkMksZ osQ rqyukRed ykHk vkSj volj ykxr fl¼kar dh O;k[;k dhft,A

5. rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k dhft,A


1. 1. O;fDroknh 2. Je foHkktu 3. Je&foHkktu ,oa fof'k"Vhdj.k

4. Je foHkktu 5. forj.kA

2. 1. ([k) 2. (d) 3. ([k)

4. (?k) 5. (d)






uksV


bdkbZμ4% vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vk/qfud fl¼kUr% ewY;

?kVd osQ lekuhdj.k dk fl¼kar] gsDlpj vksgfyu dk

fl¼kar] Øssfol vkSj fyaMj dk O;kij fl¼kar(Modern Theories of International Trade:

Theorem of Factor Price Equalization, H-OTheory, Kravis and Linder Theory of Trade)


mís'; (Objectives)


4.1 vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vk/qfud fl¼kar% ewY; ?kVd osQ lekuhdj.k dk fl¼kar] gsDlpjvksgfyu dk fl¼kar] Øsfol vkSj fyaMj dk O;kikj fl¼kar (Modern Theories of InternationalTrade: Thorem of factor Price Equalization, H-O Theory, Kravis and Linder Theoryof Trade)





mís'; (Objectives)


• varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vk/qfud fl¼karksa dh O;k[;kk djus esaA


gky osQ o"kksZa esa fofHkUu vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa }kjk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ dfri; uohu fl¼kUrksa dk izfriknu fd;k x;kgS ftlesa ls oqQN izeq[k fl¼kUrksa dh O;k[;k bl bdkbZ esa izLrqr dh xbZ gSA

izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkL=kh fjdkMksZ vkSj fey osQ vuqlkj nks ns'kksa esa O;kikj rqyukRed ykxrksa esa vUrj vUrj osQ dkj.kgksrk gSA rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj] ;fn nks ns'kksa esa vkarfjd ykxr vuqikrksa esa vUrj gS rks vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj gksus rFkk ;g nksuksa dks ykHknk;d gksus dk i;kZIr vkèkkj gS] fdUrq ;gka egÙoiw.kZ iz'u ;g gS fd nks ns'kksaosQ ykxr vuqikrksa esa vUrj D;ksa gksrk gS\ bl iz'u dk mÙkj izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkL=kh ugha ns losQA ij izFke fo'o&;q¼osQ ckn LohMu osQ nks egku~ vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaμ,yh gsDlpj (Eli Heckscher) ,oa muosQ f'k"; c£Vy vksgfyu(Bertil Ohlin) us bl iz'u dk mÙkj fn;kA lcls igys 1919 esa gsDlpj us crk;k fd ¶nks ns'kksa esa O;kikj


uksV


bdkbZμ4% vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vk/qfud fl¼kUr% ewY; ?kVd osQ lekuhdj.k---

rqyukRed ykHk esa vUrj osQ dkj.k gksrk gS rFkk rqyukRed ykHk esa vUrj nksuksa ns'kksa esa mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksadh lkisf{kd dherksa esa fHkUurk rFkk fofHkUu oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa lkèkuksa osQ fofHkUu vuqikrksa osQ iz;ksxosQ dkj.k gksrk gSA vksgfyu us gsDlpj osQ fl¼kUr dks Lohdkj dj mldh foLr`r O;k[;k dhA vksgfyu dkfu"dlZ gsDlpj ls fHkUu ugha gSA vksgfyu us viuh iqLrd ‘Inter-regional and International Trade’ esavUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fl¼kUr dh foLr`r O;k[;k dh gSA bu nksuksa vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us ftl fl¼kUr dks fodflrfd;k mls gsDlpj&vksgfyu dk fl¼kar vFkok vUrjkZ"Vªh O;kikj dk vkèkqfud fl¼kUr (Modern Theory of

Internationa Trade) dgrs gSaA bls lkèku vuqikrksa (Factor Proportions) dk fl¼kUr Hkh dgrs gSaA

4-1 vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vk/qfud fl¼kar% ewY; ?kVd osQ lekuhdj.k dk fl¼kar]gsDlpj vksgfyu dk fl¼kar] Øsfol vkSj fyaMj dk O;kikj fl¼kar (ModernTheories of International Trade: Theorem of Factor Price Equalization,H-O Theory, Kravis and Linder Theory of Trade)

vesfjdh vFkZ'kkL=kh ozsQfol (I. B. Kravis) us o"kZ 1956 esa izdkf'kr vius ys[k ^Availability and other

Influences on the Commodity Composition of Trade* esa Dykfldh fl¼kUr dh bl ekU;rk dks vLohdkj djfn;k fd O;kikj djus okys ns'kksa esa leku izkS|ksfxdh gksrh gSA lkFk gh gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kUr dk ijh{k.k djrsgq, mUgksaus ;g tkuuk pkgk fd D;k Je xgu fu;kZr lLrs Je }kjk mRikfnr gksrs gSa\ O;ogkj esa mUgksaus ;g ik;kfd izk;% izR;sd ns'k esa fu;kZr djus okys m|ksx mPpre eT+knwjh dk Hkqxrku djrs gSaA ozsQfol osQ vuqlkj] ,dns'k mu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu o fu;kZr djrk gS tks mls izkI; vFkok miyC/ gksrh gSa] vFkkZr~ os oLrq,a tks blosQm|fe;ksa ,oa uoizorZdksa }kjk fodflr dh xbZ gksrh gSaA bl izdkj mlus ;g fl¼kUr izfrikfnr fd;k fd O;kikjdh oLrq lajpuk eq[;r% ^izkI;rk* }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA

;gka izkI;rk ls rkRi;Z oLrq dh yksp'khy iwfrZ ls gSA O;kikj osQoy mUgha oLrqvksa esa gksrk gS tks ¶ns'k osQ HkhrjmiyC/ ugha gksrh gSaA¸ bl okD; ls mldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd (d) ,d ns'k mu oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djsxk] tksfujis{k :i ls mlosQ ;gka ugha ikbZ tkrh gSa] tSls ghjs rFkk ([k) mu oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djsxk tks ?kjsyw ekaxls vf/d ek=kk esa ns'k esa miyC/ jgrh gSaA

nqyZHk izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa dh miyC/rk fdlh ns'k osQ O;kikj <kaps dks fu/kZfjr djrh

gSA

ozsQfol osQ vuqlkj fdlh oLrq dh izkI;rk vFkok miyC/rk dks pkj dkjd izHkkfor djrs gSa% izko`Qfrd lalkèku]rduhdh ifjorZu] oLrq foHksnhdj.k rFkk ljdkjh uhfrA nqyZHk izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa dh miyC/rk fdlh ns'k osQO;kikj <kaps dks fu/kZfjr djrh gSA fdlh oLrq fo'ks"k osQ mRiknu osQ lEcU/ esa izkIr rduhdh Kku ls ml oLrqfo'ks"k dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS ftls ns'k fu;kZr djrk gSA oLrq foHksnhdj.k uo izorZu djus okys ns'k osQmRiknu dks vLFkk;h ,dkf/dkj iznku djrk gS ftlls og viuh oLrq dk rc rd fu;kZr djrk jgrk gS] tcrd vk;krdrkZ ns'k mldh udy ugha dj ysrkA ljdkjh uhfr O;kikj dks ½.kkRed :i ls izHkkfor djrh gSAiz'kqYd uhfr;ka] ifjogu ykxrsa] mRiknd la?k vkfn O;kikj ls os oLrq,a lekIr djus dh izo`fÙk j[krs gSa tks fdlhns'k dks FkksM+h lh mQaph ykxr ij ?kjsyw mRiknu }kjk izkIr gksrh gaSA vr% fdlh oLrq dh vuqiyC/rk vFkokvizkI;rk izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa] rduhdh Kku] oLrq foHksnhdj.k vFkok laj{k.kkRed uhfr;ksa dh deh osQ dkj.kgksrh gSA


uksV


ozsQfol osQ izkI;rk fl¼kUr dks ,d mnkgj.k }kjk Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA eku yhft, pkj ns'k vesfjdk (A),

baXyS.M (B), dukMk (C), rFkk MsuekoZQ (D) gSaA nks oLrq,a [kk|kUu (F) rFkk fofufeZr inkFkZ (M) gSaA nksuksa oLrq,aJe rFkk iwath osQ }kjk mRikfnr gSaA ijUrq [kk|kUu osQ mRiknu osQ fy, Hkwfe Hkh pkfg, rFkk fofufeZr oLrqvksa osQmRiknu osQ fy, rduhdh Kku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g Hkh eku yhft, fd ns'k A, B rFkk C osQ ikl HkwfegS tcfd ns'k B, C rFkk D osQ ikl rduhdh Kku gSA vr% ns'k A osQoy oLrq (F) dk mRiknu dj ldrk gStcfd ns'k D osQoy M oLrq dk mRiknu dj ldrk gS] ijUrq vU; nksuksa ns'k B rFkk C nksuksa gh oLrqvksa dkmRiknu dj ldrs gSaA

eku yhft, nksuksa oLrqvksa F vkSj M dh :ikUrj.k dh lhekUr nj (Marginal Rate of Transformation) nksuksans'kksa B rFkk C esa fLFkj gSa rFkk ;g ns'k B esa SF osQ fy, 1M (SF : 1M) gS vkSj ns'k C esa 3F osQ fy, 1M (3F

: 1M) gSA F vkSj M osQ chp] ,d lUrqfyr dher vuqikr fo'o ekax fLFkfr;ksa vkSj mRiknu lEHkkoukvksa }kjkfu/kZfjr gksxkA izkI;rk ij vk/kfjr ns'k A lnSo oLrq F dk fu;kZr djsxk rFkk ns'k D oLrq M dk] ijUrq lUrqfyrdher vuqikr B vkSj C ns'kksa osQ O;kikj <kapksa dks fu/kZfjr djrk gSA ;fn dher vuqikr 5F osQ fy, 1M lsvf/d gks rks os oLrq M dk fu;kZr djsaxsA ;fn dher vuqikr 4F : 1M gks rks ns'k B oLrq F rFkk ns'k C oLrqM dk fu;kZr djsxkA

fu"d"kZ :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ns'k A ns'k D dks F oLrq dk fu;kZr djsxk rFkk ns'k D oLrq M dkfu;kZr izkI;rk fl¼kUr osQ vk/kj ij ns'k A dks djsxk D;ksafdizR;sd ns'k vk;kfrr oLrq dk ?kjsyw mRiknu ugha dj ldrkAblosQ ckotwn] ns'k B rFkk C osQ chp O;kikj rqyukRed ykxrfl¼kUr osQ vk/kj ij fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd nksuksa gh ns'knksuksa oLrqvksa dk mRiknu dj ldrs gSaA

izks- fiQ.Mys (Findlay) us izkI;rk fl¼kUr dks lk/u&vuqikr(Factor Proportions) fl¼kUr ls lEcfU/r djus dk iz;klfd;k gSA eku yhft, nks ns'k A rFkk B nks oLrq,a F rFkk M dkmRiknu djrs gSaA nksuksa Je rFkk iwath ls lEiUu gSa rFkk nksuksa ns'kksaosQ ikl nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu osQ fy, leku rduhdh Kku gS]ijUrq ns'k A osQ ikl ns'k B dh vis{kk Hkwfe vf/d gS] ijUrq Hkwfedh vko';drk osQoy oLrq F dk mRiknu djus osQ fy, gksrh gS tcfd rduhdh Kku osQoy oLrq M dkmRiknu djus osQ fy, gksrk gSA bu ekU;rkvksa osQ vk/kj ij nksuksa ns'k oLrq M dh leku ek=kk mRikfnr dj losaQxs];fn lHkh lk/u blh mís'; osQ fy, iz;qDr gksrs gSa] ijUrq ns'k B dh vis{kk ns'k A oLrq F dh vfèkd ek=kk dkmRiknu dj ldrk gS D;ksafd mlosQ ikl vis{kko`Qr vf/d Hkwfe gS] ;fn lHkh lk/u blh oLrq osQ mRiknu esaiz;qDr gksrs gSaA fp=k 4.1 esa BA ns'k B dk mRiknu lEHkkouk oozQ gS rFkk oozQ BA1 ns'k A dk mRiknu lEHkkoukoozQ gSA oLrq M dks {kSfrt v{k ij rFkk oLrq F dks vuqyEc v{k ij iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA PP rFkk P1P1

js[kkvksa osQ <ky O;kikj 'krksZa dks rFkk js[kk O R ekax lekuqikrksa dks O;Dr djrh gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gSfd ns'k A oLrq F dk fu;kZr djsxkA ns'k A esa Hkwfe] iwath vkSj Je dk mQ¡pk vuqikr ;g crkrk gS fd ;g ns'kD;ksa oLrq F dk fu;kZr djrk gS tcfd ns'k B ugha djrkA

blosQ ckotwn ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd izkI;rk fl¼kUr lk/u vuqikr fl¼kUr ls Js"B gSA eku yhft, oLrqF dh vis{kk oLrq M dk lnSo mQ¡pk iwath&Je vuqikr jgrk gS rFkk ns'k A dk ns'k B dh vis{kk mQ¡pk iw¡th&Jevuqikr gSA ijUrq nksuksa ns'kksa esa rduhdh Kku dk leku Lrj miyC/ gSA oLrq F osQ mRiknu osQ fy, Hkwfe pkfg,tks osQoy ns'k A esa izkIr gS tcfd oLrq M osQ mRiknu osQ fy, yksgk pkfg, tks osQoy B ns'k esa miyC/ gksrkgSA ,slh n'kk esa ns'k A oLrq F dk fu;kZr djsxk tcfd ns'k B oLrq M dkA bldk vfHkizk; gS fd iw¡th&izpqj

P1

RA

P+

–A

oLrq –

FP

1

P

O oLrq–MB

–

+

fp=k 4-1

uksV



ns'k A Je&xgu oLrq F dk fu;kZr djsxk vkSj foykse'k lk/u vuqikr roZQ osQ vk/kj ij mijksDr mÙkj xyrgks tkrk gS] ijUrq izkI;rk fl¼kUr osQ vk/kj ij ;g mÙkj lgh Bgjrk gS D;ksafd ns'k A esa Hkwfe dh izkI;rk rFkkns'k B esa yksgs dh izkI;rk gSA ;fn ;g roZQ fn;k tkrk gS fd ns'k A esa Hkwfe dh izpqjrk gS tcfd ns'k B esayksgs dh] bl dkj.k ns'k A Hkwfe izpqj oLrq F dk fu;kZr djrk gS rFkk ns'k B yksgk izpqj oLrq M dk rks lk/uvuqikr fl¼kUr Hkh lgh mÙkj nsrk gSA fiQ.Mys osQ vuqlkj] fof'k"V izdkj osQ izko`Qfrd lk/uksa dh lwph cgqryEch gksus osQ dkj.k] lk/u vuqikr fl¼kUr osQ bl rjg osQ lkekU;hdj.k ls ;g ,d Hkík midj.k cudj jgtkrk gSA izkI;rk fl¼kUr fof'k"V miHkksDrk vf/ekuksa dh O;k[;k esa Hkh iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vkykspuk,a (Criticisms)–ozsQfol osQ izkI;rk fl¼kUr dh izeq[k vkykspuk,¡ fuEuor gSaμ

(1) izkI;rk fl¼kUr O;kikj <kaps dh O;k[;k osQ :i esa fo'ks"k voLFkkvksa esa gh ykxw gksrk gSA fiQ.Mys dkroZQ gS fd O;kikj <kaps osQ eq[; fu/kZjd osQ :i esa izkI;rk fl¼kUr osQoy cgqr fo'ks"k voLFkkvksa esagh lR; gksrk gSA tgk¡ ftrus ns'k gksa mruh gh oLrq,¡ gksa ftlosQ vuqlkj izR;sd oLrq dks ,d vkxr(Input) dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftldh vU; fdlh dks Hkh vko';drk ugha gksrh rFkk izR;sd ns'k osQikl bl rjg osQoy ,d gh vkxr ikbZ tkrh gSA ,slh oLrqvksa esa O;kikj dh O;k[;k djus osQ fy,]ftudks vklkuh ls izkIr vkxrsa pkfg,] ijEijkxr fl¼kUr fu%lUnsg Js"B gSA

(2) izks- txnh'k Hkxorh osQ vuqlkj] izkI;rk fl¼kUr Li"Vr;k ijh{k.k ;ksX; ifjdYiukvksa dks crkus esa liQyugha gks ik;k gSA

(3) izkI;rk fl¼kUr ,d ns'k osQ O;kikj <kaps dh i;kZIr O;k[;k ugha gSA ;g lEHko gS fd ,d ns'k ,doLrq dk FkksM+h ek=kk esa fu;kZr dj jgk gks pkgs fons'kh miHkksDrkvksa dks mlosQ lkFk dksbZ yxko u gksvFkok ;g lEHko gS fd ns'k fdlh vU; oLrq dk mRiknu izkjEHk dj ns] tgka mlosQ lk/uksa dks vf/d ykHknk;drk osQ lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] pkgs fons'kh miHkksDrk bl oLrq osQ izfr fdlh rjgdk vf/eku u nsrs gksaA

O;kikj dh ek=kk rFkk ek¡x <k¡ps dk fyaMj dk fl¼kUr (Linder’s Theory of the Volumeof Trade and Demand Pattern)

LohfM'k vFkZ'kkL=kh ,l- ch- fyaMj (S. B. Linder) us vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ ,d ,sls fl¼kUr dk izfriknufd;k gS tks O;kikj dj jgs nks fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp fofuekZ.k (Manufactures) esa O;kikj dh ek=kk dks jk"Vªh;vk; osQ lekuqikr osQ :i eas O;k[;k djrk gSA fyaMj dk roZQ gS fd tc ,d ns'k dh izfr O;fDr vk;k esa o`f¼gksrh gS rks mldk izfrfuf/ ek¡x <k¡pk (Representative Demand Pattern) oqQN fofuekZ.kksa osQ ?kjsyw mRiknu esaizlkj djrk gSA ;g izlkj bu fofuekZ.kksa dh ykxrksa esa ,slh dVkSfr;ka ykrk gS fd os ns'k osQ u, rqyukRed ykHkokys fu;kZr cu tkrs gSaA bl rjg] ,d ns'k viuh izfrfuf/ ekax oLrq dk fu;kZr djuk izkjEHk dj nsrk gSA

ekU;rk,¡ (Assumptions)μfyaMj dk fl¼kUr fuEufyf[kr ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kfjr gS %

(1) ,d ns'k dk lEHkkfor O;kikj ,slh oLrqvksa rd lhfer gksrk gS ftudh ?kjsyw ekax gksrh gSA

(2) ftu oLrqvksa osQ fy, ?kjsyw ekax ikbZ tkrh gS og izfr O;fDr vk; }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA

(3) nks ns'kksa osQ chp lEHkkfor O;kikj ,slh oLrqvksa rd lhfer gksrk gS ftuosQ fy, ekax nksuksa ns'kksa esa gksrh gSA

(4) nks ns'kksa osQ chp lEHkkfor O;kikj leku vk; Lrjksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

fl¼kUr dh O;k[;k (Explanation)μnh xbZ iwoZ/kj.kkvksa osQ vk/kj ij fyaMj osQ fl¼kUr osQ fo'ys"k.kkRed

<kaps dh foospuk bl rjg dh tk ldrh gSμfofuekZ.kh oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr O;kikj dh iwoZ 'krZ gS mldh ?kjsyw

ekax dk fo|eku gksukA ,slk vusd dkj.kksa ls gks ldrk gS ;Fkkμ(i) fons'kh O;kikj ?kjsyw O;kikj dk foLrkj ek=k

gSA (ii) orZeku m|ksxksa ij uoizorZu dk dkj.k ?kjsyw ekax esa o`f¼ gksuk gSA (iii) ?kjsyw ekax gh fofufeZr oLrqvksa


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fp=k 4-2

osQ fy, fu;kZr dh lEHkkouk ryk'krh gSA okLro esa blosQ ihNs eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd fons'kh cktkj tksf[keiw.kZ

gksrs gSa tcfd ?kjsyw cktkj esa tksf[ke ugha gksrh vr% mRiknd osQoy fons'kh cktkj ij fuHkZj ugha jguk pkgrkA

fu"d"kZ :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ?kjsyw ekax <kapk lEHkkfor fu;kZr oLrqvksa dh lhek dks fu/kZfjr djrk

gSA ,d ns'k osQoy mUgha oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djsxk ftuosQ fy, ?kjsyw ekax cM+h vkSj lfozQ; gksrh gSA tc ?kjsyw

cktkj dh ekax dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, mRiknu c<+k;k tkrk gS rks iSekus dh cprsa izkIr gksrh gSa rFkk ykxrsa de

vkrh gSa ftlls iQeZ fons'kh cktkj esa izos'k dj ldrh gSA

fyaMj osQ vuqlkj] ,d ns'k viuh vf/d oLrqvksa dks mu ns'kksa dks fu;kZr djsxk ftudk vk; Lrj rFkk ekax <kapk

fu;kZrd ns'k osQ leku gSA bls fyaMj us ^vf/eku lekurk* (Preference Similarity) dgk gSA ;g vf/eku

lekurk (Overlapping) dh vksj ys tkrh gSA fyaMj dk roZQ gS fd ,d fn, gq, ns'k esa] vU;

ckrsa leku jgus ij] mPp vk; oxksZa esa miHkksDrk mPp xq.koÙkk okyh oLrqvksa dh ekax djrs gSa vkSj tks fuEu vk;

oxksZa esa gksrs gSa os fuEu xq.koÙkk okyh oLrqvksa dh ekax djrs gSaA ;gh fu;e vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkh ykxw gksrs

gSa tgka vkSlru fuEu vk; ns'k fuEu xq.koÙkk okyh oLrqvksa dh ekax dh izc`fÙk j[krs gSa mPp vk; ns'k mPp

xq.koÙkk okyh oLrqvksa dhA ijUrq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd mPp vk; okys ns'k fuEu xq.koÙkk okyh oLrqvksa

dh ekax ugha djrsa rFkk fuEu vk; okys ns'k mPp xq.koÙkk okyh oLrqvksa dh ekax ugha djrsA okLrfodrk ;g

gS fd vk; forj.k fdlh Hkh lekt esa leku ugha gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fofHkUu ns'kksa esa vf/eku lekurk gksrh

gS rFkk ekax <kaps vfrO;kIr gksrs gSaA buls ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj lEcU/ ik, tkrs gSa vkSj izR;sd ns'k viuh ?kjsyw

ekax dks iwjk djus osQ i'pkr~ fofHkUu izdkj dh fufeZr oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djrk gSA

fy.Mj osQ vf/eku lekurk vFkok vfrO;kfIr ekax fl¼kUr dks js[kkfp=k 4-2 }kjk Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA

eku yhft, nks ns'k A rFkk B gSaA fp=k esa {kSfrt v{k ij izfr O;fDr vk; dks rFkk vuqyEc v{k ij oLrqvksa

dh xq.koÙkk dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA js[kk OR bl lEcU/ dks n'kkZrh gSA mPp izfr O;fDr vk; Oya okyk ns'k

A mPp xq.koÙkk okyh oLrqvksa dh OQa ek=kk dh ekax djrk gS tcfd fuEu izfr O;fDr vk; OYb okyk ns'k

B fuEu xq.koÙkk okyh oLrq,a OQb dh ekax djrk gSA ;fn izR;sd ns'k esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa osQ chp vk; dk forj.k

leku jgrk gS rks ns'kksa osQ chp dksbZ O;kikj ugha gksxk D;ksafd izR;sd ns'k fuokfl;ksa }kjk ekaxh xbZ osQoy ,d

LVS.MMZ xq.koÙkk okyh oLrq dk mRiknu djsxkA

OkkLrfodrk ;g gS fd vk; forj.k vleku jgrk gS vr%izR;sd ns'k esa nksuksa xq.koÙkk okyh oLrq,a ekaxh tkrh gSaAeku yhft, ns'k A esa vk; forj.k ls AS foLrkj (Range)esa nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ fy, ekax dh tkrh gS tcfd ns'k B esafoLrkj BD gSA nksuksa ns'kksa esa vfrO;kIr ekax foLrkj BC =

MN gSA pwafd ekaxksa dh vfrO;kfIr gS] vr% nksuksa ns'kksa osQchp O;kikj lEHko gSA izfr O;fDr mQaph vk; okyk ns'k A,

mPp xq.koÙkk okyh oLrq OQa dks izfr O;fDr fuEu vk;okys ns'k B dks mlosQ mPp vk; oxZ osQ miHkksDrkvksa dhekax dks iwjk djus osQ fy, fu;kZr djsxkA nwljh vksj] izfrO;fDr fuEu vk; okyk ns'k B fuEu xq.koÙkk okyh oLrqOQb dks izfrO;fDr mPp vk; okys ns'k A dks mlosQ fuEuvk; okys miHkksDrkvksa dh ekax dks iwjk djus osQ fy, fu;kZr djsxkA ,d O;kikj djus okys ns'k osQ lEHkkforfu;kZr foLrkj dh oLrq lajpuk esa ftruh vf/d vfrO;kfIr gksxh] mruh gh vf/d O;kikj dh ek=kk gksxhAftruh vf/d O;kikj dh lEHkkfor ek=kk gksxh] mruk gh O;kikj djus okys ns'kksa esa vk; Lrj mQ¡pk gksxkA lkFkgh ftruh vf/d O;kikj dh lEHkkfor ek=kk gksxh] mruh gh vf/d O;kikj dh okLrfod ek=kk gksxhA

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(Criticisms) fyaMj osQ O;kikj dh izeq[k vkykspuk,a fuEuor~ gSaμ

(1) fyaMj dk fl¼kUr ^xq.koÙkk* 'kCn dks Bhd <ax ls ifjHkkf"kr ugha djrk rFkk ;g Li"V ugha djrk fdxq.koÙkk dh eki fdl rjg dh tkrh gSA

(2) ;g fl¼kUr bl ckr dh O;k[;k ugha djrk fd osQoy xq.koÙkk ;qDr oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx gh D;ksa izfrO;fDr vk; osQ lkFk ifjofrZr gksrk gS rFkk O;kikj dks izHkkfor djrk gSA

(3) fy.Mj dk fl¼kUr bl ckr dh O;k[;k ugha djrk fd fdu dkj.kksa ls ,d ns'k viuh oLrq tks ogfu;kZr djrk gS] mlosQ fy, og igys ?kjsyw cktkj dk fodkl djsxkA

(4) fy.Mj us izfrfuf/ ekax dh vo/kj.kk dks Hkh Bhd ls Li"V ugha fd;k gSA

(5) ;g fl¼kUr bl rF; ij izdk'k ugha Mkyrk fd ,d ns'k }kjk dkSu&dkSu&lh oLrq,a vk;kr dh tk,¡xhrFkk dkSu&dkSu lh fu;kZr dh tk,¡xhA

(6) fy.Mj dk fl¼kUr O;kikj dh ek=kk ij iM+us okys izn'kZu izHkko dh vis{kk djrk gSA

(7) fy.Mj mu 'krksZa dh foospuk ugha djrk ftuosQ vUrxZr O;kikj dj jgs ns'k O;kikj dh ek=kk dks izHkkfordjus dh lEHkkouk j[k ldrs gSaA

(8) fy.Mj osQ fl¼kUr esa osQoy vkuqHkfod izek.k dh deh gS vr% ;g fl¼kUr osQoy lq>ko ek=k gh gSA

μmijksDr dfe;ksa osQ ckotwn] fy.Mj dk fl¼kUr vlk/kj.k gS tks fodflr ns'kksa osQ chp fofuekZ.kksa esaO;kikj dh cM+h ek=kk osQ dkj.kksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA

;g fl¼kUr gsDlpj&vksgfyu osQ fl¼kUr ij lqèkkj gSA gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kUr bl ifjdYiuk ij vk/kfjrgS fd lk/u lEiUurkvksa esa Hksnksa ls nks ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj gksrk gS] tcfd fy.Mj dk fl¼kUr bl ckr ijcy nsrk gS fd O;kikj rc gksrk gS tc lk/u lEiUurk,a leku gksrh gSaA

vkUrj&m|ksx O;kikj (Intra-Industry Trade)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ izfrf"Br] uo izfrf"Br gsDlpj&vksgfyu] lSE;qylu rFkk vU; fl¼kUr izk;% nks ns'kksa osQeè; varj&m|ksx O;kikj (Inter-Industry) dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA varj&m|ksx O;kikj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh ogfLFkfr gS tgka ,d m|ksx dh oLrq dk ,d fHkUu m|ksx dh oLrq osQ lkFk fofue; fd;k tkrk gS_ tSls Hkkjrh;twrs dk tkikuh e'khujh osQ lkFk O;kikj dk gksukA varj&m|ksx vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh ekU;rkij vk/kfjr gSA nwljh vksj vkarj&m|ksx vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vUrxZr ,d gh m|ksx esa Hksnho`Qr oLrqvksa dkO;kikj gksrk gS tks leku (Similar) rks gksrh gSa] ijUrq le:i (Identical) ugha gksrh_ tSls tkikuh dkjksa dkvesfjdh dkjksa osQ lkFk O;kikj vkSj blh rjg lkcqu] ?kfM+;ka] twrs RkFkk vU; oLrqvksa dk ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikjgSA tc ns'k oLrq foHksnhdj.k osQ lkFk&lkFk i;kZIr ykxr varjksa osQ lkFk mRiknu djrs gSa rFkk lHkh izdkj dhfHkUu oLrqvksa dk fofue; djrs gSa] rc ;g vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj gksrk gS] ijUrq tc ,d gh m|ksx esa fcuk i;kZIrykxr vUrjksa osQ ns'k fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj O;kikj djrs gSa rks ;g vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj gSA

vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj fof'k"Vdj.k vkSj c<+ jgs Je&foHkktu osQ dkj.k gksrk gS tks cktkj osQ vkdkj ij fuHkZjdjrk gSA rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk osQ Hkwe.Myhdj.k osQ lkFk vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj eè;orhZvkSj vfUre oLrqvksa esa iSQy x;k gSA ;g mQaph ifjogu ykxrksa osQ dkj.k lhek&O;kikj (Border Trade) osQ :iesa rFkk iQyksa ,oa lfCt;ksa dh mQaph HkaMkj.k ykxrksa osQ dkj.k ekSleh O;kikj osQ :i esa ns'kksa osQ chp foLr`rgqvk gSA

vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd ns'kh ,oa fons'kh iQesZa leku oLrq dh le:i fdLesa cukrh gSa tks,d&nwljs osQ jk"Vªh; cktkj esa vklkuh ls izos'k dj tkrh gSaA tc nks ns'kksa esa nks iQeksZa dh ,dleku oLrq osQmRiknu esa ,dkf/dkj jgrk gS rks O;kikj gksus ls izfr;ksfxrk gksrh gS ftlls nksuksa iQeksZa osQ mRikn dh dhersa de


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gks tkrh gSa vkSj ykHk dh lhek ?kV tkrh gSA blosQ iQyLo:i ,dkf/dkjh iQeksZa dks gkfu gksrh gS] ijUrq nksuksans'kksa osQ miHkksDrkvksa dks ykHk gksrk gSA

vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj osQ fuEufyf[kr ykHk gSaμ

(1) ,slk O;kij nksuksa ns'kkaas esa cgqr fdLe dh oLrq,a miyC/ djkrk gSA O;kikj dk foLrkj gksus ls mRikndksadks cM+s iSekus dh ferO;f;rkvksa osQ ykHk izkIr gksrs gSa ftlls oLrqvksa dh ykxrsa ,oa dhersa de gks tkrhgSaA nksuksa ns'kksa osQ miHkksDrkvksa dks lLrh vkSj xq.koÙkk okyh oLrq,a miyC/ gksrh gSa] ijUrq ykHk ekftZucgqr ?kV tkus ls oqQN mRiknu cUn dj m|ksx dks NksM+ tkrs gSaA

(2) oLrq foHksnhdj.k ls ,d NksVk ns'k iSekus dh ferO;f;rkvksa vkSj fof'k"Vhdj.k }kjk ,d cM+s ns'k ls dedher ij oLrq,a csp ldrk gS vkSj bl rjg vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ykHk izkIr dj ldrk gSA

(3) vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj leku lk/u lEiUurkvksa rFkk leku vkdkj osQ nks ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj dh ek=kkesa o`f¼ djrk gSA

(4) foHksnho`Qr oLrqvksa ij vk/kfjr O;kikj mRiknu ykxrksa dks de djus osQ fy, fofHkUu ns'kksa esa iqtks± osQmRiknu vkSj muosQ tqVkus esa o`f¼ djrk gSA blls cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa }kjk iqtks± osQ O;kikj esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA

vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj osQ lEcU/ esa cks (Bo Sodersten) us bafxr fd;k gS fd] ¶

A¸

vuqdj.k vUrjky vFkok izkS|ksfxdh; vUrjky fl¼kUr (Imitation Gap or TechnologicalGap Theory)

fjdkMksZ rFkk gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kUr bl ekU;rk ij vk/kfjr gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa layXu leLr ns'kksaesa izks|ksfxdh dk Lrj leku gSA vr% os O;kikj ij izkS|ksfxdh; ifjorZu osQ izHkko dh foospuk ugha djrsA

(M. V. Posner) us 1961 esa izdkf'kr vius ys[k ^Technical Charge and International Trade* esaO;kikj ij rduhdh ifjorZu osQ izHkko dh foospuk izLrqr dh gSA iksluj us vius ys[k esa Li"V fd;k fdrduhdh izxfr vFkok izkS|ksfxdh; ifjorZu ,d fujUrj izfozQ;k gS tks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh lajpuk dksegRoiw.kZ <ax ls izHkkfor djrh gSA fdlh ns'k esa ,d ubZ oLrq osQ mRiknu osQ :i esa izkS|ksfxdh; uoizorZu nwljsns'k esa vuqdj.k vUrjky vkSj ekax vUrjky mRiUu djrk gSA nks ns'kksa osQ chp fdl lhek rd O;kikj gksxk ;gvuqdj.k vUrjky vkSj ekax vUrjky osQ 'kq¼ (net) izHkko ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

(Assumptions)

vuqdj.k vFkok izkS|ksfxdh vUrjky fl¼kUr fuEufyf[kr iwoZ/kj.kkvksa ij vk/kfjr gSμ

1- O;kikj djus okys ns'k nks gSaA

2- nksuksa ns'kksa esa lk/u lEiUurk,¡ leku gSaA

3- nksuksa ns'kksa esa izkS|ksfxdh dk Lrj fHkUu&fHkUu gSA

4- nksuksa ns'kksa esa ekax fLFkfr;k¡ leku gSaA

5- nksuksa ns'kksa esa O;kikj&iwoZ lk/u dher vuqikr leku gSA

(Explanation)

mijksDr ekU;rkvksa osQ fn, gksus ij uoizorZu vkSj vuqdj.k dk ozQe O;kikj dh lajpuk dks fdl rjg izokfgrdjrk gS bldh O;k[;k vuqdj.k vUrjky fl¼kUr }kjk dh tk ldrh gSA bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj tc ,d iQeZubZ oLrq esa uoizorZu djrh gS rc ?kjsyw cktkj esa og ykHknk;d cu tkrh gS vkSj vLFkk;h :i ls ,dkf/dkjizkIr dj ysrh gSA tc og iQeZ vius mRiknu dk foLrkj djrh gS vkSj mls fons'kh cktkj esa csprh gS rc mls

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bl oLrq esa fujis{k ykHk izkIr gksrk gSA oqQN le; i'pkr~] uoizorZu dj jgh iQeks± osQ ykHk vU; ns'kksa esavuqdj.k dks izksRlkfgr djrs gSa] ijUrq og iQeZ viuh oLrq dk ml le; rd fu;kZr djrh jgsxh vkSj mlosQmRiknu ls rqyukRed ykHk izkIr djrh jgsxh tc rd fd vk;krd ns'k ml oLrq osQ mRiknu dh rduhd dkslh[kdj ml oLrq dk mRiknu djuk izkjEHk ugha dj nsrkA bl rjg] nwljs ns'k osQ lkFk vuqdj.k vUrjky dkl`tu gks tkrk gSA vuqdj.k vUrjky dh vof/ esa nwljs ns'k esa ubZ oLrq osQ vk;kr gksrs jgrs gSaA

osQ vuqlkj vuqdj.k vUrjky dh rhu dksfV;ka gSaA (Foreign

Reaction Lag) gS tks uoizorZu dj jgh iQeZ }kjk ubZ oLrq dk mRiknu izkjEHk djus esa yxk le; gSA (Domestic Reaction Lag) gS tks vU; ?kjsyw mRikndksa }kjk vuqdj.k djus esa rFkk

?kjsyw cktkj esa viuk izHkqRo LFkkfir djus esa yxk le; gSA (Learning Period)

gS tks ?kjsyw mRikndksa }kjk ubZ oLrq dks mRikfnr djus dh rduhd esa fuiq.krk izkIr djus rFkk mls ?kjsyw cktkjesa cspus esa yxk le; gSA ;s rhuksa dksfV;ka vFkok va'k feydj vuqdj.k vUrjky dk l`tu djrs gSaA

blosQ vfrfjDr] iksluj us (Demand Lag)

dh Hkh dYiuk dh gS tks ?kjsyw miHkksDrkvksa }kjk ubZ oLrq osQfy, #fp fodflr gksus esa yxk le; gksrk gSA ekax vUrjkyosQ dkj.k ubZ oLrq osQ vk;kr vuqdj.k vUrjky dh iwjhvof/ osQ fy, pkyw ugha jgsaxsA ftl vof/ osQ nkSjku vk;krpkyw jgsaxs mls tkuus osQ fy, ekax vUrjky dks vuqdj.kvUrjky esa ls ?kVk nsuk pkfg,A ;fn ?kjsyw mRiknd ubZ oLrqdk 'kh?kz mRiknu djuk izkjEHk dj nsrs gSa rFkk ?kjsyw miHkksDrkubZ oLrq dks viukus esa oqQN le; ysrs gSa rks vuqdj.kvUrjky FkksM+k gks tk,xk rFkk ubZ oLrq dks vk;kr djus dh vof/ de gks tk,xhA blosQ foijhr] ;fn ?kjsywmiHkksDrk ubZ oLrq dks 'kh?kzrk ls viuk ysrs (vFkkZr~ mldh ekax djus yxrs gSa) gSa vkSj ?kjsyw mRiknd mls 'kh?kzrkls mRikfnr ugha dj ikrs gSa rks vuqdj.k vUrjky yEck gks tk,xk rFkk ns'k ubZ oLrq dk vk;kr yEch vof/rd djrk jgsxkA tc vuqdj.k vUrjky vkSj ekax vUrjky leku gks tkrs gSa rc ubZ oLrq dk vk;kr lekIr gkstkrk gSA bl rjg] nks ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj dh lajpuk bu nksuksa vUrjkyksa dh lkis{k 'kfDr ij fuHkZj djsxhA

iksluj osQ fl¼kUr dh foospuk fp=k 4.3 osQ }kjk dh tk ldrh gSA fp=k esa lekukUrj v{k ij le; dks rFkkvuqyEc&v{k ij eku yhft, oLrq X osQ fy, uoizorZu dj jgs ns'k A dk vuqdj.k dj jgs ns'k B osQ fo#¼O;kikj 'ks"k (Trade Balance) dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA fp=k esa fcUnq t1 rd nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp oLrq X esa dksbZO;kikj ugha gksrkA le; t1 ij ns'k A ubZ oLrq dk uoizorZu djrk gSA ns'k B esa ekax vUrjky ns'k A osQ fu;kZrksadh ek=kk dks fu/kZfjr djsxk vkSj bl rjg t1B dh <yku (slope) dksA vuqdj.k vUrjky ;g fu/kZfjr djsxk fdle; dh fdruh vof/ rd ns'k B ns'k A ls oLrq dk vk;kr djsxk lkFk gh ;g ns'k A osQ fu;kZrksa dh ek=kkHkh fu/kZfjr djsxkA ;fn ns'k B esa oLrq dk dksbZ vuqdj.k ugha gksrk gS rc ns'k A mldk fu;kZr djrk jgsxk tcrd fd vof/ t3 rd fu;kZr vf/dre lhek E rd ugha igqap tkrs gSaA t1 ls t3 rd vof/ ekax vUrjky dksO;Dr djrh gSA ;fn ns'k B esa mRiknd ubZ oLrq dks t3 le; rd mRiknu djuk izkjEHk dj nsrs gSa rks ns'k A

osQ fu;kZr de gks tk,axs rFkk os le; t4 rd cUn Hkh gks tk,axs] tSlkfd E ls uhps dh vksj t4 rd rhj }kjkiznf'Zr fd;k x;k gSA ,slh n'kk esa vuqdj.k vUrjky t3t4 ekax vUrjky t1t3 ls NksVk gksxka

;fn vuqdj.k vUrjky yEck gS vkSj mRiknd t5 le; rd ubZ oLrq osQ uoizorZu dks viuk ugha ldrs rks ns'kA vius vf/dre Lrj E1 rd fu;kZr djrk jgsxkA tc ns'k B oLrq dk mRiknu djuk izkjEHk dj nsrk gS rksvuqdj.k vUrjky NksVk gks tkrk gS rFkk ns'k A ls fu;kZr de gksus yxrs gSa vkSj t6 rd lekIr gks tkrs gSa tcoLrq dk iwjh rjg ls vuqdj.k gks tkrk gSA ;fn ns'k B esa mRiknd oLrq esa uohu uoizorZu djrs gSa vkSj bl ns'k

fp=k 4-3


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dh oLrq ns'k A dh vis{kk csgrj gks tkrh gS rks ns'k B bl oLrq osQ lkFk ns'k A osQ cktkj esa izos'k djsxkA ,slhn'kk esa ns'k A bl oLrq dk ns'k B ls vk;kr djuk izkjEHk dj nsxk tSlk fd fp=k esa t6 ls uhps I rd rhj }kjkiznf'kZr gSA

iqu% iksluj uoizorZu rFkk vuqdj.k dh nksuksa /kj.kkvksa dks ,d ,dy xfr'khyrk (single dynamism) dhvo/kj.kk esa bdV~Bk dj nsrk gSA iksluj ,d ns'k dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa xfr'khyrk dks] ftl nj ij og ns'kuoizorZu djrk gS rFkk ftl xfr ls og fons'kh uoizorZuksa dk vuqdj.k djrk gS mlosQ iQyu osQ :i esaifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA ;fn O;kikj esa layXu nksuksa dh xfr'khyrk dh voLFkk leku gS rks muesa O;kikj fcuk Hkqxrku'ks"k dh dfBukb;ksa osQ gksxk rFkk ,d ns'k ls uoizorZu dk nwljs ns'k esa 'kh?kzrk ls vuqdj.k gksus osQ dkj.k O;kikjls nksuksa esa fodkl gksxkA ;fn ,d O;kikj dj jgs ns'k dh xfr'khyrk dh voLFkk nwljs ns'k dh vis{kk mQ¡phgS] rks nwljs ns'k esa O;kikj 'ks"k dk ?kkVk gksxk] D;ksafd og ubZ oLrq dh vf/d ek=kk vk;kr djrk gSA og viusHkqxrku 'ks"k dks lq/kjus osQ fy, de vuqowQy dherksa ij viuh ijEijkxr oLrqvksa dks igys ns'k dks fu;kZrdjsxkA igys ns'k ls ubZ oLrq dk vk;kr djus ls uoizorZu vkSj vuqdj.k osQ xfr'khy dkjdksa osQ dkj.kijEijkxr oLrqvksa esa O;kikj dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

(Criticisms)

iksluj dk vuqdj.k vUrjky fl¼kUr izfrf"Br rFkk gsD'pj&vksgfyu fl¼kUrksa dh vis{kk vf/d okLrfod gS]D;ksafd ;g vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh lajpuk ij rduhdh ifjorZu osQ izHkko dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gS] ijUrq blfl¼kUr esa oqQN egRoiw.kZ dfe;k¡ Hkh gSa tks bl izdkj gSa %

(i) ;g fl¼kUr bl rF; dh leqfpr O;k[;k ugha djrk fd ,d fu/kZfjr ,oa fLFkj le; vUrjky dks D;ksavaxhdkj fd;k x;k gSA ;g de vFkok vf/d D;ksa ugha gks ldrk gS_ rFkk

(ii) nksuksa ns'kksa esa uoizorZuksa osQ izfr;ksfxrkRed <k¡ps D;k gSa\

beSU;qvy dk vleku fofue; fl¼kUr (Emmanuel’s Theory of Unequal Exchange)

beSU;qvy us o"kZ 1970 esa izdf'kr viuh iqLrd Unequal Exchange : A Study in the Imperialism of Trade esavUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vleku fofue; fl¼kUr dk fodkl fd;kA ;g fl¼kUr mRiknu esa izkS|ksfxdh; ifjorZuksarFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; dherksa osQ fu/kZj.k osQ fy, ekDlZ osQ mRiknu dh dherksa osQ fl¼kUr ij vk/kfjr gSA beSU;qvydh /kj.kk gS fd fodflr ns'kksa (DCs) rFkk de fodflr ns'kksa (LDCs) osQ chp vkfFkZd vlekurk dk eq[;dkj.k mRiknu dh rduhdksa rFkk etnwfj;ksa esa vUrj gS ftuls O;kikj esa vleku fofue; gksrk gSA fdlh fodflrns'k esa ,d Je ?k.Vs osQ mRikn dk fofue; de fodflr ns'k osQ vf/d Je ?k.Vs osQ mRikn osQ fy, gksrkgSA bl vleku fofue; ls fodflr ns'kksa dks ykHk vkSj de fodflr ns'kksa dks gkfu gksrh gSA

(Assumptions)

beSU;qvy dk fl¼kUr fuEufyf[kr iwoZ/kj.kkvksa ij vk/kfjr gSμ

1. O;kikj nks ns'kksa osQ chp gksrk gSμns'k A fodflr gS tcfd ns'k B vYi&fodflr gSA

2. oLrq,¡ X rFkk Y gSa ftudk fofue; gksrk gSA

3. iwath esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; xfr'khyrk gS tcfd Je fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp xfr'khy ugha gSA

4. dhersa fodflr ns'k esa vf/d vkSj vYi&fodflr ns'k esa de gksrh gSaA

5. etnwjh fodflr ns'k esa vf/d vkSj vYi&fodflr ns'k esa de gksrh gSA

6. ykHk dh njsa nksuksa ns'kksa esa leku gksrh gSaA

7. etnwfj;k¡ dherksa esa LorU=k gSaA

8. ;krk;kr ykxrsa 'kwU; gSaA

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9. oLrqvksa dk O;kikj LorU=k :i ls gksrk gSA

10. izR;sd ns'k fdlh oLrq fo'ks"k eas fof'k"Vrk j[krk gSA

(Explanation of the Theory)

mijksDr ekU;rkvksa osQ vk/kj ij beSU;qvy us bl /kj.kk dks fodflr djus dk iz;kl fd;k fd fodflr ns'kksaus izkS|ksfxdh; izxfr osQ iQyLo:e Je cprdkjh rduhd viukdj ^iwath dh laxfBr lajpuk* (organic

composition of capital) esa o`f¼ dh gS tcfd vYi&fodflr ns'k vius fodkl osQ fy, rduhdh ifjorZuksadk ykHk izkIr djus esa vliQy jgs gSaA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i muosQ chp O;kikj esa vleku fofue; gqvk gSAbeSU;qvy osQ vuqlkj] vleku fofue; dk eq[; dkj.k osQUnz (fodflr ns'kksaμDCs) vkSj ifjf/ (vYi&fodflrns'kksaμLDCs) dh etnwjh njksa osQ chp vUrj gSA osQ 'kCnksa esa]

beSU;qvy osQ vuqlkj] vleku fofue; rc gksrk gS tc nks vleku ns'k nks fHkUu&fHkUu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrsgSa ftlosQ dkj.k os ,d&nwljs osQ lkFk izR;{k izfr;ksfxrk esa ugha gksrs gSaA pwafd vYi&fodflr ns'kksa esa etnwfj;k¡de gksrh gSa] vr% oLrq osQ mRiknu dh ykxr Hkh de gksrh gS vkSj blhfy, bldh dhersa de gksrh gSaA blosQfoijhr fodflr ns'kksa esa etnwfj;k¡ vf/d gksus osQ dkj.k oLrq osQ mRiknu dh ykxr vf/d vkrh gS] blfy,mldh dhersa Hkh vfèkd gksrh gSaA bl rjg] vYi&fodflr ns'k dh oLrq osQ lLrk gksus vkSj fodflr ns'k dhoLrq osQ egaxk gksus osQ dkj.k nksuksa osQ chp O;kikj esa vleku fofue; gksrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fdvYi&fodflr ns'k ls vk;krksa dh ,d nh gqbZ ek=kk ikus osQ fy, viuh oLrq dh vf/d ek=kk fu;kZr djrk gSA

vleku fofue; fl¼kUr dh O;k[;k fp=k&4.4 osQ }kjk dhtk ldrh gSA fp=k esa O;kikj djus okys nksuksa ns'kksa A rFkkB dh dherksa dks vuqyEc v{k ij rFkk O;kikj dh 'krks± dks{kSfrt v{k ij iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA eku yhft, ns'k A

oLrq X dk rFkk ns'k B oLrq Y dk mRiknu dj jgk gSA ns'kA fodflr rFkk ns'k B de fodflr gSA de fodflr ns'kB esa Y oLrq dh dher PB = 1 osQ :i esa yh xbZ gS tks {kSfrtjs[kk PBPB osQ :i esa iznf'kZr dh xbZ gSA ns'k A esa X oLrqdh dher PA1 oozQ }kjk rFkk O;kikj dh lUrqyu 'krs± OT1

}kjk iznf'kZr gSaA etnwfj;ksa ,oa ykxrksa esa o`f¼ ls ns'k A esadher esa o`f¼ gksrh gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i bldk dher oozQckb± rjiQ ljd dj PA2 gks tkrk gSA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k B dh O;kikj 'krs± OT2 rd de gks tkrh gSaAvleku fofue; dks okLrfod O;kikj 'krks± OT1 rFkk O;kikj dh ifjofrZr 'krks± OT2 osQ chp osQ vUrj osQ :iesa ekik tkrk gSA bl izdkj] ns'k B dh O;kikj 'krs± T1T2 osQ cjkcj foijhr gks xbZ gSaA bl rjg] vleku fofue;gksrk gS ftlls fodflr ns'k A de fodflr ns'k B dh ykxr ij ykHk izkIr djrk gSA

(Criticisms)

beSU;qvy osQ vleku fofue; fl¼kUr dh izeq[k vkykspuk,a fuEuor~ gSaμ

1. bl fl¼kUr esa ;g eku fy;k x;k gS fd vleku fofue; fodflr ,oa de fodflr ns'kksa osQ chpetnwjh esa vUrjksa dk ifj.kke gksrk gS] ijUrq og mu ?kVdksa dh O;k[;k ugha djrk tks fodflr ,oavYi&fodflr ns'kksa osQ chp etnwjh vUrjksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA

2. bl fl¼kUr esa ;g Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fd vYi&fodflr vkSj fodflr ns'kksa osQ chp etnwjh esa vUrjls gh vleku fofue; gksrk gS] ijUrq fodflr ns'kksa osQ chp Hkh vleku fofue; gks ldrk gS] D;ksafd

fp=k 4-4


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bu ns'kksa osQ chp Hkh etnwjh njksa esa vUrj ik, tkrs gSaA bl rjg] ;g fl¼kUr de fodflr ns'kksa ijgh ugha cfYd fodflr ns'kksa ij Hkh leku :i ls ykxw gksrk gSA

3. ;g fl¼kUr ekurk gS fd ykHk dh njsa fodflr ns'kksa rFkk vYi&fodflr ns'kksa esa leku gksrh gSa] ijUrq;g ekU;rk okLrfod ugha gS] D;ksafd fodflr ns'kksa esa mRiknu dh n{k rduhd viukus osQ dkj.k ykHkdh nj izk;% vf/d jgrh gSA pw¡fd vleku fofue; gksrk gS] vr% bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj ykHk dhnj fodflr ns'kksa osQ 'kks"k.k osQ lkFk fu'p; gh c<+rh gSA

4. bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj] O;kikj esa vleku fofue; ls fodflr ns'kksa }kjk de fodflr ns'kksa dk 'kks"k.kgksrk gS] ijUrq vFkZ'kkL=kh beSU;qvy osQ bl er ls lger ugha gSa] D;ksafd vleku fofue; us defodflr ns'kksa dh o`f¼ dks vo#¼ ugha fd;k gSA

5. bl fl¼kUr esa ;g Hkh eku fy;k x;k gS fd iwath fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp xfr'khy gksrh gSA ;fn ;g lR;gS rks etnwjh vUrjksa dks fodflr ls vYi&fodflr ns'k dh vksj iwath dh xfr djus ls nwj fd;k tkldrk gSA

bl rjg ;g fl¼kUr okLrfodrk ls nwj gSA

gsDlpj&vksgfyu dk fl¼kUr (Heckscher-Ohlin Theory)

gsDlpj&vksgfyu dk fl¼kUr fjdkMks± osQ rqyukRed ykHk fl¼kUr dk fojksèk ugha djrk cfYd iwjdrk iznkudjrk gSA fjdkMksZ dk rqyukRed ykHk fl¼kUr ;g er izLrqr djrk gS fd nks ns'kksa esa rqyukRed ykxr vUrjosQ dkj.k fons'kh O;kikj gksrk gS] fdUrq fjdkMksZ dk fl¼kUr bl fcUnq ij dksbZ izdk'k ugha Mkyrk fd ns'kksa esamRiknu ykxr esa vUrj D;ksa mRiUu gksrk gS\ gsDlpj&vksgfyu vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us bl iz'u dk mÙkj nsrs gq, viukfl¼kUr izfrikfnr fd;kA¸

gsDlpj&vksgfyu us fjdkMksZ osQ fl¼kUr osQ oqQN fcUnqvksa ls viuh vlgefr O;Dr dh vkSj ;g er O;Drfd;k fd]

(i) rqyukRed ykxr dk fl¼kUr lc izdkj osQ O;kikj ij ykxw gksrk gS rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj bldkviokn ugha gSA

(ii) tSlk fd izfrf"Br fl¼kUr esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS] mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa esa xfr'khyrk dk vHkko osQoyvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk gh fo'ks"k y{k.k ugha gS oju~ ,d gh ns'k osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa Hkh lkèkuksa dhxfr'khyrk dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA

mi;qZDr nwljh ckr ls Li"V gS fd ,d gh ns'k osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa etnwjh ,oa C;kt dh njksa esa fHkUurk ik;htkrh gSA us crk;k fd ftl izdkj ,d gh ns'k esa Je vkSj iwath esa xfr'khyrk ik;h tkrh gS mlh izdkjfofHkUu ns'kksa esa Hkh bu lkèkuksa esa xfr'khyrk gksrh gS] Hkys gh og oqQN lhfer :i esa gksA bl vkèkkj ij us ;g Li"V fd;k fd x`g O;kikj vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa mruk O;kid vUrj ugha gS ftruk fd izfrf"BrvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us crk;k FkkA muosQ vuqlkj]

osQ vuqlkjfofHkUu jk"Vª ek=k fofHkUu {ks=k gSa ftuesa jk"Vªh; lhek,a] iz'kqYd ckèkk,a ,oa Hkk"kk] jhfr&fjoktksa dh fHkUurk osQdkj.k Hksn LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA ijUrq ;s fHkUurk,a fofHkUu ns'kksa esa LorU=k O;kikj osQ fy, LFkk;h ckèkk,a lekIrgks tkrh gSaA bUgha ckrksa osQ vkèkkj ij us crk;k fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dhvko';drk ugha gS oju~ ftl (General Theory of Value) dks vUr{ks=kh; O;kikjij ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] mls vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij Hkh ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ewY; osQ lkekU; fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj] ,d oLrq osQ ewY; dk fuèkkZj.k cktkj esa mldh oqQy ekax vkSj oqQy iw£rosQ }kjk gksrk gSA lUrqyu osQ fcUnq ij ekax vkSj iw£r vkil esa cjkcj gksrs gSa rFkk oLrq dk ewY; mldh vkSlr

uksV



ykxr osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa dks feyus okyk iqjLdkj] oLrq dh ykxr dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gS rFkkmDr iqjLdkj miHkksDrkvksa dh vk; vkSj ekax dk Lo:i fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA bl izdkj oLrq osQ ewY;] mRifÙk osQlkèkuksa osQ ikfjJfed] oLrqvksa dh ekax rFkk mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa dh ekax ,oa iw£r esa ikjLifjd lEcUèk gksrk gSA;gh ewY; osQ lkekU; fl¼kUr dk izeq[k rRo gSA

tgka rd ewY; osQ lkekU; lUrqyu dk iz'u gS] ;g ,d ns'k vFkok {ks=k osQ ,d cktkj (Single Market) ijykxw gksrk gSA dk er gS fd mDr lUrqyu osQoy le; rRo ij fopkj djrk gS ,oa {ks=k (LFkku) rRo(Space factor) dh vogsyuk djrk gS ijUrq fuEu nks dkj.kksa ls vk£Fkd thou esa {ks=k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSμ(i)

oqQN lhek rd mRifÙk osQ lkèku fdUgha u fdUgha {ks=kksa rd lhfer jgrs gSa] vkSj (ii) ifjogu ykxr rFkk vU;ckèkk,a oLrq osQ LorU=k izokg dks lhfer djrh gSaA

us Li"V fd;k fd ;fn lkekU; ewY; osQ fl¼kUr esa {ks=k rRo dks Hkh 'kkfey dj fy;k tk, rks mlsfofHkUu {ks=kksa ,oa fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ cgqr&ls cktkjksa osQ ewY; fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy, iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSAvr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk fl¼kUr ,d cgq&cktkj (Multi-market) dk fl¼kUr gSApwafd vksgfyu us viuk fl¼kUr lkekU; lUrqyu fl¼kUr ij vkèkkfjr fd;k gS] vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vkèkqfudfl¼kUr dks Hkh dgrs gSaA

osQ fl¼kUr osQ lkj dks fuEu iafDr;ksa esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ¶nksns'kksa esa O;kikj oLrqvksa dh ykxrksa esa lkisf{kd vUrj osQ dkj.k gksrk gS rFkk ;g vUrj nks dkj.kksa ls gksrkμ(i) izFke rks ;g fd mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa dh dher esa lkisf{kd vUrj gksrk gS_ vkSj (ii) f}rh; ;g fd fofHkUuoLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa dh vko';drk esa lkisf{kd fHkUurk gksrh gSA mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa dhdherksa esa lkisf{kd vUrj blfy, gksrk gS fd nks ns'kksa esa lkèkuksa dh lhferrk ;k LoYirk esa lkisf{kd vUrjgksrk gS vFkkZr~ ,d ns'k esa oqQN lkèku izpqj ek=kk esa miyCèk gksrs gSa tcfd nwljs ns'k esa ogh LoYi ek=kk esamiyCèk gksrs gSaA osQ 'kCnksa esa ¶vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh iwoZ vko';drk,¡ fu"d"kZ :i esa gSaμfofHkUulkisf{kd LoYirk (Relative scarcity) vFkkZr~

bl vkèkkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd ,d ns'k mu oLrqvksa dk fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj fu;kZr djrk gS ftuosQ mRiknuesa lkisf{kd :i ls mu lkèkuksa dh vfèkd vko';drk gksrh gS tks ml ns'k esa lkisf{kd :i ls izpqj ek=kk esavkSj blfy, lkisf{kd :i ls lLrs gksrs gSaA

(Assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory)

gsDlpj&vksgfyu dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk fl¼kar ftldh laf{kIr :ijs[kk Åij izLrqr dh x;h gS] fuEuekU;rkvksa ij vkèkkfjr gSμ

(i) O;kikj osQ fy, (Double model) dks fy;k x;k gS ftlesa nks ns'k] nks oLrq,a vkSj mRifÙkosQ nks lkèku gSaμJe ,oa iwathA

(ii) nksuksa ns'kksa esa] oLrqvksa vkSj mrifÙk osQ lkèkuksa&nksuksa cktkjksa esa gSA

(iii) nksuksa ns'kksa esa u rks dksbZ O;kikj dh ckèkk,a gSa vkSj u ifjogu O;; gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ,oagSA

(iv) izR;sd ns'k esa mRifÙk osQ lkèku iw.kZ :i ls xfr'khy gSa] fdUrq nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp mRifÙk osQ gSA

(v) nksuksa ns'kksa esa mRifÙk osQ nksuksa lkèkuksa (Je vkSj iwath) osQ vuqikr esa fHkUurk gS vFkkZr~ (Quanititatively) (Qualitatively)

vFkkZr~ os leku (Homogenous) gSaA


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(vi) nksuksa ns'kksa esa fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu&iQyu (Production function) fHkUu&fHkUu gS] fdUrq gSA

izR;sd ns'k esa mRiknu] (Constant Return to scale) osQ vUrxZrgksrk gSA

(vii) fofHkUu oLrqvksa osQ fy, mRiknu&iQyu bl izdkj gS fd (Factory intensity) osQ}kjk i`Fko~Q fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ izR;sd oLrq osQ mRiknu osQ fy, fdrus lkèkuksa dh vko';drkgksrh gS] ;g tkuk tk ldrk gS vFkok veqd oLrq osQ mRiknu esa vfèkd iw¡th yxrh gS vFkok vfèkdJeA

(viii) nksuksa ns'kksa esa miHkksDrkvksa dk (Identical preference) gSA

(ix) mRifÙk osQ nksuksa lkèkuksa dks nksuksa ns'kksa esa (Full Employment) izkIr gSA

(x) izR;sd ns'k esa (Fixedphysical conditions) gSaA

lkisf{kd lkèku izpqjrk dk vFkZ (Meaning of Relative Factor Aboundance)

us vius fl¼kUr esa lkisf{kr lkèku izpqjrk 'kCn iz;ksx fd;k gS] blosQ nks vFkZ gSaμ(i) lkisf{kd lkèkuizpqjrk (Physical Criteria) vFkkZr~ lkèkuksa osQ vuqikr osQ lEcUèk esa lkisf{kd izpqjrk(ii) lkisf{kd lkèku izpqjrk dh (Price Criteria)A

(i) tgka rd lkèkuksa osQ vuqikr osQ lEcUèk esa lkisf{kd izpqjrk dk iz'ugS ,d ns'k lkisf{kd :i ls ml iwath&izpqj le>k tkrk gS ;fn ml ns'k esa nwljs ns'k dh rqyuk esa] Je dh vis{kkiwath dk vuqikr vfèkd gksrk gS Hkys gh bl ns'k esa Je dh rqyuk esa iwath dh dherksa dk vuqikr nwljs ns'kdh vis{kk de gks ;k u gksA bl fuEu lw=k esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

A B

C C>L L

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

(ii) dher dlkSVh osQ vkèkkj ij ,d ns'k dks] ftlsa iwath lkisf{kd :i lslLrh gksrh gS vkSj Je lkisf{kd :i ls egaxk gksrk gS] ieath&izpqj le>k tkrk gS Hkys gh bl ns'k esa Je isiw¡th dh oqQy bdkb;ksa dk vuqikr nwljs ns'k dh rqyuk esa vfèkd gks vFkok u gksA

;fn ge ,d ns'k dks A rFkk nwljs dks B ekusa] P dk vFkZ lkèku dh dher ls ysa] C dks iwath rFkk L dk Jeekusa rks dks fuEu lw=k esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

A B

PC PC<PL PL

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

mi;qZDr lw=k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ns'k A esa rqyukRed :i esa iwath izpqj ek=kk esa miyCèk gS bl ns'k B esarqyukRed :i ls Je izpqj ek=kk esa miyCèk gSA

Åij lkisf{kd lkèku izpqjrk osQ HkkSfrd dlkSVh ij vkSj dher dlkSVh ij tks vFkZ fn;s x;s gSa] os nksuksa lekuugha gSaA ;fn ge dher dlkSVh dks ysa rks mi;qZDr ekU;rkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij gh gsDlpj&vksgfyu osQ fl¼kUr dksLi"V fd;k tk ldrk gS ,oa ekax dh n'kkvksa osQ lEcUèk esa fdlh ekU;rk dh vko';drk ugha gS] fdUrq ;fn

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ge HkkSfrd dlkSVh dks ysrs gSa rks gsDlpj&vksgfyu dk fl¼kUr mlh le; fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gS tc geekax dh n'kkvksa ij fopkj djsaA ,slh fLFkfr ekax dh n'kkvksa osQ lEcUèk esa ekU;rkvksa dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA

dher dlkSVh ij lkèku izpqjrk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kUr dh O;k[;k (Explanation of Heckscher-Ohlin theory)

ge ;g Li"V dj pqosQ gSa fd D;ksafd vkèkqfud fl¼kUr Hkh rqyukRed

ykHk dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vkèkkj ekurk gSA mu nksuksa esa izeq[k vUrj ;g gS fd tgka izfrf"Br fl¼kUr blckr dk mÙkj nsus esa vliQy jgk fd nks ns'kksa esa rqyukRed ykxr esa vUrj D;ksa gksrk gS] vkèkqfud fl¼kUr usbldk larks"ktud mÙkj fn;kA us vfèkd ekSfydrk osQ lkFk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ ewy vkèkkjdks izLrqr fd;k vkSj mu dkj.kksa dks Li"V fd;k ftuosQ dkj.k nks ns'kksa dh rqyukRed ykxr osQ vuqikrksa esafHkUurk gksrh gSA

fofHkUu {ks=kksa vkSj fofHkUu oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa lkèkuksa dh fHkUurk

vksgfyu us Li"V fd;k fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQoy vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj dh gh ,d fo'ks"k n'kk gSA vUr{ksZ=kh;,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa dksbZ ekSfyd vUrj u gksdj vUrj osQy ek=kk lEcUèkh gh gSA mUgksaus crk;k fd fofHkUu{ks=kksa esa mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa esa fHkUurk gksrh gS rFkk fofHkUu oLrqvksa osQ fy, fofHkUu lkèku vuqikrksa dh vko';drkgksrh gSA bls è;ku esa j[krs gq, ,d {ks=k mu oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu osQ fy, lokZfèkd mi;qDr gksrk gS ftuesa mulkèkuksa dk vfèkd vuqikr esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks ogka izpqj ek=kk esa miyCèk gksrs gSaA vr% lkèkuksa esa fHkUurkosQ dkj.k fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa mRiknu dh {kerk Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA

lkèku miyCèkrk % mRiknu dk vkèkkj (Factor Endowment : The Basis of Production)

vc rd ;g Li"V fd;k tk pqdk gS fd fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa dh miyCèkrk esa fofHkUurk osQ dkj.k]

ogka mRiknu esa fHkUurk gksrh gSA bls ge ,d mnkgj.k }kjk Li"V djsaxsμeku yks nks {ks=k X vkSj Y gSaA X {ks=k

esa iw¡th izpqj ek=kk esa rFkk Je LoYi ek=kk esa miyCèk gSA LokHkkfod gS fd X esa iwath izpqj ek=kk esa gksus osQ

dkj.k lLrh gksxh rFkk Je eg¡xk gksxk vr% X esa e'khuksa dk fuekZ.k lLrk gksxk ftlesa vfèk ek=kk esa iw¡th dh

yxrh gS ,oa xsgw¡ eg¡xk gksxk ftlesa Je vfèkd yxrk gSA ;fn {ks=k Y esa Je dk ckgqY; gS vkSj iw¡th U;wurk

gS rc Y {ks=k esa e'khusa eg¡xh gksaxh D;ksafd ogka iwath LoYi ek=kk esa rFkk xsgw¡ lLrk gksxk D;ksafd blosQ mRiknu

esa Je vfèkd yxrk gS rFkk Y {ks=k esa Je izpqj ek=kk esa miyCèk gSA bl izdkj nksuksa {ks=kksa esa fofHkUu oLrqvksa

dh dherksa esa fHkUurk gksxhA bl vkèkkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd X dks ml oLrq (e'khusa) osQ mriknu esa

rqyukRed ykxr dk ykHk gksxk ftlosQ mRiknu esa mu lkèkuksa dh vfèkd vko';drk gksrh gS tks ogka izpqj ek=kk

esa miyCèk gSa vr% lLrs gaSA blh izdkj Y dks ml oLrq (xsgw¡) osQ mRiknu esa rqyukRed ykHk gksxk ftlls mRiknu

esa mu lkèkuksa dh vfèkd vko';drk gksrh gS tks ogka izpqj ek=kk esa miyCèk gksus osQ dkj.k lLrs gSaA

oLrqvksa osQ ewY; dk fuèkkZj.k ekax vkSj iw£r nksuksa ls

vksgfyu dh n`f"V esa O;kikj dh igyh 'krZ ;g gS fd ogh oLrq ,d {ks=k esa] nwljs dh rqyuk esa vfèkd lLrh

nj ij iSnk dh tk losQA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vU{ksZ=kh; O;kikj dk rkRdkfyd dkj.k ;g gS fd

ekSfnzd dherksa esa] vius ns'k esa mRiknu djus dh rqyuk esa] vU; {ks=k ;k ns'k ls oLrq,a vfèkd lLrs esa Ø; dh


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tk ldrh gSaA us Li"V fd;k fd (Original Cost)

oLrqvksa dh dherksa dk fuèkkZj.k osQoy mRiknu dh ykxr }kjk ugha oju~

ekax }kjk Hkh gksrk gSA vr% dk fl¼kar ekax vkSj iw£r nksuksa i{kksa ij fopkj djrk gSA

bl izdkj] ;g Li"V gS fd nks {ks=kksa esa dherksa esa lkisf{kd vUrj blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd nksuksa {ks=kksa esa ekax vkSj

iw£r dh n'kkvksa esa vUrj gksrk gSA osQoy fuEu n'kkvksa esa nks {ks=kksa esa lc oLrqvksa dh lkisf{kd dhersa leku

gksaxhμ

(i) tc nksuksa esa miHkksDrkvksa dh vko';drk,a vkSj vfèkeku ,dleku gSaA

(ii) tc nksuksa {ks=kksa esa miyCèk lkèku leku vuqikr esa gSa ftlls nksuksa {ks=kksa esa iw£r dh n'kk,a leku gSaA

(iii) ;fn mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa esa dksbZ vUrj gksrk gS rks ekax dh n'kkvksa esa Hkh mruk gh vUrj gksdj {kfriw£r

gks tkrh gS rFkk lUrqyu LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA

fdUrq mi;qZDr ekU;rk,a okLrfod txr esa iwjh ugha gksrh vr% mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa dh dherksa esa ,oa mlosQ dkj.k

oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa nks {ks=kksa esa fHkUurk ik;h tkrh gSA

vksgfyu }kjk Li"Vhdj.k

vksgfyu us vius lkèku vuqikr fl¼kUr osQ leFkZu esa vesfjdk vkSj Hkkjr esa gksusokys O;kikj dk mnkgj.k fn;k

gSA Hkkjr esa xsgwa rFkk Åu dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd blosQ mRiknu osQ fy, ftl Js.kh dh Hkwfe dh

vko';drk gksrh gS] og Hkkjr esa izpqj ek=kk esa miyCèk gSA vesfjdk esa fu£er oLrqvksa (Manufactured Goods)

dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd buosQ mRiknu esa vfèkd iw¡th dh vko';drk gksrh gS tks vesfjdk esa izpqj

ek=kk esa miyCèk gS rFkk Hkkjr esa vYi ek=kk esa gSaA vr% bu nksuksa oLrqvksa dh lkisf{kd dherksa esa fHkUurk gS

vr% nksuksa ns'kksa esa O;kikj gksrk gSA Hkkjr Åu vkSj xsgwa dk fu;kZr vesfjdk dks djrk gS vFkkZr~ og vizR;{k :i

esa mu lkèkuksa dk fu;kZr djrk gS tks ml ns'k esa izpqjrk esa miyCèk gSa vkSj tc og fofuekZ.k oLrqvksa dk vk;kr

djrk gS rks og vizR;{k :i ls mu lkèkuksa dk vk;kr djrk gS tks mlosQ ns'k esa LoYi ek=kk esa

miyCèk gSaA

mi;qZDr foospu ls ;g Li"V gS fd lkèkuksa esa fofHkUu vuqikrksa osQ dkj.k ,d {ks=k

esa oqQN oLrq,a nwljs {ks=k dh rqyuk esa lLrh gksaxh fdUrq osQoy blosQ dkj.k gh bl ckr dk fuèkkZj.k ugha fd;k

tk ldrk fd nksuksa {ks=kksa osQ chp fdu oLrqvksa dk O;kikj gksxkA ;g mlh le; lEHko gS tc ,d {ks=k esa

mRikfnr oLrqvksa dh dherksa dh rqyuk] nwljs {ks=k ls dh tk losQA ;g rqyuk mlh le; lEHko gS tc ;k rks

nksuksa {ks=kksa esa ,dleku eqnzk pyrh gks vFkok fofHkUu eqnzk gksus ij nksuksa eqnzkvksa esa fofue; nj LFkkfir dj yh

x;h gksA bu nksuksa dks vxz mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V djsaxsμ

(1) (Same Currency in both Regions)μdYiuk djks fd nks {ks=k A vkSj

B gSa ftuesa ,dleku eqnzk iz.kkyh gSA ;fn bu nksuksa esa O;kikj ugha gksrk rks izr;sd {ks=k esa fofHkUu oLrqvksa dh

dherksa dk fuèkkZj.k vkUrfjd ekax osQ }kjk gksxkA vc ;fn nksuksa {ks=kksa ls O;kikj gksrk gS rks ,d {ks=k dh dher

ij nwljs {ks=k dh ekax dk Hkh izHkko iM+sxkA {ks=k A esa ,slh oLrq dk mRiknu gksxk ftuesa ,sls lkèkuksa dh

vko';drk gksrh gS tks ogka izpqj ek=kk esa ekStwn gSaA vc bl oLrq dh ekax u osQoy A {ks=k esa gksxh oju~ B

{ks=k esa Hkh gksxhA blosQ foijhr] {ks=k A esa tks oLrq LoYi lkèkuksa osQ dkj.k egaxs esa rS;kj gksrh gS] mldh ekax

B {ks=k esa de gks tk,xhA bl ikjEifjd ekax dh izfrfØ;k osQ iQyLo:i ,d lUrqyu dh fLFkfr LFkkfir gks

tkrh gS ftlosQ vUrxZr nksuksa {ks=kksa esa leku dherksa dh oLrqvksa dk vk;kr rFkk fu;kZr gksus yxrk gSA

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(2) tc nks ns'kksa o {ks=kksa esa fofHkUu eqnzk iz.kkyh izpfyr jgrh gS

rks ;g tkuus osQ fy, fd nwljs {ks=k dh rqyuk esa ,d {ks=k esa mRifÙk dk dksbZ lkèku lLrk gS ;k ugha] nksuksa {ks=kksa

dh fofHkUu eqnzkvksa eas fofue; nj LFkkfir djuk t:jh gSA osQ vuqlkj] fofue; nj fuèkkZfjr gksus osQ

ck dherksa osQ lkisf{kd vUrj fujis{k vUrj esa ifjo£rr gks tkrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa fdl izdkj O;kikj gksxk]

bls vxz rkfydk dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, le>k;k tk ldrk gSA

(#i;ksa esa) (#i;ksa esa) = =

(#i;s esa) (#i;s esa)

1 2 3 4 5

A 2-00 0-10 4-00 5-00

B 4-00 0-30 12-00 15-00

C 5-00 0-50 20-00 25-00

D 8-00 0-80 32-00 40-00

mijksDr rkfydk ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk nksuksa ns'kksa esa mRifÙk osQ pkj lkèku A, B, C, D gSaA dkye

2 vkSj 3 esa nksuksa ns'kksa dh viuh eqnzk esa lkèkuksa dh dhersa fn[kk;h x;h gSa vFkkZr~ Hkkjr dh dhersa #i;ksa esa

O;Dr dh x;h gS rFkk vejhdk esa Mkyj (lsaV) esaA nksuksa ns'kksa esa lkèku A lLrk gS rFkk D egaxk gSA fiQj Hkh

rkfydk osQ dkye 2 rFkk 3 ls ;g ugha tkuk tk ldrk fd nksuksa ns'kksa esa lkisf{kd :i ls dkSu&ls lkèku lLrs

vkSj dkSu&ls egaxs gSaA ;g tkuus osQ fy, ;g t:jh gS fd nksuksa ns'kksa esa dherksa ls fujis{k vUrj dks Kkr fd;k

tk,A ;g fofue; nj LFkkfir djus ij gh tkuk tk ldrk gSA ;fn fofue; nj 1 Mkyj = 40 #- gS rks ge

rkfydk osQ dkye 4 osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa] vesfjdk esa lkèkuksa dh dhersa crk ldrs gSaA ;fn ge

dkye 2 ,oa 4 dh rqyuk djsa rks Li"V gS fd vesfjdk esa lkèku A vkSj B rqyukRed :i ls lLrs gSa tcfd

Hkkjr esa C vkSj D rqyukRed :i ls lLrs gSaA ;fn fofue; nj 1 Mkyj = 50 #- eku yh tk, rks dkye 2

vkSj 5 dh rqyuk djus ij ge ns[krs gSa fd vesfjdk esa osQoy A gh lLrk gS rks vesfjdk bu oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu

esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djsxk ftuesa A vkSj B lkèkuksa dks vfèkd ek=kk esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tcfd Hkkjr mu oLrqvksa

osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djsxk ftuesa C vkSj D lkèkuksa dk vfèkd ek=kk esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tc fofue;

nj 1 Mkyj = 50 #i;s gks tkrh gS rks vesfjdk osQoy mu oLrqvksa dks gh rqyukRed :i ls lLrs esa cuk ldrk

gS ftlosQ mriknu esa A lkèku dh vfèkd vko';drk gksrh gS] tcfd Hkkjr mu oLrqvksa dks lLrs esa rS;kj dj

ldrk gS ftlosQ mRiknu esa B, C vkSj D lkèkuksa dh vfèkd vko';drk gksrh gSA

mi;qZDr foospu ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd izR;sd {ks=k esa lLrs lkèkuksa ls izfrikfnr fd;s gq, eky dk fu;kZr

gksxk vkSj tks lkèku ml ns'k esa egaxs gksaxs] muls rS;kj gksus okyh oLrqvksa dk vk;kr fd;k tk,xkA fofue; nj

ls ge ;g tku ldrs gSa fd nksuksa {ks=kksa esa fujis{k dherksa esa D;k vUrj gS rFkk blls ;g tkuk tk ldrk gS

fd izR;sd {ks=k esa dkSu&ls lkèku lkisf{kd :ils lLrs ,oa dkSu&ls egaxs gSa rFkk izR;sd ns'k fdu oLrqvksa osQ

mriknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djsxkA ;gka ;g è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, fd nksuksa {ks=kksa osQ chp] lkèkuksa dk lkisf{kd lLrk


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vFkok egaxk gksuk] fofue; nj }kjk fuèkkZfjr ugha fd;k tkrk] fofue; nj ls rks osQoy okLrfod fLFkfr dk

cksèk gksrk gSA Lo;a fofue; nj ikjLifjd ekax }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrh gSA ;fn lkèkuksa dh iw£r ,oa ikjLifjd ekax

dh n'kk,a nh gqbZ gSa rks fofue; nj ,slh gksuh pkfg, fd ,d {ks=k osQ fu;kZrksa vkSj vk;krksa esa lUrqyu LFkkfir

gks tk,A

dher dlkSVh osQ vkèkkj ij lkèku izpqjrk% vksgfyu osQ n`f"Vdks.k dk fp=kh; fu:i.k

vkjEHk esa ge Li"V dj vk;s gSa fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vkèkqfud fl¼kUr ¶lkisf{kd lkèku izpqjrk ij¸vkèkkfjr gS ftlosQ nks vFkZ crk;s x;s gSa] dher dh dlkSVh vkSj HkkSfrd dlkSVhA us dher dlkSVhdk vFkZ fy;k gS ftls bl lw=k }kjk Li"V fd;k x;k gSμ

A B

PC PC<PL PL

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

tks crkrk gS fd ns'k A esa rqyukRed :i esa izpqj ek=kk esa iwath miyCèk gS rFkk ns'k B esa rqyukRed :i esa

Je izpqj ek=kk esa miyCèk gSA fuEu mnkgj.k esa ge blh ekU;rk dks ysdj py jgs gSaA nks oLrq,a X vkSj Y gSaA

uhps fn;s gq, js[kkfp=k esa nks leksRiknd oØ (Equal Product Curves) [khaps x;s gSaμXX oLrq X osQ fy, rFkk

YY oLrq Y osQ fy,A ;s nksuks oØ ,d&nwljs dks osQoy ,d gh LFkku ij M fcUnq ij dkVrs gSa vr% X vkSj

Y nksuksa oLrqvksa dks bl vkèkkj ij i`Fko~Q fd;k tk ldrk gS fd fdl oLrq osQ mRiknu esa vfèkd iwath yxrh

gS rFkk fdl oLrq osQ mRiknu esa vfèkd Je yxrk gSA uhps fn;s gq, js[kkfp=k ls ;g Li"V gSA

mi;qZDr js[kkfp=k esa nksuksa leksRikn oØ XX vkSj YY ls ;g tkuk tk ldrk gS fd bu nksuksa oLrqvksa dh fdlh nhgqbZ ek=kk osQ mRiknu osQ fy, fdruh ek=kk esa iwath vkSj Je dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ferO;;rk osQ nf"Vdks.k lslkèkuksa dk dkSu&lk la;ksx loksZÙke gksxk] ;g mu lkèkuksa dh lkisf{kd dherksa ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA ns'k A esa lkèkuksa dhlkisf{kd dher dks dher js[kk PA }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gS tks bl ns'k osQ leksRiknd oØ XX dks Z fcUnq ij Li'kZ djrhgSA fp=k ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd dher js[kk PA leksRiknd oØ YY dks Hkh O fcUnq ij Li'kZ djrh gSA

pwafd ge ;g eku pqosQ gSa fd ns'k A esa iwath rqyukRed :i ls lLrh gS] vr% B ns'k dh dher js[kk dk <kytks ogka lkèkuksa osQ lkisf{kd ewY; dks crkrh gS] A ns'k dh dher js[kk PA ls de gksuk pkfg,A B ns'k dh dher

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js[kk P′B ml ns'k osQ leksRikn oØ YY dks T fcUnq ij Li'kZ djrh gSA vc ,d js[kk RS dher js[kk P′B osQlekUrj [khaph tkrh gS tks leksRikn oØ XX dks M fcUnq ij Li'kZ djrh gSA fp=k ls ;g Li"V gS fd RS js[kkP′B js[kk osQ Åij gS ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd OC v{k ij iwath dh ek=kk OR, mlh v{k OP′ ls vfèkd osQ gSA

mi;qZDr ekU;rkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij ns'k A esa] dher js[kk PA osQ vkèkkj ij lkèku vuqikr lUrqyu (Equilibrium

Factor Proportions) X oLrq osQ fy, OZ gS rFkk Y oLrq osQ fy, OQ gSA vr% A ns'k esa X oLrq dh fuf'prek=kk dk mRiknu djus dh ykxr] Je vkSj iwath nks lkèkuksa dh ek=kkvksa dh ykxr osQ cjkcj gS tks dher js[kkPA osQ Z fcUnq ls Li"V gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd mDr X oLrq dh ykxr OP iwath dhykxr osQ cjkcj gSA mlh izdkj A ns'k esa] oLrq Y dh fuf'pr ek=kk dk mRiknu djus osQ ykxr Hkh OP iwathdh ykxr osQ cjkcj gS D;ksafd dher js[kk PA, iwath v{k OC dks P fcUnq ij Li'kZ djrh gSA B ns'k esa dherjs[kk P′B (vFkok RS) osQ vkèkkj ij lkèku vuqikr lUrqyu X oLrq osQ fy, OM gS rFkk Y oLrq osQ fy,OT gSA vr% B ns'k esa X oLrq dk mRiknu djus dh ykxr OR iwath dh ykxr osQ cjkcj gS rFkk Y oLrq dkmRiknu djus dh ykxr OP′ iwath osQ cjkcj gSA blls Li"V gS fd B ns'k esa oLrq dh fuf'pr ek=kk dk mRiknudjus dh ykxr Y dh rqyuk esa vfèkd gSA

vc ;fn ge nksuksa ns'kksa esa nksuksa oLrqvksa dh leku ek=kk dh rqyukRed ykxr dh rqyuk djsa rks ge ns[krs gSa fdns'k A esa X oLrq rqyukRed :i ls lLrh gS rFkk B esa oLrq Y rqyukRed :i ls lLrh gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa dgktk ldrk gS iw¡th&izpqj ns'k esa ml oLrq osQ mRiknu esa rqyukRed ykHk gksrk gS ftlesa iwath dh vfèkd ek=kk yxrhgS rFkk O;kikj gksus ij mls ,slh oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djuk pkfg,A mlh izdkj tgka Je izpqjrk ls miyCèk gS mlns'k dks ,slh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu ,oa fu;kZr djuk pkfg, ftlosQ mRiknu esa vfèkd Je dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

bl izdkj dk fl¼kUr bl ckr dh iqf"V dj nsrk gS fd

,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd mDr fu"d"kZ fcuk ekax dh n'kkvksa vkSj lkèku vuqikrksadks è;ku esa j[kdj fudkys x;s gSa] fdUrq ,slh ckr ugha gSA

gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kUr rFkk izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ O;kikj osQ fl¼kUr esa rqyuk (vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj osQ vkèkqfud fl¼kUr dh Js"Brk)

fjdkMksZ osQ rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr dh rqyuk esa dk fl¼kUr dbZ vFkksZ esa fHkUu gS rFkkJs"B Hkh gS] fdUrq izkjEHk esa gh ;g le> ysuk pkfg, fd vkèkqfud fl¼kUr izfrf"Br fl¼kUr dks udkjrk ughagS oju~ iw.kZ 'kfDr osQ lkFk izfrf"Br fl¼kUr osQ iwjd osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA uhps ge oqQN fcUnqvksa dks ysdjbu nksuksa fl¼kUrksa dh rqyuk djsaxs rFkk ;g fl¼ djsaxs fd vkèkqfud fl¼kUr dbZ vFkks± esa Js"B gSμ

(1) fjdkMks± us rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr dk izfriknu ewY; osQ Je fl¼kUr osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k gS] fdUrqvkèkqfud fl¼kUr dh O;k[;k vksgfyu us osQ vkèkkj ij dh ftls (Cassel) us fodflr fd;kA

(2) fjdkMksZ us fLFkj ykxr ,oa lkèku&Je] dks ysdj viuk fl¼kUr fodflr fd;k rFkk O;kikj osQ <kapsesa dh vogsyuk dh gS] fdUrq us Je vkSj iwath nks lkèkuksa dks ysdj lkèkuksadh iw£r ij rqyukRed vUrj fuèkkZfjr djus esa egRoiw.kZ cy fn;kA

(3) Dykfldy fl¼kUr esa] vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa lkèkuksa osQ cktkj ij dksbZ è;ku ugha fn;k x;kA us vius vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vkèkqfud fl¼kUr esa igyh ckj lUrks"ktud <ax ls lkèkuksa osQ cktkjksa,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa leUo; LFkkfir fd;kA


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(4) izfrf"Br fl¼kUr us vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ i`Fkd fl¼kUr ij tksj fn;k Fkk] fdUrq us crk;kfd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gS D;ksafd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj

dh gh ,d fo'ks"k n'kk gSA

(5) izfrf"Br fl¼kUr us Je ykxr osQ vkèkkj ij ,oa la'kksfèkr :i ls ekSfnzd ykxrksa osQ vkèkkj ij oLrqvksadh lkisf{kd dherksa osQ lUnHkZ esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh O;k[;k izLrqr dh fdUrq us lkèkuksa dh lkisf{kd dherksa esa fHkUurk osQ vkèkkj ij] vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh O;k[;k dhA

(6) fjdkMksZ bl ckr dks Li"V ugha dj losQ fd rqyukRed ykxrksa esa vUrj D;ksa gksrk gS] fdUrq vksgfyuls (Factor Proportion Analysis) osQ }kjk ;g Li"V fd;k fd rqyukRedykxrksa esa vUrj D;ksa gksrk gSA

(7) us crk;k fd rqyukRed ykHkksa dk ewy dkj.k mRiknu&iQyu esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; fHkUurk gS vkSjblosQ fy, bUgksaus Je osQ xq.kkRed Lrj dh fHkUurk ij tksj fn;k fdUrq osQ vuqlkj vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj dk dkj.k fHkUu {ks=kksa esa mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa esa xq.kkRed (Qualitative) fHkUurk ugha oju~ lkèkuksaesa (Quantitative) fHkUurk gS ftlesa leku mRiknu&iQyu (Identical Production

Function) osQ vUrxZr Hkh rqyukRed ykHk esa fHkUurk jgrh gSA

(8) izfrf"Br fl¼kUr vius O;kikj fl¼kUr osQ izfriknu esa dY;k.kdkjh lkè;ksa (Welfare Propositions)

dks LFkkfir djus dk iz;Ru djrk gS tcfd dk fl¼kUr okLrfod vFkZ'kkL=k(Positive Economics) osQ {ks=k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gS] D;ksafd vksgfyu dk fl¼kUr vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj osQ <kaps ,oa vkèkkj dh foospuk djrk gS tcfd izfrf"Br fl¼kUr O;kikj osQ ykHkksa (Gains from

Trade) dh O;k[;k djrk gSA

(9) (Kelvin Lancaster) osQ vuqlkj] vksgfyu dk fl¼kUr vUrjkZ"Vªh; osQ ckjs esa Hkh lUrks"ktud mÙkj nsrk gSA izfrf"Br fl¼kUr crkrk gS fd nks ns'kksa esa rduhdh Kku

,oa oqQ'kyrk vkfn esa fHkUurk osQ dkj.k rqyukRed ykxrksa esa fHkUurk gksrh gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fdtc ns'kksa esa rduhdh Kku vkSj oqQ'kyrk] esa lekurk LFkkfir gks tk;sxh rks muosQ chp esa dksbZ O;kikjugha gksxkA ijUrq dk fl¼kUr crkrk gS fd mDr fLFkfr;ksa osQ fo|eku gksus ij HkhvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj gksxk D;ksafd fuEu nks dkj.kksa ls oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa vUrj jgsxkμ

(i) lkèkuksa dh dherksa esa lkisf{kd vUrj osQ dkj.k] ,oa

(ii) fofHkUu oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa lkèkuksa dh vko';drk esa lkis{k vUrj osQ dkj.kA

(10) osQ fl¼kUr esa (Space-Factor) ij iw.kZ è;ku fn;k x;k gS tcfdizfrf"Br fl¼kUr esa bl rRo dh vogsyuk dh x;h gS vr% dk fl¼kUr fjdkMksZ osQ fl¼kUrdh rqyuk esa vfèkd O;kogkfjd gSA osQ vuqlkj] vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk fl¼kUr dherksa dkcgq&cktkjksa (Multiple Marks) dk fl¼kUr gSA

vUr esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;|fi vksgfyu dk fl¼kUr fjdkMksZ dh rqyuk esa Js"B gS] fiQj Hkh nksuksa esa dksbZokLrfod la?k"kZ ugha gSA vksgfyudk fl¼kUr izfrf"Br fl¼kUr dks LFkkfir djrk gS rFkk rqyukRed ykxr osQewykèkkj dks vkSj vfèkd O;kid lkèkuksa dh miyfCèk esa fHkUurk osQ dkj.k&:i esa Li"V djrk gSA¸

gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kUr dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu Critical Evaluation of Heckscher-Ohlin Theory

mi;qZDr foospu esa O;kikj osQ vkèkqfud fl¼kUr dh Js"Brkvksa dks Li"V fd;k x;k gSA ijUrq blosQ ckotwn HkhdbZ vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us osQ fl¼kUr dh vkykspuk dh gS tks bl izdkj gSμ

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(1) vkykspdksa dk dFku gS fd dk fl¼kUr ,slh ekU;rkvksa ij vkèkkfjrgS ftUgsa vko';drk ls vfèkd ljy cuk fn;k x;k gS] fdUrq tks O;kogkfjd ugha gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk] mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa esa xq.kkRed fHkUurk dk vHkko] iw.kZ jkstxkj] leku mRiknu&iQyu]bR;kfnA ;fn okLrfodrk dks vPNs fl¼kUr dh dlkSVh ekuk tk; rks fu%lUnsg vksgfyu dk fl¼kUr bldlkSVh ij [kjk ugha mrjrkA

(2) osQ vuqlkj] ¶;|fi vksgfyu dk fl¼kUr de vewrZgS rFkk okLrfodrk osQ fudV gS fiQj Hkh og iw.kZ lkekU; lUrqyu iz.kkyh dks fodflr djus esa vliQygks x;k gSA vfèkdre :i ls ;g ,d ^vkaf'kd lUrqyu* O;k[;k gSA¸

(3) osQ vuqlkj] lkèkuksa esa lkisf{kd vUrj gksus osQdkj.k mudh dherksa esa Hkh lkisf{kd vUrj gksrk gS vFkkZr~ lkèkuksa osQ ewY; fuèkkZj.k esa ekax dh rqyukesa iw£r vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gS] fdUrq vkykspdksa dk er gS fd ;fn ekax dh n'kk,a iw£r dh rqyuk esa vfèkd'kfDr'kkyh gSa rks ;g lEHko gS fd ,d iwath&izpqj ns'k Je&izèkku oLrqvksa (Labour-intensive goods)

izk;ksfxd tkap (Empirical Testing) osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;k gS ftls (Leontief’s Paradox) osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

(4) oqQN vkykspdksa dk er gS fd ;fnmiHkksDrkvksa osQ vfèkeku vkSj oLrqvksa dh ekax ij iw.kZ è;ku fn;k tk;] rks oLrqvksa dh dherksa dkvuqikr] mudh ykxr osQ vuqikr osQ leku ugha gksrk vFkkZr~ ekax vkSj #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.kdherksa esa vfèkd ifjorZu gks ldrk gS vkSj bl fLFkfr esa vksgfyu dk fl¼kUr ykxw ugha gksrkA

(5) oqQN vkykspdksa dk er gS fd lkèkuksa esa fHkUurk osQvfrfjDr vkSj Hkh dbZ dkj.k gks ldrs gSa] ftlls nks {ks=kksa dh lkisf{kd dherksa esa fHkUurk gks ldrh gS tSlslkèkuksa esa xq.kkRed fHkUurk] fHkUu mRiknu rduhd] miHkksDrkvksa dhekax esa fHkUurk] vkfn dkj.kksa ls gksusij Hkh dhersa fHkUu gks ldrh gSaA us mDr rF; dks Lohdkj fd;k gS fiQj Hkh mudk er gS fdmRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa esa fHkUurk] dherksa esa fHkUurk dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj gksus dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k gSA

(6) (Wijanholds) us bl vkèkkj ij vksgfyu osQ fl¼kUr dh vkykspuk dh gS fd oLrqvksadh dherksa dk fuèkkZj.k lkèkuksa dh ykxrksa (dherksa) }kjk ugha gksrk tSlk fd dk er gS_ oju~blesa foijhr lEcUèk gSA osQ vuqlkj oLrqvksa dh dherksa dk fuèkkZj.k miHkksDrk dks mudhmi;ksfxrk }kjk vFkok ekax dh 'kfDr;ksa }kjk rFkk dPps eky dh dherkas }kjk gksrk gSA bl izdkj Jedh etnwjh] vfUre :i ls oLrqvksa dh dherksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA os dgrs gSa fd rqyukRed ykxrfl¼kUr vkSj dk fl¼kUr nksuksa nks"kiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd os viuh O;k[;k mRiknu dh fHkUurk ls 'kq:djrs gSa] fdUrq vfèkd roZQiw.kZ O;k[;k ;g gS fd foospu dherksa esa fHkUurk ls izkjEHk fd;k tk,] fdUrq;g vkykspuk vfèkd lgh izrhr ugha gksrh D;ksafd tc rd oLrqvksa dk mRiknu ugha fd;k tkrk] mlesafHkUurk dk iz'u gh mifLFkr ugha gksrkA

vUr esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;|fi dk fl¼kUr Hkh rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr osQ leku] oqQNekU;rkvksa ij vkèkkfjr gS fiQj Hkh dk fl¼kUr vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vkèkkj vkSj dkj.kksa dks Li"Vdjus esa vfèkd lehphu ,oa roZQiw.kZ gSA



1. ,d ns'k dk lEHkkfor O;kikj ,slh oLrqvksa rd lhfer gksrk gS ftudh --------- gksrh gSA

2. ftu oLrqvksa osQ fy, ?kjsyw ek¡x ik;h tkrh gS og --------- }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrh gSaA


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3. nks ns'kksa osQ chp --------- ,slh oLrqvksa rd lhfer gksrk gS ftuosQ fy, ek¡x nksuksa ns'kksa esa gksrh gSA

4. nks ns'kksa osQ chp lEHkkfor O;kikj leku --------- ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

5. fofuekZ.kh oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr O;kikj dh iwoZ 'krZ gS mldh --------- dk fo|eku gksukA

6. ---------------- O;kikj dh og fLFkfr gS tgk¡ ,d m|ksx dh oLrq dk ,d fHkUu oLrq osQ m|ksx osQ lkFk fofue;

fd;k tkrk gSA

7. nks ns'kksa osQ chp fdl lhek rd O;kikj gksxk ;g --------- vkSj ekax varjky osQ 'kq¼ izHkko ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

8. gsDlpj&vksgfyu dk fl¼kar ----------- osQ rqyukRed ykHk fl¼kar dk fojks/ ugha djrk cfYd iwjdrk iznku

djrk gSA


• ozsQfol osQ vuqlkj] ,d ns'k mu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu o fu;kZr djrk gS tks mls izkI; vFkok miyC/gksrh gSa] vFkkZr~ os oLrq,a tks blosQ m|fe;ksa ,oa uoizorZdksa }kjk fodflr dh xbZ gksrh gSaA bl izdkjmlus ;g fl¼kUr izfrikfnr fd;k fd O;kikj dh oLrq lajpuk eq[;r% ^izkI;rk* }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA

• ljdkjh uhfr O;kikj dks ½.kkRed :i ls izHkkfor djrh gSA iz'kqYd uhfr;ka] ifjogu ykxrsa] mRikndla?k vkfn O;kikj ls os oLrq,a lekIr djus dh izo`fÙk j[krs gSa tks fdlh ns'k dks FkksM+h lh mQaph ykxrij ?kjsyw mRiknu }kjk izkIr gksrh gaSA vr% fdlh oLrq dh vuqiyC/rk vFkok vizkI;rk izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa] rduhdh Kku] oLrq foHksnhdj.k vFkok laj{k.kkRed uhfr;ksa dh deh osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA

• okLro esa blosQ ihNs eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd fons'kh cktkj tksf[keiw.kZ gksrs gSa tcfd ?kjsyw cktkj esatksf[ke ugha gksrh vr% mRiknd osQoy fons'kh cktkj ij fuHkZj ugha jguk pkgrkA fu"d"kZ :i esa ;gdgk tk ldrk gS fd ?kjsyw ekax <kapk lEHkkfor fu;kZr oLrqvksa dh lhek dks fu/kZfjr djrk gSA

• fjdkMksZ rFkk gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kUr bl ekU;rk ij vk/kfjr gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa layXuleLr ns'kksa esa izks|ksfxdh dk Lrj leku gSA vr% os O;kikj ij izkS|ksfxdh; ifjorZu osQ izHkko dhfoospuk ugha djrsA (M. V. Posner) us 1961 esa izdkf'kr vius ys[k ^Technical

Charge and International Trade* esa O;kikj ij rduhdh ifjorZu osQ izHkko dh foospuk izLrqr dh gSA

• ewY; osQ lkekU; fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj] ,d oLrq osQ ewY; dk fuèkkZj.k cktkj esa mldh oqQy ekax vkSjoqQy iw£r osQ }kjk gksrk gSA lUrqyu osQ fcUnq ij ekax vkSj iw£r vkil esa cjkcj gksrs gSa rFkk oLrq dkewY; mldh vkSlr ykxr osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA

•D;ksafd vkèkqfud fl¼kUr Hkh rqyukRed ykHk dks

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vkèkkj ekurk gSA mu nksuksa esa izeq[k vUrj ;g gS fd tgka izfrf"Br fl¼kUr blckr dk mÙkj nsus esa vliQy jgk fd nks ns'kksa esa rqyukRed ykxr esa vUrj D;ksa gksrk gS] vkèkqfudfl¼kUr us bldk larks"ktud mÙkj fn;kA


••••• vUr%] Hkhrjh

••••• xE;] izkIr djus ;ksX;

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1. varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ ozsQfol osQ miyCèkrk fl¼kar dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k dhft,A

2. ¯yMj osQ O;kikj fl¼kar dh foospuk dhft,A

3. vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ o.kZu dhft,A

4. beSU;qvy osQ vleku forj.k fl¼kar dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

5. gsDlpj&vksgfyu osQ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vkèkqfud fl¼kar dh O;k[;k djsaA

6. gsDlpj&vksgfyu dk O;kikj fl¼kar fjdkMksZ osQ fl¼kar osQ fu"d"kks± dks pqukSrh ugha nsrk cfYd mldhoSKkfud O;k[;k izLrqr djrk gSA Li"V dhft,A


1. ?kjsyw ek¡x 2. izfrO;fDr vk;

3. lEHkkfor O;kikj 4. vk; Lrjksa

5. ?kjsyw ekaxA 6. vkUrj&m|ksx O;kikj

7. vuqdj.k varjky 8. fjdkMksZ






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bdkbZμ5% xR;kRed ?kVdksa dh Hkwfedk% #fp;k¡] rduhdh

,oa O;kikj esa lk/u laiUurk (Role of DynamicFactors: Taster, Technology and Factor

Endowments in trade)


mís'; (Objectives)


5.1 O;kikj esa lk/u lEiUurk ?kVd (Factor Endowments in Trade)

5.2 #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu (Changes in Tastes)

5.3 iSekus dh ferO;f;rk,¡ (Economic of Scale)

5.4 ifjogu ykxrsa (Transport Costs)

5.5 fHkUu&fHkUu ek¡x dh n'kk,¡ (Different Demand Conditions)





mís'; (Objectives)


• O;kikj esa lk/u laiUurkvksa ,oa #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu dh O;k[;k djus esaA

• iSekus dh ferO;f;rkvksa dk foospu djus esaA

• ifjogu ykxrksa vkSj fHkUu&fHkUu ek¡x n'kkvksa dks le>us esaA


vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kUr cgqr&lh izfrcU/kRed ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kfjr gS;FkkμvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ftu nks ns'kksa osQ chp gksrk gS ogk¡ Je ,oa iw¡th ek=kk,¡ vFkkZr~ lk/u lEiUurk,¡fLFkj gSa] #fp;ksa ,oa vf/ekuksa esa ifjorZu ugha gksrk] izkS|ksfxdh rFkk iSekus osQ izfriQy fLFkj gSa rFkkifjogu ykxrsa 'kwU; gSaA okLro esa ;g lHkh ?kVd tks O;kikj dks izHkkfor djrs gSa muesa fujUrj ifjorZugksrk jgrk gSA vr% mfpr gksxk fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa bu xR;kRed ?kVdksa dh Hkwfedk dk ijh{k.kfd;k tk,A


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bdkbZ—5% xR;kRed ?kVdksa dh Hkwfedk % #fp;k¡] rduhdh ,oa O;kikj esa lk/u laiUurk

5-1 O;kikj esa lk/u lEiUurk ?kVd (Factor Endowments in Trade)

tc fdlh ns'k dh lk/u lEiUurkvksa vFkkZr~ lk/u dh iw£r;ksa esa rks ifjorZu gksrs gSa tcfd izkS|ksfxdhvifjo£rr jgrh gS rc blls mRiknu ,oa O;kikj djus okys nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj dh 'krks± rFkk O;kikjls gksus okys ykHk esa ifjorZu gks tkrs gSaA bl fLFkfr vFkkZr~ lk/u lEiUurkvksa esa ifjorZuksa osQ fo'ys"k.k gsrqge ;gk¡ ;g ekudj pysaxs fd ,d ns'k esa osQoy ,d lk/u dh iw£r c<+rh gS] tcfd nwljs ns'k esa lk/u dh iw£r esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA

ekU;rk,¡ (Assumptions)μbldh ekU;rk,¡ fuEuor gSaμ

(1) nks ns'k A rFkk B gSa tks X rFkk Y dh oLrqvksa dk O;kikj djrs gSaA

(2) mRiknu osQ nks lk/u gSaμJe rFkk iw¡thA

(3) iw.kZ jkstxkj dh n'kk fo|eku gSA

(4) Je dh iw£r c<+rh gS tcfd iw¡th dh iw£r fLFkj jgrh gSA

(5) oLrq X Je&xgu rFkk oLrq Y iw¡th xgu gSA

(6) oLrqvksa ,oa lk/uksa dh dhersa fLFkj gSaA

(7) oLrq X dk fu;kZr gksrk gS tcfd Y dk vk;kr fd;k tkrk gSA

(8) iSekus osQ fLFkj izfriQy gksrs gSaA

mRiknu ij izHkko (Impact of Output)μmijksDr ekU;rkvksa osQ vk/kj ij ;gk¡ ge ns'k A dh fLFkfr ijfopkj djsaxsA

tgk¡ Je lk/u dh iw£r esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA oLrqvksa dhdherksa osQ ;Fkk fLFkj jgus ij ;fn Je dh iw£r gksrh gS rcJe&xgu oLrq X, iw¡th&xgu oLrq Y osQ mRiknu dks dedj nsrh gSA bls fp=k 5-1 }kjk Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSAfp=k esa {kSfrt v{k ij Je&xgu oLrq X dh ek=kk dks rFkkvuqyEc v{k ij ns'k A esa iw¡th&xgu oLrq Y dh ek=kk dksizn£'kr fd;k x;k gSA fp=k esa izkjfEHkd mRiknu lEHkkoukoØ KL gS rFkk lUrqyu fcUnq E gS tgk¡ dher js[kk PP

mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ KL dks Li'kZ djrh gSA bl rjg] ;gns'k X-oLrq dh OX ek=kk rFkk Y&oLrq dh OY ek=kk dkmRiknu djrk gSA tc Je dh iw£r esa o`f¼ dh tkrh gS rcmRiknu lEHkkouk oØ KL mQij dh vksj foo£rr gksdjK1L1 gks tkrk gSA

è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd ;fn iw¡th dh iw£r esa o`f¼ ugha Hkh gksrh gS rc Hkh u;k mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ FkksM+k nkfguhrjiQ ljd dj K ls K1 ij pyk tkrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd Y oLrq osQ mRiknu esa Je dk Hkh iz;ksxgqvk gSA ;fn oLrqvksa dh dhersa ;FkkfLFkj jgrh gSa rFkk dher js[kk P1P1 mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ K1L1 dks fcUnqE1 ij Li'kZ djrh gSA bl lUrqyu fcUnq osQ vuq:i ns'k A oLrq X dh OX1 ek=kk rFkk oLrq Y dh O1X1 ek=kkdk mRiknu djrk gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd Je dh iw£r esa o`f¼ osQ ckn Je&xgu oLrq X dk mRiknuOX ls c<+dj OX1 gks x;k gS tcfd iw¡th&xgu oLrq Y dk mRiknu OX ls ?kVdj OY1 gks x;k gS tcfdiw¡th dh iw£r ;Fkkor vFkkZr~ vifjo£rr jgrh gSA

K1

K

Y

Y1

E

P1P

P

E1

P1

O X L X1

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O;kikj dh ek=kk ij izHkko (Impact on Volume of Trade)μ;fn ns'k A oLrq X dk fu;kZr djrk gS rks

bldh lkisf{kd izpqj Je lEiUurk (relatively abundant labour endowment) dh iw£r esa o`f¼ blosQ

fu;kZrksa dh ek=kk esa o`f¼ dj nsrh gSA bl n'kk dks fp=k 5-1 }kjk Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA eku yhft, Je

dh iw£r esa o`f¼ ls iwoZ ns'k A rFkk ns'k B dks oLrq X dh OX ek=kk dk fu;kZr dj jgk FkkA tc Je dh iw£r

esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gS rc A ns'k dk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ KL mQij dh vksj ljd dj K1L1 gks tkrk gS rFkk

mRiknu dk u;k lUrqyu fcUnq P1P1 dher js[kk osQ Li'kZ fcUnq E1 ij LFkkfir gksrk gS] tks PP js[kk osQ lekukUrj

gS rFkk O;kikj dh fLFkj 'krs± izn£'kr dj jgk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] Je&xgu oLrq X osQ fu;kZr dh ek=kk OX ls

OX1 rd c<+ tkrh gSA bl rjg ;g oLrq X osQ fu;kZrksa dks oLrq Y esa deh osQ vuqikr ls

vf/d c<+kus esa l{ke gSA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa xR;kRed lk/uksa osQ dk;ZHkkx dks le>kb,A

jk"Vªh; vk; ij izHkko (Impact on National Income)μmijksDr ekU;rkvksa osQ fn, gksus ij] Je dh iw£r esa

o`f¼ vkSj blosQ iQyLo:i mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ dk nkfguh vksj foLFkkiu ns'k A dh jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼

dks izn£'kr djrk gSA bls fp=k 5-2 dh lgk;rk ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA jk"Vªh; vk; dk Lrj fn;k gqvk

gksus ij izkjfEHkd mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ KL gS rFkk lUrqyu fcUnq E gSA tc Je dh iw£r esa o`f¼ gksrh gS rc

u;k mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ K1L1 gks tkrk gSA ;g Å¡pk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ K1L1 jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ dks

n'kkZrk gSA u;k lUrqyu fcUnq E1 gS tgk¡ dher js[kk P1P1 mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ K1L1 dks Li'kZ djrh gS rFkk

dher js[kk PP osQ lekukUrj gSA E1 fcUnq Å¡ps jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d lUrqyu fcUnq lEHkor% ugha gks ldrk] c'krsZ

fd Y ?kfV;k oLrq u gksA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd jk"Vªh;

vk; esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk X rFkk Y nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa

o`f¼ gksuh pkfg, ijUrq fcUnq E1 ij oLrq X dk mRiknu

c<+rk gS tcfd oLrq Y dk mRiknu de gks tkrk gSA vr%

u;k lUrqyu fcUnq K1L1 oØ ij QER prqFkk±'k (quardrant)

osQ Hkhrj vo'; gksuk pkfg,A ijUrq ;g Q rFkk R ugha gks

ldrk D;ksafd fcUnq Q ij Y oLrq dh vf/d ek=kk rFkk X

oLrq dh leku ek=kk mRikfnr dh tkrh gS tcfd fcUnq R ij

X oLrq dh vf/d ek=kk vkSj Y oLrq dh leku ek=kk

mRikfnr dh tkrh gSA vc ;fn lUrqyu fcUnq B gksrk gS rks

X rFkk Y nksuksa oLrq,¡ vf/d ek=kk esa mRikfnr gksaxh ijUrq

;gk¡ dher js[kk (tks n'kkZbZ ugha xbZ gS) PP dher js[kk osQ

lekUrj ugha gksxhA ;g ckr nks oLrqvksa dh fLFkj dherksa dh ekU;rk osQ foijhr gSA

jkstxkj ij izHkko (Impact on Employment)μoLrq vkSj lk/u dh dhersa nks gksus ij] tc ns'k A esa Jedh iw£r c<+rh gS rks ns'k esa iw.kZ jkstxkj dh n'kk fo|eku jgus osQ ckotwn Je dk foLFkkiu iw¡th xgu m|ksxls Je xgu m|ksx dh vksj gksxkA bldh O;k[;k ckWDl fp=k 5-3 esa dh xbZ gSA fp=k esa X&oLrq dk ewy fcUnqO rFkk Y&oLrq dk ewy fcUnq O1 gSA ns'k dh lk/u lEiUurk,¡ ckWDl OLO1C }kjk ekih xbZ gSaA Je dh iw£resa LL1 dh o`f¼ gksus ls u;k ckWDl OL1O2C gks tkrk gSA izkjEHk esa ns'k A vius lafonk oØ (Contract Curve)

OEO1 osQ fcUnq E ij mRiknu djrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g X oLrq dh OE ek=kk rFkk Y oLrq dh O1E ek=kk mRikfnr

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Y

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fp=k 5-2

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djrk gSA Je iw£r esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk ;g vius lafonkoØ OE1O2 osQ fcUnq E1 ij mRiknu djrk gS tgk¡lkèku vkSj oLrq dherksa esa ifjorZu osQ fcuk (O1E

lekukUrj O2E1), ;g X oLrq dk mRiknu OE ls OE1

rd c<+krk gS rFkk oLrq Y dk mRiknu O1E ls O2E1

rd de djrk gSA X oLrq osQ mRiknu esa EE1 rd dho`f¼ iw¡th xgu m|ksx Y ls Je xgu m|ksx X dh vksjoqQN Je osQ foLFkkiu }kjk gh lEHko gqbZ gSA ;|fivFkZO;oLFkk esa iw.kZ jkstxkj dh n'kk fo|eku gSA

O;kikj ls ykHk rFkk O;kikj dh 'krks± ij izHkko (Impact on Gains from Trade and Terms of Trade)μns'k

A esa O;kikj ls ykHk ,oa O;kikj dh 'krks± ij Je iw£r esa o`f¼ osQ izHkko dh O;k[;k izLrko oØksa (offer curves)

}kjk fuEuor dh tk ldrh gSA fp=k 5-4 esa ns'k A dk izkjfEHkd izLrko oØ gSA og OT O;kikj 'krks± osQ lkFk

lUrqyu fcUnq E ij oLrq X dh OX ek=kk dk fu;kZr djrk gS tcfd oLrq Y dh OY ek=kk vk;kr djrk gSA

Je dh iw£r esa o`f¼ osQ iQyLo:i bldk izLrko oØ OT O;kikj dh 'krks± ij OA ls foo£rr gksdj OA1

gks tkrk gSA

vc u;k lUrqyu fcUnq E1 gS tgk¡ ns'k A oLrq X dh XX1

vf/d ek=kk dk fu;kZr djrk gS rFkk Y oLrq dh YY1 vf/

d ek=kk vk;kr djrk gSA ijUrq O;kikj dh fLFkj 'krks± ij ;g

O;kikj ls ykHk ugha izkIr djrk D;ksafd ;g igys dh vis{kk

Y osQ fy, izfr bdkbZ X dh vf/d ek=kk nsxkA ,slh n'kk esa

O;kikj dh 'krs± ns'k A osQ fo#¼ OT ls OT1 rd xfr

djrh gSaA vc u;k lUrqyu OT1 js[kk osQ fcUnq E2 ij gksxk

tgk¡ izLrko oØ OA1 mls dkVrk gSA bl lUrqyu fcUnq osQ

vuq:i ns'k A oLrq Y dh YY2 de ek=kk esa cnys esa X

oLrq dh XX2 vf/d ek=kk dk fu;kZr dj O;kikj ls ykHk

izkIr djsxkA bl rjg Je dh iw£r esa o`f¼ ls bldh O;kikj

dh 'krks± esa Hkh lq/kj gksrk gSA



1- vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa ?kVdksa dh Hkwfedk dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSμ

(d) xR;kRed ?kVdksa dh ([k) lk/u laiUurkvksa dh

(x) lk/u iwfrZ;ksa dh (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

2- fp=k 5-1 esa izkjafHkd mRiknu laHkkouk oozQ gSμ

(d) KL ([k) E

(x) OX (?k) OYA

3- fp=k 5-2 esa P1P2 js[kk gSμ

(d) dher js[kk ([k) larqyu fcUnq

(x) mRiknu oozQ (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

Y1

Y2

Y

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oLrq

Y

O X X2

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E

E2

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TA

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fp=k 5-4

fp=k 5-3

iwath

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4- mRiknu dk lk/u gSaμ

(d) fons'kh O;kikj ([k) e'khusa

([k) Je vkSj iw¡th (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

5- fp=k 5-3 esa X oLrq dk ewy fcUnq gSμ

(d) Q ([k) O1E

(x) E (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

6- fp=k 5-4 esa E1 gSμ

(d) Je dh iwfrZ ([k) u;k larqyu fcanq

(x) izLrko oozQ (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

5-2 #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu (Changes in Tastes)

;fn fdlh ns'k dh izkS|ksfxdh rFkk lk/u lEiUurk,¡ nh gqbZ gksavkSj mldh #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gS rks mldh O;kikj dhek=kk vkSj O;kikj dh 'krks± esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA blosQfoijhr ;fn #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu vk;kr ;ksX; oLrqvksa ls fu;kZr;ksX; oLrqvksa dh vksj gksrk gS rks blls O;kikj dh ek=kk degks tk,xh vkSj blls O;kikj dh 'krks± esa lq/kj gksxkA bls fp=k5-5 esa izLrko oØksa }kjk Li"V fd;k x;k gSA fp=k esa ns'k A dkizLrko oØ OA gS tcfd ns'k B dk izLrko oØ OB gSAvifjo£rr #fp;ksa osQ lkFk ns'k A oLrq X dh OX ek=kk fu;kZrdjrk gS vkSj ns'k B oLrq Y dh XE ek=kk dk vk;kr djrk gSAeku yhft, ns'k A esa #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu vk;kr ;ksX; oLrq Y

ls fu;kZr ;ksX; oLrq X dh vksj gksrk gS tcfd mldhizkS|ksfxdh rFkk lk/u lEiUurk,¡ ;Fkkor jgrh gSaA vc ;g ns'kB dks Y oLrq osQ cnys oLrq X dh vf/d ek=kk nsxkA bl rjg og vius u, lUrqyu fcUnq E1 ij viuh fu;kZr;ksX; oLrq X dh OX1 ek=kk dks oLrq Y dh X1E1 ek=kk osQ lkFk fofue; djsxk D;ksafd mldk izLrko oØ OA1

izLrko oØ OB dks vc fcUnq E1 ij dkVrk gSA bl rjg] bl ns'k esa #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu ls bldh O;kikj dhek=kk de gks x;h % OX1 + X1E1 < OX + XE ijUrq bldh O;kikj dh 'krks± esa lq/kj gqvk gS tSlk fd O;kikj'krZ dh js[kk OT1 ls Li"V gS fd vc ns'k X oLrq dh de ek=kk OX1 osQ lkFk oLrq Y dh vf/d ek=kk X1E1 dkfofue; djrk gSA

;fn ns'k dh #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu fu;kZr ;ksX; oLrqvksa ls vk;kr ;ksX; oLrqvksa dh vksj

gksrk gS rks blls O;kikj dh ek=kk esa o`f¼ gksrh gS vkSj O;kikj dh 'krsZa izfrowQy gksrh gSaA

(Economic of Scale)

iSekus osQ c<+rs izfriQy vkUrfjd vFkok cká ferO;f;rkvksa osQ dkj.k gks ldrs gSa ijUrq ,d iQeZ dks tks

vkUrfjd ferO;f;rk,¡ izkIr gksrh gSa os iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh ekU;rk osQ lkFk esy ugha [kkrh gSa D;ksafd os varr%

A1

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fp=k 5-5

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iQeZ dks bruk cM+k cuk nsrh gSa fd og ,d ,dkf/dkj iQeZ cu tkrh gS vkSj vius mRikn dh dher dks izHkkfor

djus dh fLFkfr esa jgrh gSA nwljh vksj cká ferO;f;rk,¡ iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk osQ lkFk esy [kkrh gSa D;ksafd os ml

le; izkIr gksrh gSa tc ,d m|ksx esa lHkh iQes± vius mRiknu Lrj osQ iSQyus ij viuh vkSlr ykxrksa esa deh

dk vuqHko djrh gSaA

;fn nks ns'kksa dh lk/u lEiUurk,¡ le:i gSa] izkS|ksfxdh rFkk #fp;k¡ Hkh ;Fkk fLFkj gSa rc iSekus dkizfriQy c<+rk gSA

ekU;rk,¡ (Assumptions)μ;g Kkr djus osQ fy, fd iSekus dh cká ferO;f;rk,a O;kikj dks c<+krh gSa]fuEufyf[kr iwoZ /kj.kkvksa dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSμ

1- O;kikj djus okys nks ns'k A rFkk B gSaA

2- nksuksa ns'kksa dh lk/u lEiUurk,¡ izkS|ksfxdh rFkk #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu ugha gksrk rFkk os leku gSaA

3- izR;sd ns'k nksuksa oLrqvksa X rFkk Y dks mRikfnr djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA

4- nksuksa ns'kksa esa lkis{k lk/u vkSj Y oLrq dh dhersa le:i gSaA

O;k[;k (Explanation)μmijksDr ekU;rkvksa osQ fn, gksus ij];fn X rFkk Y nksuksa oLrqvksa dk mRiknu iSekus osQ c<+rsizfriQy (vFkok ?kVrh ykxrksa) osQ vUrxZr gks jgk gS rksO;kikj lEHko gSA ns'k A oLrq X osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.kizkIr djsxk rFkk ns'k B oLrq Y osQ lEcU/ esaA ns'k A viuhoLrq X osQ mRiknu dk ,d va'k ns'k B dh Y oLrq osQmRiknu osQ ,d va'k osQ lkFk fofue; djsxkA blosQ iQyLo:inksuksa ns'kksa esa miHkksx dk Lrj c<+rk gSA tc X rFkk Y nksuksaoLrqvksa osQ oqQy mRiknu esa iSekus osQ c<+rs izfriQy osQ dkj.ko`f¼ gksrh gS rks nksuksa ns'k A rFkk B O;kikj ls ykHk izkIr djrsgSaA fp=k 5-6 esa BMA nksuksa ns'kksa A rFkk B dk mRiknulEHkkouk oØ gS D;ksafd nksuksa ns'k le:i gSaA

pwafd mu ns'kksa esa #fp;k¡ Hkh le:i gSa vr% mudk ,d gh leqnk; vuf/eku oØ CI gSA O;kikj iwoZ dhfLFkfr esa izR;sd ns'k M fcUnq ij mRiknu ,oa miHkksx djrk gSA vc ;fn nksuksa ns'k O;kikj djrs gSa rks ns'kA iw.kZr;k oLrq X osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djrk gS vkSj fcUnq M ls A ij xfr djrk gS tcfd ns'kB iw.kZr;k oLrq Y osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djrk gS vkSj fcUnq M ls fcUnq B ij pyk tkrk gSA nksuksa ns'kksaosQ chp ?kVrh ykxrksa osQ vk/kj ij O;kikj gks ldrk gS pkgs nksuksa esa fcUnq M ij lkis{k oLrq dhersa le:igksaA vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher vuqikr js[kk (O;kikj dh 'krs±) BEA nh gksus ij mi;qDr lUrqyu fcUnq E nks f=kHkqtksaBEJ vkSj EAK osQ lkFk gksxkA ns'k A oLrq X dh KA ek=kk dks ns'k B dh Y oLrq dh JB ek=kk osQ lkFkfofue; djsxkA c<+s gq, fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ dkj.k nksuksa ns'k Å¡ps vuf/eku oØ CI1 osQ fcUnq E ij vf/dmiHkksx djrs gSaA bl rjg iSekus osQ c<+rs izfriQyksa osQ iQyLo:i nksuksa ns'k X oLrq dh GK rFkk Y oLrqdh JH ek=kk dk ykHk izkIr djrs gSaA

M

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fp=k 5-6


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statements are 'true' or 'false')μ

1. ;fn ns'k dh #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu fu;kZr ;ksX; oLrqvksa ls vk;kr ;ksX; oLrqvksa dh vksj gksrk gS rks O;kikjdh ek=kk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

2. iSekus osQ c<+rs izfriQy vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ dkj.k gksrs gSaA

3. cká ferO;f;rk;sa iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk osQ lkFk esy ugha [kkrhA

4. fp=k 5-6 esa BMA nks ns'kksa A rFkk B dk mRiknu laHkkouk oozQ gSA

(Transport Costs)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kUr esa ifjogu ykxrksa dh mifLFkfr dks udkj fn;k x;k gS] ijUrq;g vokLrfod gS] D;ksafd ifjogu ykxrsa O;kikj dj jgs nks ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj dh xbZ oLrqvksa dh dherij] mlosQ mRiknu ,oa miHkksx ij rFkk O;kikj dh ek=kk ij egRoiw.kZ izHkko Mkyrh gSaA ifjogu ykxrksa esa osleLr O;; lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSa tks ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k esa oLrq dks Hkstus ij O;; fd, tkrs gSaA blesa ekyyknuk] mrkjuk vkSj HkkM+k] vkfn ij fd;k x;k O;;] chek izhfe;e] vkfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA ifjoguykxrksa dks lfEefyr djus ij ,d oLrq dk O;kikj rHkh gksxk tc O;kikj ls igys nks ns'kksa osQ chp dher vUrjmldh ifjogu ykxr ls vf/d gksaA

ekU;rk,¡ (Assumptions)

;g fo'ys"k.k fuEufyf[kr ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kfjr gSμ

1- O;kikj nks ns'kksa A rFkk B osQ chp gksrk gSA

2- nksuksa ns'k osQoy ,d oLrq eku yhft, LVhy esa O;kikj djrs gSaA

3- ns'k A LVhy dk fu;kZr djrk gS] tcfd ns'k B vk;kr djrk gSA

4- nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp ifjogu ykxrksa dk caVokjk cjkcj&cjkcj gksrk gSA

O;k[;k (Explanation)μmijksDr ekU;rkvksa osQ fn, gksus ij nksuksa ns'kksa ij ifjogu ykxrksa osQ izHkkoksa dksfp=k&5-7 }kjk Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA fp=k esa LVhy dh dher dks vuqyEc&v{k ij izn£'kr fd;k x;k gS]tcfd {kSfrt v{k ij oLrq dh ek=kk dks ekik x;k gSA ns'k A esa LVhy dh mRikfnr vkSj ekih xbZ ek=kk;sa (X)

E

B3 B

4

B2

B1

P6

P5

DBSB

dher

ns'k Bns'k A

P6

P5

P4

P5

P4

SA DA

A2

A1

A3

A4

E

ek=kk

OQA

sx1

sx dx1

dx sM

sM1 Q

Bd

m1d

m

fp=k 5-7

uksV



bl fu;kZrd ns'k osQ fy, ckb± vksj ekih xbZ gSa] tcfd LVhy vk;krd ns'k B osQ fy, ek=kk,¡ (M) nkb± vksjAns'k A osQ fy, ek¡x vkSj iw£r oØ Øe'k% DA rFkk SA }kjk] tcfd ns'k B osQ fy, DB rFkk DS }kjk izn£'krfd, x, gSaA

O;kikj&iwoZ izR;sd ns'k viuh oLrq dh ek=kk dk ml dher ij mRiknu djrk gS tks ek¡x ,oa iw£r oØksa osQizfrPNsn ls fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA ns'k esa A eas EQA dher ij QQA ek=kk rFkk ns'k B esa EQB dher ij OQB

ek=kk dk mRiknu gksrk gSA tc O;kikj izkjEHk gksrk gS rc ns'k A LVhy dk fu;kZr ns'k B dks djrk gSA iQyLo:ibldh ns'k A esa dher c<+rh gS] tcfd ns'k B esa ?kV tkrh gSA iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk osQ vUrxZr LVhy cktkj [kkyh(clear) gks tkus osQ fy, nksuksa ns'kksa esa ,d leku dher gksuh pkfg,A fp=k esa bls lekukUrj js[kk P5P5 }kjkizn£'kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g js[kk ns'k A osQ ek¡x ,oa iw£r oØksa dks Øe'k% A1 rFkk A2 ij rFkk ns'k B osQ ek¡x,oa iw£r oØksa dks Øe'k% B1 rFkk B2 fcUnqvksa ij dkVrh gSA bl dher ij A ns'k OSx ek=kk dk mRiknu] Odx

ek=kk dk mi;ksx rFkk dxSx ek=kk dk fu;kZr djrk gS] tcfd B ns'k OsM ek=kk dk mRiknu] OdM ek=kk dkmiHkksx vkSj sMdM(= dxsx) ek=kk dk vk;kr djrk gSA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa tc ifjogu ykxrksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS rks fu;kZrd ns'k ifjogu ykxrksa dh jkf'kosQ cjkcj LVhy dh dher esa deh djrk gS] tcfd vk;krd ns'k ifjogu ykxrksa osQ cjkcj LVhy dherksa esao`f¼ le>rk gSA LVhy dh dher esa ;g deh vFkok o`f¼ LVhy dh fiNyh dher (fp=k esa P5P5) ij gksrhgS rkfd nksuksa ns'kksa esa O;kikj dh ek=kk lUrqyu esa jgsA ,slk P4P4 dher ij gksrk gS tc ;g js[kk ns'k A osQDA rFkk SA oØksa dks Øe'k% A3 rFkk A4 fcUnqvksa ij dkVrh gSA A ns'k] Osx, ek=kk dk mRiknu] Odx, ek=kkdk miHkksx vkSj dxsx, ek=kk dk fu;kZr djrk gSA nwljh vksj B ns'k esa dher js[kk P6P6 gS tks SB vkSj DB oØksadks Øe'k% B3 rFkk B4 fcUnqvksa ij dkVrh gSA B ns'k OsM1 ek=kk dk mRiknu] OdM1 ek=kk dk miHkksx vkSjsM1dM1(= sx1dx1) ek=kk dk vk;kr djrk gSA

mijksDr fo'ys"k.k esa nksuksa ns'k ifjogu ykxrksa dks cjkcj&cjkcj ck¡Vrs gSa] D;ksafd nksuksa ns'kksa esa D rFkk S oØksaosQ <yku cjkcj gSaA ;fn ,d ns'k osQ D rFkk S oØksa dks nwljs dh lkis{krk esa vf/d frjNk [khapk tkrk gS rksifjogu ykxrksa dk fgLlk igys ns'k ij vf/d vk,xkA

(Different Demand Conditions)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ izfrf"Br ,oa gSDlpj&vksgfyu nksuksa gh fl¼kUrksa esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij ek¡x osQ izHkkodk fo'ys"k.k ugha fd;k x;k gS] ijUrq iw£r dh fLFkfr;ksa osQ fn, gksus ij] fHkUu&fHkUu ek¡x n'kkvksa ls nksuksa ns'kksaesa dher vuqikrksa esa rFkk fo'o dher vuqikr ij nksuksaoLrqvksa osQ fofue; osQ chp vUrj mRiUu gks tk,¡xsA blfLFkfr dks fp=k&5-8 }kjk Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA

eku yhft, nks ns'k A rFkk B gSa ftudk ,d leku mRiknu

lEHkkouk oØ AB gSA O;kikj&iwoZ fLFkfr esa X vkSj Y oLrqvksa

ls lEcfU/r fHkUu&fHkUu ek¡x fLFkfr;ksa osQ fHkUu lkis{k dher

vuqikr gSa] tSlk fd A ns'k esa A rFkk B ns'k esa B izn£'kr

fd, x, gSaA ns'k A dk mRiknu ,oa miHkksx fcUnq E gS tgk¡

CI1 oØ mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ AB dks Li'kZ djrk gSA blh

rjg] ns'k B dk mRiknu ,oa miHkksx fcUnq K gSA tgk¡ mldk

CI2 oØ] mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ AB dks Li'kZ djrk gSA ns'k

A iw¡th xgu oLrq Y esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djrk gS vkSj ns'k B

G MK

CI2

CI4

P2

F

CI3

H

P

CI1

P1

E

K1

A

D

BOoLrqX

oLrq

Y

fp=k 5-8


uksV


Je&xgu oLrq X esaA vc vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher vuqikr (js[kk) P ij O;kikj izkjEHk gksrk gS rks nksuksa ns'k nksuksa oLrqvksa

osQ mRiknu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djsaxs vkSj muosQ lUrqyu fcUnq (fcUnq E rFkk K) fcUnq F ij bdV~Bs gks tk;saxsA iQyLo:i

ns'k A dk miHkksx Lrj dher js[kk P osQ lkFk H fcUnq ij Å¡ps CI3 oØ ij foo£rr gks tk,xkA blh rjg ns'k

B dk miHkksx Lrj M fcUnq ij Å¡ps CI4 oØ ij foo£rr gks tk,xkA H rFkk M nksuksa fcUnq nksuksa ns'kksa esa nksuksa

oLrqvksa osQ fy, Å¡ph ek¡x dk ncko izn£'kr djrs gSaA nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj HFD vkSj FMG f=kHkqtksa osQ vk/

kj ij gksxkA vc ns'k A oLrq X dh DF ek=kk fu;kZr djrk gS vkSj ns'k B oLrq Y dh GF ek=kk bls fu;kZr djrk

gSA bl izdkj] ek¡x esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk iw¡th&xgu ns'k A Je&xgu oLrq X dk fu;kZr djrk gS vkSj Je&xgu ns'k

B iw¡th&xgu oLrq Y dk fu;kZr djrk gSA ;g ek¡x myVko (Demand Reversal) dh n'kk gS tks fy;ksufriQ fojks/

kHkkl dh Hkh foospuk djrh gSA


3- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djks (Fill in the blanks)μ

1. gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kar esa --------- ykxr dh mifLFkfr dks udkj fn;k tkrk gSA

2. O;kikj --------- ns'kksa osQ chp gksrk gSA

3. fp=k 5-8 esa AB ,d leku mRiknu --------- gSA

4. O;kikj djus okys ns'kksa osQ chp --------- dk c¡Vokjk cjkcj dk gksrk gSA

(Summary)

• lHkh ?kVd tks O;kikj dks izHkkfor djrs gSa muesa fujUrj ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA vr% mfpr gksxk fd

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa bu xR;kRed ?kVdksa dh Hkwfedk dk ijh{k.k fd;k tk,A

• oLrq vkSj lk/u dh dhersa nks gksus ij] tc ns'k A esa Je dh iw£r c<+rh gS rks ns'k esa iw.kZ jkstxkj dh

n'kk fo|eku jgus osQ ckotwn Je dk foLFkkiu iw¡th xgu m|ksx ls Je xgu m|ksx dh vksj gksxkA

• ;fn fdlh ns'k dh izkS|ksfxdh rFkk lk/u lEiUurk,¡ nh gqbZ gksa vkSj mldh #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu gks tkrk

gS rks mldh O;kikj dh ek=kk vkSj O;kikj dh 'krks± esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA

• vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kUr esa ifjogu ykxrksa dh mifLFkfr dks udkj fn;k x;k

gS] ijUrq ;g vokLrfod gS

• O;kikj nks ns'kksa A rFkk B osQ chp gksrk gSA

• nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp ifjogu ykxrksa dk caVokjk cjkcj&cjkcj gksrk gSA

• vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa tc ifjogu ykxrksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS rks fu;kZrd ns'k ifjogu ykxrksa dh

jkf'k osQ cjkcj LVhy dh dher esa deh djrk gS] tcfd vk;krd ns'k ifjogu ykxrksa osQ cjkcj LVhy

dherksa esa o`f¼ le>rk gSA

• vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ izfrf"Br ,oa gSDlpj&vksgfyu nksuksa gh fl¼kUrksa esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij ek¡x

osQ izHkko dk fo'ys"k.k ugha fd;k x;k gssSA

uksV



(Keywords)

••••• lafonkμ bo+Qjkj] le>kSrk] BsdkA

••••• HkkM+kμ fdjk;k] xkM+h vkfn dk fdjk;kA

••••• izhfe;eμ vf/ewY;] chek fdLrA

(Review Questions)

1- O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkjksa dh vk;] mRiknu ,oa jkstxkj lk/u laiUurkvksa esa ifjorZuksa osQ izHkko dh foospukdhft,A

2. O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkjksa dh ek=kk] O;kikj dh 'krksZa ,oa O;kikj ykHkksa ij lk/u lEiUurkvksa esa ifjorZuksa osQizHkko dh foospuk dhft,A

3. vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij iSekus dh ferO;f;rkvksa osQ izHkko dh foospuk dhft,A

4. vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij #fp;ksa esa ifjorZu osQ izHkko dh O;k[;k dhft,A

5. fHkUu&2 ek¡x fLFkfr;ksa esa ifjogu ykxrksa esa ifjorZuksa dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dksLi"V dhft,A


1. 1. (d) 2. (d) 3- (d) 4. (x)

5. ([k)

2. 1. 2. × 3. × 4.

3. 1. ifjogu 2. nks 3. laHkkouk oozQ 4. ifjogu ykxr

(Further Readings)





uksV


bdkbZμ6% fjfCtULdh izes; (Rybszynski Theorem)


mís'; (Objectives)


6.1 fjfCtULdh dh izes; (Rybszynski Theorem)

6.2 fjfCtULdh izes; % lk/u lEiUurk ifjorZuksa dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij izHkko (The RybszynskiTheorem : The Effect of Factor Endowment Changes on International Trade)





mís'; (Objectives)


• fjfCtULdh izes; dh O;k[;k djus esaA


gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kUr rFkk lk/u dher lekuhdj.k fl¼kUr nksuksa gh fLFkj lk/u lEiUurk dh /kj.kk dksLohdkj djrs gSaA fjfCtUldh (T.M. Rybezynski) us 1955 esa izdkf'kr vius ys[k ‘Factor Endowment and

Relative Commodity Prices’ esa ;g Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd ¶,d lk/u dks fLFkj j[kdj nwljslk/u esa ifjorZu djus ls vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa Hkkx ysus okyh nks oLrqvksa osQ mRiknuksa ij D;k izHkkoiM+rk gSA¸ bls fjfCtULdh izes; osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

6-1 fjfCtULdh dh izes; (The Rybezynski Theorem)

gsDlpj&vksgfyu dk fl¼kUr bl /kj.kk ij vk/kfjr gS fd O;kikj djus okys nks ns'kksa esa ftu nks oLrqvksa dkO;kikj gksrk gS mudk mRiknu iQyu fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gS] fdUrq nksuksa ns'kksa esa izR;sd oLrq osQ fy, mRiknu iQyuleku gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd X oLrq dk mRiknu iQyu Y oLrq ls fHkUu gSA ijUrq oLrq X osQ mRiknuesa iz;qDr rduhd nksuksa ns'kksa (eku yhft,) A rFkk B esa leku gSA blh rjg oLrq Y osQ mRiknu esa iz;qDrrduhd nksuksa ns'kksa esa leku gSA ;fn ns'k A iw¡th izpqj gS vkSj Y iw¡th&xgu oLrq gS rc ns'k A oLrq Y dk fu;kZrdjsxkA blh rjg ns'k B Je&izpqj gksus osQ dkj.k Je&xgu oLrq X dk fu;kZr djsxkA lk/u xgurk myVko dh/kj.kk osQ vuqlkj ,d gh oLrq Y] ns'k A esa iw¡th&xgu gksxh tcfd ns'k B esa Je&xguA ,slh n'kk esa]gsDlpj&vksgfyu izes; osQ vuqlkj] nksuksa ns'k A rFkk B ,d&nwljs dks ,d gh oLrq Y dk fu;kZr djsaxs ijUrq ,slklEHko ugha gSA vr% gsDlpj&vksgfyu izes; lk/u xgurk myVko dh n'kk esa vFkZghu gks tkrk gSA bldk dkj.k;g gS fd og nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj osQ <k¡ps dh O;k[;k djus esa vliQy jgrk gSA


uksV


bdkbZ—6% fjfCtULdh izes;

lk/u&xgurk myVko dh fLFkfr ml le; mRiUu gksrh gS tc ,d leksRikn vFkok leek=kk oØnwljs leek=kk oØ ij fLFkr gks vFkok tc ,d leek=kk oØ nwljs leek=kk oØ dks vusdfcUnqvksa ij dkVsA buesa ls izFke dks ,dy lk/u xgurk myVko rFkk nwljs dks cgq lk/u xgurkmyVko dgk tkrk gSA

,dy lk/u xgurk myVko (Single Factor Intensity Reversal)

,dy lk/u xgurk myVko dh n'kk dks fp=k 6-1 esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA fp=k esa leek=kk oØ QQ leek=kkoØ PP dks fcUnq R ij Li'kZ djrk gSA fp=k esa fcUnq R ls gksdj tkus okyh js[kk nksuksa leek=kk oØksa dh Li'kZjs[kk vFkkZr~ dher js[kk gS tks leku vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher vuqikrksa dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA ;g js[kk ml vuqikr dksO;Dr djrh gS ftlesa ,d lk/u dher vuqikr ij nksuksaoLrqvksa osQ fy, fHkUu&fHkUu xgurkvksa esa nksuksa lkèkuksa dksfeyk;k tkrk gSA yuZj osQ vuqlkj OR js[kk lk/u xgurkmyVko dh izrhd gSA nksuksa leek=kk oØksa ij OR js[kk osQck,¡ vFkok nk,¡ dks fLFkr lUrqyu fcUnqvksa ls ;g Kkr fd;ktk ldrk gS fd lk/u xgurk dh n'kk esa mRiknu iQyufoofrZr (shift) gks x, gSaA lk/u dher lekuhdj.k fl¼kUrls ge tkurs gSa fd (eku yhft,) fczVsu esa [kk|kUu lkis{k:i ls Hkwfe&xgu gS vkSj Hkkjr esa diM+k lkis{k :i lsJe&xgu gSA fp=k 6-1 ls Li"V gS fd OR js[kk osQ ck;ha vksjfLFkr OE rFkk OD js[kkvksa }kjk iznf'kZr lk/u vuqikrfofHkUu lkèku xgurkvksa dks O;Dr djrs gSaA OE js[kk OD

js[kk dh rqyuk esa ;g O;Dr djrh gS fd fczVsu esa diM+s dk mRiknu [kk|kUu osQ mRiknu dh vis{kk Hkwfe&xgugSA fczVsu esa nksukas oLrqvksa dk lk/u dher vuqikr ,d leku gS] tSlk fd PP rFkk QQ leek=kk oØksa osQ Øe'k%E rFkk D fcUnqvksa ij lekukUrj Li'kZ js[kkvksa ls O;Dr gksrk gS] vFkkZr A = A1A

blosQ foijhr] OR js[kk osQ nk;ha rjiQ fLFkr OK rFkk OS js[kkvksa ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd Hkkjr esa [kk|kUumRiknu dh vis{kk oL=k Je&xgu gS] tcfd lekukUrj lk/u dher js[kk,¡ B = B1 nh gqbZ gksaA

bl rjg mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd oL=k fczVsu esa lkis{k :i ls Hkwfe&xgu gS vkSj Hkkjr esalkis{k :i ls Je&xgu gSA vc fczVsu [kk|kUu osQ LFkku ij diM+s dk mRiknu djrk gS vkSj ,slk djus esa ogdiM+s osQ mRiknu esa] tks Je&xgu gS] Je osQ LFkku ij Hkwfe dks izfrLFkkfir dj nsrk gSA blls lk/u myVkodh fLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZ gSA nksuksa ns'kksa esa diM+s osQ mRiknu dh lk/u dhersa Hkh vyx&vyx gSa tSlk fd dherjs[kkvksa A rFkk B osQ <ykuksa ls irk pyrk gSA lk/u xgurkvksa ls ;g ckr Li"V djuk lEHko ugha gS fd dkSu&lkns'k] fdl oLrq dk fu;kZr djsxkA okLro esa nksuksa gh ns'k diM+s dk mRiknu o fu;kZr djus rFkk [kk|kuksa osQvk;kr djus dk iz;kl djsaxsA bl rjg] lk/u dher lekuhdj.k fl¼kUr nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj osQ <k¡psdh O;k[;k djus esa vliQy jgrk gSA

,dy lk/u xgurk myVko dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A

fp=k 6-1

A

E

A1

D

RS

K

QPB

B1

P QHkwfe

JeO


uksV


cgq lk/u xgurk myVko (Multiple Factor Intensity Reversals)

cgq lk/u xgurk myVko dh fLFkfr esa ,d leek=kk oØnwljs leek=kk oØ dks vusd fcUnqvksa ij dkVrk gSA blfLFkfr dks fp=k 6-2 esa izn£'kr fd;k x;k gS tgk¡ leek=kkoØ PP rFkk QQ ,d&nwljs dks M rFkk N fcUnqvksa ij nksckj dkVrs gSaA bu nksuksa Li'kZ fcUnqvksa osQ chp nksuksa leek=kkoØksa dks ewy fcUnq ls vkus okyh OR js[kk fcUnq T rFkk S

ij dkVrh gSA bUgha fcUnqvksa ij leku vUrjkZ"Vªh; lk/udher vuqikrksa dks O;Dr djus okyh lekukUrj Li'kZ js[kk,¡[khaph tk ldrh gSa vkSj bl rjg lk/u dher lekuhdj.kO;Dr gksrk gSA leek=kk oØksa vkSj lk/u dher js[kkvksa osQchp lUrqyu fcUnq tks js[kk OR osQ ck;ha vFkok nk;ha rjiQfLFkr gSa lk/u xgurk myVko dks O;Dr djrs gSaA

lk/u dher js[kk PaLa ij nks js[kk,¡ OE1 rFkk OE2 fczVsu esa [kk|kUu rFkk diM+s osQ mRiknu esa Hkwfe@Je vuqikrksadks O;Dr djrh gSaA OD1 rFkk OD2 js[kk,¡ Hkkjr esa PbLb lk/u dher js[kk ij mlh rjg osQ vuqikrksa dks O;Drdjrh gSaA fp=k ls Li"V gS fd diM+k fczVsu esa Hkwfe&xgu gS (fcUnq E2) rFkk Hkkjr esa Je&xgu gS (fcUnq D2)tcfd [kk|kUu fczVsu esa Je&xgu (fcUnq E1) rFkk Hkkjr esa Hkwfe xgu (D1) gSA bl rjg Hkwfe&xgu oLrq [kk|kUuvf/d Hkwfe okys ns'k fczVsu esa Je&xgu gS tcfd vf/d Je okys ns'k Hkkjr esa Hkwfe&xgu gSA ;g n'kk lk/u xgurk myVkoksa dh fLFkfr dks O;Dr djrh gSA nksuksa ns'kksa esa lk/u dhersa vyx&vyx gSa D;ksafd leek=kkoØ QQ osQ fcUnq E1 rFkk D1 nks fHkUu&fHkUu lk/u dher js[kkvksa PaLa rFkk PbLb ij fLFkr gSaA nksuksa ns'k [kk|kUurFkk diM+s osQ lk/uksa dks LFkkukiUu djosQ [kk|kUuksa dk fu;kZr rFkk diM+s osQ vk;kr dk iz;Ru djsaxsA bl rjglk/u dher lekuhdj.k fl¼kUr vliQy gks tkrk gSA

nks ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj <k¡ps dh O;k[;k izLrqr djus esa lk/u dher lekuhdj.k

fl¼kar vliQy fl¼ gksrk gSA

LVksIyj&lsE;qylu izes; (Stopler-Samuelson Theorems)

oLrq dherksa esa ifjorZu dk okLrfod lk/u vk; ij izHkko (The Stopler-Samuelson Theorem : The

Effect of Changes in Commodity Prices on Real Factor Rewards)μLVksIyj&lsE;qylu izes; bl rF; ijizdk'k Mkyrk gS fd oLrq dh dherksa esa gq, ifjorZu dk lk/uksa dh fujis{k okLrfod vk; (Absolute Real

Income) ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa LVksIyj&lsE;qylu fl¼kUr lk/u&vk; ij oLrq dh dherksa eas gksusokys ifjorZuksa osQ izHkko dh tk¡p djrk gSA ;g fl¼kUr ;g Li"V djrk gS fd ;fn nks lk/u nks&oLrq vFkZO;oLFkkesa fdlh oLrq dh dher c<+rh gS] rks ftl oLrq dh dher c<+rh gS mlosQ mRiknu esa iz;qDr gksus okys izpqj lk/u dh dher c<+ tk,xh vkSj lhfer vFkok nqyZHk lk/u dh dher fxj tk,xh vkSj foykse'k% HkhA

ljy 'kCnksa esa gsDlpj&vksgfyu dh ekU;rk dks Lohdkj djrs gq, LVksIyj&lsE;qylu us crk;k fd ;fn O;kikjosQ dkj.k fdlh ,d oLrq osQ mRiknu esa o`f¼ gksrh gS rks ml oLrq osQ mRiknu esa ftl lk/u dks lkisf{kd :ils xgurk osQ lkFk iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS] mldh vk; dk lkisf{kd vkSj fujis{k va'k c<+ tk,xkA vU; 'kCnksaesa] vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls lkisf{kd :i ls izpqj lk/u dks ykHk gksxk rFkk lkisf{kd :i ls nqyZHk lk/u dks gkfu gksxhA

fp=k 6-2

Q

R

M

PPa

Pb

E2NS TE1

D2D1 Q

PLbLaO

Je

Hkwfe

uksV



ekU;rk,¡μizes; dh fuEufyf[kr ekU;rk,¡ gSaμ

(1) ge ,d ,sls ns'k dks ysrs gSa tks mRifÙk osQ nks lk/uksaμJe vkSj iw¡th dh lgk;rk ls osQoy nks oLrqvksaX vkSj Y dk mRiknu dj jgk gSA

(2) mRiknu&iQyu iw.kZ :i ls lkeku gSaA

(3) mRifÙk osQ nksuksa lk/uksa dh ek=kk fuf'pr gS rFkk mUgsa iw.kZ jkstxkj izkIr gSA

(4) ns'k esa iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk gS rFkk mls fuf'pr O;kikj dh 'krks± dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS ftUgsa og izHkkforugha dj ldrkA

(5) oLrq X dk mRiknu lkisf{kd :i ls iw¡th&iz/ku gS rFkk Y dk Je&iz/ku gSA tSls gh etnwjh dh rqyukesa C;kt osQ vuqikr esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ m|ksxksa esa iw¡th&Je vuqikr esa deh gksxh fdUrqY dh rqyuk esa X oLrq osQ mRiknu esa iw¡th&Je dk vuqikr lnSo Å¡pk jgsxkA

vc ns'k vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj izkjEHk djrk gS rFkk mls iw¡th&iz/ku oLrq X dk fu;kZr djus dk izksRlkgufeyrk gS vr% X osQ mRiknu esa vf/d ek=kk esa iw¡th vkSj Je dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,xkA Y oLrq osQ mRiknu esalaoqQpu gksus ls vf/d ek=kk esa Je ,oa de ek=kk esa iw¡th vU; m|ksxksa osQ fy, miyC/ gks tk;saxs fdUrq X osQmRiknu osQ fy, iw¡th vf/d ek=kk esa yxrh gS vr% iw¡th dh nqyZHkrk ls mldh lkisf{kd dher c<+ tk,xh rFkkJe dh izpqjrk ls mldh dher ?kV tk,xhA vc Je blfy, izpqj gks x;k gS D;ksafd ftl vuqikr esa Y oLrqosQ mRiknu&laoqQpu ls og gV x;k gS] mlh vuqikr esa mls X osQ mRiknu esa ugha yxk;k tk ldrk D;ksafd X

dk mRiknu iw¡th&iz/ku gSA Y osQ mRiknu esa deh gksus ls tks de ek=kk esa iw¡th cph jgrh gS] mldk ljyrkls X oLrq osQ mRiknu esa iz;ksx gks tkrk gS D;ksafd X dk mRiknu iw¡th&iz/ku gS] fdUrq Je dk iz;ksx ugha gksikrk ftlls oqQN Jfed csjkstxkj gks tk;saxs ,oa mudh dher vFkkZr~ etnwjh esa deh gks tk,xhA vU; 'kCnksa esadg ldrs gSa fd LorU=k O;kikj ls ns'k osQ LoYi lk/u&Je osQ lkisf{kd va'k dh gkfu gksxhA

us ;g Hkh Li"V dj fn;k gS fd O;kikj ls u osQoy LoYi lk/u osQ lkisf{kd va'k dh gkfugksxh oju~ A tSls gh ns'k mRiknu dh izFke fLFkfr ls vkxs c<+rk gS vFkkZr~Y dh rqyuk esa X dk mRiknu c<+rk gS] iw¡th dh lkisf{kd dher esa o`f¼ vkSj Je dh lkisf{kd dher esa ßklgksrk gSA bldk izHkko ;g gksxk fd nksuksa m|ksxksa esa de iw¡th vkSj vf/d ek=kk esa Je dks izfrLFkkfir fd;ktk,xk vFkkZr~ nksuksa m|ksxksa esa Je iw¡th dk vuqikr c<+ tk,xkA ifj.kkeLo:i nksuksa m|ksxksa esa Je dh lhekUrmRikndrk (ftls iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk osQ dkj.k nksuksa m|ksxksa dks leku eku fy;k x;k gS) ?kV tk,xh ,oa iw¡th dhlhekUr mRikndrk c<+ tk,xhA blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd LorU=k O;kikj osQ ifj.kkeLo:i lkisf{kd :ils LoYi lk/u Je dh okLrfod (fujis{k) vk; de gks tkrh gS vkSj lkisf{kd :i ls izpqj lk/u&iw¡th dhokLrfod vk; c<+ tkrh gSA blosQ foijhr] ;g Hkh fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd iz'kqYd (Tariff) osQiQyLo:i O;kikj dh ek=kk de gks tk,xh vkSj mlls lkisf{kd LoYi lk/u&Je dks ykHk gksxkA

mDr LVksIyj&lsE;qylu izes; dk ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd

LVksIyj&lsE;qylu osQ izes; dh fuEu vkykspuk,¡ dh x;h gSaμ

(i) mUgksaus tks iz'kqYd lEcU/h roZQ fn;k gS] mlosQ fu"d"kks± dks mRiknu osQ nks lk/uksa dh gh fLFkfr esa ykxwfd;k tk ldrk gS] fdUrq tc nks ls vf/d lk/uksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gks rks mDr fo'ys"k.k esadfBukbZ mifLFkr gksrh gSA

(ii) ftu ekU;rkvksa ij LVksIyj&lsE;qylu izes; vk/kfjr gS os okLrfod ugha gSaA osQ vuqlkj] ¶;gfl¼kUr mRifÙk osQ rhu ;k vf/d lk/uksa okys ekWMy ij ykxw ugha gksrk tks fd vf/d okLrfod gSA


uksV


mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ml ekWMy esa tgk¡ rd lk/u fu;kZr m|ksxksa osQ fy, fof'k"V gks] rFkk nwljk vk;krm|ksxksa osQ fy, fof'k"V gks vkSj nks ;k vf/d LFkkukUrj.kh; gksaA¸

(iii) oqQN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ vuqlkj LVksIyj&lsE;qylu osQ fu"d"kZ lgh ugha gSaA mudh n`f"V esa vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj dk izHkko vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr m|ksxksa ij fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gSA O;kikj ls fu;kZr m|ksxksa esa yxsmRifÙk osQ lk/uksa ij vuqowQy rFkk vk;kr m|ksxksa esa yxs lk/uksa ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA



LVksIyj&lsE;qylu izes; dh ekU;rk,¡ ,oa vkykspuk,¡ gSaμ

(i) ge ,d ,sls ns'k dks ysrs gSa tks mRifÙk osQ nks lkèkuksa --------- dh lgk;rk ls osQoy nks oLrqvksa X vkSj

Y dk mRiknu dj jgk gSA

(ii) mRiknu iQyu iw.kZ :i ls --------- gSaA

(iii) mRifÙk osQ nksuksa lkèkuksa dh ek=kk fuf'pr gS rFkk mUgsa --------- izkIr gSA

(iv) --------- ;g fl¼kar rhu ;k vfèkd lkèkuksa okys ekWMy ij ykxw ugha gksrkA

(v) oqQN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ vuqlkj --------- osQ fu"d"kZ lgh ugha gSaA

6-2 fjfCtULdh izes; % lk/u lEiUurk ifjorZuksa dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij izHkko(The Rybszynski Theorem : The Effect of Factor Endowment Changeson International Trade)

gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kUr rFkk lk/u dher lekuhdj.k fl¼kUr nksuksa gh fLFkj lk/u lEiUurk dh /kj.kk dksLohdkj djrs gSaA (T.M. Rybezynski) us 1955 esa izdkf'kr vius ys[k ‘Factor Endowment and

Relative Commodity Prices’ esa ;g Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd ¶

¸ bls fjfCtULdh izes; osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA fjfCtULdh fl¼kUr bl rF; ij izdk'k Mkyrk gS fdnks&lk/u nks&oLrq vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa tc ,d lk/u dh iwfrZ dks fLFkj j[krs gq, nwljs lkèku dh iwfrZ c<+k nhtkrh gS rks bldk ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd ml oLrq dk mRiknu c<+ tk,xk tks c<+k, x, lkèku dk xgurk lsiz;ksx djrk gS rFkk nwljh oLrq dk mRiknu ?kV tk,xkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;fn Je dh iwfrZ esa o`f¼ gksrh gS rksJe&xgu oLrq dk mRiknu c<+rk gS] tcfd iw¡th&xgu oLrq dk mRiknu ?kV tkrk gSA blosQ foijhr ;fn iw¡thdh iwfrZ c<+rh gS rks Je&xgu oLrq dk mRiknu ?kV tkrk gSA

(Assumptions) ;g izes; fuEufyf[kr ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kfjr gSμ

(1) nks ns'k gSa tks ijLij O;kikj djrs gSa] ijUrq fo'ys"k.k T;kferh; :i esa ,d ns'k rd gh lhfer gSA

(2) ;g ns'k osQoy nks oLrqvksa X rFkk Y dk mRiknu djrk gSA

(3) mRiknu osQ nks lk/u gSaμJe rFkk iw¡thA ;s nksuksa lk/u iw.kZr;k foHkkT; ,oa xfr'khy gSa rFkk oqQN lhekrd bUgsa ijLij izfrLFkkfir Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(4) nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu iQyu js[kh; le:i gSaA

(5) oLrq dhersa rFkk lk/u dhersa nksuksa gh fLFkj gSaA

(6) izR;sd oLrq dh lk/u xgurk fHkUu&fHkUu gSA oLrq X lkis{k :i ls Je&xgu tcfd oLrq Y lkis{k :ils iw¡th xgu gSA

uksV



(7) osQoy ,d lk/u dh iwfrZ esa ifjorZu gksrk gS tcfd nwljs lk/u dh iwfrZ fLFkj jgrh gSA

(8) oLrq rFkk lk/u cktkjksa esa iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk gSA

(Explanation) mijksDr ekU;rkvksa osQfn, gksus ij fjfCtULdh izes; dks fp=k 6-3 esackDl js[kkfp=k (Box-diagram) }kjk Li"V fd;kx;k gSA fp=k esa oLrq X osQ mRiknu dk ewy fcUnqO gS rFkk oLrq Y osQ mRiknu dk ewy fcUnq O1 gSns'k dh ewy lk/u miyC/rk dks ckDl OLO1C

}kjk ekik x;k gSA bl ckDl esa Je dh {kSfrtv{k ij rFkk iw¡th dks vuqyEc v{k ij iznf'kZrfd;k x;k gSA eku yhft, izkjfEHkd mRiknu fcUnqA gS tks lafonk oØ OAO1 ij bl rjg fLFkr gSfd izR;sd oLrq osQ iw¡th Je vuqikr dks js[kkvksaOA rFkk O1A dh <ykuksa }kjk O;Dr djrk gSA OA dk <ky ;g O;Dr djrk gS fd ({kSfrt i{k esa) oLrq Y

dh vis{kk X Je xgu gSA blh rjg js[kk O1A dk <ky ;g Li"V djrk gS fd oLrq X dh vis{kk oLrq Y

iw¡th&xgu gSA js[kk OA oLrq X osQ mRiknu dks rFkk js[kk O1A oLrq Y osQ mRiknu dks Hkh iznf'kZr djrh gSA fp=kesa OL Je dh vkiwfrZ gS tcfd OC iw¡th dh vkiwfrZ dks O;Dr djrk gSA

eku yhft, Je dh iwfrZ OL ls c<+dj OL1 gks tkrh gSA Je dh ek=kk esa LL1 dh of¼ gksus ls u;k ckDl OL1O2C

cu tkrk gSA pwafd fLFkj oLrq dherksa ij izR;sd oLrq esa iw¡th&Je vuqikr vifjofrZr jgrk gS vr% u;k mRiknufcUnq A1 gksxk tks c<+kbZ x;h OA js[kk ij rFkk O1A osQ lekukUrj [khaph xbZ ubZ js[kk O2A1 ij fLFkr gSA bl rjgu;k mRiknu fcUnq A1 tks lafonk oØ OA1O2 ij fLFkr gS] crkrk gS fd Je&xgu oLrq X dk mRiknu OA ls c<+djOA1 gks tkrk gS tcfd iw¡th xgu oLrq Y dk mRiknu O1A ls ?kVdj O2A1 ij vk tkrk gSA

fjfCtULdh us mDr izes; dks ,sls js[kkfp=k esa izLrqr fd;k gS tks mRiknu lEHkkouk oØksa dks iznf'kZr djrk gSAfp=k 6-4 esa Je&xgu oLrq X dh ek=kkvksa dks {kSfrt v{k ij rFkk iw¡th&xgu oLrq Y dh ek=kkvksa dks vuqyEcv{k ij iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA fp=k 6-4 esa mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ KL fp=k 6-3 osQ ckDl OLO1C ls O;qRiUufd;k x;k gSA oLrq X rFkk Y esa lkE; fofue; nj ewy mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ osQ fcUnq A ij gSA tc Je dhiwfrZ esa o`f¼ dh tkrh gS rks ,d u;k mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ cu tkrk gS ftls fp=k 6-4 esa K1L1 }kjk iznf'kZrfd;k x;k gSA ;g mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ fp=k 6-3 osQ ckDl OL1O2C ls O;qRiUu fd;k x;k gSA fp=k esa u;k lkE;fcUnq A1 ij LFkkfir gksrk gS tgk¡ dher js[kk P1P1 ewy dher js[kk PP osQ lekukUrj gS rFkk mRiknu lEHkkoukoØ dks Li'kZ djrh gSA ;fn oLrq Y ?kfV;k ugha gS] rks fcUnq A1 u, vf/d Å¡ps vk; Lrj ij lkE; dh fLFkfr

esa ugha gks ldrkA Je dh iwfrZ esa o`f¼ osQ iQyLo:i izkIr vf/dÅ¡ps mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ K1L1 dk rkRi;Z gS fd jk"Vªh; vk; esao`f¼ gqbZ gSA blosQ iQyLo:i nksuksa oLrqvksa dh ek¡x c<+sxhA vr% u;klkE; fcUnq vo'; gh u, mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ K1L1 osQ {ks=kMAN osQ Hkhrj fLFkr gksxkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] mRiknu lEHkkouk oØK1L1 osQ fdlh Hkh fcUnq M, B vFkok N ij Li'kZ djus okyh js[kk dk<ky A ij Li'kZ djus okyh js[kk dh vis{kk vf/d piVk gksxkAbldk rkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd iw¡th xgu oLrq Y dh rqyuk esa Je xguoLrq X dh O;kikj dh 'krs± vkSj [kjkc gks tk,¡xhA ;g bl izLFkkiukdks fl¼ djrk gS fd ftl lk/u dh ek=kk esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gS ml

fp=k 6-3

O L L1Jeiwat

h

C O1 O2

oLrq

Y

A1A

oLrqX

fp=k 6-4

oLrq

Y

P

P

M

A

K1K B P1N

A1

P1L1L

oLrqXO


uksV


lk/u dk vis{kkÑr vf/d iz;ksx djus okyh oLrq dh O;kikj dh 'krs± fcxM+ tkrh gSaA bl rF; osQ vkèkkj ij[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lEca/ esa fjfCtULdh us ;g fu"d"kZ izLrqr fd;k gS fd ¶vc ;fn ekuk tk, fd ftl lk/u dh ek=kk c<+h gS mldk mi;ksx djus okyh oLrq fu;kZr dh en gS rks mldh cká O;kikj dh 'krs± fcxM+saxhvkSj blosQ foijhr ;fn og oLrq vk;kr dh en gS rks mlosQ O;kikj dh 'krZ esa lqèkkj gksxkA¸ ;fn ns'k NksVkgS vkSj bl fLFkfr esa ugha gS fd vius vkarfjd lek;kstuksa ls fo'o osQ dher vuqikrksa dks izHkkfor dj losQrks Li"V :i ls oLrq X dk mRiknu c<+sxk vkSj oLrq X dk mRiknu ?kVsxk rFkk ogh dher vuqikr fn;k gksus ijmRiknu laHkkouk oØ K1L1 osQ fcUnq A1 ij lkE; LFkkfir gksxkA

izks- fe'ku us fjfCtULdh izes; dh fuEufyf[kr ckrksa osQ vk/kj ij vkykspuk dh gSμ

(i) ;fn ,d lk/u osQ lkFk gh lkFk mRiknu osQ nwljs lk/u dh iwfrZ Hkh c<+k nh tk, rks ,sls Li"Vek=kkRed ifj.kke izkIr gksrsA

(ii) blosQ vfrfjDr fjfCtULdh izes; osQ ifj.kke dks cgq&lk/u ekWMy ij ykxw djuk dfBu gSA


(Choose the Correct Option )

1. fjfCtULdh fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj] nks ns'k tks ijLij O;kikj djrs gSa os ,d ns'k rd lhfer jgrs gSaμ

(d) T;kferh; :i esa ([k) oSKkfud :i ls (x) lkekftd :i ls (?k) O;kikfjd :i lsA

2. fjfCtULdh osQ vuqlkj] mRiknu osQ nks lkèku gSaμJe rFkk iw¡thA ;s nksuksa lkèku iw.kZr;k gSaμ

(d) vfoHkkT; ,oa xfr'khy ([k) foHkkT; ,oa fLFkj (x)vfoHkkT; ,oa fLFkj (?k) foHkkT; ,oa xfr'khyA

3. fjfCtULdh osQ vuqlkj] oLrq ,oa lkèku dhersa nksuksa gSμ

(d) fLFkj gksrh gSa ([k) xfr'khy gksrh gSa (x) xfr'khy ugha gksrh (?k) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ughaA

4. fjfCtULdh fl¼kUr dh ekU;rk osQ vuqlkj] oLrq rFkk lkèku cktkjksa esa oSQlh izfr;ksfxrk gksrh gSμ

(d) lkekU; izfr;ksfxrk ([k) iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk (x) viw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk (?k)d][k] x rhuksa xyr gSaA

5. fjfCtULdh ekU;rk osQ vuqlkj] nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu iQyu gksrs gSaμ

(d) js[kh; le:i ([k) oØh; le:i (x) js[kh; ,oa oØh; nksuksa (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA


• gsDlpj&vksgfyu dk fl¼kUr bl /kj.kk ij vk/kfjr gS fd O;kikj djus okys nks ns'kksa esa ftu nks oLrqvksadk O;kikj gksrk gS mudk mRiknu iQyu fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gS] fdUrq nksuksa ns'kksa esa izR;sd oLrq osQ fy,mRiknu iQyu leku gSA

• lk/u xgurkvksa ls ;g ckr Li"V djuk lEHko ugha gS fd dkSu&lk ns'k] fdl oLrq dk fu;kZr djsxkAokLro esa nksuksa gh ns'k diM+s dk mRiknu o fu;kZr djus rFkk [kk|kuksa osQ vk;kr djus dk iz;kl djsaxsAbl rjg] lk/u dher lekuhdj.k fl¼kUr nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj osQ <k¡ps dh O;k[;k djus esavliQy jgrk gSA

• LVksIyj&lsE;qylu izes; bl rF; ij izdk'k Mkyrk gS fd oLrq dh dherksa esa gq, ifjorZu dk lk/uksa dhfujis{k okLrfod vk; (Absolute Real Income) ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa LVksIyj&lsE;qylufl¼kUr lk/u&vk; ij oLrq dh dherksa eas gksus okys ifjorZuksa osQ izHkko dh tk¡p djrk gSA

• vU; 'kCnksa esa]

• us ;g Hkh Li"V dj fn;k gS fd O;kikj ls u osQoy LoYi lk/u osQ lkisf{kd va'k

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dh gkfu gksxh oju~ A tSls gh ns'k mRiknu dh izFke fLFkfr ls vkxsc<+rk gS vFkkZr~ Y dh rqyuk esa X dk mRiknu c<+rk gS] iw¡th dh lkisf{kd dher esa o`f¼ vkSj Je dhlkisf{kd dher esa ßkl gksrk gSA

• mDr LVksIyj&lsE;qylu izes; dk ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd

• fjfCtULdh fl¼kUr bl rF; ij izdk'k Mkyrk gS fd nks&lk/u nks&oLrq vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa tc ,d lkèkudh iwfrZ dks fLFkj j[krs gq, nwljs lkèku dh iwfrZ c<+k nh tkrh gS rks bldk ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd ml oLrqdk mRiknu c<+ tk,xk tks c<+k, x, lkèku dk xgurk ls iz;ksx djrk gS rFkk nwljh oLrq dk mRiknu?kV tk,xkA

• bl rF; osQ vk/kj ij [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lEca/ esa fjfCtULdh us ;g fu"d"kZ izLrqr fd;k gS fd ¶vc;fn ekuk tk, fd ftl lk/u dh ek=kk c<+h gS mldk mi;ksx djus okyh oLrq fu;kZr dh en gS rks mldhcká O;kikj dh 'krs± fcxM+saxh vkSj blosQ foijhr ;fn og oLrq vk;kr dh en gS rks mlosQ O;kikj dh 'krZesa lqèkkj gksxkA¸


••••• foijhr fLFkfr esa vkuk] iyVuk] ?kweukA

••••• ftls izek.k }kjk fl¼ fd;k tk losQA

••••• yxko u j[kus okyk] rVLFkA


1. lkèku xgurk myVko ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ foospu dhft,A

2. ,dy lkèku xgurk myVko vkSj cgqlkèku xgurk myVko esa vUrj Li"V djrs gq, izR;sd dh O;k[;kdjsaA

3. LVksIyj&lsE;qylu izes; dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA

4. fjfCtULdh izes; dh O;k[;k djrs gq, vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij blosQ izHkko dk foospu dhft,A


1. 1. Je vkSj iw¡th 2. leku 3. iw.kZ jkstxkj 4. gScjyj osQ vuqlkj

5. LVksIyj&lsE;qyluA

2. 1. (d) 2. (?k) 3. (d) 4. ([k)

5. (d)






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bdkbZμ7% vkUrj vkS|ksfxd O;kikj osQ mn~Hko osQ dkj.k

,oa ekiu rFkk fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ij mudk izHkko(Causes of Emergence and Measurement of

Intra Industry Trade and Its Impact onDeveloping Economics)


mís'; (Objectives)


7.1 vkUrfjd O;kikj vFkok vkUrj vkS|ksfxd O;kikj osQ mn~Hko osQ dkj.k ,oa ekiu (Cause ofEmergence and Measurement of Intra Regional Trade or Intra Industry Trade)

7.2 fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ij vkUrj vkS|ksfxd O;kikj rFkk varjkZ‘ªh; O;kikj dk izHkko (Impacton Developing Economics of Intra Trade and International Trade)



7.4 vH;kl iz'u (Review Question)


mís'; (Objectives)


• vkUrj vkS|ksfxd O;kikj osQ mn~Hko osQ dkj.k ,oa ekiu dh O;k[;k djus esaA

• fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ij vkUrj vkS|ksfxd O;kikj rFkk varjk"Vªh; O;kikj osQ izHkko dh foospukdjus esaA


izkphu ;qx esa euq"; dh vko';drk,a bruh lhfer Fkha fd euq"; ,d izdkj ls LokoyEch Fkk vFkkZr~ og Lo;aviuh vko';drkvksa dh iw£r dj ysrk Fkk] fdUrq tSls&tSls euq"; dh vko;';drk,a c<+rh x;ha] mlosQ fy, ;gdfBu gks x;k fd og Lo;a osQ mRiknu ls viuh lHkh vko';drkvksa dh iw£r dj losQA vc mldk è;kufof'k"Vhdj.k dh vksj x;k vkSj mlus vuqHko fd;k fd ;fn og fdlh ,d gh oLrq dk mRiknu djs rks vf/dmRiknu dj ldrk gSA ysfdu iz'u ;g Fkk fd fiQj og viuh vusd vko';drkvksa dh iw£r oSQls djsxk\ euq";us bldk gy Hkh [kkst fy;k fd og Lo;a fu£er oLrq dk vU; vko';d oLrqvksa ls fofue; djsxk vkSj bl izdkjvny&cny (Barter) dh izFkk dk lw=kikr gqvk tks O;kikj dk izkjfEHkd pj.k FkkA izkjEHk esa osQoy oLrqvksa dk


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bdkbZ—7% vkUrj vkS|ksfxd O;kikj osQ mn~Hko osQ dkj.k ,oa ekiu---

gh fofue; fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk eqnzk dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk Fkk] fdUrq tSls gh eqnzk dk iz;ksx vkjEHk gqvk] oLrqvksavkSj lsokvksa dk fofue; izR;{k u gksdj eqnzk osQ ekè;e ls gksus yxkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd orZeku vFkZO;oLFkk dksekSfnzd vFkZO;oLFkk (Money Economy) dgrs gSaA bl O;oLFkk us O;kikj dks cgqr ljy rFkk lqfo/ktud cukfn;k gSA igys O;kikj ,d ns'k dh lhek osQ Hkhrj gh gksrk Fkk tks dkykUrj esa ns'k dh lhekvksa dks ikj dj fons'khO;kikj esa ifjo£rr gks x;kA

7-1 vkUrfjd O;kikj vFkok vkUrj vkS|ksfxd O;kikj osQ mn~Hko osQ dkj.k ,oa ekiu(Causes of Emergence and Measurement of Intra Regional Trade orIntra Industry trade)

;fn foLr`r vFkZ esa ns[kk tk;s rks O;kikj osQ vUrxZr mu lHkh vk£Fkd fØ;kvksa dk lekos'k gks tkrk gS ftudklEcU/ mRikfnr oLrqvksa osQ forj.k ls gksrk gSA oLrqvksa dk forj.k blfy, fd;k tkrk fd miHkksx osQ fy, budhekax dh tkrh gSA

O;kikj dks fuEufyf[kr nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSμ

(i) vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj (Intra Industry)

(ii) varjkZ‘ªh; vFkok fons'kh O;kikj (International of Foregin Trade)

(i) vkUrfjd O;kikjμvkUrfjd O;kikj ls rkRi;Z ml O;kikj ls gS tks fdlh ,d ns'k dh lhek osQ Hkhrj fofHkÂLFkkuksa vFkok {ks=kksa osQ chp fd;k tkrk gSA tSls ;fn dksbZ eè; izns'k dk O;kikjh xqtjkr osQ O;kikjh osQ lkFk O;kikjdjrk gS vFkok bUnkSj dk O;kikjh tcyiqj osQ O;kikjh osQ lkFk O;kikj djrk gS rks bls vkUrfjd O;kikj dgsaxsAbls x`g O;kikj (Home Trade) vFkok vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj (Inter-regional Trade) Hkh dgrs gSaA izfl¼vFkZ'kkL=kh gscjyj osQ vuqlkj] ¶x`g&O;kikj vFkok vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj dk vFkZ lk/kj.k rkSj ij ml {ks=k osQ HkhrjO;kikj gS ftldh le`f¼ esa lEcfU/r ljdkj dh vfHk#fp jgrh gS vFkok og ml ljdkj dh lhek esa vkrk gSA¸1

vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj vFkok vkUrfjd O;kikj dk lEcU/ ,sls O;kikj ls gS tks fdlh ,d ns'k dh lhek osQ vUnj,d gh ns'k osQ nks {ks=kksa osQ chp fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ foijhr vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk lEcU/ ,sls O;kikj ls gStks fo'o osQ nks ;k nks ls vf/d LorU=k jk"Vªksa osQ chp fd;k tkrk gSA bu nksuksa esa eq[; vUrj ns'k dh lhek dkgS vFkkZr~ ns'k dh lhek osQ Hkhrj gksus okys O;kikj dks vkUrfjd O;kikj rFkk lhek osQ ckgj gksus okys O;kikj dksvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dgrs gSaA gScjyj osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶x`g O;kikj ,oa fons'kh O;kikj dh foHkktd js[kk ,d ns'k dhlhek gksrh gSA bl lhek osQ vUnj gksus okyk O;kikj x`g O;kikj dgykrk gS tcfd bl lhek osQ ckgj fofHkÂ ns'kksaosQ chp gksus okyk O;kikj fons'kh O;kikj dgykrk gSA¸ bu nksuksa esa Hksn osQ vk/kj ij izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa (,MefLeFk] fjdkMksZ] ts- ,l- fey] vkfn) us vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ i`Fkd fl¼kUr dk izfriknu fd;k tks rqyukRedykxr fl¼kUr (Theory of Comparative Costs) osQ uke ls fo[;kr gSA izks- vksgfy us izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaosQ bl fopkj dks xyr crk;k vkSj dgk fd vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa dksbZ ekSfyd Hksn ughagSA mudh n`f"V esa ¶vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj dh ,d fof'k"V n'kk gSA¸2 bl izdkj vksgfyuosQ fopkj esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, fdlh i`Fkd fl¼kUr dh vko';drk ugha gSA bl fojks/h fopkj/kjk osQfo'ys"k.k ls iwoZ vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa lekurk ,oa vlekurk osQ fcUnqvksa dk vè;;u fd;ktkuk vko';d gSA

1. “Home trade means simple trade within that area, the prosperity of which interests thegovernment in question or is subject to it’s Jurisdiction.”

—Haberler G.V., The Theory of International Trade, p. 6.2. International trade is but a special case of international trade.


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vUr{ksZ=kh; vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa lekurk,a (Similarities Between InterregionalAnd International Trade)

bu nksuksa esa fuEu fcUnqvksa ij lekurk,a fn[kk;h nsrh gSaμ

(1) fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj JefoHkktuμvkUrfjd O;kikj esa nks {ks=kksa esa tks O;kikj gksrk gS og fof'k"Vhdj.kdk ifj.kke gS_ tSls] egkjk"Vª mÙkj izns'k dks dikl csprk gS D;ksafd egkjk"Vª esa dikl iSnk djus dhvuqowQy n'kk,a gSa rFkk mÙkj izns'k egkjk"Vª dks 'kDdj csprk gS D;ksafd mÙkj izns'k esa 'kDDj m|ksx dksfodflr gksus dh vuqowQy n'kk,a gSaA blh izdkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa Hkh nks ns'kksa osQ chp gksus okys O;kikjdk vk/kj {ks=kh; fof'k"Vhdj.k gksrk gSA

(2) oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk fofue;μnksuksa izdkj osQ O;kikjμvkUrfjd rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh;μesa oLrqvksa vkSjlsokvksa dk fofue; fd;k tkrk gSA eqnzk osQ pyu us bl fofue; dks ljy ,oa lqfo/ktud cuk fn;k gSA

(3) O;kikj osQ fy, nks i{kμftl izdkj vkUrfjd O;kikj osQ nks i{k gksrs gSa mlh izdkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjesa Hkh nks i{k gksrs gSa tks ;k rks mu nksuksa ns'kksa dh ljdkjsa vFkok futh O;fDr gks ldrs gSaA ljdkj }kjkfd;s x;s O;kikj dk vfUre y{; euq"; gh gksrk gS rFkk ljdkj Hkh O;kikj osQ vUrxZr O;kikfj;ksa dh rjgdk;Z djrh gSA

(4) ,sfPNd lkSnkμnks i{kksa osQ chp gksus okyk O;kikj izk;% ,sfPNd gksrk gSA ftl izdkj vkUrfjd O;kikjosQ vUrxZr nks i{kksa dks O;kikj djus osQ fy, ckè; ugha fd;k tk ldrk mlh izdkj nks ns'kksa dks Hkh O;kikjdjus osQ fy, foo'k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;s nks i{k rks mlh le; O;kikj djrs gSa tc blls nksuksa i{kksadks ykHk gksrk gSA

(5) lkekftd lEcU/μtc ,d gh ns'k nwjLFk {ks=kksa esa O;kikj gksrk gS rks nksuksa esa ,d&nwljs osQ lkekftdjhfr&fjokt vkSj ijEijkvksa dk vknku&iznku gksrk gS] tSls xqtjkr vkSj i- caxky osQ chp O;kikj gksxkrks nksuksa ,d&nwljs dh laLÑfr;ksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA blh izdkj tc nks ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj gksrk gS rks mlesaHkh lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku gksrk gSA

vUr{ksZ=kh; vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh foHksnd fo'ks"krk,¡ (Distinguishing Features ofInter Regional And International Trade)

izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us vUrjk"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, ,d i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dk izfriknu fd;kA blosQ ihNs vusddkj.k gS tks vkUrfjd vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa vlekurkvksa dks izdV djrs gSa rFkk ftuls ;g Kkr gksrkgS fd vkUrfjd O;kikj dh rqyuk esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fu;eksa dk O;ogkj fcYoqQy vyx gksrk gSA ;s foHksnddkj.k bl izdkj gSaμ

(1) lk/uksa esa xfr'khyrk dk vHkko (Immobility of Factors)μizfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ erkuqlkj ,dns'k osQ Hkhrj ,d mRiknu&{ks=k ls nwljs mRiknu&{ks=k esa rFkk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku esa Je vkSj iwathesa xfr'khyrk ik;h tkrh gS] fdUrq nks fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa Je vkSj iwath esa xfr'khyrk dk vHkko jgrk gSAnks ns'kksa esa Jfedksa esa blfy, xfr'khyrk ugha ik;h tkrh D;ksafd muesa jgu&lgu] lkekftd jhfr&fjokt][kkus&ihus dh vknrsa] Hkk"kk bR;kfn esa vUrj jgrk gS rFkk izoklu dkuwu (Immigraiton Laws) Hkh bllsck/d gksrs gSaA iwath esa xfr'khyrk osQ vHkko dk dkj.k ;g gS fd nksuksa ns'kksa osQ dkuwuksa esa vUrj gksrkgS rFkk fons'kh esa iwath lqjf{kr ugha jg tkrhA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd ,d ns'k esa Je vkSj iwathdh xfr'khyrk mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dh dherksa esa lekurk LFkkfir dj nsrh gS tks ns'kksa osQ chp ugha gks ikrhAtSls vgenkckn vkSj cEcbZ esa etnwjh dh njsa leku jg ldrh gSa] fdUrq vgenkckn vkSj U;w;koZQ esa ;glekurk lEHko ugha gSA

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blosQ lkFk ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd ,d ns'k esa fdlh oLrq dh dher dh izo`fÙk mldh ykxr osQ cjkcjgksus dh jgrh gSA D;ksafd ;fn dher] ykxr ls Åaph jgrh gS rks ml m|ksx esa] vU; m|ksxksa ls lk/uksadk izokg gksrk gS ftlls oLrq dh iw£r c<+ tkrh gS vkSj dher ?kVdj ykxr osQ cjkcj gks tkrh gS] fdUrqnks ns'kksa esa lk/uksa esa xfr'khyrk osQ vHkko osQ dkj.k oLrq dh ykxr vkSj dher esa fofHkfÂrk jg ldrh gSA

(2) cktkjksa dh i`Fkdrk (Separate Markets)μvkUrfjd vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa nwljk vUrj ;g gS fdnksuksa osQ cktkjksa esa iFkdrk ik;h tkrh gSA ,d ns'k osQ fofHkÂ cktkjksa esa Hkk"kk] jhfr&fjokt] vknr] uki&rkSyvkSj #fp;ksa esa og Hksn ugha ik;k tkrk tks nks fons'kh cktkjksa esa jgrk gSA bl dkj.k fons'kh cktkj] ns'kosQ cktkj ls i`Fko~Q gks tkrk gSA

cktkjksa dh i`Fko~Qrk osQ fo"k; esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ rF; ;g gS fd ,d ns'k osQ fofHkÂ {ks=kksa esa Hkh vUrjfo|eku jgrs gSa vr% bu nksuksa esa iw.kZ vUrj u gksdj osQoy ek=kk dk vUrj gSA

(3) lewg dh fHkÂrk (Different Groups)μvkUrfjd vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa rhljk Hksn ;g gS fd ns'kosQ Hkhrj gksus okyk O;kikj leku yksxksa osQ lewg osQ chp gksrk gS tcfd fons'kksa ls gksus okyk O;kikj fofHkÂlewgksa osQ chp gksrk gSA ,d ns'k esa vk£Fkd&lkekftd okrkoj.k esa lekurk yksxksa esa leku lewgksa dkfuekZ.k djrh gS tcfd nks fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa mDr {ks=k esa vlekurk vleku lewg fu£er djrh gSA blhfy,izsQMfjd fyLV dgrs gSa fd ¶vkUrfjd O;kikj gekjs chp gksrk gS rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj gekjsvkSj muosQ chp gksrk gSA¸1

(4) jktuhfrd bdkb;ksa dh fHkÂrk (Difference in Political Units)μjk"Vªh; vFkok vkUrfjd O;kikj ,dns'k osQ Hkhrj gksrk gS tks jktuhfrd :i ls ,d LorU=k ,oa izHkqrk okyh bdkbZ gksrh gSA bldk vFkZ ;gugha gS fd ,d ijrU=k ns'k osQ Hkhrj gksus okys O;kikj dks vkUrfjd O;kikj ugha dgsaxsA dgus dk rkRi;Zbruk Hkj gS fd og lEiw.kZ {ks=k ,d ljdkj osQ v/hu jgrk gS tcfd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj nks ,sls ns'kksaosQ chp gksrk gS ftudh ljdkjsa vyx&vyx gksrh gSaA ,d ns'k dh ljdkj fons'kh ukxfjdksa dh rqyuk esa]vius ns'k osQ ukxfjdksa osQ fgrksa vkSj dY;k.k dk izeq[krk nsrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd dHkh&dHkh jk"Vªh;fgrksa vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa la?k"kZ gksrk gS rFkk jk"Vªh; fgrksa dh j{kk dh tkrh gS] Hkys gh mlls fons'khfgrksa dh {kfr igqaprh gksA

(5) fHkÂ jk"Vªh; uhfr;ka vkSj gLr{ksi (Different National Pollicies and Intervention)μ,d ns'k osQvkUrfjd O;kikj] m|ksx] okf.kT; vkSj dj&fu/kZj.k lEcU/h dkuwu vkSj uhfr;ka leku jgrh gSa] fdUrqfofHkÂ ns'kksa osQ chp ,slh O;kikfjd uhfr;ksa vkSj dkuwuksa esa dkiQh Hksn gksrk gSA ,d ns'k osQ vkUrfjd O;kikjesa ljdkj izk;% gLr{ksi ugha djrh ysfdu fons'kh O;kikj djrs le; ljdkj rV&dj uhfr] vH;a'k iz.kkyhvkSj fofue; vkfn lEcU/h dbZ izdkj osQ gLr{ksi djrh gSA blls dbZ izdkj dh leL;kvksa dk tUe gksrkgS rFkk eqDr vFkok LorU=k O;kikj osQ vUrxZr ykxw gksus okys ewY; fl¼kUr dks] ge gLr{ksi okyhO;kikfjd uhfr;ksa ij ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrkA fHkÂ jk"Vªh; uhfr;kas dks vkUrfjd vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjdk dkj.k crkrs gq, izks- gSjM dgrs gSa fd ¶,d ns'k osQ ukxfjdksa osQ fy, jk"Vªh; vkSj LFkkuh; dj iz.kkyh]LokLF;] iSQDVjh laxBu] f'k{kk vkSj lkekftd lqj{kk lEcU/h fu;e ,dleku gksrs gSa rFkk O;kikfjddk;Z&iz.kkyh Hkh ,d gksrh gSA¸1 bl izdkj ljdkj }kjk iznÙk lqfo/kvksa vkSj ykHkksa osQ vk/kj ij nks ns'kksaesa okLrfod ykxr esa vUrj jg ldrk gSA

1. “Domestic trade is among us, international trade is between us and them.”—Quoted by Kindleberger, International Economies, p. 14


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(6) pyu iz.kkyh esa fHkÂrk (Difference in Cuurency Systme)μvkUrfjd vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esaizeq[k vUrj ;g gksrk gSA fd tgka vkUrfjd O;kikj esa ,dleku eqnzk iz.kkyh gksrh gSA ogha nks fHkÂ ns'kksaesa fHkÂ&fHkÂ pyu iz.kkyh gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vUrjkZZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa fons'kh fofue; vkSj fofue;dh nj dk iz'u mifLFkr gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc rfeyukMq vkSj eè; izns'k esa O;kikj gksrk gSArks fofue; dh bdkbZ #i;k gh gksrh gS] fdUrq tc Hkkjr vkSj baxyS.M osQ chp O;kikj gksrk gS rks ;giz'u mifLFkr gksrk gS fd ikS.M vkSj #i;s osQ chp fofue; dh D;k nj gks\ fofHkÂ ns'k fofue; osQ lEcUèkesa vyx&vyx uhfr;ka viukrs gSa tks ?kjsyw O;kikj vkSj fons'kh O;kikj esa vlekurk dks tUe nsrh gSA

(7) HkkSxksfyd nwjh (Geographical Distance)μoqQN yksx bl vk/kj ij Hkh vkUrfjd vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kij esa Hksn djrs gSa fd vkUrfjd O;kikj dh nwjh de gksrh gSA tcfd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa vfèkdnwjh gksrh gS] fdUrq nksuksa izdkj osQ O;kikj esa Hksn djus dk ;g dksbZ 'kfDr'kkyh roZQ ugha gSA ;g lEHkogS fd de nwjh gksus ij Hkh O;kikj dh izÑfr vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj dh gks ,oa vf/d nwjh gksus ij Hkh O;kij]vkUrfjd gksA tSls dydÙkk vkSj <kdk esa gksus okyk O;kikj vUrjkZ"Vªh; gksxk rFkk dydÙkk vkSj cEcbZosQ chp gksus okyk O;kikj vkUrfjd gksxk tcfd igys dh rqyuk esa nwljs dh nwjh vf/d gSA

(8) ifjogu dh leL;k (Problem of Transportation)μvkUrfjd O;kikj esa ifjogu dh leL;k dfBuugha gksrh D;ksafd ns'k osQ Hkhrj ljdkj }kjk bldh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gS rFkk blesa dksbZ O;o/ku Hkh mifLFkrugha gksrk] fdUrq fons'kksa esa gksus okyk O;kikj izk;% ty vFkok ok;q ekxZ ls gh gksrk gS ftlesa ykxr vkSjtksf[ke nksuksa leL;k,a iSnk gksrh gSaA fiQj] eky osQ ifjogu esa dbZ izdkj dh jktuhfrd leL;k,a Hkh iSnkgksrh gSaA ifjogu osQ fy, ;fn ,d ns'k }kjk] nwljs ns'k dh lhek dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks mldhiwoZ&vuqefr ysuk vko';d gSA

(9) vUrjk Z"Vªh; Hkk Sfnzd lg;ksx dh leL;k (Problem of International Monetary Co-

operation)μvkUrfjd O;kikj esa ekSfnzd lg;ksx dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gksrh D;ksafd ,dleku eqnzkiz.kkyh gksus ls dksbZ dfBukbZ mifLFkr ugha gksrh] fdUrq tc vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj gksrk gS rks ;g vko';dgksrk gS fd fofHkÂ ns'kksa osQ ekSfnzd O;ogkj esa lekurk gksA mlosQ fy, fofHkÂ ekSfnzd laLFkkvksa dk gksukvko';d gks tkrk gS] tSls vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k] vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe] bR;kfnA

(10) thou&Lrj esa fHkÂrk (Difference in the Standard of Living)μvkUrfjd vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esafHkÂrk dk ,d vk/kj ;g gS fd vkUrfjd O;kikj osQ vUrxZr ,sls mRikndksa osQ chp esa oLrqvksa dk fofue;fd;k tkrk gS ftuosQ thou&Lrj esa lekurk gksrh gS tcfd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa ,sls mRikndksa osQ chpoLrqvksa dk fofue; fd;k tkrk gS ftuosQ thou&Lrj esa fHkÂrk gksrh gSA vkUrfjd O;kikj osQ fo'ys"k.kesa ;g ekU;rk gS fd ,dleku dk;Z djus okys yksxksa esa leku thou&Lrj dh izo`fÙk gksrh gS tcfdvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa bl izdkj dh ekU;rk ugha jgrhA blosQ vk/kj ij izks- gSjM dk dFku gS fd ¶;gLi"V gS fd mDr nks izdkj osQ fofue;ksa osQ O;ogkj vkSj izÑfr dks fu/kZfjr djus okys fl¼kUrksa dks oqQNvFkks± esa fHkÂ gksuk pkfg,A¸2

(11) vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh oqQN fof'k"V leL;k,a (Some Specific Problems)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dhoqQN fof'k"V leL;k,a gksrh gSa_ tSls vUrjkZ"Vªh; rjyrk dh leL;k] vUrjkZZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd lg;ksx dh leL;k,a]vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa_ tSls ;wjksfi;u lk>kk cktkj bR;kfn dk mn~Hko] vUrjkZ"Vªh; iwath dk vkokxeu] bR;kfn

1. “The citizens of one country are subject to the same system of national and local taxation tothe same regulation for health, factory organisation, education and social insurance, the samecommercial code.” —Harrod, International Economics, p. 7.

2. “It is clear that principles which determine the course and nature of these two kinds ofinterchange must be in some respects different” —Harrod, op. cit., p. 6.

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tks vkUrfjd O;kikj esa dHkh iSnk gks ugha gksrhA mDr leL;kvksa dk vè;;u vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZ'kkL=k osQ lUnHkZesa djus dh vko';drk gS rFkk blh lUnHkZ esa budk gy Hkh [kkstk tkuk pkfg,A

D;k vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dh vko';drk gS\ (Is There Need ForA Separate Theory of International Trade?)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dh vko';drk osQ iz'u dks ysdj vFkZ'kkL=kh ,der ugha gSaA izfrf"BrvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk oxZ vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks vyx&vyx ekurk gS vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjosQ fy, ,d i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dh odkyr djrk gSA blosQ foijhr izks- vksgfyu vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks vUr{ksZ=kh;O;kikj dh fof'k"V n'kk ekurs gSa vkSj er O;Dr djrs gSa fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, fdlh i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dhvko';drk ugha gSA fu"d"kZ ij vkus ls igys nksuksa fopkj/kjkvksa dk foLr`r vè;;u fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA

(1) izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk n`f"Vdks.k (The Classical View)μizfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa izeq[k :i ls,Me fLeFk] fjdkMksZ] ts- ,l- fey] vkfn vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd vkUrfjd vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj esa ekSfyd vUrj gksrk gSA bu vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us ;g er O;Dr fd;k fd ,d ns'k osQ Hkhrj Je vkSjiwath esa iw.kZ xfr'khyrk ik;h tkrh gS] fdUrq fofHkÂ ns'kksa osQ chp Je vkSj iwath esa bl izdkj dh xfr'khyrkugha ik;h tkrhA bl xfr'khyrk osQ vHkko dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk eq[; vk/kj Lohdkj fd;k x;kA blosQvfrfjDr] fofHkÂ jk"Vªh; uhfr;ka] fofHkÂ jktuhfrd bdkb;ka] pyu&eku esa fHkÂrk rFkk fHkÂ O;kikfjduhfr;ka] tSls rVdj] fofue; fu;U=k.k] dksVk iz.kkyh] vkfn ,sls rRo gSa tks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks jk"Vªh;;k x`g O;kikj ls i`Fko~Q dj nsrs gSaA bl vk/kj ij mDr vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd ,d ns'kesa oLrqvksa osQ fofue; osQ fy, nks n'kk,a ykxw ggksrh gSa os vUrjkZ"Vªh; fofue; esa ykxw ugha gksrh vr%vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, ,d i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dh vko';drk gSA

(2) vksgfyu dk n`f"Vdks.k (Ohlin’s View)μLohMu osQ vFkZ'kkL=kh izks- c£Vy vksgfyu us izfrf"BrvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ bl er dks pqukSrh nh gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dh vko';drkgS rFkk bl er dk izfriknu fd;k gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dh dksbZ vko';drkugha gSA vkUrfjd vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa lekurk crkrs gq, vksgfyu dgrs gSa fd ¶vUrjkZZ"Vªh;O;kikj vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj dh osQoy ,d fof'k"V n'kk gSA¸1 bl vk/kj ij os dgrs gSa fd rqyukRedykxr dk fl¼kUr osQoy vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj gh ykxw ugha gksrk oju~ lHkh izdkj osQ O;kikjksa ij ykxw gksrkgS pkgs og ,d ns'k osQ fofHkÂ {ks=kksa osQ chp gks vFkok nks fHkÂ jk"Vªksa osQ chp gksA vksgfyu osQ vuqlkj] vUrjkZ"Vªh;,oa vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj dh foHksnd fo'ks"krk,a ,d ns'k osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa Hkh fn[kkbZ ns ldrh gSaA

Je ,oa iwath dh xfr'khyrk dk vHkko osQoy vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij gh ugha ik;k tkrk

cfYd ;g vHkko ,d ns'k osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa ik;k tk ldrk gSA

vFkZ'kkL=k osQ fl¼kUrksa dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij ykxw djrs gq, vksgfyu dgrs gSa fd ;fn ek'kZy osQ ewY; fl¼kUrosQ le; rRo* (Time Elements) dks LFkku rRo* (Space Element) esa ifjo£rr dj fn;k tk;s rks bls ewY;fl¼kUr dks ljyrk ls vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA muosQ er esa] ¶vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQfy, LFkku&rRo esa egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj ewY;&fl¼kUr esa bl ij iw.kZ fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk bldkfoLrkj ,d ls vf/d lEcfU/r cktkjksa ij fd;k tkuk pkfg,A¸

vk£Fkd thou esa ^LFkku&rRo* osQ nks egRoiw.kZ igyw gSaμ

1. “International trade is but a special case of inter-regional trade.” —B. Ohlin.


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(i) mRifÙk osQ lk/u lkekU; :i ls oqQN LFkkuksa rd lhfer jgrs gSaA

(ii) oLrqvksa osQ LorU=k izokg esa ifjogu ykxr ,oa vU; ck/d rRoksa ls xfrjks/ iSnk gksrk gSA

bl izdkj xfr'khyrk vFkok vxfr'khyrk dk iz'u LFkku ls lEcfU/r gSA vksgfyu dk er gS fd mRifÙk osQ lkèkufo'ks"k LFkkuksa esa lhfer u gksdj ftyksa esa fLFkr jgrs gSaA ftyk gksus osQ fy, fuEu nks 'krks± dk gksuk t:jh gSμ

(v) ftyksa esa i;kZIr fHkÂrk gksuh pkfg,] vkSj

(c) ,d ftys osQ Hkhrj de fHkÂrk gksuh pkfg,A

vksgfyu us bu nks 'krks± dks iwjk djus okys ftys dks ,d {ks=k (Region) dgk gS ftldk mudh O;k[;k esa egRoiw.kZLFkku gSA bl vk/kj ij ;fn ge bl fl¼kUr dks Lohdkj djrs gSa fd mRifÙk osQ lk/u ,d {ks=k osQ Hkhrj xfr'khyrkgksrs gSa rFkk fofHkÂ {ks=kksa esa muesa xfr'khyrk dk vHkko gksrk gS rks ge {ks=kh; O;kikj dk :ikUrj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjesa dj ldrs gSa vFkkZr~ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, iFko~Q fl¼kUr dh vko';drk ugha jg tkrhA bl izdkj vksgfyudk fu"d"kZ gS fd ¶,d cktkj osQ fl¼kUr osQ fodkl osQ vUrxZr] lkekU; ewY; fl¼kUr osQ ,dhÑr vax osQ :iesa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fl¼kUr dk lekos'k fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj blfy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, i`Fko~Qfl¼kUr dh vko';drk ugha gSA¸1

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr osQ fojks/ esa vksgfyu osQ roZQ (Ohlin’s ArgumentsAgainst a Separate Theory of International Trade)

izks- vksgfyu us izfrf"Br fopkj/kjk vFkkZr~ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, i`Fko~Q fl¼kUrksa dh vko';drk dksvkSfpR;ghu ekuk vkSj bl fopkj/kjk osQ fojks/ esa fuEukafdr roZQ izLrqr fd;sμ

(1) rqyukRed ykxr dk lEcU/μizfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ vuqlkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vkèkkj rqyukRedykxr dk vUrj gS] fdUrq vksgfyu dk dFku gS fd rqyukRed ykxr dk fl¼kUr osQoy vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj ij gh ykxw ugha gksrk oju~ vkUrfjd O;kikj esa Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA tc ,d ns'k osQ nks {ks=kksa esa vkilesa nks oLrqvksa dk O;kikj gksrk gS rks nksuksa {ks=kksa bu nksuksa fofHkÂ oLrqvksa dk mRiknu blfy, djrs gSa D;ksafdmudh rqyukRed ykxr de gksrh gSA blh rF; dks nks O;fDr;ksa ij ykxw djrs gq, Lo;a MsfoM fjdkMksZ(David Ricardo) dgrs gSa fd ¶nks O;fDr twrk vkSj Vksi cukus esa og vius izfr;ksxh dh rqyuk esa 20

izfr'kr vf/d oqQ'ky gS tcfd twrk cukus esa 33 13 izfr'kr vf/d oqQ'ky gSA D;k ;g nksuksa osQ fgr

esa ugha gksxk fd Js"B O;fDr osQoy twrksa dk mRiknu djsa rFkk voqQ'ky O;fDr Vksi cuk;sA¸2 bl lUnHkZesa vksgfyu dk er gS fd ¶{ks=k ,oa jk"Vª ,d&nwljs osQ lkFk fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj O;kikj mUgha dkj.kksa lsdjrs gSa ftuosQ dkj.k O;fDr fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj O;kikj djrs gSaA oqQN O;fDr vius fof'k"V LoHkko osQdkj.k fdlh dk;Z osQ fy, nwljksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d mi;qDr gksrs gSaA ,d O;fDr vPNk ckxoku gks ldrkgS] nwljk vPNk f'k{kd rFkk rhljk Js"B MkWDVj gks ldrk gSA ckxoku voqQ'ky f'k{kd fl¼ gksxk rFkkf'k{kd v;ksX; MkWDVj fl¼ gksxkA bl izdkj fof'k"Vhdj.k dk ykHk Li"V gSA ;gka rd fd ;fn izR;sdO;fDr ;ksX;rk esa lekuk gksrk rks Hkh fof'k"Vhdj.k ykHknk;d gksrk gSA¸

mi;qZDr foospu ls ;g Li"V gS fd vius fo'kq¼ :i esa rqyukRed ykxr dk fl¼kUr vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikjij Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA rqyukRed ykxr dk fl¼kUr ml gj ekeys esa ykxw gksxk tgka vxfr'khyrk ik;htkrh gS pkgs og nks fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa gks vFkok ,d ns'k osQ nks fofHkÂ {ks=kksa esa gksA isjsVks (Pareto) osQ vuqlkj]

1. “The Development of the concept of the one market theory can include the theory of interna-tional trade as an integral part of the general price theory and that therefore there is no needfor a saparate theory of international trade.”

—Harrod, International Economics, p. 7.2. David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy (Every man’s Edition), p. 83.

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¶rqyukRed ykxr dk fopkj osQoy vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh gh fo'ks"krk ugha gS cfYd bls ,dvk£Fkd bdkbZ osQ vUrxZr jgus okys O;fDr;ksa ij Hkh ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA¸ ,toFkZ(Edgeworth) osQ fl¼kUr dh vko';drk ugha gSA

(2) Je vkSj iwath dh xfr'khyrk dk lEcU/μvksgfyu dk dguk gS fd mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa esa xfr'khyrkdk vHkko fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa gh ugha] ,d ns'k oQ fofHkÂ {ks=kksa esa Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA gscjyj osQ vuqlkj]¶,d ns'k dh lhekvksa osQ Hkhrj Hkh okLrfod iwath dks ,d mRiknu&{ks=k ls nwljs mRiknu&{ks=k rd rRijrkls LFkkukUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkSj ,d gh ns'k osQ ,d {ks=k ls nwljs {ks=k rd iwathxr oLrqvksa osQifjogu dh ykxr dHkh&dHkh nks ns'kksa osQ chp gh ifjogu dh ykxr ls vf/d gksrh gSA¸1 ts- bZ- osQ;jUl(J. E. Cairnes) osQ vuqlkj] ¶;g dguk lR; ugha gS fd mRifÙk osQ lk/u ns'k esa iw.kZ xfr'khy rFkkfofHkÂ ns'kksa esa iw.kZ vxfr'khy gksrs gSaA¸ mUgksaus xSj&izfr;ksxh lewgksa (Non-Competitive Group)

dh O;k[;k dh vkSj crk;k fd ftl izdkj nks ns'kksa esa xSj&izfr;ksxh lewg gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ buesa vkil esadksbZ izfr;ksfxrk ugha gksrh mlh izdkj ,d ns'k esa Hkh ,sls xSj&izfr;ksxh lewg gksrs gSa ftuesa xfr'khyrk ughagksrhA (mnkgj.k osQ fy,] [ksfrgj etwnj vius LFkkuksa dks NksM+dj [kkuksa vFkok dkj[kkuksa esa dke djukilUn ugha djrs vFkkZr~ bu nksuksa LFkkuksa esa Jfedksa osQ nks lewg jgrs gSa ftuesa izfr;ksfxrk ugha gksrhA blosQvfrfjDr] ,d gh ns'ks esa etnwjh osQ vyx&vyx Lrj rFkk C;kt dh njksa esa fHkÂrk dk ik;k tkuk blckr dk izek.k gS fd ,d gh ns'k esa Je vkSj iwath esa xfr'khyrk ugha ik;h tkrhA ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrkgS fd ,d ns'k esa Hkk"kk] tkfr] tyok;q vkSj lkekftd jhfr&fjoktksa esa bruh fHkÂrk jgrh gS fd mlosQdkj.k Jfedksa esa xfr'khyrk dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA eè; izns'k dk Jfed] nf{k.k Hkkjr dh vkSj bUghadkj.kksa ls xfr'khy ugha gks ikrk D;ksafd bu nksuksa {ks=kksa esa Hkkjh fHkÂrk gSA)

vkxs pydj izks- vksgfyu us bl ckr dks Hkh Li"V fd;k gS fd nks ns'kksa esa Je vkSj iwath esa xfr'khyrkik;h tkrh gS vFkkZr~ mUgksaus izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ bl er dk [k.Mu fd;k fd nks ns'kksa esa Je vkSjiwath vxfr'khy gksrs gSaA izks- fofy;El (J. H. Williams) osQ vuqlkj] ¶dHkh&dHkh ns'k dh lhekvksaosQ ckgj cM+s iSekus ij mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa esa xfr'khyrk ik;h tkrh gSA¸ izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us Hkhbl lR; dks LOkhdkj fd;kA ,Me fLeFk us tula[;k osQ mRizoklu (Emigration) osQ egRo dksizfrikfnr fd;k rFkk ts- ,l- fey us bl rF; dks Lohdkj fd;k fd ns'kksa esa iwath vf/d xfr'khyvkSj lkoZHkkSfed gks jgh gSA

bl izdkj tgka rd ,d gh ns'k esa Je vkSj iwath xfr'khy ugha gks ikrs] ogha nks ns'kksa esa Je vkSj iwathesa vxfr'khyrk ik;h tkrh gSA vksgfyu osQ vuqlkj] ¶ns'kksa osQ chp lk/uksa dh xfrghurk osQoylkisf{kd gS D;ksafd vuqowQy voljksa ij ;gh lk/u vU; ns'kksa dks xfr'khy gks tkrs gSa¸ vr% izfrf"BrvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa }kjk izfrikfnr lkèku xfr'khyrk osQ vk/kj ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dhvko';drk ugha gSA

(3) fofHkÂ eqnzkvksa osQ pyu dk lEcU/μizfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dkvkSfpR; blfy, izfrikfnr fd;k D;ksafd nks ns'kksa esa fofHkÂ pyu iz.kkyh jgrh gS rFkk tc muesa O;kikjgksrk gS rks fofue; nj dk iz'u mifLFkr gksrk gS tks fd ,d ns'k osQ Hkhrj ugha gksrkA ijUrq vksgfyuus bl er dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA muosQ vuqlkj mDr iz'u i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr osQ fy, i;kZIr ugha gS D;ksafdnks ns'kksa osQ chp fofue; dh nj LorU=k u gksdj ns'k dh vkUrfjd Ø;&'kfDr ls izHkkfor gksrh gS vkSj

1. “Even within the bounds of a single country, real capital cannot readily be transferred fromone line of production to another and further the cost of transportation of capital goods fromone part of a country to another is sometimes much greater than from one country to an-other.” —Haberler, The Theory of International Trade, p. 5.


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fiQj ,d gh jk"Vª esa nks izdkj dh pyu eqnzk ik;s tkus osQ mnkgj.k ekStwn gSa tSls LorU=krk ls iwoZ gSnjkcknfj;klr dh pyu iz.kkyh 'ks"k Hkkjr ls fHkUu Fkh rFkk bu eqnzkvksa esa fofue; Hkh gksrk FkkA ;gh dkj.k gSfd cgqr&ls vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us fons'kh fofue; dh leL;k dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; ,oa vkUrfjd O;kikj osQ chp Hksndk i;kZIr vk/kj ugha ekukA vksgfyu osQ vuqlkj] ¶lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ Hksn jk"Vªh; vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj esa djus dk ugha gS oju~ ,d cktkj osQ fy, ewY; osQ fl¼kUr ,oa fofHkÂ cktkjksa osQ fy,ewY; osQ fl¼kUr dk gSA¸1

(4) vkUrfjd vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; fofue; nksuksa vny&cny gh gSaμoLrq fofue; osQ vk/kj ij Hkh vkUrfjdvkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa Hksn djuk mfpr ugha gS D;ksafd nksuksa izdkj osQ O;kikjksa esa oLrq fofue; dkLo:i ik;k tkrk gSA ;g ckr nwljh gS fd eqnzk dh mifLFkfr us fofue; dks lqfo/ktud vkSj ljy cukfn;k gSA izks- osQuu (E. Canon) osQ vuqlkj] ¶gesa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ lEcU/ esa ;g tksj nsus dh ew[kZrkNksM+ nsuh pkfg, fd og okLro esa oLrq&fofue; gSA ;fn eqnzk dks ckgj dj fn;k tk;s rks leLr O;kikjoLrq&fofue; gh jg tkrk gSA eqnzk dk gLr{ksi oLrq&fofue; dks Ø;&foØ; esa ifj.kr dj nsrk gS rFkkvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa ge ,d eqnzk osQ LFkku ij nks eqnzkvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA¸

fu"d"kZ

izks- vksgfyu osQ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr osQ fojks/ esa tks roZQ fn;s gSa] muosQ vk/kj ij dgk tkldrk gS fd tks fl¼kUr vkUrfjd ;k vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj ij ykxw gksrs gSa] ogh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij Hkh ykxwgksrs gSa vr% blosQ fy, i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dh vko';drk ugha gSA blh vk/kj ij vksgfyu us viuh iqLrd ‘Inter-

regional and International Trade’ osQ ifjf'k"Vkad 3 esa izfrf"Vr vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kUr dh dVqvkykspuk dh gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, fofHkÂ eqY; fl¼kUr dk fojks/ djrs gq, vksgfyu dgrs gSa fd tksewY; lEcU/h fl¼kUr ,d ns'k osQ fofHkÂ {ks=kksa osQ chp O;kikj dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gS ogh fl¼kUr fofHkÂ ns'kksaosQ chp O;kikj dh Hkh O;oLFkk djrk gSA vr% ewY; dk lkekU; lUrqyu dk fl¼kUr (General Equilibrium

Theory of Price) tks ns'k osQ Hkhrj O;kikj dh O;k[;k djrk gS] vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks le>kus osQ fy, Hkh i;kZIrgSA gScjyj osQ vuqlkj] ¶vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj fl¼kUr dks lkekU; lUrqyu fl¼kUr dk ,d fof'k"V iz;ksx le>ukpkfg,A¸

vksgfyu us jktuhfrd lhekvksa dks Hkh O;kikj dk vk/kj Lohdkj ugha fd;k gSA muosQ vuqlkj fofHkÂ ns'k oLrqr%nks {ks=kksa osQ leku gSa tks jktuhfrd lhekvksa] rVdj ck/kvksa] Hkk"kk] jhfr&fjokt] bR;kfn osQ vk/kj ij i`Fko~Q fd;stkrs gSa] fdUrq ;s ck/k,a LFkk;h ugha jgrh bfrgkl crkrk gS fd le;≤ ij ns'k dh jktuhfrd lhekvksa esaifjorZu gqvk gSA Hkkjr ls cekZ vkSj ikfdLrku osQ i`Fko~Q gks tkus osQ ckn gekjs ns'k dh lhek cny x;h gSA ns'kksaosQ chp gVdj ;k iz'kqYd ck/k,a Hkh gVk nh x;h gSa tSls ;wjksfi;u lk>k cktkj osQ ns'kksa osQ chp gVdj ;k iz'kqYdck/k,a ugha gSaA bl O;k[;k osQ vuqlkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj] ,d izdkj ls vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj gh gSA

;|fi vksgfyu us {ks=k vkSj ns'k es lekurk LFkkfir dh gS] fdUrq fuEu nks ckrsa esa {ks=k vkSj jk"Vª esa fHkÂrk gksldrh gSμ

(i) vk£Fkd n`f"V ls leku nks {ks=k] jktuhfrd n`f"V ls nks i`Fko~Q ns'k gks ldrs gSaA tSls foHkktu osQ i'pkrif'peh caxky Hkkjr ns'k dk vax gS tcfd iwohZ caxky ikfdLrku osQ v/hu gks x;k tks vc caxykns'kgSA vk£Fkd ,oa lkekftd n`f"V us bu nksuksa {ks=kksa esa dkiQh lekurk gSA vksgfyu us ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd,sls nks leku {ks=k okys ns'kksa esa jktuhfrd lhekvksa dh vis{kk] ikjLifjd&fuHkZjrk vkSj vk£Fkd fgrksa dhvf/d lehirk gksrh gSA

1. “The most important distinction to be made is not between the theory of international Com-merce and that of national commerce but between a theory of prices for a single market anda theory.

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(ii) nwljh fHkÂrk osQ vk/kj ij ,d cM+s ns'k esa dbZ {ks=k gks ldrs gSa ftuesa mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dh iw£r esa fHkÂrkjgrh gSA tSls Hkkjr ljh[ks fo'kky ns'k esa iatkc] egkjk"Vª] fcgkj] rfeyukMq] vkfn dbZ {ks=k gSa ftuesa cgqrvlekurk,a gSaA

{ks=k vkSj ns'k esa mDr fHkÂrk dks Lohdkj djrs gq, gh vksgfyu us dgk gS fd ¶vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj]vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj dh osQoy ,d fof'k"V n'kk gS¸ bl izdkj dk;Ziz.kkyh osQ vk/kj (Methodological

ground) ij vksgfyu us vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dh vko';drk dks vLohdkj dj fn;k ysfdu]pwafd mUgksaus bls ,d fof'k"V n'kk ekuk gS vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZ'kkL=k osQ :i O;kikj dk vè;;u mlh rjg fo'ks"k :iesa fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftl izdkj vFkZ'kkL=k esa vusd 'kk[kkvksa dk fo'ks"k vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS_ tSls ekSfnzdvFkZ'kkL=k] jktLo] vkS|ksfxd vFkZ'kkL=k] bR;kfnA

(ii) vUrkZ"Vªh; O;kikjμvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vFkZ ml O;kikj ls gS ftlosQ vUrxZr nks ;k nks ls vf/d jk"VªksaosQ chp oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk fofue; fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn Hkkjr dk O;kikj fczVsu vFkokvejhdk osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA mnkjg.k osQ fy,] ;fn Hkkjr dk O;kikj fczVsu vFkok vejhdk osQ lkFk fd;k tkrkgS rks ;g vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj gksxkA bls cká O;kikj (External Trade) vFkok fons'kh O;kikj (Foregin Trade)

Hkh dgrs gSaA

x`g O;kikj vkSj fons'kh O;kikj dh foHkktu js[kk ,d ns'k dh lhek gksrh gSA ml lhek osQ Hkhrj gksus okyk O;kikjx`g O;kikj gksrk gS rFkk lhek osQ ckgj fofHkÂ ns'kksa osQ lkFk fd;k tkus okyk O;kikj fons'kh O;kikj dgykrk gSA¸

orZeku esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ns'kksa osQ fy, vko';d gks x;k gSA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g gS fd izk;% lc ns'kksaus HkkSxksfyd fof'k"Vhdj.k dks viuk fy;k gS D;ksafd rduhdh fodkl vkSj oSKkfud vkfo"dkj osQ dkj.kfof'k"Vdhj.k dk {ks=k dkiQh O;kid gks x;k gSA blosQ vuqlkj izR;sd jk"Vª osQoy mUgha oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djjgk gS ftuesa og lokZf/d oqQ'ky gS vkSj ftudh rqyukRed ykxr de gS vFkkZr~ og viuh vko';drkvksa dhiw£r djuk pkgrk gS rks mls viuh oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djuk gksxk rFkk fons'kksa ls vko';d oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djukgksxkA ,YloFkZ dk rks ;gka rd dguk gS fd cgqr&ls ns'kksa osQ fy, rks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj thou vFkok e`R;q dkiz'u cu x;k gSA orZeku le; esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh vko';drk dks izn£'kr djus okys fcUnqvksa esa izeq[k gSaμ

(1) Je&foHkktuμns'kksa esa c<+rs gq, Je&foHkktu osQ dkj.k fons'kh O;kikj vko';d gks x;k gS D;ksafdtks ns'k oqQN fo'ks"k oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrk gS] og mudk fu;kZr djuk pkgrk gS rFkk mlosQ cnysvius fy, vko';d oLrqvksa dks fons'kh ls vk;kr djuk pkgrk gSA ;g fons'kh O;kikj osQ ekè;e lsgh lEHko gSA

(2) dPps eky dh miyfC/μoqQN ns'kksa osQ ikl e'khusa vkSj rduhdh Kku rks miyC/ gksrk gS] fdUrqvkS|ksfxd mRiknu djus osQ fy, i;kZIr dPpk eky ugha gksrkA ;fn os mRiknu djuk pkgrs gSa rks fons'kksalss dPpk eky vk;kr djuk vko';d gS tks fons'kh O;kikj ls gh lEHko gSA fczVsu us fons'kh O;kikj dhlgk;rk ls gh fons'kh ls i;kZIr ek=kk esa dPpk eky vk;kr dj vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dk usr`Ro fd;k gSA

(3) izkÑfrd lk/uksa dk iw.kZ iz;ksxμfons'kh O;kikj blfy, Hkh vko';d gS fd ns'k osQ izkÑfrd lk/uksadk mfpr iz;ksx fd;k tk losQA bu lk/uksa dk Js"Bre iz;ksx rHkh lEHko gS tc vf/dre mRiknu gksrFkk vf/dre mRiknu dk vkSfpR; mlh le; gS tc vfrfjDr eky dk fu;kZr fd;k tk losQA fons'khO;kikj osQ ekè;e ls izpqj izkÑfrd lk/uksa dk fu;kZr djuk lEHko gksrk gS rFkk ns'k esa lhfer iw£r okysizkÑfrd ,oa vU; mRifÙk lk/uksa dk vk;kr djuk vklkuk gks tkrk gSA

(4) fons'kh izfr;ksfxrk osQ fy,μfons'kh O;kikj blfy, Hkh vko';d gS fd ns'k osQ m|ksx fons'kh m|ksxksa lsizfrLi¼kZ dj losaQA izfr;ksfxrk osQ vHkko esa ;g lEHko gS fd ns'k osQ m|ksxksa esa ,dkf/dkj dh izofÙk iuiusyxs tks fd ns'k osQ fy, ?kkrd gSA ;g fooknkLin gS fd vk£Fkd fodkl dh fdl voLFkk esa ns'k osQ m|ksxksa


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dks fons'kh m|ksxksa ls izfr;ksfxrk djus nsuk pkfg,A izsQMfjd fyLV osQ vuqlkj tc rd ns'k osQ m|ksxiw.kZ:i ls fodflr ugha gks tkrs] mUgsa fons'kksa ls izfr;ksfxrk ugha djus nsuk pkfg,A

(5) miHkksDrkvksa osQ fy, oLrqvksa dh miyfC/μvUrjkZZ"Vªh; O;kikj blfy, Hkh vko';d gS fd miHkksDrkvksadk fo'o osQ cktkj ls vko';d oLrq,a lLrs nkeksa ij miyC/ gks losaQA fons'kh O;kikj us miHkksDrkvksa dh#fp;ksa dks fofo/ ,oa lEiÂ cuk fn;k gSA

blosQ vfrfjDr vkSj Hkh vusd dkj.k gSa ftlls fons'kh O;kikj vko';d gks x;k gSA budh foLrkj ls ppkZ fons'khO;kikj osQ ykHk osQ vUrxZr dh tk;sxh D;ksafd budk lEcU/ ykHkksa ls vf/d gSA gSjksM osQ fopkj esa ¶ftl izdkjJe&foHkktu osQ fy, fofue; vko';d gksrk gS] mlh izdkj tc Je&foHkktu ns'k dh lhek dks yka?k tkrk gSrks fons'kh O;kikj vko';d gks tkrk gSA ;g vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je&foHkktu dks vko';d ifj.kke gSA¸1

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk egRo (Importance of International Trade)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk egRo fnuksa&fnu c<+rk tk jgk gS rFkk blh dkj.k ns'kksa esa vkilh lg;ksx Hkh c<+ jgk gSA;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd izR;sd ns'k osQ fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk leku egRo gksrk gS D;ksafd ftl ns'k esaoqQy mRiknu esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk Hkkx vf/d gksrk gS mlosQ fy, fons'kh O;kikj dk egRo vf/d gksrk gSrFkk tgka fons'kh O;kikj dk Hkkx de gksrk gS] ogka mldk egRo de gksrk gSA fiQj Hkh oqQN u oqQN egRo rksvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk izR;sd ns'k osQ fy, gksrk gh gSA

fdlh ns'k osQ fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vk£Fkd egRo] vkUrfjd O;kikj osQ leku gh gS vFkkZr~ thou&Lrj esao`f¼ djukA lR; rks ;g gS fd fons'kh O;kikj osQ vHkko esa u rks vf/d yksx bruh izlÂrk ls thou;kiu djldrs Fks] u bruh vf/d fofo/ vko';drkvksa dh iw£r dj ldrs Fks vkSj u bruk mPp thou&Lrj fcrk ldrsFks ftruk fd vkt lEHko gks ldk gSA ;fn fons'kh O;kikj u gksrk rks la;qDr jkT; vesjhdk osQ yksxksa dks vusdoLrqvksa_ tSls pk;- dkWiQh] pkdysV] osQyk] bR;kfn osQ miHkksx ls oafpr jguk iM+rkA fons'kh O;kikj dk Li"V egRorks ;g gS fd blosQ ekè;e ls fons'kksa ls ,slh oLrqvksa dk vk;kt fd;k tk ldrk gS ftUgsa ns'k esa iSnk ugha fd;ktk ldrk vFkok ftu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu ns'k esa Åaph ykxr ij fd;k tk ldrk gS] mUgsa de ykxr ij fons'kksals vk;kr dj ldrs gSaA izks- ,YloFkZ osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vf/d yksxksa osQ jgus] vf/d fofo/vko';drkvksa dh iw£r djus ,oa mPp thou&Lrj dks lEHko cukrk gS tks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vHkko esa lEHkougha gksrkA¸2

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk egRo osQoy lLrh vkSj fofo/ oLrqvksa dks miyC/ djkus rd gh lhfer ugha gS oju~ ns'kesa vk£Fkd fodkl dks xfr'khy cukus esa bldh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA cgqr&ls vFkZ'kkL=kh bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrsgSa fd chloha lnh dk vk£Fkd fodkl eq[;r% vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ dkj.k lEHko gks ldk gSA ;fn ;wjksi esa fons'khO;kikj osQ ekè;e ls fons'kksa ls [kk|kÂ vkSj dPps eky dk vk;kr lEHko u gqvk gksrk rks ogka tks vkS|ksfxd ØkafrgqbZ] og ;k rks gksrh gh ugha ;k cgqr gh lhfer jgh gksrhA izks- fe;j (Meier J. M.) osQ vuqlkj] ¶vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjus ,sls vusd ns'kksa osQ fodkl dks vkxs c<+kus dk dk;Z fd;k gS tks vkt fo'o osQ lokZf/d le`¼ ns'k le>s tkrsgSaA fczVsu dk vk£Fkd fodkl Åuh rFkk lwrh diM+ksa osQ fu;kZr osQ dkj.k] LohMu dk ydM+h osQ O;kikj ls] MsuekoZQdk Ms;jh osQ fu;kZr }kjk rFkk tkiku dk js'ke osQ O;kikj ls gqvk gS-------izkFkfed oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djus okys

1 “As exchange in general is necessitated by the division of labour, so foreign trade appearswhen the division of Labour is pushed beyond national fornitiers. It is the necessary conse-quence of an International Division of Labour.”

—Harrod, International Economics, p. 7.2 “International trade permits more people to live, to gratify more varied tastes and to enjoy a

higher standard of living than would be possible in it’s absence.”—Ellsworth, The International Economy, New York, 1958, p. 3.

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ns'kksa esa Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk egRo Li"V :i ls fl¼ gks tkrk gSA¸ blh lUnHkZ esa if'peh ;wjksi dk mnkgj.knsrs gq, ,YloFkZ dgrs gSa fd ¶ekyk;k osQ jcj rFkk eè;iwoZ osQ isVªksy osQ fcuk] if'peh ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa dh dkjsarFkk ;k=kh clsa xfrghu gks tkrhaA¸



1. fdlus dgk gS fd vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj vkSj vUrjkZZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa dksbZ ekSfyd Hksn ugha gSμ

(d) ,Me fLeFk ([k) fjdkMksZ (x) izks- vksgfyu (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

2. vkUrfjd O;kikj osQ fdrus i{k gksrs gSaμ

(d) nks ([k) rhu (x) pkj (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

3. ¶vkUrfjd O;kikj gekjs chp gksrk gS rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj gekjs vkSj muosQ chp gksrk gSA¸ ;g dFku gSμ

(d) ts- ,l- fey ([k) izsQMfjd fyLV (x) fjdkMksZ (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

4. varjkZ‘ªh; O;kikj dk eq[; vk/kj gSμ

(d) iw¡th dh xfr'khyrk ([k) varjkZ‘ªh; rjyrk

(x) varjkZ‘ªh; lg;ksx (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

5. rqyukRed ykxr fl¼kar ykxw gksrk gSμ

(d) vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij ([k) vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj ij


6. orZeku le; esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh vko';drk dks izn£'kr djrk gSA

(d) Je dh xfr'khyrk ([k) iw¡th dh xfr'khyrk

(x) Je&foHkktu (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

7. miHkksDrk dh :fp;ksa dks fofo/ vkSj lEiUu cuk fn;k gSμ

(d) vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj us ([k) vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj us


7-2 fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ij vUrj vkS|ksfxd ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk izHkko(Impact on Developing Economics of Intra Trade and InternationalTrade)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ izfrf"Br] uo izfrf"Br gsDlpj&vksgfyu] lSeqvylu rFkk vU; fl¼kUr izk;% nks ns'kksa osQeè; varj&m|ksx O;kikj (Inter-Industry) dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA varj&m|ksx O;kikj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh ogfLFkfr gS tgka ,d m|ksx dh oLrq dk ,d fHkUu m|ksx dh oLrq osQ lkFk fofue; fd;k tkrk gS_ tSls Hkkjrh; twrsdk tkikuh e'khujh osQ lkFk O;kikj dk gksukA varj&m|ksx vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh ekU;rk ijvkèkkfjr gSA nwljh vkSj vkarj&m|ksx vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vUrxZr ,d gh m|ksx esa HksnhÑr oLrqvksa dk O;kikjgksrk gS tks leku (Similar) rks gksrh gSa] ijUrq le:i (Indentical) ugha gksrh_ tSls tkikuh dkjksa dk vesfjdhdkjksa osQ lkFk O;kikj vkSj blh rjg lkcqu] ?kfM+;ka] twrs rFkk vU; oLrqvksa dk ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj gSA tc oLrqfoHksnhdj.k osQ lkFk&lkFk i;kZIr ykxr varjksa osQ lkFk mRiknu djrs gSa rFkk lHkh izdkj dh fHkUu oLrqvksa dk fofue;djrs gS] rc ;g vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj gksrk gS] ijUrq tc ,d gh m|ksx esa fcuk i;kZIr ykxr vUrjksa osQ ns'kfof'k"Vdj.k vkSj O;kikj djrs gSa rks ;g vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj gSA


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vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj c<+ jgs Je&foHkktu osQ dkj.k gksrk gS tks cktkj osQ vkdkj ij fuHkZj djrkgSA rhoz vk£Fkd fodkl vkSj fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk osQ Hkwe.Myh; osQ lkFk vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj eè;orhZ vkSj vfUreoLrqvksa esa iSQy x;k gSaA ;g Åaph ifjogu ykxrksa osQ dkj.k lhek&O;kikj (Border Trade) osQ :i esa rFkk iQyksa,oa lfCt;ksa dh Åaph HkaMkj.k ykxrksa osQ dkj.k ekSleh O;kikj osQ :i esa ns'kksa osQ chp foLr`r gqvk gSA

vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd ns'kh ,oa fons'kh iQeks± dh ,dleku oLrq osQ mRiknu es ,dkf/dkjjgrk gS rks O;kikj gksus ls izfr;ksfxrk gksrh gS ftlls nksuksa iQeks± osQ mRikn dh dhersa de gks tkrh gSa vkSj ykHkdh lhek ?kV tkrh gSaA blosQ iQyLo:i ,dkf/dkjh iQeks± dks gkfu gksrh gS] ijUrq nksuksa ns'kksa osQ miHkksDrkvksa dksykHk gksrk gSA

vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj osQ fuEufyf[kr ykHk gSμ

(1) ,slk O;kikj nksuksa ns'kksa esa cgqr fdLe dh oLrq,a miyC/ djkrk gSA O;kikj dk foLrkj gksus ls mRikndksadks cM+s iSekus dh ferO;f;rkvksa osQ ykHk izkIr gksrs gSa ftlesa oLrqvksa dh ykxrsa ,oa dhersa de gks tkrhgSA nksuksa ns'kksa osQ miHkksDrkvksa dks lLrh vkSj xq.koÙkk okyh oLrq,a miyC/ gksrh gSa] ijUrq ykHk ek£tu cgqr?kV tkus ls oqQN mRiknd cUn dj m|ksx dks NksM+ tkrs gSaA

(2) oLrq foHksnhdj.k ls ,d NksVk ns'k iSekus dh ferO;f;rkvksa vkSj fof'k"Vhdj.k }kjk ,d cM+s ns'k ls dedher ij oLrq,a csp ldrk gS vkSj bl rjg vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ykHk izkIr dj ldrk gSA

(3) vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj leku lk/u lEiUurkvksa rFkk leku vkdkj osQ nks ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj dh ek=kkes o`f¼ djrk gSA

(4) foHksnhÑr oLrqvksa ij vk/kfjr O;kikj mRiknu ykxrksa dks de djus osQ fy, fofHkUu ns'kksa esa iqtks± osQmRiknu vkSj muosQ tqVkus esa o`f¼ djrk gSA blls cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa }kjk iqtks± osQ O;kikj esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA

vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj osQ lEcU/ esa cks lksMLVsZu (Bo Sodersten) us bafxr fd;k gS fd] ¶vkarj&O;kikj dhfoospukvksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls leLr vk vkaf'kd oLrq foHksnhdj.k] iSekus dh ferO;f;rk,a] ,dkfèkdkjkRedvFkok vYikf/dkjkRed O;ogkj] cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk dk;Zdj.k vkfn lfEefyr gksrs gSaA

fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij O;kikj osQ fofHkÂ izHkko gksrs gSaA ;|fi oqQN izHkkoksa dk vè;;u ge fons'kh O;kikj osQykHkksa osQ vUrxZr dj pqosQ gSa] fdUrq blosQ oqQN izHkko ,sls gSa ftudk i`Fko~Q :i ls vè;;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,Aeq[; izHkko fuEu izdkj gSμ

(1) mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dh dherksa esa lekurk (Equalisation of Factor Prices)μtc fons'kh O;kikj gksrkgS rc fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dh dherksa esa lekurk dh izo`fÙk dks ysdj vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dh fopkj/kjkesa vUrj gSA oqQN vFkZ'kkL=kh mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dh dherksa esa iw.kZ lekurk dh izo`fÙk dks O;Dr djrs gSa rks oqQnvkaf'kd lekurk dh izo`fÙk dksA izks- vksgfyu dk er gS fd LorU=k O;kikj ls lk/uksa dh dherksa esa iw.kZ lekurkLFkkfir ugha gksrhA blosQ foijhr] lseqvylu dk er gS fd oqQN fo'ks"k ekU;rkvksa osQ vUrxZr O;kikj djus okysnksuksa ns'kksa esa okLrfod lk/uksa dh dher fcYoqQy leku gksus dh izo`fÙk jgrh gSA ;s ekU;rk,a bl izdkj gSaμ

(i) osQoy nks ns'k gSa rFkk izR;sd ns'k nks oLrqvksa dk mRiknu dj jgk gSA

(ii) izR;sd oLrq dk mRiknu nks lk/uksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk izR;sd oLrq dk mRiknu iQyumRifÙk lerk fu;e osQ vUrxZr gSA

(iii) ;fn osQoy fdlh ,d lk/u esa o`f¼ dh tkrh gS] rks mldh lhekur mRikndrk fxjrh gSA

(iv) nksuksa ns'kksa esa nksuksa lk/u xq.kksa esa leku gSaA

(v) nksuksa ns'kksa esa oLrqvksa dh iw.kZ xfr'khyrk gS] vkSj

(vi) izR;sd ns'k nksuksa oLrqvksa dh oqQN u oqQN ek=kk dk mRiknu djrk gSA

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bu ekU;rkvksa osQ vk/kj ij lk/uksa dh dherksa esa lekurk dks ,d mnkgj.k ls le>k;k tk ldrk gSμnks ns'k gSaA vkSj B rFkk nks lk/u gSa Je vkSj HkwfeA ns'k A osQ ikl Je dh ek=kk T;knk gS rFkk ns'k B osQ ikl Hkwfe T;knkgSA nkuksa ns'kksa esa O;kikj gksus osQ igys ns'k A esa Je dh dher rqyukRed :i ls de gksxh rFkk Hkwfe dh dhervf/d gksxhA ns'k B esa Bhd blosQ foijhr fLFkfr gksxhA vc nksuksa ns'kksa esa O;kikj gksus ls ns'k A esa ml oLrq osQmRiknu dk fof'k"Vhdj.k gksxk ftlesa vf/d Je vkSj de Hkwfe dh ekax gksxh (tSlh diM+k) rFkk ns'k B esa mloLrq dk mRiknu gksxk ftlesa vf/d Hkwfe rFkk de Je dh ekax gksxh (tSls xsgwa)A ns'k A esa diM+sa osQ mRiknudk fof'k"Vhdj.k gksxk rFkk xsgwa osQ mRiknu es yxs lk/uksa dks diM+s osQ mRiknu dh vkSj izokfgr fd;k tk;sxkAA esa de Hkwfe rFkk vf/d Je dh ekax gksxh blosQ vUrxZr ns'k ns'k A dks ml vuqikr esa lkeatL;(Readjustment) djuk gksxk ftlesa nksuksa m|ksxksa esa Je vkSj Hkwfe fofu;ksftr gS rkfd nksuksa lk/uksa osQ mi;ksx dksvf/dre fd;k tk losQA lUrqyu dh fLFkfr esa nksuksa m|ksxksa esa Je vkSj Hkwfe dh lhekUr mRikndrk dk vuqikrrFkk mudh dhersa leku jguh pkfg, rFkk diM+s vkSj xsgwa dh dherksa osQ vuqikr osQ cjkcj gksuh pkfg,A fons'khO;kikj dh fLFkfr nksuksa m|ksxksa esa lUrqyu dh fLFkfr iSnk dj nsrh gSA ;gh izfØ;k ns'k B esa Hkh gksrh gS ftlosQiQyLo:i nksuksa ns'kksa esa Je vkSj Hkwfe dh dherksa dk vuqikr ,dleku gks tkrk gSA

;g è;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd mDr mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dh dherksa esa nks ns'kksa esa lekurk lnSo LFkkfir ugha gksikrh D;ksafd ,slh fLFkfr esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vk/kj gh lekIr gksus yxrk gSA

(2) oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ ewY;ksa esa lekurk (Equalisation of the Prices of Commodities and

Services)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk izHkko ;g Hkh gksrk gS fd fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ ewY;ksa es lekurkLFkkfir gksus dh izo`fÙk ik;h tkrh gSA ;g mlh le; lEHko gS tc vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj es iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk gks rFkkvk;kr&fu;kZr es dksbZ ifjogu ykxr u yxrh gks] fdUrq okLrfod txr esa fofHkÂ ns'kksa osQ chp es oLrqvksa dkvkokxeu fcuk ykxr osQ lEHko ugha gksrkA ifjogu O;; osQ lkFk chek 'kqYd vkSj rV dj Hkh yxrk gS vkSj fiQjfofHkÂ ns'kksa esa viw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh n'kk,a fo|eku jgrh gSaA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd nks ns'kksa osQ chp LFkk;hrkSj ij oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ ewY;ksa esa lekurk LFkkfir ugha gks ikrhA muesa bruk vUrj rks gksrk gh gS ftrukO;; ifjogu ykxr] lhekdj vkSj chek 'kqYd] bR;kfn esa gksrk gSA

(3) vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk lk/u ekax&iw£r ij izHkko (Effect of Trade on Factor’s Demand &

Supply)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ dkj.k izR;sd ns'k mu m|ksxksa esa fof'k"Vhdj.k izkIr djrk gS ftlesa ns'k esa miyC/izpqj lk/uksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vr% tks lk/u izpqj ek=kk esa miyC/ gksrs gSa] mudh ekax c<+ tkrh gS ,oalhfer lk/uksa dh ekax ?kVus yxrh gSA iQyLo:i izpqj lk/uksa dh dhersa c<+us yxrh gSa vkSj lhfer lk/uksa dhdhersa ?kVus yxrh gSaA dherksa esa o`fa¼ gksus ls izpqj lk/uksa dh iw£r c<+us yxrh gS rFkk dhersa ?kVus ls lhferlk/uksa dh iw£r ?kVrh gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk izHkko ;g gksrk gS fd izpqj lk/uksa dh ekax c<+rh gS] vkSj lhferlk/uksa dh ekax ?kVrh gS ftlls bu nksuksa lk/uksa osQ chp dk vUrj vkSj c<+rk gS rFkk blh izÑfr osQ O;kikj dksizksRlkgu feyrk gSA mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dh iw£r dh yksp ftruh vf/d gksrh gS] fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dh dherksa esa lekurk dh izo`fÙk dk mruk gh vHkko jgrk gSA blls O;kikj ,oa mldh ek=kk dks izksRlkgufeyrk gSA

(4) Je vkSj iwath esa xq.kkRed lq/kj (Qualitative Improvement In Labour and Capital)μfons'khO;kikj esa fof'k"Vhdj.k gksrk gS rFkk fof'k"Vhdj.k ls Je vkSj iwath esa xq.kkRed lq/kj gksrk gS tks iqu% fof'k"Vhdj.kdks izksRlkgu nsrk gSA izks- vksgfyu osQ vuqlkj] ¶O;kikj yksxksa osQ xq.kksa esa ifjorZu yk nsrk gS] mUgsa u;h oLrqvksaosQ miHkksx vkSj iqjkuh oLrqvksa dks u;s rjhosQ ls iz;ksx djus dh f'k{kk nsrk gSA rduhdh Kku eq[; :i lsfof'k"Vhdj.k dk ifj.kke gS ftls O;kikj us lEHko cuk;k gSA O;kikj ls u osQoy rduhdh Je dk oju~ oqQ'kyvkSj voqQ'ky Je dk Lrj Hkh cnyrk gSA¸1 bl izdkj O;kikj ls Je vkSj iawth osQ iz;ksx osQ rjhdksa esa ifjorZugksrk gS ftlls budh oqQ'kyrk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA


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(5) oqQy mRiknu esa o`f¼ (Increase in The Total Production)μfons'kh O;kikj dk ;g izHkko Hkh gksrk gSfd oqQy mRiknu esa of¼ gks tkrh gSA ,d fuf'pr le; esa mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dk oqQy ewY; mu oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksaosQ cjkcj jgrk gS tks mu lk/uksa }kjk iSnk dh tkrh gSaA tc vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj izkjEHk gksrk gS rks fof'k"Vhdj.kosQ dkj.k miyC/ lk/uksa dk vf/d ferO;;rk osQ lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftlls mRiknu esa oqQ'kyrk dh o`f¼gksrh gS vr% mUgha mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa }kjk vc igys ls vf/d ek=kk esa mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa] vf/d mRiknu osQ lUnHkZ esa vc lk/uksa dk ewY; c<+ tkrk gSA

(6) fo'o ekax ij izHkko (Effect on World Demand)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dhekax ij nks rjg ls izHkko gksrk gSA ,d rks O;kikj osQ dkj.k yksxksa dh vk; esa o`f¼ gksrh gS ftlls oLrqvksavkSj lsokvksa dh ekax c<+rh gSA nwljs] yksxksa dh ekax osQ Lo:i esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk gS rFkk yksx u;h oLrqvksadh ekax djus yxrs gSa D;ksafd mudh #fp rFkk bPNkvksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA oqQy feykdj ns'k dh oLrqvksadh ekax ij Hkh bldk izHkko iM+rk gSA bl izdkj fons'kh O;kikj fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh ekaxdks dkiQh izHkkfor djrk gS

(7) jkstxkj ij izHkko (Effect on Employment)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vUrxZr jkstxkj dh rkRdkfydizo`fÙk rks ;g gksrh gS fd mldh ek=kk ?kVus yxrh gS D;ksafd O;kikj ls osQoy fu;kZr m|ksxksa dks gh izksRlkgu feyrkgS rFkk ns'k osQ vU; m|ksxksa ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+us ls ogka jkstxkj dh ek=kk ?kVus yxrh gSA ;|fi fu;kZr m|ksxksaesa jkstxkj dh ek=kk c<+rh gS] fdUrq mldh rqyuk esa vU; m|ksxksa esa csjkstxkjh vf/d iSQyrh gSA fdlh Hkh fiNM+sgq, ns'k esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk izkjfEHkd izHkko ;gh gksrk gS] fdUrq tSls&tSls fu;kZr m|ksxksa dk fodkl gksrkgS jkstxkj dh ek=kk esa Hkh o`f¼ gksus yxrh gSA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj rqyukRed ykxr ij vk/kfjr gS ftlosQ vuqlkj ,d jk"Vª mUgha oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esfof'k"Vhdj.k djrk gS ftuesa mls lkisf{kd ykHk vf/dre gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa izR;sd ns'k dk mRiknu&{ks=kvyx gksxkA vr% fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ iQyLo:i ns'kksa es lg;ksx dh Hkkouk mRiÂ gksuh pkfg,] fdUrq okLrfod fLFkfr;g gS fd ns'kksa esa izfr;ksfxrk gksrh gS ,oa muosQ fgrksa esa la?k"kZ gksrk gSA blls ns'kksa osQ chp dVq oSeuL; dh HkkoukiSQyrh gS ftlls dHkh&dHkh ;q¼ dh fLFkfr Hkh vk tkrh gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa izfr;ksfxrk mRiUu gksus osQ fuEudkj.k gSa%

(1) fof'k"Vhdj.k izfØ;k dk vo#¼ gksukμvusd ns'kksa esa ,sls cgqr&ls dkj.k mifLFkr gksrs gSa ftllsfof'k"Vhdj.k dk fl¼kUr iw.kZ:i ls dk;kZfUor ugha gks ikrkA fof'k"Vhdj.k mlh le; lEHko gS tc iw.kZ:ils LorU=k O;kikj gks] fdUrq ,slk ugha gks ikrkA vk£Fkd jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk ls izsfjr gskdj cgqr&ls jk"Vª,sls mik;ksa dk lgkjk ysrs gSa ftuesa LorU=k vUrjkZ"Vªh; fofue; esa dfBukb;ka ,oa ck/k,a mifLFkr gksrhgSa] tSls vk;kr dj] dksVk iz.kkyh] fofue; fu;U=k.k] bR;kfnA bl dkj.k O;ogkj esa fof'k"Vhdj.k ugha gksikrk rFkk fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa izfr;ksfxrk gksus yxrh gSA

(2) leku oLrqvksa dk mRiknuμvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls tks rqyukRed ykHk gksrk gS] mls lc ns'k egRo ughansrs vkSj u gh dksbZ ns'k bl ckr dk nkok dj ldrk gS fd fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq osQ mRiknu esa mlus vU;lc ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa Js"Brk izkIr dj yh gSA okLrfod fLFkfr rks ;g gS fd izR;sd ns'k ,sls mik;ksa dh[kkst esa yxk jgrk gS ftlesa mlosQ fu;kZrksa esa vf/dre o`f¼ gks losQA vkt cgqr&ls ns'k izk;% lekuoLrqvksa dk mRiknu dj jgs gSa vr% vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkjksa esa muosQ dM+h izfr;ksfxrk cuh jgrh gSA

(3) O;kikj esa ck/k,aμvusd ckj oqQNsd ns'kksa esa ,slh ck/k,a [kM+h dj nh tkrh gSa ftuesa izfr;ksfxrk dk tUegksrk gS] tSls rV&dj dh ck/k,a] ifjogu O;;] vkfn] ;s Hkh lc ns'kksa esa leku Hkh ugha gksrha ftlls

1. “Trade change the quality of the people, teaches them to consume new things and to use oldthings in new ways. Technical Knowledge is largely the result of specialisation which tradehas made possible. The character, not only of so called technical labour but also of skilled andunskilled labour is affected.” —Bertil Ohlin

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izfr;ksfxrk gksrh gSA ;fn ,d ns'k rV&dj c<+krk gS rks nwljk Hkh izfrfØ;k esa oSlk gh djrk gSA ;fn mi;qZDrck/k,a ugha gksrha rks izfr;ksfxrk Hkh ugha gksrhA

(4) mRiknu ßkl fu;e fØ;k'khy gksukμmRiknu esa mRifÙk ßkl fu;e ykxw gksus ls rqyukRed ykxr dk{ks=k lhfer gks tkrk gS rFkk mRiknu esa deh gksus yxrh gS vr% ,sls ns'kksa dks vkaf'kd :i ls oLrqvksadk vk;kr djuk gksrk gS ftlls izfr;ksfxrk dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA blosQ foijhr ;fn mRiknu esa o`f¼fu;e ykxw gksrk rks mDr izfr;ksfxrk ugha gks ikrhA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vkSj jk"Vªh; fgrksa esa la?k"kZ (International Trade & Conflicts inNational Interests)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa izfr;ksfxrk ls tqM+k gqvk nwljk iz'u ;g gS fd tc vUrjkZZ"Vªh; O;kikj bruk ykHknk;d gSrks mlosQ lkFk jk"Vªh; fgrksa dk la?k"kZ D;ksa gksrk gS vFkkZr~ jk"Vªh; fgrksa dh rqyuk esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ ykHkksadks frykatfy D;ksa ns nh tkrh gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk jk"Vªh; fgrksa osQ lkFk la?k"kZ gksus osQ izeq[k dkj.k gSa%

(1) jkstxkj dk iz'uμizfrf"Br vFkZ'kfL=k;ksa dh ;g /kj.kk jgh gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls ns'k esa mRiknu]jkstxkj vkSj vk; osQ Lrj dks vf/dre fd;k tk ldrk gSA mudh O;k[;k ;g Fkh fd ftl izdkj ns'kesa ?kjsyw fofu;ksx ls mRiknu vkSj jkstxkj c<+rk gS] mlh izdkj fu;kZr ls gksus okyh vk; dk izHkko Hkh¶fons'kh O;kikj xq.kd¸ osQ ekè;e ls ns'k osQ mRiknu vkSj jkstxkj ij iM+rk gS vFkkZr~ fu;kZr esa gksus okyho`f¼ dk dbZ xquk izHkko ns'k esa gksrk gSA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vkSj jk"Vªh; fgrksa esa la?k"kZ D;ksa gksrk gS\

mi;qZDr roZQ lgh ugha gS D;ksafd mldk vk/kj ;g gS fd leLr ns'kksa osQ fu;kZr esa lrr~ o`f¼ gksA ;g rHkh lEHkogS tc fofHkÂ ns'k vk;kr Hkh djsa] fdUrq tc izR;sd ns'k vius fu;kZr dks c<+kuk pkgrk gS rks vk;kr dkSu djsxk\,d ns'k dk fu;kZr fdlh&u&fdlh ns'k dk vk;kr gksrk gSA ,d ns'k osQ vk;krksa ij izfrcU/ yxkus dk izHkko ;ggksxk fd vU; ns'k Hkh ,slk gh djsaxs ftlls fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ ugha gks ik;sxhA vr% jkstxkj dh ek=kk esa o`f¼ djusosQ fy, fofHkÂ ns'k vius jk"Vªh; lk/uksa ,oa x`g m|ksxksa dks fodflr djus dh vf/d fpUrk djrs gSaA

(2) Jfedksa dk vkokxeuμvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk ,d izHkko ;g gksrk gS fd mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa dh dherksaesa lekurk vkrh gSA vkt fo'o osQ fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa] etnwjh dh njksa esa fHkÂrk gS vr% ;g okaNuh; gS fdLorU=krkiwoZd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj gks ftlls etnwjh dh njksa esa lekurk gks] fdUrq ftu ns'kksa esa Åaph etnwjhgS] ogka osQ etnwj ,sls ns'kksa ls oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr dks grksRlkfgr djrs gSa vFkok Jfedksa osQ vkokxeudk fojksèk djrs gSaA tgka etnwjh lLrh gS] D;ksafd Åaph etnwjh okys ns'kksa dks ;g Hk; jgrk gS fd bllsmudh etnwjh de tks tk,xhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ ykHkksa osQ foijhr jk"Vªh; fgrksa dksizkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA

mi;qZDr roZQ Hkh nks"kiw.kZ gS D;ksafd eq[; iz'u udn etnwjh dh fHkÂrk dk ugha cfYd etnwjksa dh dk;Z{kerk dhfHkÂrk dk gSA

(3) ,dkf/dkj dh fLFkfrμvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls lHkh ns'k mlh le; ykHkkfUor gks ldrs gSa tc fo'o cktkjesa iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr gks] fdUrq dHkh&dHkh ,slh fLFkfr vkrh gS fd ,d jk"Vª oLrqvksa dh iw£r dksfu;fU=kr djosQ ,dkf/dkj dh fLFkfr cuk ysrk gSA ftl izdkj ,d ns'k osQ Hkhrj ,dkf/dkj ls vU;m|ksxifr;ksa ,oa miHkksDrkvksa dks gkfu gksrh gS mlh izdkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; {ks=k esa ,dkf/dkj ls vusd ns'kksa dksgkfu gksrh gS vr% ml fLFkfr esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh rqyuk esa jk"Vªh; fgrksa ij vf/d è;ku fn;k tkrk gSA


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(4) v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dh fLFkfrμtc nks leku :i ls fodflr jk"Vªksa esa O;kikj gksrk gS rks jk"Vªh; fgrksaesa dksbZ la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr ugha vkrh] fdUrq tc ,d v¼&fodflr ns'k fodflr jk"Vª osQ lkFk O;kikj djrkgS rks og vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ ykHkksa dks lekurk osQ lkFk izkIr ugha dj ldrk rFkk mlosQ jk"Vªh; fgrksadk 'kks"k.k gksrk gSA vr% og v¼Z&fodflr jk"Vª vius jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gSA

(5) ;q¼ dh fLFkfrμvk£Fkd vk/kj ij fofHkÂ vko';drkvksa osQ fy, rks fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa fons'kh O;kikj osQvUrxZr lEcU/ LFkkfir fd;s tk ldrs gSa] fdUrq tgka ;q¼ dh fLFkfr vkrh gS rks izR;sd jk"Vª vkRe&fuHkZjgksuk pkgrk gS rFkk jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks loksZPp izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA ;fn dksbZ jk"Vª j{kk lkexzh osQ fy,Hkh fons'kh O;kikj ij fuHkZj jgrk gS rks og viuh jktuhfrd LorU=krk dks [krjs esa Mkyrk gSA


2- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsa (Fill in the blanks)μ

1. vkarj&m|ksx O;kikj fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj c<+ jgs --------- osQ dkj.k gksrk gS tks cktkj osQ vkdkj ij fuHkZjdjrk gSA

2. --------- O;kikj leku lk/u lEiUurkvksa rFkk leku vkdkj osQ nks ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj dh ek=kk esa o`f¼djrk gSA

3. vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ dkj.k izR;sd ns'k mu m|ksxksa esa --------- izkIr djrk gS ftlesa ns'k esa miyC/ izpqjlk/uksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

4. vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj --------- ij vk/kfjr gSA

5. tc nks leku :i ls --------- esa O;kikj gksrk gS rks jk"Vªh; fgrksa esa dksbZ la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr ugha vkrhA


• ;fn foLr`r vFkZ esa ns[kk tk;s rks O;kikj osQ vUrxZr mu lHkh vk£Fkd fØ;kvksa dk lekos'k gks tkrk gSftudk lEcU/ mRikfnr oLrqvksa osQ forj.k ls gksrk gSA oLrqvksa dk forj.k blfy, fd;k tkrk fd miHkksxosQ fy, budh ekax dh tkrh gSA

• vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj vFkok vkUrfjd O;kikj dk lEcU/ ,sls O;kikj ls gS tks fdlh ,d ns'k dh lhekosQ vUnj ,d gh ns'k osQ nks {ks=kksa osQ chp fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ foijhr vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk lEcU/,sls O;kikj ls gS tks fo'o osQ nks ;k nks ls vf/d LorU=k jk"Vªksa osQ chp fd;k tkrk gSA bu nksuksa esa eq[;vUrj ns'k dh lhek dk gS

• tc ,d gh ns'k nwjLFk {ks=kksa esa O;kikj gksrk gS rks nksuksa esa ,d&nwljs osQ lkekftd jhfr&fjokt vkSj ijEijkvksadk vknku&iznku gksrk gS] tSls xqtjkr vkSj i- caxky osQ chp O;kikj gksxk rks nksuksa ,d&nwljs dh laLÑfr;ksals ifjfpr gksaxsA blh izdkj tc nks ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj gksrk gS rks mlesa Hkh lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrdfopkjksa dk vknku&iznku gksrk gSA

• izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us vUrjk"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, ,d i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dk izfriknu fd;kA blosQ ihNsvusd dkj.k gS tks vkUrfjd vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa vlekurkvksa dks izdV djrs gSa rFkk ftuls ;gKkr gksrk gS fd vkUrfjd O;kikj dh rqyuk esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fu;eksa dk O;ogkj fcYoqQy vyxgksrk gSA

• ,d ns'k esa fdlh oLrq dh dher dh izo`fÙk mldh ykxr osQ cjkcj gksus dh jgrh gSA D;ksafd ;fn dher]ykxr ls Åaph jgrh gS rks ml m|ksx esa] vU; m|ksxksa ls lk/uksa dk izokg gksrk gS ftlls oLrq dh iw£rc<+ tkrh gS vkSj dher ?kVdj ykxr osQ cjkcj gks tkrh gS] fdUrq nks ns'kksa esa lk/uksa esa xfr'khyrk osQ

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vHkko osQ dkj.k oLrq dh ykxr vkSj dher esa fofHkfÂrk jg ldrh gSA

• vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dh vko';drk osQ iz'u dks ysdj vFkZ'kkL=kh ,der ugha gSaAizfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk oxZ vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks vyx&vyx ekurk gS vkSjvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, ,d i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dh odkyr djrk gSA blosQ foijhr izks- vksgfyuvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj dh fof'k"V n'kk ekurs gSa vkSj er O;Dr djrs gSa fd vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj osQ fy, fdlh i`Fko~Q fl¼kUr dh vko';drk ugha gSA

• vksgfyu dk dguk gS fd mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa esa xfr'khyrk dk vHkko fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa gh ugha] ,d ns'koQ fofHkÂ {ks=kksa esa Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA gscjyj osQ vuqlkj] ¶,d ns'k dh lhekvksa osQ Hkhrj Hkh okLrfodiwath dks ,d mRiknu&{ks=k ls nwljs mRiknu&{ks=k rd rRijrk ls LFkkukUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkSj,d gh ns'k osQ ,d {ks=k ls nwljs {ks=k rd iwathxr oLrqvksa osQ ifjogu dh ykxr dHkh&dHkh nks ns'kksa osQchp gh ifjogu dh ykxr ls vf/d gksrh gSA¸

• orZeku esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ns'kksa osQ fy, vko';d gks x;k gSA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g gS fd izk;% lcns'kksa us HkkSxksfyd fof'k"Vhdj.k dks viuk fy;k gS D;ksafd rduhdh fodkl vkSj oSKkfud vkfo"dkj osQdkj.k fof'k"Vdhj.k dk {ks=k dkiQh O;kid gks x;k gSA blosQ vuqlkj izR;sd jk"Vª osQoy mUgha oLrqvksa dkmRiknu dj jgk gS ftuesa og lokZf/d oqQ'ky gS vkSj ftudh rqyukRed ykxr de gS vFkkZr~ og viuhvko';drkvksa dh iw£r djuk pkgrk gS rks mls viuh oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djuk gksxk rFkk fons'kksa lsvko';d oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djuk gksxkA

• vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk egRo fnuksa&fnu c<+rk tk jgk gS rFkk blh dkj.k ns'kksa esa vkilh lg;ksx Hkh c<+jgk gSA ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd izR;sd ns'k osQ fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk leku egRo gksrk gS D;ksafdftl ns'k esa oqQy mRiknu esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk Hkkx vf/d gksrk gS mlosQ fy, fons'kh O;kikj dkegRo vf/d gksrk gS rFkk tgka fons'kh O;kikj dk Hkkx de gksrk gS] ogka mldk egRo de gksrk gSA


• izokluμ ij jk"Vª esa fuokl djukA

• fuxeμ laLFkkA

• ek£tuμ va'k] vakf'kdrkA


1. vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj] vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj dh gh ,d fof'k"V n'kk gS] (vksgfyu) bl dFku dh foospuk dhft,A

2. ¶okLro esa fons'kh O;kikj ,d mPp :i esa laxfBr oLrq&fofue; iz.kkyh osQ vykok vkSj oqQN ugha gSA¸bl dFku dks le>kb,A

3. D;k vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, ,d iFko~Q fl¼kUr dh vko';drk gS\ bl lEcU/ esa vksgfyu osQ fopkjksadks Li"V dhft,A

4. vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj] fdu vFkks± esa vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj ls fHkUu gS\ D;k vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je&foHkktu osQ vk/kjij fd;k x;k fof'k"Vhdj.k fo'o O;kikj dks vf/dre djus esa lnk lgk;d gksxk\ roZQ lfgr mÙkjnhft,A

5. ¶xg O;kikj vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa fo'ks"k vUrj ugha gS vr% vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fy, fo'ks"k fl¼kUrdk dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA¸ bl dFku dk vkykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft,A


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1. 1. (?k) 2. (d) 3. ([k) 4. (d)

5. ([k) 7. (x)

2. 1. Je foHkktu 2. vkarj m|ksx 3. fof'k"Vhdj.k 4. rqyukRed ykxr

5. fodflr jk"Vªksa





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bdkbZ—8% iz'kqYd] vH;a'k ,oa xSj iz'kqYd ck/k,¡ % ifjHkk"kk ,oa izdkj

bdkbZμ8% iz'kqYd] vH;a'k ,oa xSj iz'kqYd ck/k,¡ %

ifjHkk"kk ,oa izdkj (Tariff, Quotas and Non-TariffBarriers : Definitions and Types)


mís'; (Objectives)


8.1 iz'kqYd dk vFkZ ,oa izdkj (Meaning and Types of Tariff)

8.2 vH;a'k dh ifjHkk"kk rFkk izdkj (Definition and Types of Quotas)

8.3 xSj&iz'kqYd ck/kkvksa dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa izdkj (Definition and Types of Non-Tariff Barriers)





mís'; (Objectives)


• iz'kqYd ,oa vH;a'k osQ vFkZ ,oa izdkj dh O;k[;k djus esaA

• xSj&iz'kqYd dh ck/kvksa rFkk muosQ izdkj dk foospu djus esaA


iz'kqYd dk vk'k; leLr rVdjksa ls gS ftuesa vk;kr dj] fu;kZr dj ,oa ifjogu dj 'kkfey gksrs gSa rFkkvk;kr vH;a'k esa ftl fuf'pr ek=kk dk vk;kr fd;k tkrk gS mlesa o`f¼ ugha dh tk ldrh tcfd ?kjsywm|ksxksa dks laj{k.k iznku djus rFkk fons'kh oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr dks lhfer djus osQ fy, ljdkj xSj iz'kqYdck/k,¡ yxkrh gSA

8-1- iz'kqYd dk vFkZ ,oa izdkj (Meaning and Types of Tariff)

laj{k.k dh lcls vf/d yksdfiz; fof/ iz'kqYd gS tks vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ij yxk;k tkrk gSA iz'kqYd vFkokrVdj dk iz;ksx osQoy v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa gh ugha] oju~ fodflr ns'kksa esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA lhfer vFkZesa iz'kqYd mu djksa dh lwph gS tks fdlh ns'k esa fons'kksa ls vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ij yxk;s tkrs gSaA bl izdkjiz'kqYd vFkok rVdj dk vk'k; oLrqvksa ij yxk;s x;s vk;kr djksa ls gSA ,YloFkZ us Hkh iz'kqYd dh ifjHkk"kk



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lhfer vFkZ esa dh gSA muosQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶iz'kqYd djksa dh os ek=kk,¡ gSa tks ,d jk"Vª }kjk fons'kh vk;krksa ij yxk;htkrh gSaA¸1

foLr`r vFkZ esa iz'kqYd dk vk'k; leLr rVdjksa ls gS ftuesa vk;kr dj] fu;kZr dj ,oa ifjogu dj(Transit Duty) 'kkfey gksrs gSaA ifjogu dj ml eky ij yxk;k tkrk gS tc fdlh ns'k ls eky vius xUrO;LFkku dks tkrs gq, fdlh rhljs ns'k ls xqtjrk gSA ;g dj vc yksdfiz; ugha gSA fu;kZr dj] izkFkfed mRiknudjus okys ns'kksa }kjk ;k rks vk; izkIr djus osQ fy, vFkok laj{k.k osQ fy, yxk;s tkrs gSaA ij buesa vk;kr djgh yksdfiz; ,oa izpfyr gS tks oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr ij yxk;s tkrs gSaA

iz'kqYd osQ izdkj (Types of Tariffs)

iz'kqYd

↓ ↓ ↓I II III

olwyh osQ vk/kj ij iz;ksx ekun.M osQ vk/kj ij mís'; osQ vk/kj ij

↓ ↓ ↓1- fof'k"V iz'kqYd 1- ,dkdh LrEHk iz'kqYd 1- vk; osQ fy, iz'kqYd

2- ewY;kuqlkj iz'kqYd 2- nksgjk ;k cgqLrEHkh iz'kqYd 2- laj{k.k osQ fy, iz'kqYd

3- fefJr iz'kqYd 3- lkekU; ,oa ikjEifjd iz'kqYd

4- Ük`a[kykc¼ njksa okyk iz'kqYd

I. olwyh osQ vk/kj ij iz'kqYd (Tariff on Levy Criterion)

olwyh osQ vk/kj ij iz'kqYd dks fuEu pkj oxks± esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSμ

(1) fof'k"V iz'kqYd (Specific Tariff)μtks rVdj vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrq dh izR;sd bdkbZ osQ uki]rkSy ;k la[;k osQ vk/kj ij yxk;k tkrk gS mls fof'k"V iz'kqYd dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] diM+s ij10 iSls izfr ehVj] LVhy ij 15 #i;s izfr fDo.Vy] iSVªksy ij 20 iSls izfr yhVj] vkfnA bu rVdjksadk Hkkj vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa dh dherksa osQ mPpkou ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA eUnh osQ le; fof'k"V'kqYd laj{k.k dks izksRlkgu nsrs gSa tcfd rsth osQ le; budk foijhr izHkko gksrk gSA

(2) ewY;kuqlkj iz'kqYd (Ad valorem Tariff)μtks 'kqYd oLrqvksa osQ ewY; osQ vk/kj ij yxk;s tkrs gSaewY; vk/kfjr iz'kqYd dgykrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tc iz'kqYd oLrq osQ ewY; osQ ,d fuf'pr izfr'krosQ :i esa yxk;k tkrk gS] rc mls ewY;kuqlkj iz'kqYd dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] eksVjdkj vFkokjsfM;ks osQ ewY; ij 10 izfr'kr rVdj bl Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA bl iz'kqYd dk lkisf{kd Hkkj vk;kr fd;stkus okys eky osQ ewY; esa mPpkopu gksus osQ lkFk ifjo£rr ugha gksrkA ewY;kuqlkj iz'kqYd U;k;iw.kZgksrk gS D;ksafd bl dj dk vf/d Hkkj /uh oxZ ij iM+rk gS tks foykflrk dh oLrqvksa dk vfèkdvk;kr djrs gSaA

(3) fefJr iz'kqYd (fof'k"V ,oa ewY; ij vk/kfjr iz'kqYd) (Combined-Specific and Ad valoremTariff)μfefJr iz'kqYd osQ vUrxZr vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ij dj ;k rks fof'k"V iz'kqYd vFkok ewY; ijvk/kfjr iz'kqYd dh nj ls tks Hkh Øe gks] yxk;k tkrk gSA tSls #bZ ij iz'kqYd ;k rks 50 #i;s izfrxkaB dh nj ls vFkok ewY; osQ vk/kj ij 10 izfr'kr dh nj ls yxk;k tk,] tks Hkh de gksA

1. “Tariff can be defined as a schedule of duties levied upon the importation of goods into a givencountry from abroad.”

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(4) Ük`a[kykc¼ njksa okyk iz'kqYd (Sliding Scale Duties)μtc dherksa esa ifjorZu osQ lkFk rVdjksa esaifjorZu gksrk gS rks mls Ük`a[kykc¼ njksa okyk iz'kqYd dgrs gSa tks fof'k"V vFkok ewY; ij vk/kfjr gksldrk gSA cgq/k bls fof'k"V :i esa gh olwy fd;k tkrk gSA

II. iz;ksx ekun.M osQ vk/kj ij iz'kqYd (Tariff on Origin Critarion)

iz;ksx ekun.Mksa osQ vk/kj ij iz'kqYd dks rhu Hkkxkas esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSμ

(1) ,dkdh vuqlwph vFkok ,dkdh LrEHk iz'kqYd (Single Schedule or Single Column Tariff)μ,dkdhvuqlwph iz'kqYd og gS ftlesa dkuwu ossQ vuqlkj] izR;sd oLrq ij leku nj ls iz'kqYd fy;k tkrk gSpkgs oLrq dk vk;kr fdlh Hkh ns'k ls D;ksa u fd;k x;k gksA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ,dkdh LrEHk iz'kqYd osQvUrxZr fofHkUu oLrqvksa vFkok ns'kksa osQ eè; fcuk fdlh HksnHkko fd;s gq, iz'kqYd dh ,d lwph rS;kjdh tkrh gSA

;g iz'kqYd ;|fi ljy gS] fdUrq bl izdkj osQ iz'kqYd esa yksp dk vHkko (Lack of Elasticity) gksrk gSA

(2) nksgjk ;k cgqLrEHkh iz'kqYd (Double or Multiple Column Tariff)μnksgjk ;k cgqLrEHkh iz'kqYd oggS ftlesa izR;sd oLrq osQ fy, nks ;k vf/d njksa ls rVdj olwy fd;k tkrk gS tks bl ij fuHkZj jgrkgS fd mUgsa fdu ns'kksa ls vk;kr fd;k x;k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa cgq&LrEHkh iz'kqYd osQ vUrxZr ,d gh oLrqdks nks ;k nks ls vf/d ns'kksa ls vk;kr djus ij iz'kqYd dh njsa vyx&vyx j[kh tkrh gSaA bl izdkjosQ iz'kqYd ,d ns'k dh fofHkÂ ns'kksa ls O;kikfjd lfU/;ksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSaA

(3) lkekU; ,oa ijEijkxr iz'kqYd (General and Conventional Tariff)μblesa lkekU; ,oa ijEijkxriz'kqYdksa dks nks vyx&vyx vuqlwfp;k¡ rS;kj dh tkrh gSaA lkekU; iz'kqYd dk fu/kZj.k jkT; osQ iz'kklu}kjk gksrk gS ftlesa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gS fd blesa lek;kstu mlh le; gksxk tcfd O;kikfjd lfU/;ksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i mldh vko';drk gksxhA

Li"V dhft, fd oqQN ns'k laj{k.k osQ fy, iz'kqYd dh vis{kk vk;kr vH;a'kksa dks vf/d izkFkfedrkD;ksa nsrs gSa\

ijEijkxr iz'kqYd vuqlwph O;kikfjd lfU/;ksa dk ifj.kke gSA ijEijkxr iz'kqYd esa ?kjsyw ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZuosQ dkj.k lek;kstu djuk lEHko ugha gksrkA bl izdkj ijEijkxr iz'kqYd og gS tc dkuwuh :i ls izR;sd oxZdh oLrqvksa osQ fy, iz'kqYd bl izko/ku osQ lkFk fu/kZfjr fd;s tkrs gSa fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrksa osQ iQyLo:i,sls iz'kqYd dks de djuk lEHko gks losQA tc lkekU; :i ls iz'kqYd de gks tkrk gS rks mls ,dkdh LrEHkiz'kqYd esa ifjo£rr dj fn;k tkrk gSA

III. mís'; osQ vk/kj ij iz'kqYd (Tariff on Objective Criterion)

mís'; osQ vk/kj ij iz'kqYd dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSμ

(i) vk; osQ fy, iz'kqYd (Tariff for Revenue)μvk; vFkok jktLo iz'kqYd og gS ftldk eq[; mís';ljdkj dks vk; iznku djuk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa] ;g fo'ks"k izdkj dk dj gSA tc iz'kqYd vk; izkIr djusosQ mís'; ls yxk;s tkrs gSa rks ;g t:jh gksrk gS fd oLrqvksa dk vk;kr gksrk jgs vr% bl iz'kqYd dhnj de gksrh gSA

(ii) laj{k.k osQ fy, iz'kqYd (Tariff for Protection)μbu rVdjksa dk mís'; ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k nsukgksrk gSA ljdkj bu djksa ls vk; izkIr ugha djuk pkgrh cfYd ljdkj dk mís'; ;g gksrk gS fd ns'kesa vk;kr izfrLFkkfir m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk losQA bl izdkj yxk;s x;s djksa dh nj Å¡ph gksrh gSA


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1- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa vFkok × dk fu'kku yxkb, (State whether the following state-

ments are 'tru' or 'false')μ

1- iz'kqYd fu;kZfrr oLrqvksa ij yxk;k tkrk gSA

2- iz'kqYd esa vk;kr dj] fu;kZr dj rFkk ifjogu dj 'kkfey gksrs gSaA

3- oklwyh osQ vk/kj ij iz'kqYd N% izdkj osQ gksrs gSSaA

4- oLrqvksa osQ ewY; osQ vk/kj ij yxk, tkus okys iz'kqYd] ewY; vk/kfjr iz'kqYd dgykrs gSaA

5- ljdkjh LrEHk iz'kqYd esa yksp dk vHkko gksrk gSA

6. ljdkj dks jktLo iz'kqYd ls dksbZ vk; ugha izkIr gksrhA

8-2- vH;a'k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa izdkj (Definition and Types of Quotas)

ifjHkk"kkμvk;kr vH;a'k dk vk'k;] oLrq dh ml fuf'pr ek=kk vFkok ewY; ls gS ftldk] le; dh ,d fuf'prvof/ esa ns'k esa vk;kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj vk;kr dh tk ldus okyh ek=kk dks igys ls gh fu/kZfjrdj fn;k tkrk gSA vk;kr vH;a'k dh vof/ fHkUu&fHkUu ns'kksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu jgrh gSA vf/dre vof/ ,d o"kZdh gksrh gS rFkk U;wure vof/ ,d ekg dh jgrh gSA ftl ek=kk osQ vk;kr dh vuqefr nh tkrh gS] og fiNysvk/kj o"kZ dk oqQN izfr'kr gksrh gSA

gscyj osQ vuqlkj] ¶vk;kr vH;a'k osQ vUrxZr] ftl fuf'pr ek=kk dk vk;kr fd;k tk ldrk gS mlesa o`f¼ugha dh tk ldrhA¸

O;ogkj esa vk;kr vH;a'k dh ;k rks HkkSfrd ek=kk fuf'pr dj nh tkrh gS vFkok vk;krksa dk ekSfnzd ewY;fuf'pr dj fn;k tkrk gSA dHkh&dHkh bu nksuksa dks feyk fn;k tkrk gSA tc vH;a'k dh HkkSfrd ek=kk fuf'prdj nh tkrh gS rks mls izR;{k vH;a'k (Direct Quotas) dgrs gSa vkSj tc mldh ewY; esa ek=kk fuf'pr djnh tkrh gS rks mls vizR;{k vH;a'k (Indirect Quotas) dgrs gSaA

vk;kr vH;a'k osQ mís'; (Objectives of Import Quotas)

vk;kr vH;a'k osQ izk;% fuEu mís'; gksrs gSaμ

(i) fons'kksa ls vkus okyh izfr;ksxh oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr dks fu;fU=kr djosQ ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks laj{k.kiznku djukA

(ii) vk;krksa dk izHkko'kkyh <ax ls fu;eu djus osQ fy,A

(iii) Hkqxrku&'ks"k osQ vlUrqyu dks nwj djus osQ fy,A

(iv) vk;krksa osQ vUrizZokg dks lhfer djosQ] ?kjsyw dherksa esa LFkkf;Ro ykus osQ fy,A

(v) tks ns'k O;kikj esa izfrcU/kRed rjhosQ viuk jgs gSa mudh izfrfØ;k Lo:iA

(vi) vk;kr vH;a'kksa osQ ekè;e ls mu vk;krksa dks lhfer djuk ftlls lêðs dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

bl izdkj vH;a'kksa dks ladVdkyhu mik;ksa osQ :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk budk Rofjr dk;kZUo;uvko';d gksrk gSA

vk;kr vH;a'kksa osQ fofHkUu izdkj (Types of Import Quotas)

vk;kr vH;a'kksa dk oxhZdj.k fuEu ikap :iksa esa fd;k tkrk gSμ

(1) iz'kqYd vH;a'k (Tariff Quota),

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(2) ,di{kh; vH;a'k (Unilateral Quota),

(3) f}i{kh; vH;a'k (Bi-Lateral Quota),

(4) fefJr vH;a'k (Mixed Quota),

(5) vk;kr ykblsal iz.kkyh (Import Licensing System)A

vc budk foLrkj ls foospu fd;k tk,xkμ

(1) iz'kqYd vH;a'kμblosQ vUrxZr vk;kr dh ,d fuf'pr ek=kk fcuk djosQ vFkok de djksa ij ns'k esa vkusdh vuqefr nh tkrh gS] ijUrq ;fn bl ek=kk ls vf/d vk;kr fd;k tkrk gS rks mldk vk;kr] djksa dh Å¡phnj ij gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj iz'kqYd vH;a'k esa] iz'kqYd vkSj vk;kr vH;a'k nksuksa dk lekos'k gSA;g laj{k.k dh ,d iqjkuh fof/ gS ftldk foLr`r iz;ksx 1850 osQ ckn fd;k x;kA

iz'kqYd vH;a'k dk eq[; ykHk ;g gS fd ;g ykspnkj gksrk gS] ijUrq blosQ eq[; nks nks"k Hkh gSa tks bl izdkjgSaμ

(i) tc de njksa ij vk;kr dh ek=kk lekIr gks tkrh gS] rks de njksa ls lEiw.kZ ykHk mu fons'kh iQeks± dksgksrs gSa tks vk;kr vH;a'k okys ns'k dks fu;kZr djrh gSaA

(ii) dksVk dh U;wure izkjfEHkd njksa ij cgqr tYnh vk;kr fd;s tkrs gSa ftlls dherksa esa Hkkjh mPpkopugksrs gSaA

mDr nks"kksa osQ dkj.k iz'kqYd&vH;a'kksa dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA

(2) ,di{kh; vH;a'kμ,di{kh; vk;kr vH;a'k osQ vUrxZr ,d fo'ks"k ns'k] ,d fuf'pr le; esa vk;krdh tkus okyh oLrqvksa dh fujis{k ek=kk fuf'pr dj nsrk gSA bl lEcU/ esa fons'kh ljdkjksa osQ lkFk dksbZ iwoZle>kSrk ugha fd;k tkrkA ;g fuf'pr vH;a'k ;k rks fo'oO;kih (Global) gks ldrk gS vFkok vkoafVr(Allocated)] ftldh O;k[;k bl izdkj gSμ

(I) fo'oO;kih vk;kr vH;a'k og gS ftlosQ vUrxZr fu/kZfjr ek=kk fo'o osQ fdlh Hkh ns'k ls vk;krdh tk ldrh gSA

vk;kr vH;a'k osQ :i esa fo'oO;kih vH;a'k liQy ugha gqvk gS] blosQ izeq[k fuEufyf[kr pkj dkj.k gSaμ

(i) bl iz.kkyh esa vk;kr djus okyh cM+h iQeks± dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS tks vYilwpuk ij cM+hek=kk esa vk;krksa osQ vkMZj ns ldrs gSaA bl izdkj NksVs vk;krdrkZvksa dh vogsyuk dh tkrh gSA

(ii) tSls gh vk;krksa dh vuqefr dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gS] vkl&ikl osQ ns'kksa ls iQkSju vk;kr dj fy;ktkrk gS rFkk nwj osQ ns'kksa dks volj ugha feyrkA

(iii) fo'oO;kih vH;a'k dk ,d nks"k ;g Hkh gS fd blesa vk;krdrkZvksa esa vk;kr dh gksM+ yx tkrhgS ftlls ?kjsyw cktkj esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa iwfrZ gks tkrh gS vkSj dherksa esa mPpkopu gksrk gSA

(iv) vk;krksa dh gksM+ esa dHkh&dHkh ;g Hkh gksrk gS fd fuf'pr ek=kk ls vf/d vk;kr gks tkrk gSAblls dbZ leL;kvksa dk tUe gqvk gS_ tSls tqekZus dh O;oLFkk] oLrq laxzg dh ykxr ,oadHkh&dHkh vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dh fu;kZrd ns'kksa dks okilhA

vk;kr vH;a'k voqQ'ky ?kjsyw mRikndksa dks u osQoy fons'kh mRikndksa ls laj{k.k nsrs gSa oju~ viusgh ns'k osQ oqQ'ky mRikndksa ls Hkh laj{k.k nsrs gSaA


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(II) vkoafVr vH;a'k og gS ftlosQ vUrxZr oqQy vk;krksa dh ek=kk dk vkoaVu oqQN fo'ks"k ns'kksa esa dj fn;ktkrk gSA

fo'oO;kih vk;kr vH;a'k dh vliQyrk osQ dkj.k vkoafVr vH;a'kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq bliz.kkyh esa Hkh nks"k fufgr gSaμ

(i) bl iz.kkyh eas dBksjrk osQ lkFk ;g fu/kZfjr dj fn;k tkrk gS fd vk;kr fdu ns'kksa ls fd;ktk,xkA blesa ykxr ,oa iwfrZ dh vU; ckrksa ij fopkj ugha fd;k tkrkA

(ii) ftu ns'kksa dks fu;kZr djus dh vuqefr feyrh gS] dHkh&dHkh os ,dkf/dkjh osQ leku O;ogkjdjus yxrs gSaA

(iii) vk;kr vH;a'k fu/kZfjr djrs le; fdlh vk/kj o"kZ dks è;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS fdUrq vk/kj o"kZosQ p;u esa xyrh gks ldrh gSA

(3) f}i{kh; vH;a'kμf}i{kh; vH;a'k oLrqr% ,di{kh; dksVk iz.kkyh dh 'kks"k.kkRed izo`fÙk dks nwj djus dkekè;e gSA ,di{kh; dksVk iz.kkyh esa fu;kZrd ns'kksa osQ mRikndksa dh fLFkfr ,dkf/dkjksa osQ leku gks tkrh gSAbl ,dkf/dkjh 'kks"kd dh izo`fÙk dks lekIr djus dk ,d mik; ;g gS fd fu;kZr djus okys ns'kksa osQ lkFk,slk le>kSrk fd;k tk, fd os fu;kZr (vk;kr vH;a'k okys ns'kksa dks) dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks ykblsal iz.kkyh }kjkfu;fU=kr djsaA pwafd ;s vk;kr vH;a'k] vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr djus okys ns'kksa osQ le>kSrs osQ iQyLo:i fu/kZfjr gksrsgSa vr% bUgsa f}i{kh; vk;kr vH;a'k dgrs gSaA

ykHkμf}i{kh; vk;kr vH;a'k osQ fuEufyf[kr ykHk gSaμ

(i) bl iz.kkyh osQ vUrxZr] vH;a'kksa dh fu/kZfjr vof/ esa] vH;a'kksa dk leku forj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSftlls vk;kr djus okys ns'k esa dherksa esa mPpkopu ugha gksrkA

(ii) blls fu;kZrd ns'kksa dh 'kks"k.k dh izo`fÙk lekIr dh tk ldrh gSA

(iii) pwafd fons'kksa esa mRikndksa osQ chp fu;kZr dh ek=kk dks ykblasl iz.kkyh }kjk fu/kZfjr dj fn;k tkrk gS]mRiknd bldk fojks/ ugha djrsA

(iv) pwafd bl iz.kkyh esa ykblsal dh dk;Ziz.kkyh fu;kZrd ns'k }kjk dh tkrh gS] vk;kr vH;a'k fuèkkZfjr djusokys ns'k esa vk;krdksa dk ncko ,oa gLr{ksi lekIr gks tkrk gSA

gkfu;k¡μmi;qZDr ykHkksa osQ ckotwn f}i{kh; vH;a'k iz.kkyh esa fuEu nks"k gSaμ

(i) bl iz.kkyh eas vH;a'k dk iz'kklu 'kfDr'kkyh la?kksa (Cartels) dks lkSai fn;k tkrk gS ftlls Hkz"Vkpkjdks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

(ii) bl iz.kkyh dk ,d nks"k ;g Hkh gS fd fu;kZrd ns'k esa dherksa esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gS ftlls vk;krd ns'kdks gkfu gksrh gSA

(iii) fu;U=k.k osQ ckotwn Hkh fu;kZrd ns'kksa eas ,dkf/dkjh Hkkouk dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

(4) fefJr vH;a'kμdbZ ns'k vius mRiknu esa bl izdkj dk izko/ku j[krs gSa fd ?kjsyw mRikndksa dks iDdkeky rS;kj djus dh izfØ;k eas] ,d fuf'pr ek=kk esa ?kjsyw dPps eky dk iz;ksx djuk vko';d gksrk gSA buizko/kuksa dk vH;a'kksa osQ leku gh izHkko gksrk gS] D;ksafd blosQ vUrxZr fons'kh eky dk vk;kr fu;fU=kr gks tkrkgSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] Åu osQ lkFk flUFksfVd /kxs] xslksfyu osQ lkFk vYdksgy] vk;kfrr xUus dh 'kDdj osQlkFk pqdUnj dh 'kDdj] fons'kh rEckowQ osQ lkFk ?kjsyw rEckowQ] bR;kfnA

fefJr vH;a'k dk fuEu esa ls ;k rks ,d vFkok nksuksa mís'; gksrs gSaμ

(i) ?kjsyw mRikndksa dks lgk;rk nsukA

(ii) vk;krksa dks lhfer dj] nqyZHk fons'kh eqnzk dh cpr djukA

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fefJr vH;a'kksa dk eq[; nks"k ;g gS fd blls fo'o osQ lk/uksa ,oa ekuo 'kfDr dk oqQ'kyre iz;ksx ugha gks ikrk,oa ?kjsyw fuEu Lrj dh oLrqvksa osQ fy, Å¡ph dhersa nsuh iM+rh gSaA

(5) vk;kr ykblsal iz.kkyhμbl iz.kkyh osQ vUrxZr lEHkkfor vk;krdrkZvksa dks mfpr ljdkjh vf/dkfj;ksals vk;kr ykblsal izkIr djuk iM+rk gSA ;g ykblsal ;k rks vk;krdrkZvksa dks] vk;kr dk Hkqxrku djus osQfy, fons'kh eqnzk osQ iz;ksx dh vuqefr iznku djrk gS vFkok mDr Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, mUgsa fons'kh eqnzkdk Ø; djus osQ fy, vf/Ñr djrk gSA ;g vk;krksa dks vizR;{k :i ls fu;fU=kr djrk gS] D;ksafd ;gvk;krksa dks izR;{k :i ls izHkkfor u djosQ] muosQ Hkqxrku osQ fy, fons'kh eqnzk osQ iz;ksx dks izfrcfU/rdjrk gSA

dk;Z&iz.kkyhμtc ykblsal iz.kkyh dk mís'; nqyZHk fons'kh eqnzk osQ vkoaVu dks fu;fU=kr djuk gksrk gS rksfuEu esa ls fdlh ,d fof/ dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gSμ

(1) igys vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa dh ?kVrh gqbZ izkFkfedrk osQ Øe esa ,d lwph rS;kj dj yh tkrhgS vkSj fiQj miyC/ fons'kh eqnzk dks 'kq: ls yxkdj izkFkfedrk osQ iz;ksxksa osQ vuqlkj vkoafVr fd;ktkrk gSA

(2) nwljh iz.kkyh ;g gS fd mu oLrqvksa dh lwph rS;kj dj yh tkrh gS ftuosQ fy, vk;kr ykblsal dhvko';drk gksrh gS] fdUrq izkFkfedrk osQ Øe dk fu/kZj.k ugha fd;k tkrkA fiQj miyC/ fons'kh eqnzkosQ vkèkkj ij vk;kr dh tkus okyh oqQy ek=kk dk fu/kZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA oqQN ns'kksa esa ykblsal iznkudj fn;s tkrs gSa tks mRikndksa dks vk;kr djus osQ fy, vf/Ñr dj nsrs gSaA

xq.kμfo'oO;kih ,oa vkoafVr vH;a'kksa dh rqyuk esa] vk;kr ykblsal iz.kkyh fuf'pr gh ,d lq/kj gS] D;ksafdblls vk;kr fu;U=k.k vf/d izHkko'kkyh <ax ls gksrk gS rFkk blls vU; fof/;ksa osQ nks"kksa dk fujkdj.k Hkhgks tkrk gSA vk;kr ykblsal iz.kkyh osQ fuEufyf[kr ykHk gSaμ

(i) vk;krksa osQ fu;U=k.k osQ fy, ykblsal iz.kkyh i;kZIr ykspnkj gSA cnyh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqlkjykblsal iz.kkyh dks Hkh cnyk tk ldrk gSA

(ii) ;g ,d ,slh iz.kkyh gS ftlosQ ekè;e ls ,d ns'k vius fuokfl;ksa dh nqyZHk fons'kh eqnzk dh ek¡x dksfu;fU=kr dj ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc f}rh; fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn cgqr&ls ns'kksa dks Mkyj dh deheglwl gqbZ rks Mkyj {ks=k ls vk;krksa dks fu;fU=kr djus osQ fy, ykblsal iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA

(iii) bl iz.kkyh esa vk;kr djus dh gksM+ lekIr gks tkrh gS] ftlls dherksa esa mPpkopu de gks tkrs gSaA

nks"kμvk;kr iz.kkyh osQ fuEu nks"k gSaμ

(i) pwafd ykblsal vklkuh ls izkIr ugha fd;s tk ldrs] yksx bl ckr dk iz;Ru djrs gSa fd fdlh rjg mUgsaykblsal fey tk,a rFkk nwljksa dks u feysaA blosQ fy, os fj'or ,oa Hkz"Vkpkj dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA vr%;g iz.kkyh Hksn&Hkko djrh gS rFkk oqQ'ky vk;krdrkZvksa osQ LFkku ij voqQ'ky yksxksa dks ykblsal feyldrs gSaA

(ii) ;fn mDr nks"k dk fujkdj.k Hkh dj fn;k tk, rks ;g leL;k jgrh gS fd fdUgsa ykblsal fn;s tk,aA oqQNns'kksa esa mRikndksa dks ykblsal] muosQ fiNys fjdkMZ osQ vk/kj ij fn;s tkrs gSa] ijUrq ;g fof/ xfrghuvFkok tM+ gS vkSj u;s oqQ'ky mRikndksa dh vogsyuk djrh gSA

(iii) vk;krksa ij fu;U=k.k gksus ls] ftUgsa ykblsal izkIr gks tkrs gSa] os ,dkf/dkjh ykHk izkIr djus yxrs gSaA

bu nks"kksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, gScjyj us ;g lq>ko fn;k gS fd ljdkj dks uhykeh osQ ekè;e ls mUgsaykblsal nsuk pkfg, tks vf/dre cksyh yxkrs gSa] fdUrq bldk ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd vk;kr vH;a'k dk eq[;mís'; vk; dekuk gks tk,xk] tcfd vk; vtZu vk;kr vH;a'k dk oLrqr% xkS.k mís'; gSA ;|fi gScjyjosQ vuqlkj ;g vk;kr djus okys ns'k dh n`f"V ls pquko dk foosdiw.kZ rjhdk gS fiQj Hkh LokFkhZ fgrksa osQfojks/ osQ dkj.k fdlh Hkh ljdkj }kjk bls viuk;k ugha x;k gSA


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2- lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the correct options)—

1. vk;kr vH;a'k dk vk'k; gSμ

(d) oLrq dh fuf'pr ek=kk ls ([k) oLrq osQ fuf'pr ewY; ls


2. iz'kqYd vH;a'k esa 'kkfey gksrk gSμ

(d) iz'kqYd ,oa vk;kr vH;a'k ([k) iz'kqYd ,oa xSj&iz'kqYd ck/k,¡


3. fefJr vH;a'k dk mís'; gSμ

(d) ?kjsyw mRikndksa dks lgk;rk nsuk

([k) vk;krksa dks lhfer dj] nqyZHk fons'kh eqnzk dh cpr djuk


4. vkoafVr vH;a'k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSμ

(d) fo'oO;kih vk;kr vH;a'k dh vliQyrk osQ dkj.k

([k) cM+h iQeks± dks izkFkfedrk nsus osQ fy,


5. vk;kr vH;a'k dk mís'; gSμ

(d) vk; dekuk ([k) vk; vtZu djuk


8-3- xSj&iz'kqYd ck/kvksa dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa izdkj (Defintions and Types ofNon—Tariff Barriers)

?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k iznku djus rFkk fons'kh oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr dks lhfer djus osQ fy, ljdkjsa vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj ij iz'kqYd vFkok rV&djksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; izdkj osQ izfrcU/ksa dk Hkh lgkjk ysrh gSaA ljdkjksa }kjkvk;kr osQ fy, xSj&iz'kqYd ck/k,¡ (NTBs) [kM+h djuk iz'kklfud mik; osQ :i esa gksrs gSaA

oxhZdj.k (Classification)μxSj iz'kqYd ck/kvksa dks fuEuor~ oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

ek=kkRed O;kikj izfrcU/ (Quantitative Trade Restrictions) osQ vUrxZr vk;kr vH;a'k] iz'kqYd vH;a'k]LoSfPNd fu;kZr #dkoVsa (Voluntary Export Restraints–VERs), lqO;ofLFkr foi.ku O;oLFkk vFkok vuqcU/(Orderly Marketing Arrangement of Agreement–OMAs), cgq rUrq O;oLFkk (Multi Fibre Arrange-ment–MFA), vkfn lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSaA

jktdks"kh; mik;ksa (Fiscal Measures) osQ vUrxZr fu;kZr vFkok mRiknu lfClMh] fu;kZr Í.k lfClMh] fu;kZrij dj jkgr] ljdkjh olwyh] izfr&jkf'kikru 'kqYd (Anti-Dumping Duty), izfrdj 'kqYd (CountervailingDuties), vkfn vkrs gSaA

iz'kklfud] izkekf.kd rFkk fofu;euksa (Administrative, Standards and Regulations) ls rkRi;Z gSLokLF;] vkjksX; rFkk lqj{kk fofue;] i;kZoj.k (iznw"k.k) fu;U=k.k] lhek ewY;kadu rFkk oxhZdj.k] ek²dx rFkkiSosQ¯tx vko';drk,¡] vk;kr ykblsUl dk;Zokgh] ljdkjh O;kikj ,oa ,dkf/dkj] vk;kr dh lhekvksa ij nsjh]ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks ns'k esa cuh phtsa [kjhnus osQ vkns'k ;k Lons'kh [kjhn izpkj vfHk;ku] vkfnA

vU; ck/kvksa esa f}i{kh; O;kikj le>kSrs] jkf'kikru] vUrjkZ"Vªh; oLrq le>kSrs] vUrjkZ"Vªh; dkVsZy] vkfn vkrs gSaA

uksV



xSj&iz'kqYd ck/kvksa osQ izdkj (Types of NTBs)

izeq[k xSj&iz'kqYd ck/kvksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k fuEuor~ gS %

1- vk;kr vH;a'k (Import Quotas)

;g ,d izeq[k ,oa izpfyr xSj&iz'kqYd ck/k gSA vk;kr vH;a'k ls rkRi;Z] oLrq dh ml fuf'pr ek=kk vFkokewY; ls gS ftldk le; dh ,d fuf'pr vof/ esa ns'k esa vk;kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tc vH;a'k dh HkkSfrdek=kk fuf'pr dj nh tkrh gS rks mls izR;{k vH;a'k dgrs gSa vkSj tc mldh ewY; esa ek=kk fuf'pr dj nhtkrh gS rc mls vizR;{k vH;a'k dgrs gSaA bldh yksdfiz;rk dk dkj.k ;g gS fd ;g izR;{k] izHkkoh vkSjyksp'khy gksrk gSA

2- fu;kZr lfClMh (Export Subsidy)

fu;kZr lfClMh fdlh ljdkj }kjk ,d fu;kZrd iQeZ (vFkok mRiknd) dks nh tkus okyh vk£Fkd lgk;rk gSrkfd fu;kZr oLrqvksa dh dher esa deh dh tk losQA blls fdlh iQeZ dks ?kjsyw cktkj dh ctk; fu;kZr cktkjesa viuh oLrq vf/d ek=kk rFkk de dher esa cspus esa vklkuh gksrh gSA fu;kZr lfClMh izR;{k vkSj vizR;{knksuksa rjg ls nh tk ldrh gS] ijUrq izR;{k fu;kZr lfClMh GATT le>kSrk osQ vUrxZr izfrcfU/r gSA vr%ljdkjsa fofHkUu izdkj dh vizR;{k fu;kZr lfClfM;k¡ nsrh gSa_ tSls fj;k;rh njksa ij Í.k] muosQ }kjk fn, x,iz'kqYdksa esa okilh] deh okys dPps eky osQ vko.Vu esa mUgsa izkFkfedrk] fons'kh eqnzk vko.Vu esa izkFkfedrk]O;kikj esys tSlh xfrfof/;ksa osQ izksRlkgu esa foÙkh; lgk;rk] cktkj vuqlU/ku] foKkiu] dj&jkgr vkfn esafoÙkh; lgk;rkA

fu;k Zr lfClMh o s Q i zHkko (Effects of Export

Subsidy)μfuEu fp=k 8-1 esa ,d NksVs ns'k osQ lEcU/ esavkaf'kd lUrqyu osQ vUrxZr fu;kZr lfClMh osQ vk£FkdizHkkoksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS ftldh fu;kZr lfClMh dk vk;krdns'k ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA eku yhft, D vkSj S fu;kZr;ksX; oLrq osQ ?kjsyw ek¡x rFkk iw£r oØ gSa rFkk ?kjsyw cktkjlUrqyu E fcUnq ij gSA fo'o dher OPw osQ lkFk] tks ?kjsywdher (E) ls Åij gS] ?kjsyw ekax OM1 gS rFkk ?kjsyw iw£rOM2 gSA ek¡x ls iw£r vf/d OM2 > OM1 gksus osQ dkj.kns'k M1M2 ek=kk fu;kZr djrk gSA fu;kZr osQ foLrkj dksizksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, ljdkj izR;sd fu;kZfrr bdkbZ Pw–Ps

lfClMh nsrh gSA blls ?kjsyw dher OPs ?kjsyw mRikndksa rFkkmiHkksDrkvksa nksuksa osQ fy, c<+rh gSA bl dher ij oLrqvksadh e¡ax OM3 ij fxj tkrh gS] ijUrq iw£r M3M4 rd c<+ tkrh gSA fo'o dher OPw gksus osQ dkj.k OPs rFkkOPw dherksa esa vUrj dh fu;kZrdksa dks {kfriw£r lfClMh osQ :i esa fey tkrh gS vkSj fu;kZr M1M2 ls M2M4

rd c<+ tkrk gSA pawfd miHkksDrk dks lfClMh osQ ckn tks dher nsuh iM+rh gS og c<+ tkrh gS] blfy, miHkksDrkvfrjsd (Consumer’s Surplus) fp=k esa H + G {ks=k osQ cjkcj de gks tkrk gS] ijUrq mRiknd vfrjsd esa ykHkH + G + K {ks=k osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA ljdkj dks iM+us okyh lfClMh dh oqQy ykxr fu;kZfrr ek=kk dh izfrlfClMh bdkbZ xquk gksrh gS tks G + K + L {ks=k osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA ns'k dks gksus okyh 'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu f=kHkqtG rFkk L gSaA la{ksi esa]

mRiknd vfrjsd esa ykHk

(Gain in Producer’s Surplus) = H + G + K

Y

S

H G K L

E

D

OX

M3

M1

M2

M4

PS

PW

dher

ek=kkfp=k 8-1


uksV


miHkksDrk vfrjsd esa gkfu

(Loss in Consumer’s Surplus) = – H – G

lfClMh dh ykxr = – G – K – L

'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu (Net Welfare Loss) – G – L

= – (G + L)

ns'k esa gksus okyh 'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu oLrq ij nh tkus okyh lfClMh dh ykxr fu;kZr ls feyus okys jktLo lsvf/d gksus osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA

nwljh vksj ;fn ns'k viuh oLrq dks cM+s iSekus ij lfClMh ns jgk gS rks mldh lfClMh nsus dh ykxr Hkh c<+tkrh gSA tSls&tSls mlosQ fu;kZr esa vkSj foLrkj gksrk gS fo'o dher de gks tkrh gS] ifj.kkeLo:i bldhO;kikj dh 'krks± esa fxjkoV vk tkrh gS] mldh 'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu vf/d gks tkrh gSA

vk;krd ns'kksa ij lfClMh osQ izHkko (Effects of Subsidy on Import Countries):vk;krd ns'k dh O;kikjdh 'krks± esa rc lq/kj gksrk gS tc ,d cM+k ns'k vius fu;kZr dks lfClMh iznku djrk gSA mlosQ fy, lfClMhokyh oLrq dh fo'o dher de gks tkrh gS rFkk og vius vk;kr dh de dher nsrk gS] ijUrq de dherdk blosQ vk; forj.k ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gSA tc dhersa de dj nh tkrh gSa rks mudk cqjk izHkko lfClMh;qDr vk;kr osQ lkFk izfr;ksfxrk djus okys m|ksxksa osQ Je rFkk iw¡th ij iM+rk gS ;|fi lfClMh;qDr oLrqvksadks de dher dk ;k oSls gh oLrq miHkksDrkvksa dks ykHk gksrk gS rFkkfi vk;krd ns'kksa osQ mRikndksa dks ogh;k oSlh gh oLrq ij gkfu gksrh gSA vr% fu;kZr dks lfClMh nsuk vuqfpr O;kikj O;ogkj le>k tkrk gS rFkkvk;krd ns'k ,slh vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ij izfrdkjh 'kqYd yxk nsrk gSA

3- LoSfPNd fu;kZr #dkoVsa (Voluntary Export Restraints–VERs): LoSfPNd fu;kZr #dkoV (VER) ,d,slk le>kSrk gS tks fu;kZrd ns'k osQ fu;kZrdksa vFkok ljdkj }kjk vk;krd ns'k osQ lkFk mlosQ fu;kZrksa dks lhferdjus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vk;krd ns'k }kjk rc fd;k tkrk gS tc mldk ?kjsyw m|ksx cM+s iSekus ijvk;krksa }kjk ihfM+r gksrk gSA vk;kr dh lhek ek=kk ewY; vFkok cktkj osQ va'k osQ vuqlkj fuf'pr dh tk ldrhgSA VERs dHkh&dHkkj gh ^LoSfPNd* gksrk gSA bUgsa fu;kZrdksa dks foo'krk esa Lohdkj djuk iM+rk gS vU;Fkkvk;krd ns'k mu ij vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh O;kikj ck/kvksa }kjk izfrcUèk yxk ldrs gSaA fiQj Hkh ;fn fu;kZrd ns'kÅ¡ph dherksa ij de fu;kZr djosQ vf/d ykHk dekus dh vk'kk j[krk gS rks og vius fu;kZr ij LoSfPNd#dkoVksa dks Lohdkj dj ldrk gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] ;wjksih; vk£Fkd leqnk; (EEC) rFkk vU; vkS|ksfxdns'kksa }kjk VERs dk iz;ksx tkiku rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls LVhy] Vhoh] vkWVkseksckbYl] oL=k] vkfn osQ vk;krij jksd yxkus osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA GATT }kjk iz'kqYdksa rFkk dhVksa ij jksd yxkus osQ ckn ns'kksa us VERs

dks viuk;k gS] ijUrq GATT fu;eksa osQ vUrxZr VERs ugha vkrhaA

vk;krd ns'k ij VER osQ izHkkoksa dks fp=k 8-2 esa izn£'kr fd;k x;k gS tgk¡ Dd oLrqvksa osQ fy, ?kjsyw ek¡xoØ gS rFkk Sd oLrqvksa osQ fy, ?kjsyw iw£r oØ gS tks nwljs ns'k dks fo'o dher OPw ij Hksth tkrh gSaA bldher ij OM ?kjsyw mRikndksa }kjk fu;kZr rFkk MM3 vk;kr dh tk jgh gSA vc ;fn M1M2 osQ vk;kr dksVsdh ctk; fdlh fu;kZrd ns'k }kjk mlh ek=kk esa VER viukbZ tk, rks mlosQ izHkko iz'kqYd vFkok vk;kr dksVkosQ cjkcj gksaxsA VER rFkk vk;kr dksVk osQ chp ,dek=k vUrj fdjk;k vFkok vfrfjDr ykHk gS tks fu;kZrdns'k osQ iw£rdrkZvksa dks tkrk gSA VER osQ ekeys esa ?kjsyw ek¡x oØ Dd ogha jgrk gS tcfd iw£r oØ Sd cnydjSv gks tkrk gS rkfd mPp dher OPv ij lUrqyu gks tk,A VER osQ lkFk iw£r oØ Sv ;g n'kkZrk gS fd OPv

dher ij] ek=kk OM dh iw£r vk;krd ns'k }kjk dh tkrh gS rFkk M1M2 blosQ vk;kr ij VER gSA ;g ek=kkvk;krd ns'k dks cspdj fu;kZrd ns'k osQ iw£rdrkZ VER ls fdjk;k izkIr dj ysrs gSaA ;g {ks=k a + R + b osQcjkcj gksrk gS tks fp=k osQ vuqlkj vk;krd ns'k dh jk"Vªh; 'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu gSA vk;krd ns'k dh miHkksDrk

uksV



vk£Fkd vfrjsd dh oqQy gkfu {ks=k Z + a + R + b gS tks fdiz'kqYd vFkok vk;kr dksVk osQ cjkcj gS {ks=k Z ?kjsywmiHkksDrkvksa ls mRikndksa dks pyk tkrk gSA {ks=k a rFkk b

izfrfuf/Ro djus okys nks f=kHkqt oqQy jk"Vªh; gkfu gSA {ks=kR ml jktLo dk izrhd gS tks fu;kZrd ns'k osQ iw£rdrkZvksadks VER ls feyrk gS tks vk;krd ns'k dh ljdkj dhgkfu gS rFkk mldh 'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu gSA VER dkvk;krd ns'k ij ,d vU; izHkko ;g iM+rk gS fd mldhO;kikj dh 'krs± fu;kZrd ns'k dh rqyuk esa lq/kj dh ctk;mUgsa vkSj [kjkc djrh gSaA ,slk blfy, fd ;g fu;kZrdns'k dh oLrq dh de fo'o dher dh ctk; mldh mPp?kjsyw dher nsrk gSA

;gh ugha VERs i{kikrh gksrh gSa] D;ksafd ;s le>kSrs U;wure ykxr fu;kZrdksa osQ lkFk j[ks tkrs gSa] ijUrq os mPpykxr fu;kZrdksa ls vk;kr dh vksj ys tk ldrs gSa ftlls vk;krd ns'k dk vk;kr fcy c<+k ldrs gSaA

fu;kZrd ns'k ij izHkko (Effects on Exporting Country)μtgk¡ rd fu;kZrd ns'k ij VER osQ izHkkoksa dkiz'u gS mls vfrfjDr ykHk (fdjk;k) dk iQk;nk rFkk O;kikj dh 'krks± esa lq/kj feyrk gSA vr% og vk;krdns'k }kjk cjkcj dk iz'kqYd vFkok vk;kr dksVk ykxw djokus dh txg VER dks izkFkfedrk nsxkA pw¡fd VERs

LFkk;h ugha gS] blfy, fu;kZrd ns'k ckn esa buesa NwV fn, tkus vFkok gVk fy, tkus osQ fy, vk;krd ns'k ijncko Mky ldrk gSA bl izdkj ;g vk;krd ns'kksa dks LFkk;h iz'kqYd vFkok dksVk osQ fy, euk dj ldrk gSA

tc rd VER fu;kZrksa dks jksdrh gS tks fu;kZrdksa osQ ikl vf/'ks"k (surplus) mRiknu gksrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i]fu;kZr ;ksX; oLrqvksa dh dher fxj tkrh gS vkSj vk; esa deh rFkk gkfu gksrh gSA blosQ dkj.k lalk/u vU;mRiknd m|ksxksa dh vksj tk ldrs gSaA ;fn fdlh ,d dkVsZy vFkok VER ls ca/s fu;kZrd fdlh cM+s m|ksxls lEcfU/r gSa rks Hkh VER fdlh u, cktkj dh [kkst rd fu;kZr dks de djsxhA mlls iqu% lalk/uksa dk iqu%vko.Vu rFkk gkfu gks ldrh gSA bl izdkj VER ls fu;kZrd ns'k dks oqQy feykdj vk£Fkd gkfu dk lkeukdjuk iM+ ldrk gSA

4- rduhdh ck/k,¡ (Technical Barriers): vk;krd ns'k dHkh&dHkh xSj&vk£Fkd izÑfr dh rduhdh O;kikjck/kvksa dks vaxhdkj dj vius ns'k esa vk;kr dh ek=kk dks ?kVkus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA rduhdh ck/k,¡ dbZ rjgdh gksrh gSa tks vk;kr dks izfrcfU/r djrh gSaA rduhdh ck/kvksa esa LokLF; ,oa lqj{kk fofu;e] LoPNrkfofu;e] vkS|ksfxd ekud] ysc¯yx rFkk iSosQftax fofu;e] vkfn vkrs gSaA ;s fofu;e fons'kh vkiw£rdrkZvksa ijmuosQ eky dk vk;kr cuk, j[kus osQ fy, vfrfjDr ykxrksa dk Hkkj Mky nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vesfjdkesa fons'kh dkj fuekZrkvksa dks ogk¡ mRiknu osQ fy, vesfjdh lqj{kk ,oa /qvka fudklh fu;U=k.k fu;eksa dk ikyudjuk vko';d gksrk gSA ;g ckrsa LokLF; LVS.MMZ osQ lEcU/ esa ykxw dh tk ldrh gSaA [kk| oLrqvksa osQvk;krdksa dks fo'ks"k xq.koÙkk] iSosQ¯tx rFkk LVS.MMZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

5- vk;kr ykblsfUlax izfØ;k,¡ (Import Licensing Procedures): cgqr ls ns'k vius ns'k esa vk;kr dksizfrcfU/r djus osQ fy, tfVy rFkk eg¡xh vk;kr ykblsfUlax izfØ;kvksa dks viukrs gSaA vk;kr ykblsUl izk;%Å¡ph cksyh yxkus okyksa dks fn, tkrs gSaA vU; ekeyksa esa vk;krdrkZvksa dks vk;kr ykblsUl izkIr djus osQ fy,,d Hkkjh /ujkf'k ljdkj osQ ikl tek djuh iM+rh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] oqQN iz'kklfud vM+puksa dk lkeukHkh vk;krdrkZvksa dks djuk iM+rk gS] ;Fkkμvk;krdrkZvksa dks ijfeV izkIr djus osQ fy, yEcs&yEcs iQkeZ HkjusiM+rs gSa] dk;kZy;ksa dk ckj&ckj pDdj yxkuk iM+rk gS rFkk lhek 'kqYd foHkkx ls eky NqM+kus ls rjg&rjg dhvM+pusa lkeus vkrh gSaA ;g izfØ;k,¡ iz'kqYd dh rjg gh vk;kr esa #dkoV mRiUu djrh gSaA

Sd

Sv

Dd

Pv

Pw

Z Ra b

O M M1

M2

M3

dher

ek=kk

fp=k 8-2


uksV


6- lhek 'kqYd ewY;kadu rFkk oxhZdj.k (Customs Valuation and Classification): lhek 'kqYd vf/dkjhizk;% vk;kr dk ewY;kadu oLrqvksa osQ fy, fu/kZfjr iz'kqYd nj ls vf/d djrs gSaA lhek 'kqYd ewY;kadu dk,d vU; rjhdk tku cw>dj eky NksM+us essa nsjh djuk rkfd vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dh ykxr c<+ tk, tSlk fdvk;kr iz'kqYd djrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr lhek 'kqYd lwph esa cgqr lh oLrqvksa dk o.kZu gksrk gS vkSj izR;sdoxZ osQ fy, iz'kqYd nj dk fu/kZj.k vyx&vyx gksrk gSA lhek 'kqYd vf/dkjh izk;% oLrqvksa dk viukoxhZdj.k Å¡ph njksa ij djosQ vf/d iz'kqYd yxkrs gSaA ,slh izfØ;k,¡ vk;kr dks izfrcfU/r djrh gSa] D;ksafdblls oLrq,¡ izk;% eg¡xh rFkk ?kjsyw cktkj esa xSj&izfrLi¼kZRed gks tkrh gSaA blls vk;krdksa esa vfuf'prrk mRiUugks tkrh gSA

vizSy] 1999 rd vesfjdk esa oqQN jlk;uksa osQ vk;kr dk ewY;kadu chtd ij fy[kh

dher osQ vuqlkj yxkus dh ctk; vessfjdk esa mRikfnr vesfjdh jlk;uksa osQ Fkksd

ewY; vFkok tks vf/d gks] osQ vuqlkj yxkrs FksA

7- ljdkjh olwyh (Government Procurement): ljdkj vius foHkkxksa dh vko';drk dh oLrqvksa dh iw£r?kjsyw mRiknksa ls djrh gS pkgs os fons'kksa ls de dherksa ij gh D;ksa u feysaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, vesfjdh&[kjhnhvf/fu;e (Buy-Amercian Act) osQ vUrxZr vessfjdk osQ ljdkjh foHkkxkas vFkok ,tsfUl;ksa dks ?kjsyw fufonk,¡gh Lohdkj djuh gksrh gSa pkgs os fons'kh fufonkvksa ls 12» rd vf/d ewY; dh gh D;ksa u gksaA j{kk osQ lEcU/esa ;g 50» vf/d gksus ij Hkh ekU; gksrk gSA blh rjg] tkiku ljdkj fons'kh fufonkvksa ij fopkj ugha djrhAfons'kh vkiw£rdrkZvksa dh fufonk,¡ Lohdkj djus vFkok vLohdkj djus esa ljdkjsa vius fo'ks"kkf/dkjksa dk iz;ksxdjrh gSaA bldk mís'; ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k iznku djuk gksrk gSA bl rjg] ljdkjsa okafNr oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksaosQ lUnHkZ esa ?kjsyw rFkk fons'kh vkiw£rdrkZvksa osQ chp Hksn djrh gSaA

8- izfrdkjkRed 'kqYd (Countervailing Duty): izfrdkjkRed 'kqYd ,d rjg dk vk;kr 'kqYd vFkokvk;krd ns'k }kjk lfClMh;qDr oLrq dh vis{kkÑr de dher esa o`f¼ gsrq yxk;k x;k iz'kqYd gSA


(v) oLrqvksa dh iw£r iw.kZ ykspnkj gksrh gSA

(c) fu;kZr oLrq lfClMh ;qDr gksrh gSA

(l) vk;krd ns'kksa }kjk bl oLrq ij yxk;k x;k 'kqYd fu;kZr lfClMh osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA


3- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the blanks)μ

(i) vk;kr vH;a'k ls rkRi;Z oLrq dh fuf'pr ek=kk vFkok ------------ ls gSA

(ii) vH;a'k dh fuf'pr HkkSfrd ek=kk dks ------------ vH;a'k dgrs gSaA

(iii) mRiknd vfrjsd ykHk ------------ gksrk gSA

(iv) rduhdh ck/k,¡ dbZ rjg dh gksrh gSa tks vk;kr dks ------------ djrh gSA

(v) ljdkj vius foHkkxksa dks vko';drk dh oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ ------------ ls djrh gSA

uksV




• laj{k.k dh lcls vf/d yksdfiz; fof/ iz'kqYd gS tks vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ij yxk;k tkrk gSA iz'kqYdvFkok rVdj dk iz;ksx osQoy v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa gh ugha] oju~ fodflr ns'kksa esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

• ijEijkxr iz'kqYd vuqlwph O;kikfjd lfU/;ksa dk ifj.kke gSA ijEijkxr iz'kqYd esa ?kjsyw ifjfLFkfr;ksa esaifjorZu osQ dkj.k lek;kstu djuk lEHko ugha gksrkA

• vk;kr vH;a'k dk vk'k;] oLrq dh ml fuf'pr ek=kk vFkok ewY; ls gS ftldk] le; dh ,d fuf'prvof/ esa ns'k esa vk;kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• ¶vk;kr vH;a'k osQ vUrxZr] ftl fuf'pr ek=kk dk vk;kr fd;k tk ldrk gS mlesa o`f¼ ugha dh tkldrhA¸

• vH;a'kksa dks ladVdkyhu mik;ksa osQ :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk budk Rofjr dk;kZUo;u vko';dgksrk gSA

• fo'oO;kih vk;kr vH;a'k og gS ftlosQ vUrxZr fu/kZfjr ek=kk fo'o osQ fdlh Hkh ns'k ls vk;krdh tk ldrh gSA

• vk;kr vH;a'k fu/kZfjr djrs le; fdlh vk/kj o"kZ dks è;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS fdUrq vk/kj o"kZ osQp;u esa xyrh gks ldrh gSA

• fo'oO;kih ,oa vkoafVr vH;a'kksa dh rqyuk esa] vk;kr ykblsal iz.kkyh fuf'pr gh ,d lq/kj gS] D;ksafdblls vk;kr fu;U=k.k vf/d izHkko'kkyh <ax ls gksrk gSA

• ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k iznku djus rFkk fons'kh oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr dks lhfer djus osQ fy, ljdkjsavUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij iz'kqYd vFkok rV&djksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; izdkj osQ izfrcU/ksa dk Hkh lgkjkysrh gSaA

• tc vH;a'k dh HkkSfrd ek=kk fuf'pr dj nh tkrh gS rks mls izR;{k vH;a'k dgrs gSa vkSj tc mldhewY; esa ek=kk fuf'pr dj nh tkrh gS rc mls vizR;{k vH;a'k dgrs gSaA

• fu;kZr lfClMh fdlh ljdkj }kjk ,d fu;kZrd iQeZ (vFkok mRiknd) dks nh tkus okyh vk£Fkdlgk;rk gS rkfd fu;kZr oLrqvksa dh dher esa deh dh tk losQA

• LoSfPNd fu;kZr #dkoV (VER) ,d ,slk le>kSrk gS tks fu;kZrd ns'k osQ fu;kZrdksa vFkok ljdkj }kjkvk;krd ns'k osQ lkFk mlosQ fu;kZrksa dks lhfer djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

• cgqr ls ns'k vius ns'k esa vk;kr dks izfrfcfU/r djus osQ fy, tfVy rFkk eg¡xh vk;kr ykblsfUlaxizfØ;kvksa dks viukrs gSaA


••••• ijfeVμ vuqefr tks ljdkj }kjk vf/dkfjd rkSj ij fyf[kr :i esa nh tkrh gSA

••••• fufonk,¡μ vko';d jde ysdj okafNr oLrq,¡ tqVk nsus ;k dke iwjk djus dk fyf[kr oknkA

••••• vf/fu;eμ fo/ku osQ varxZr cuk;k x;k fu;e] ,sDVA


1- iz'kqYd ls D;k rkRi;Z gSA ;g fdrus izdkj dk gksrk gSA

2. iz'kqYd vFkok rVdj ls vki D;k le>rs gSaA olwyh osQ vk/kj ij iz'kqYd fdrus izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA


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3. vk;kr vH;a'k ls vki D;k le>rs gSaA blosQ fofHkUu izdkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

4. vk;kr vH;a'k osQ mís'; crkb;s rFkk ,di{kh; ,oa f}i{kh; vH;a'k esa varj Li"V dhft,A

5. xSj&iz'kqYd ck/kvksa ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ xSj&iz'kqYd ck/kvksa osQ fofHkUu izdkjksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k nhft,A

6. LoSfPNd fu;kZr #dkoVsa D;k gSa\ fu;kZrd rFkk vk;krd ns'kksa ij buosQ izHkkoksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

7. fu;kZr lfClfM;k¡ D;k gSa\ vk;krd rFkk fu;kZrd ns'kksa ij fu;kZr lfClMh osQ izHkkoksa dh foospuk dhft,A


1. 1. × 2. 3. × 4.

5. 6. ×2. 1. (x) 2. (d) 3. (x) 4. (d)

5. (x)

3. 1. ewY; 2. izR;{k 3. H + G + K 4. izfrcaf/r

4. ?kjsyw mRiknksa





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bdkbZ—9% jk"Vªh; vk;] mRiknu rFkk jkstxkj ij iz'kqYd---

bdkbZμ9% jk"Vªh; vk;] mRiknu rFkk jkstxkj ij iz'kqYd

,oa vH;a'k dk vk£Fkd izHkko (Economic Effects ofTariff and Quotas on National Income, Output

and Employment)


mís'; (Objectives)


9.1 iz'kqYd osQ izHkko (Effects of Tariff)

9.2 iz'kqYd osQ vU; izeq[k izHkko (Other Important Effects of Tariff)

9.3 vH;a'k osQ izHkko (Effects of Quotas)

9.4 vk;kr vH;a'k ,oa iz'kqYd% ,d rqyukRed foospu (Quotas Compared with Tariff)





mís'; (Objectives)


• iz'kqYd ,oa vH;a'k osQ izHkko dks le>us esaA

• vk;kr vH;a'k ,oa iz'kqYd dk rqyukRed foospu djus esaA

izLrkouk (Introduction)tc dksbZ ns'k iz'kqYd yxkrk gS rc vFkZO;oLFkk dk izR;sd {ks=k fdlh u fdlh :i esa izHkkfor gksrk gS vkSjlEiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk fdlh nwljs lkE; fn'kk dh vksj LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj dk izHkko Hkh vFkZO;oLFkkosQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa ij iM+rk gSA cgqr ls ekeyksa esa vH;a'k ,oa iz'kqYd osQ leku izHkko gksrs gSaA ;fn fdlh oLrqdh ekax ,oa iw£r osQ oØ csykspnkj gSa rks pkgs ns'k iz'kqYd dk iz;ksx djs vFkok vk;kr vH;a'k dk izHkko esadksbZ varj ugha gksrkA

9-1 iz'kqYd osQ izHkko (Effects of Tariff)

iz'kqYd osQ izHkkoksa dk fo'ys"k.k nks lUnHkks± esa fd;k tk ldrk gS %

I. oLrq fo'ks"k osQ lUnHkZ esa iz'kqYd osQ izHkko vFkkZr~ vkaf'kd lkE; fo'ys"k.k osQ vUrxZr iz'kqYd osQ izHkkoA



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II. lEiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lUnHkZ esa iz'kqYd osQ izHkko vFkkZr~ lkekU; lkE; fo'ys"k.k osQ vUrxZr iz'kqYdosQ izHkkoA

I. vkaf'kd lkE; fo'ys"k.k osQ vUrxZr iz'kqYd osQ izHkko(Effects of Tariff under Partial Equilibrium Analysis)

pkYlZ ih- fd.MycxZj us vkaf'kd lkE; osQ vUrxZr fuEu iz'kqYd izHkkoksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS %

lkekU; :i ls iz'kqYd osQ fuEu izHkko gksrs gSa %

(1) jktLo izHkko (Revenue Effect),

(2) laj{k.k izHkko (Protection Effect),

(3) miHkksx izHkko (Consumption Effect),

(4) iqu£orj.k izHkko (Redistribution or Transfer Effect),

(5) O;kikj dh 'krks± ij izHkko (Terms of Trade Effect),

(6) izfrLi/kZRed izHkko (Competitive Effect)

(7) vk; izHkko (Income Effect),

(8) Hkqxrku&lUrqyu izHkko (Balance of Payment Effect)A

1- jktLo izHkkoμ;fn iz'kqYd iw.kZ :i ls fu"ks/kRedgksrs gSa rks muls vk; ugha feyrh] fdUrq ;fn os iw.kZ :ils fu"ks/kRed ugha gksrs rks muesa ljdkj dks oqQN vk;izkIr gksrh gSA fu"ks/kRed iz'kqYd dk vFkZ gS fd iz'kqYdnj bruh Å¡ph jgrh gS fd vk;kr iw.kZ :i ls izfrcfU/r gks tkrs gSaA ;fn iz'kqYd ,slh oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr ijyxk;k tkrk gS ftldk ns'k esa fcYoqQy mRiknu ugha gksrkrks ,sls iz'kqYd dk iw.kZ laj{k.k izHkko ugha iM+rk vkSjljdkj dks jktLo izkIr gksrk gS] fdUrq bl fLFkfr esa oqQNu oqQN laj{k.kkRed izHkko iM+rk gS] D;ksafd vU; mRiknuksadh ek¡x gksus yxrh gSA iz'kqYd dk okLrfod laj{k.kizHkko u gks] blosQ fy, vko';d gS fd ftl oLrq ijiz'kqYd yxk;k tk,] mlosQ ?kjsyw mRiknu ij Hkh vk;krdj dh ek=kk osQ vuqlkj mRiknu dj yxk;k tk,A tks iz'kqYd fu"ks/kRed ls de gksrs gSa rFkk mlh vuqikr esa?kjsyw mRiknu ij mRiknu 'kqYd ugha yxrk rks ,sls iz'kqYd dk vk; ,oa laj{k.k nksuksa izdkj dk izHkko gksrk gSAizLrqr js[kkfp=k esa SS′ oLrq dh ?kjsyw iw£r dk oØ gS] ftls nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØ Hkh dgrs gSaA DD′ ?kjsywek¡x oØ gSA O;kikj u gksus dh fLFkfr esa oLrq dh dher OP3 ij fuf'pr gksrh gS tgk¡ ?kjsyw ek¡x vkSj iw£r esalUrqyu gSA LorU=k O;kikj gksus dh fLFkfr esa dher fxjdj OP1 gks tkrh gS tgk¡ ?kjsyw mRiknu OM1 gS rFkk vk;krdh ek=kk M1M4 gSA

vc oLrq osQ vk;kr ij P1P2 osQ cjkcj iz'kqYd yxk fn;k tkrk gS ftlls ?kjsyw cktkj esa dher c<+dj OP2 gkstkrh gS vkSj ?kjsyw mRiknu OM4 ls c<+dj OM2 gks tkrk gS rFkk miHkksx OM4 ls ?kVdj OM3 gks tkrk gS rFkkvk;kr M1M4 ls ?kVdj M2M3 gks tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa jktLo izHkko fuEu gksxk %

;fn iz'kqYd P1P3 osQ cjkcj gksrk rks og fu"ks/kRed gksrk rFkk jktLo izHkko 'kwU; gksrk] fdUrq iz'kqYd osQoy P1P2

gSA P1P2 izfr bdkbZ iz'kqYd tc vk;kr ek=kk M2M3 (vFkok Xq) ij yxk;k tkrk gS rc ljdkj dks iz'kqYd lsoqQy vk;kr ij BFGC {ks=kiQy osQ cjkcj jktLo feyrk gSA ;gh iz'kqYd dk jktLo izHkko gSA

jktL;izHkko

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2- laj{k.k izHkkoμlkekU; :i ls iz'kqYd dk laj{k.kkRed izHkko ;g gksrk gS fd vk;kr dh ek=kk fu;fU=kr gkstkus ls ns'k osQ m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k izkIr gksrk gS] D;ksafd bu m|ksxksa dks fons'kh izfr;ksfxrk ugha djuh iM+rhA blosQiQyLo:i ?kjsyw mRiknu esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA js[kkfp=k 8-1 ls Li"V gS fd iz'kqYd osQ iQyLo:i ?kjsyw dher c<+djOP2 gks tkrh gS ftlls ?kjsyw mRiknu OM1 ls c<+dj OM2 gks tkrk gSA ;g c<+k gqvk ?kjsyw mRiknu laj{k.k izHkkodks Li"V djrk gSA mi;qZDr js[kkfp=k esa M1M2 laj{k.k izHkko gSA ,d fn;s gq, iz'kqYd osQ laj{k.k izHkko dh lhekiw£r dh yksp ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA ;fn iw£r dh yksp cgqr vf/d gS rks laj{k.k izHkko vf/d gksxk rFkk csykspnkjiw£r gksus ij de gksxkA

lseqvylu izes; D;k gS\

3- miHkksx izHkkoμlkekU; :i ls iz'kqYd dk miHkksx ij ;g izHkko gksrk gS fd iz'kqYd ls dherksa esa o`f¼ gkstkrh gS ftlls ?kjsyw miHkksx dh ek=kk de gks tkrh gSA js[kkfp=k 9-1 ls Li"V gS fd iz'kqYd osQ iwoZ OP1 dherij miHkksx dh ek=kk OM4 Fkh tks iz'kqYd osQ ckn dh dher OP2 ij ?kVdj OM3 jg xbZ gSA iz'kqYd osQ dkj.kmiHkksx M3M4 ?kV tkrh gSA ;gh miHkksx izHkko gSA

4- iqu£orj.k izHkkoμiz'kqYd dk ?kjsyw dherksa ij ;g izHkko iM+rk gS fd dherksa esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gS blosQiQyLo:i mRikndksa dh vk; esa o`f¼ gksrh gS ij miHkksDrkvksa dh vk; ,d lhek rd de gks tkrh gS vFkkZr~iqu£orj.k izHkko dh izo`fÙk mRikndksa osQ i{k esa gksus dh gksrh gSA js[kkfp=k 9-1 ls Li"V gS fd iz'kqYd yxus osQckn mRiknd vius iw£r oØ osQ fcUnq A ls B rd igq¡p tkrs gSa] tks muosQ }kjk dh tk jgh oLrq dh iw£r osQ foLrkjdk lwpd gSA mRiknu osQ foLrkj osQ dkj.k mRikndksa dh vk; esa P1ABP2 o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA

P1ABP2 osQ nks Hkkx gSa % P1AKP2 rFkk AKB {ks=kiQyA P1AKP2 vfrfjDr vk; iz'kqYd ls igys dk;Z dj jgsmRikndksa dks izkIr gksrh gS tcfd iz'kqYd osQ dkj.k mRiknu {ks=k esa vk;s u;s mRikndksa dks AKB {ks=kiQy osQ cjkcjvk; izkIr gksrh gSA bl izdkj oqQy {ks=kiQy P1ABP2 (= P1AKP2 + AKB) iqu£orj.k izHkko gS tks iz'kqYd osQ dkj.kmiHkksDrkvksa ls mRikndksa dh vksj LFkkukUrfjr gksrk gSA

iz'kqYd ls mRiUu fo'kq¼ gkfu

tc iz'kqYd yxk;k tkrk gS rc miHkksDrk dh cpr dh oqQy gkfu P1P2 CD1 {ks=kiQy osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA miHkksDrkdh oqQy gkfu esa ls BFGC {ks=kiQy osQ cjkcj ek=kk ljdkj dks jktLo osQ :i esa LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrh gS rFkkP1ABP2 {ks=kiQy iqu£orj.k izHkko osQ vUrxZr mRikndksa dks LFkkUrfjr gks tkrk gSA fp=k esa f=kHkqt AFB rFkk CGD1

leqnk; dh fo'kq¼ gkfu dks izn£'kr djrs gSa D;ksafd miHkksDrk gkfu dk ;g Hkkx fdlh dks Hkh LFkkukUrfjr ughagksrk vkSj foyqIr gks tkrk gS f=kHkqt AFB dh fo'kq¼ gkfu mRiknd i{k dh gkfu gS tcfd f=kHkqt CGD1 miHkksxi{k dh gkfu izn£'kr djrk gSA

5- O;kikj dh 'krks± ij izHkkoμlkekU; n'kkvksa esa] iz'kqYd yxkus okys ns'k esa iz'kqYd dk izHkko ;g gksxk fdmls vk;kr lLrs izkIr gkasxs vFkkZr~ mls O;kikj ls ykHk gksxkA iz'kqYd yxkdj ns'k oLrq dk vk;kr lhfer djosQ]vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dh dher dks de dj ldrk gS ftl ij fd vU; ns'k mls csprs gSaA blls ;g ekU;rk gS fdfons'k iz'kqYd dk iw.kZ vFkok vkaf'kd Hkqxrku djrk gSA O;kikj dh 'krks± ij iz'kqYd osQ izHkko dks fuEu js[kkfp=k9-2 ls le>k;k tk ldrk gS %

eku yks nks ns'k A vkSj B gSaA ns'k A dks diM+s osQ mRiknu esa rqyukRed gkfu gS vr% A, ns'k B ls diM+s dk vk;krdjrk gS ftls diM+s osQ mRiknu esa rqyukRed ykHk gSA igys ge O;kikj osQ iwoZ dh n'kk ij fopkj djsaxsA

js[kkfp=k esa ns'k A dk diM+s dk ekax oØ DD gS rFkk SS mldk iw£r oØ gSA fcUnq R O;kikj&iwoZ dk lUrqyu fcUnqgSA vc A vkSj B nksukssa esa O;kikj gksrk gS vkSj A ns'k] B ls diM+s dk vk;kr djrk gS js[kk Sf, ns'k A osQ fy, ?kjsyw


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mRiknu vkSj vk;kr ls miyC/ diM+s dh oqQy ek=kk gS rFkkfcUnq V LorU=k O;kikj dk lUrqyu fcUnq gSA ;gka diM+s dhdher OP1 gksxh rFkk A esa bldk oqQy miHkksx OQ1 gksxkAA ns'k diM+s dh OM1 ek=kk dk ns'k esa mRiknu djsxk rFkkM1Q1 ek=kk dk B ls vk;kr djsxkA

vc ;fn A diM+s osQ vk;kr ij iz'kqYd yxkrk gS rks A dkiw£r oØ Sf +t gks tkrk gS rFkk vc u;k lUrqyu fcUnq W

gS rFkk A esa diM+s dk ewY; c<+dj OP2 gks tkrk gSA ns'k Aesa ?kjsyw mRiknu dh o`f¼ ,oa diMs+ osQ miHkksx esa deh gksusls] diM+s dk vk;kr M1Q1 ls ?kVdj M2Q3 gks tkrk gS ,oalkFk gh] fon'kh diMs+ dh iw£r dher ?kVdj OP3 gks tkrhgSA bl izdkj iz'kqYd yxkus osQ iQyLo:i O;kikj dh'krs± ns'k A osQ i{k esa gks tkrh gSaA

A ns'k dh ljdkj vk;kfrr diM+s dh izfr bdkbZ ij P2P3 vk;kr dj olwy djrh gS vFkok oqQy dj WNKG

osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA ljdkj bl vfrfjDr vk; dks ;k rks vU; dk;ks± esa O;; dj ldrh gS vFkok vU; djksa esadeh djosQ bldk ykHk yksxksa dks fey ldrk gSA ;|fi A ns'k osQ miHkksDrk] iz'kqYd osQ ckn diM+s dh vfèkddher nsrs gSa] fdUrq fons'kh mRikndksa dks de Hkqxrku fd;k tk ldrk gSA

6- izfrLi/kZRed izHkkoμiz'kqYd ns'k dh izfrLi/kZRed 'kfDr dks {kh.k djrk gSA tc dksbZ ns'k ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dkslaj{k.k nsus dh n`f"V ls iz'kqYd yxkrk gS rc ?kjsyw m|ksx fons'kh izfrLi/kZ ls lqj{kk dop izkIr dj ysrs gSa vkSjvius fodkl dks vkxs c<+krs gSa] fdUrq iz'kqYd dk lqj{kk dop ?kjsyw m|ksxksa osQ fy, LFkkbZ ugha gksuk pkfg,A

;fn iz'kqYd }kjk fons'kh izfr;ksfxrk dks nwj j[kk tkrk gS rks ?kjsyw m|ksxksa esa voqQ'ky]

eksVk ,oa lqLr gksus dh izo`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA

bl izdkj vf/d iz'kqYd dk izfrLièkkZRed izHkko ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks fons'kh izfrLi/kZ osQ v;ksX; cukrk gS tcfdiz'kqYd dks /hjs&/hjs gVk;k tkuk ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks fons'kh izfrLi/kZ osQ ;ksX; cukrk gSA

7- vk; izHkkoμiz'kqYd dk izHkko ;g gksrk gS fd fons'kksa esa O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k esa deh gks tkrh gSA tksvk; fons'kksa esa O;; ugha dh tkrh mldh iwjh dh iwjh cpr ugha gksrh oju~ mlesa ls vf/dka'k ns'k esa gh O;;dj nh tkrh gSA ;fn iw.kZ jkstxkj ls de dh fLFkfr fo|eku gS rks blls eqnzk] okLrfod vk; vkSj jkstxkj esa of¼gksxhA bl vk/kj ij iz'kqYd dk leFkZu fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq ;fn ns'k esa igys gh iw.kZ jkstxkj dh fLFkfr fo|ekugS rks iz'kqYd yxkus ls ns'k esa eqnzk izlkj gksxk rFkk bldk okLrfod vk; ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+sxkA vr% dgk tkldrk gS fd tc ns'k esa viz;qDr lalk/u gks rks iz'kqYd yxkus ls ?kjsyw O;; vkSj jk"Vªh; vk; esa of¼ gksrh gSA

tc dksbZ ns'k vius vk;krksa ij iz'kqYd yxkrk gS rc nwljs ns'k dk fu;kZr grksRlkfgr gksrk gS vkSj mlosQ vk;vkSj jkstxkj nksuksa esa deh gksrh gS vr% ;g dgk tkrk gS fd iz'kqYd okys ns'k esa vk; esa o`f¼] fu;kZrdksa ns'kosQ cy ij gksrh gS] blfy, bl uhfr dks iM+kslh dks xjhc cukus dh uhfr* (Beggar my neighbour policy)dgk tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vk; izHkko dks iz'kqYd dk vPNk izHkko ugha ekuk tkrkA

8- Hkqxrku lUrqyu izHkkoμvk; izHkko dh rqyuk esa iz'kqYd dk Hkqxrku lUrqyu izHkko de fuf'pr gksrk gSAiz'kqYd dk izR;{k izHkko ;g gksrk gS fd vk;kr dh ek=kk de gks tkrh gS] fdUrq bldk vk'k; ;g ugha gS fdvk;krksa dk ewY; de gks tkrk gSA lEHko gS fd vc vk;kr djus okyk] igys dh rqyuk esa vk;kr ij vfèkd

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O;; djs tks mldh ekax ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA ;fn vk;kr dh ekax cgqr ykspnkj gS rks iz'kqYd ls gksus okyh dherksaesa o`f¼ vk;kr dh HkkSfrd ek=kk de dj nsxh rFkk oqQy Ø; de gks tk,xkA ij ;fn ekax csykspnkj gS rks iz'kqYdosQ ckn vk;kr O;; c<+ tk,xk ftlosQ dkj.k ns'k dk Hkqxrku lUrqyu izfrowQy gks tk,xkA

II. lkekU; lkE; fo'ys"k.k osQ vUrxZr iz'kqYd osQ izHkko (Effects of Tariff under General EquilibrumAnalysis): pkYlZ ih- fd.MycxZj osQ vuqlkj] tc dksb ns'k iz'kqYd yxkrk gS rc vFkZO;oLFkk dk izR;sd {ks=kfdlh&u&fdlh :i esa izHkkfor gksrk gS vkSj lEiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk fdlh nwljh lkE; n'kk dh vksj LFkkukUrfjr gkstkrh gSA fd.MycxZj osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶iz'kqYd O;kikj] dher] mRiknu vkSj miHkksx dks ifjo£rr djrk gS] lalkèkuksadk iquvkZcaVu djrk gS] lk/uksa osQ iz;ksx vuqikr dks cny nsrk gS] vk; dk iqu£orj.k djrk gS] jkstxkj ljapukdks cnyrk gS vkSj Hkqxrku lUrqyu dks izHkkfor djrk gSA¸

9-2 iz'kqYd osQ vU; izeq[k izHkko (Other Important Effects of Tariff)

1- lk/u xfr'khyrk ij izHkkoμeq.Msy us nks ikjLifjd lEcfU/r rF; izdV fd;s gSa tks lk/uksa dh xfr'khyrkij iz'kqYd osQ izHkko dks Li"V djrs gSaA izFke] O;kikj dh #dkoVksa osQ dkj.k lk/uksa dh xfr'khyrk izksRlkfgr gksrhgS vkSj f}rh;] lkèkuksa dh xfr'khyrk esa c<+h gqbZ #dkoVsa O;kikj dks izksRlkfgr djrh gSaA

vius fo'ys"k.k osQ fy, eq.Msy us nks ns'k] nks oLrq,¡ ,oa nks lk/uksa dk ,d ekWMy izLrqr fd;k gS ftldh fuEurhu fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa %

(i) nksuksa ns'kksa esa mRikn&iQyu leku gS]

(ii) lk/u xgurk dk lsE;qylu dk fopkj fo|eku gS] ,oa

(iii) viw.kZ fof'k"Vhdj.k gSA

eq.Msy dk er gS fd LorU=k O;kikj ls oLrq dher lekuhdj.k osQ iQyLo:i lk/u dher lekuhdj.k gks tk,xk]Hkys gh lk/uksa esa xfr'khyrk u gksA mi;qZDr <kaps esa eq.Msy ;gLi"V djrs gSa fd vk;krksa ij iz'kqYd ls lk/u xfr'khyrkizksRlkfgr gksxhA

ge nks ns'k A vkSj B, nks oLrq,a X vkSj Y rFkk nks lk/u Je vkSjiwath ysrs gSaA ns'k A Je izpqj vkSj iwath LoYi gS vis{kkÑr B

ns'k osQA X oLrq iawth&iz/ku rFkk Y Je&iz/ku gSA lsE;qylu dhlk/u dher lekuhdj.k dh lkjh ekU;rk,a fo|eku gSaA eq.Msydh O;k[;k js[kkfp=k 9-3 ls Li"V gSA

izLrqr js[kkfp=k esa TT ns'k A dk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ gSA LorU=k

O;kikj osQ vUrxZr ns'k A dk lUrqyu fcUnq P mRiknu fcUnq ij

gS rFkk miHkksx fcUnq S gSA NPM vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher js[kk gSA ns'k

A Je&iz/ku oLrq Y dk fu;kZr djrk gS (PR) rFkk B ns'k ls

iawth&iz/ku oLrq X dk vk;kr (PR) djrk gSA Y oLrq osQ lUnHkZ esa ns'k A dh vk; ON gS rFkk X osQ lUnHkZ esa OM

gSA O;kikj izfrcU/ dk vHkko vkSj lk/uksa dh xfr'khyrk u gksus ij] ns'kksa esa oLrq dher vkSj lk/u dher

lekuhdj.k gks x;k gSA

;fn iz'kqYd fu"ks/kRed gS rks O;kikj osQ ckn ns'k A osQ mRiknu vkSj miHkksx dk lUrqyu Q fcUnq ij gksxk tgkaiwath dh lhekUr mRikndrk c<+ tkrh gS vkSj Je dh ?kV tkrh gSA LVkYij&lsE;qylu osQ izes; esa Hkh ;g fl¼fd;k x;k gSA bldk izHkko ;g gksxk fd B ns'k ls A ns'k dks iwath dk izokg izksRlkfgr gksxk] vr% ns'k A vc ia¡wthizpqj gks tk,xk rFkk mldk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ TT nk;ha vkSj c<+dj T′T′ gks tk,xk vkSj fdlh Hkh dher vuqikr

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ij ;g iwath&iz/ku oLrq X osQ i{k esa gksxk ftlls T′T′ mlh vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher js[kk ij (N′P′M′ vkSj NPM nksuksalekukUrj gS) P′ fcUnq dks Li'kZ djsxhA

B ns'k ls iwath dk izokg A ns'k esa ml le; rd gksrk jgsxk tc rd fd nksuksa ns'kksa esa iawth vkSj Je dh lhekUrmRikndrk cjkcj ugha gks tkrhA pwafd A dk iz'kqYd vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher dks izHkkfor ugha dj ikrk] B ns'k esa lhekUrmRikndrk fLFkj jgrh gSA

eq.Msy dk fu"d"kZ bl izdkj gSμiz'kqYd osQ iQyLo:i ml lk/u dk izfriQy c<+ tkrk gS ftldk xgurk lsiz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vr% ml lk/u dk izokg nwljs ns'k ls iz'kqYd yxkus okys ns'k esa gksrk gSA vUr esa] lkèkuksadh dhersa leku gks tkrh gSa] lk/u dk izokg #d tkrk gS rFkk oLrqvksaa dh dhersa leku gks tkrh gSaA vc iz'kqYdizHkkoghu gks tkrk gS rFkk u;s lUrqyu dks izHkkfor fd;s fcuk] iz'kqYd dks gVk;k tk ldrk gSA u;s lUrqyu esaO;kikj dh 'krs± ,oa lk/uksa dh dhersa] iz'kqYd dh igys dh fLFkfr osQ leku gksaxhA

2- ?kjsyw vk; osQ forj.k ij izHkkoμiz'kqYd dk ?kjsyw vk; osQ forj.k ij tks izHkko iM+rk gS] mldk vè;;ulsE;qlyu] LVkYij] estyj vkSj ysosQLVj (Lancaster) us fd;k gSA

izfrf"Br vkSj uo&izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us ;g rks crk;k fd fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj O;kikj ls fdl izdkj ,d ns'kykHkkfUor gksrk gS] ijUrq os ;g Li"V ugha dj ik;s fd okLrfod vk; dk ykHk mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa esa fdl izdkjforfjr gksrk gSA

vc ge la{ksi esa iz'kqYd dk ?kjsyw vk; osQ forj.k ij izHkko osQ lEcU/ esa fofHkÂ vk/qfud erksa dk izfriknu djsaxsA

gSDlpj&vksgfyu osQ fopkjμgSDlpj&vksgfyu osQ vuqlkj ;fn O;kikj osQ iQyLo:i lk/uksa dk lkisf{kdizfriQy leku gks tkrk gS rks ftl ns'k esa tks lk/u LoYi gS] ogka O;kikj dks lhfer djosQ lk/u dh LoYirkdks cuk;s j[kk tk,xkA vr% ftl ns'k esa Je LoYi vkSj Hkwfe izpqj gS] og iz'kqYd yxkdj] O;kikj dh ek=kk dkslhfer djsxk ftlls LoYi lk/u&Je ykHkkfUor gksxkA bl izdkj lsE;qylu us iz'kqYd osQ lLrs Je osQ roZQ(Pauper Labour Argument) dk leFkZu fd;k gSA vc iz'u ;g gS fd D;k iz'kqYd ls LoYi lk/u osQ fujis{kva'k esa Hkh o`f¼ gksxh\ pawfd iz'kqYd ls izk;% okLrfod jk"Vªh; vk; de gks tkrh gS] bl ckr dh lEHkkouk jgrhgS fd LoYi lk/u dk fujis{k vFkok okLrfod va'k de gks tk,xk] Hkys gh iz'kqYd ls mlosQ lkisf{kd va'k esao`f¼ gks tk,A mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 75 dh jk"Vªh; vk; dk 50»] 100 dh jk"Vªh; vk; osQ 40» ls [kjkc gSA

LVkWIyj&lsE;qylu izes; (Stopler-Samuelson Theorem)

LVkWIyj&lsE;qylu us gSDlpj&vksgfyu osQ mDr er dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k vkSj 1941 esa vius fucU/ esa ;g erizfrikfnr fd;k fd iz'kqYd osQ iQyLo:i LoYi lk/u osQ lkisf{kd vkSj fujis{kμnksuksa v'akksa esa of¼ gksrh gSA mUgksauscrk;k fd nks lk/uksa okyh vFkZ&O;oLFkk esa iz'kqYd ls LoYi lk/u dh fujis{k etnwjh esa o`f¼ gks tk,xhA O;kikjdh 'krs± ,oa lexz :i ls okLrfod vk; ij gksus okys izHkko dk fopkj fd;s fcuk gh] ;fn iz'kqYd osQ iQyLo:inwljs ns'k }kjk cnys dh Hkkouk dk dne u mBk;k tk;s rks iz'kqYd ls ml lk/u osQ lkisf{kd va'k vkSj okLrfodvk; esa o`f¼ gksxh tks lajf{kr m|ksx esa lkisf{kd :i ls lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ gSA bl izdkj ,d Je&LoYi ns'klaj{k.k viukdj Je dh OkkLrfod etnwjh esa o`f¼ dj ldrk gS] Hkys gh mlls] lexz :i ls jk"Vªh; vk; degks tk,A iz'kqYd dk gkfudkjd izHkko ns'k osQ izpqj lk/u ij iM+sxk vFkkZr~ lkisf{kd :i ls izpqj lk/u osQ lkisf{kdvkSj fujis{k nksuksa va'k de gks tk,axsA

estyj osQ fopkj

LVkWIyj&lsE;qylu osQ mi;qZDr foospu esa ;g ekU;rk fufgr gS fd laj{k.k dk ns'k dh cká O;kikj 'krks±

(vk;kr&fu;kZr dh cká dherksa) esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk] fdUrq estyj us 1949 esa vius ,d ys[k esa crk;k

fd LVkWIyj&lsE;qylu osQ fu"d"kZ esa la'kks/u dh vko';drk gSA iz'kqYd osQ LoYi lk/u dh vk; oSQls izHkkfor

gksrh gS ;g iz'kqYd osQ iQyLo:i O;kikj dh 'krks± esa gksus okys ifjorZu ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA ;fn bu ifjorZuksa dks

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è;ku esa j[kk tk, rks ;g Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekax dh oqQy n'kkvksa esa] iz'kqYd ls ykHkkfUor

gksus dh vis{kk] LoYi lk/u dks gkfu gksrh gSA

LVkWIyj&lsE;qylu izes; osQ lEcU/ esa ysaosQLVj osQ fopkj

ysaosQLVj us Hkh LVkWIyj&lsE;qylu osQ izes; esa la'kks/u fd;k gSA lsE;qylu us crk;k fd iz'kqYd ls fdlh Hkh oLrq

osQ lUnHkZ esa LoYi lk/u dh okLrfod vk; c<+ tkrh gS] fdUrq ysaosQLVj dgrs gSa fd nks oLrq nks lkèku ekWMy

esa Hkh ;g lgh ugha gSA LVkWIyj&lsE;qylu dh ekU;rkvksa esa ysaosQLVj us ;g ekU;rk Hkh tksM+ nh gS fd Je dh vk;

,d oLrq ij rFkk iwathifr dh vk; iw.kZ :i ls nwljh oLrq ij O;; dh tkrh gSA blls ml oLrq dh oqQy ekax

esa ifjorZu gks tk,xk ftl ij leLr etnwjh O;; dh tkrh gSA lEHko gS iawth izpqj ns'k iwath&izèkku oLrq dks

Je&oLrq osQ :i esa iz;qDr djsA lexz :i ls ns'k dh ekax ,slh gks fd iwath&iz/ku oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djuk iM+sA

;fn ns'k vk;krksa ij iz'kqYd yxkrk gS rks blls Je dks ykHk ugha gksxk oju~ iw¡th dks ykHk gksxk ftldk vk;kr

izfrLFkkfir m|ksx esa xgurk ls iz;ksx gksrk gSA LVkWYij&lsE;qylu izes; mlh le; ykxw gksrk gS tc ns'k Je&iz/

ku oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djsA

fu"d"kZμtgka rd LVkWIyj&lsE;qylu dh ekU;rk dk iz'u gS] okLrfod txr esa] iz'kqYd dk O;kikj dh 'krks± ij

dkiQh izHkko iM+rk gS rFkk ns'k osQ miHkksx&Lrj dk Hkh mRiknu ij izHkko gksrk gSA ;fn bu lc ckrksa ij fopkj

fd;k tk;s rks LVkWIyj&lsE;qylu izes; osQ ckjs esa lkekU; dFku lEHko ugha gSA

9-3 vH;a'k osQ izHkko (Effects of Quotas)

vk;kr vH;a'kksa osQ fuEu izHkko gksrs gSaμ

(1) dher izHkko (Price Effect)μvk;kr&vH;a'kksa ls ns'k esa vk;kr dh ek=kk lhfer gks tkrh gS] vr% lkekU;:i ls dherksa dh izo`fÙk c<+us dh gksrh gSA ;|fi iz'kqYd (Tariff) ls Hkh dhersa c<+rh gSa] fdUrq blesa ,d eq[;vUrj gksrk gSA iz'kqYd ls dherksa esa gksus okyh o`f¼ ml ek=kk rd lhfer jgrh gS ftruh fd iz'kqYd dh ek=kkesa ls] fons'kksa esa dherksa esa gksus okyh deh dks ?kVkus ls gksrh gS] ijUrq vk;kr vH;a'k esa vk;kr dk fu;U=k.k fujis{k:i ls gksrk gS ftlesa fons'kh dherksa osQ ?kVus dk dksbZ izHkko ugha gksrk] vr% dhersa fdlh Hkh lhek rd c<+ ldrhgSaA vk;kr vH;a'k osQ iQyLo:i dherksa esa fdl lhek rd o`f¼ gksxh] ;g rhu ckrksa ij fuHkZj jgrk gSμ

(i) fdl lhek rd fons'kh iwfrZ dks fu;fU=kr fd;k tkrk gS\

(ii) vk;kr djus okys ns'k esa ekax dh yksp fdruh gS\ ,oa

(iii) ?kjsyw vkSj fons'kh iwfrZ dh yksp fdruh gS\

vk;kr vH;a'kksa osQ iQyLo:i dher izHkko dks ,YloFkZ vkSj gsV1 (Haight) us js[kkfp=k }kjk izLrqr fd;k gS tksbl izdkj gSμ

layXu js[kkfp=k esa DD ?kjsyw ekax oØ gS rFkk S2S iwfrZ oØ gS ftlesa fons'kh vk;kr Hkh 'kkfey gSA LorU=k O;kikjosQ vUrxZr lUrqyu dher OP vFkok EM gS tgka ekax&iwfrZ cjkcj gSa rFkk O;kikj dh tkus okyh ek=kk OM gSAvc ;fn vk;kr djus okyk ns'k OM1 osQ cjkcj vk;kr vH;a'k fu/kZfjr dj nsrk gS rks vc iwfrZ oØ cnydj S2QS1

gks tkrk gSA vc vk;kr iwfrZ oØ dk QS1 va'k ;g crkrk gS fd vk;kr vH;a'k lhek OM1 osQ ckn iwfrZ oØ iw.kZ:i ls csykspnkj gks tkrk gSA vc u;h lUrqyu dher E1M1 vFkok OP1 ij fu/kZfjr gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ dher esaPP1 o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA

ekax vkSj iwfrZ dh n'kkvksa esa gksus okys ifjorZu osQ vuqlkj dherksa esa o`f¼ dh lhek fHkUu&fHkUu gksxhA

1. F.A. Haight, French Import Quotas.


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Y

D

A

P

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B

OX-oLrq ( ns'k dk fu;kZr)A

X- oLrq (

ns'k dk fu;kZr)

B

X

fp=k 9-5

(2) O;kikj dh 'krks± ij izHkkoμvk;kr vH;a'k dk ns'k dh O;kikj 'krks± ij Hkh izHkko iM+rk gS vkSj O;kikj'krs± ,d ns'k osQ fy, ;k rks de vuqowQy vFkok vf/d vuqowQy gks tkrh gSA bls layXu js[kkfp=k }kjk le>k;ktk ldrk gSμ

izLrqr js[kkfp=k esa OA ns'k A dk izLrko oØ gS tks X oLrq dk fu;kZr dj jgk gS rFkk OB ns'k B dk izLrko oØgS tks Y oLrq dk fu;kZr dj jgk gSA LorU=k O;kikj osQ vUrxZrOP O;kikj dh 'krs± gSaA eku yks fd ns'k A vc vius ns'k esa YoLrq osQ vk;krksa dks OD ij lhfer dj nsrk gSA vc X vkSj YosQ chp O;kikj dh 'krks± esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gS rFkk O;kikj dh'krs± OP′ vFkok OP″ vFkok bu nksuksa osQ chp dksbZ Hkh dher gksldrh gSaA u;h O;kikj dh 'krs± vk;kr vH;a'k yxkus okys ns'kosQ vf/d vFkok de vuqowQy gks ldrh gSaA ;fn vk;krdrkZvfrfjDr ykHk izkIr djrs gSa rks vH;a'kksa ls O;kikj dh 'krks± esaml lhek rd lqèkkj gksrk gS ftl lhek rd fons'kh izLrko oØykspnkj gksrk gS] fdUrq ;fn oLrq dks fu;kZr djus okys fons'khmRiknd lqlaxfBr gSa rks O;kikj dh 'krs± A ns'k osQ foi{k esa Hkhgks ldrh gSaA

(3) vk; izHkko (Income Effect)μvk;kr vH;a'k dk tksvk; izHkko gksrk gS og leku ek=kk osQ iz'kqYd ls vf/d gksrk gSA bldk dkj.k Li"V gSA vk;kr vH;a'k dh lhekosQ vk;kr dh lhekUr izo`fÙk 'kwU; gks tkrh gSA blls vk; dk fjlko (Leakage) de gks tkrk gS ,oa xq.kd dkewY; c<+ tkrk gS ,oa vk; esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA iz'kqYd dh rqyuk esa] vk;kr vH;a'k dk ;g foLrkjoknh izHkko fo'ks"k:i ls v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ fy, vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gS ftUgsa Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh dfBukb;ksa (eqnzk izlkj osQ dkj.k)dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

(4) Hkqxrku&'ks"k izHkko (Effect on Balance of

Payment)μvk;kr vH;a'k dk iz;ksx O;kikj 'ks"k dksvuqowQy cuk;s j[kus vFkok fu;kZr dh rqyuk esa vk;krksa dhvf/drk dks de djus osQ fy, dbZ ns'kksa }kjk fd;k x;kgSA ;g roZQ fn;k tkrk gS fd vk;krksa dks lhfer djosQ]vk;kr vH;a'k ls O;kikj esa ?kkVs dh fLFkfr lekIr gks tkrhgS rFkk Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj gksrk gSA ;g Hkh dgktkrk gS fd eqnzk laoqQpu vkSj voewY;u dh rqyuk esa]vk;kr vH;a'k dh fof/] vk;krksa dks lhfer djus osQ fy,de gkfudkjd gSA

fdUrq tks Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lq/kj osQ fy,] vH;a'kksa dk leFkZudjrs gSa] os vH;a'k osQ fu;kZr izHkko dks Hkwy tkrs gSaA okLroesa] vH;a'kksa osQ fu;kZr ij fuEu rhu izdkj ls izfrowQy izHkko gksrk gSμ

(i) fons'kh fu;kZrd] vk;kr vH;a'k okys ns'k esa de csp ikrs gSa vr% os vH;a'k okys ns'k ls vfèkd vk;krHkh ugha dj ikrsA

(ii) pwafd vH;a'k osQ dkj.k] vk;kr vH;a'k okys ns'k esa dhersa c<+ tkrh gSa] vr% mlosQ fu;kZr dh dherksa esaHkh of¼ gks tkrh gS ftlls fu;kZr grksRlkfgr gksrs gSaA

D

Q

P

P1

E1

S1

S

E

dher

D

S2

O M1

M X

ek=kk

Y

fp=k 9-4

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(iii) vk;kr vH;a'k osQ iQyLo:i fons'kksa esa izfr'kks/ dh Hkkouk tkxzr gksrh gS vkSj ;g izfr'kks/ iz'kqYd dhrqyuk esa vf/d gksrk gSA

mi;qZDr nks"kksa osQ dkj.k bl ckr esa lUnsg izdV fd;k tkrk gS fd vk;kr vH;a'k ls Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lq/kj fd;ktk ldrk gSA

(5) vU; izHkko (laj{k.k] miHkksx] iqufoZrj.k ,oa vkxe izHkko)μcgqr&ls ekeyksa esa] iz'kqYd ,oa vk;krvH;a'k osQ izHkko izk;% leku gksrs gSaA ;fn fdlh oLrq dh ekax vkSj iwfrZ osQ oØ csykspnkj gSa] rks pkgs ns'k iz'kqYddk iz;ksx djs vFkok vk;kr vH;a'k dk] izHkko esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gksrkA bu lkjs izHkkoksa dks fuEu js[kkfp=k esale>k;k x;k gSμ

layXu js[kkfp=k esa oLrq dk ?kjsyw iwfrZ oØ SS′ rFkk ekaxoØ DD′ gSA O;kikj osQ vHkko esa dher P3 fcUnq ij OP3

fu/kZfjr gksxh tgka ?kjsyw iwfrZ oØ] ekax oØ osQ cjkcjgSA ;fn LorU=k O;kikj gksrk gS rks dher OP1 fcUnq ijfu/kZfjr gksxh tgka ?kjsyw mRiknu OM1 osQ cjkcj gS rFkkvk;kr M1M4 osQ cjkcj gSA ge ;g eku ysa fd vk;krdh fons'kh iwfrZ iw.kZ :i ls ykspnkj gS ftlls fons'kh iwfrZ]iz'kqYd ;k vH;a'k osQ iQyLo:i vizHkkfor jgrh gSA ,slhn'kk esa ;fn ljdkj ns'k esa vk;kr dk dksVk M2M3

(vFkkZr~ BC) fu/kZfjr dj nsrh gS rc ?kjsyw iwfrZ OM1

ls c<+dj OM2 gks tk,xhA M2M3 vk;kr ek=kk osQ lkFkns'k eas oLrq dh oqQN miyC/ ek=kk OM2 + M2M3 = OM3

gksxh tcfd vH;a'k fu/kZfjr gksus ls igys ;g ek=kk OM1

+ M1M4 = OM4 FkhA vH;a'k osQ ckn oLrq dh ek=kk esadeh gksus osQ dkj.k oLrq dk ewY; OP1 ls c<+dj OP2 gks tk,xkA

vH;a'k osQ fuEukafdr izHkko ,d lkFk mRiUu gksrs gSaμ

(i) laj{k.k izHkkoμvH;a'k M2M3 fu/kZfjr gks tkus ls ?kjsyw iwfrZ OM1 ls c<+dj OM2 gks tkrh gSμ;g M1M2

laj{k.k izHkko gS tks fd /ukRed gksrk gSA

(ii) miHkksx izHkkoμvH;a'k osQ dkj.k ?kjsyw miHkksx OM4 ls ?kVdj OM3 gks tkrk gSA ;g M3M4 miHkksx izHkkogS tks Í.kkRed gksrk gSA

(iii) iqufoZrj.k izHkkoμvH;a'k osQ dkj.k oLrq ewY; dh P1P2 o`f¼ iz'kqYd dh Hkkafr P1AKP2 osQ cjkcjiqufoZrj.k izHkko mRiUu djrh gSA

(iv) vkxe izHkkoμ;fn iz'kqYd osQ LFkku ij vk;kr vH;a'k yxk;k tkrk ftlls M2M3 vk;kr lhfer gks tkrkgS rks fofHkUu izHkko ogh gksrs gSa tks iz'kqYd osQ gksrs gSa] fdUrq iz'kqYd ,oa vk;kr vH;a'k osQ izHkko esa ,dvUrj gSμiz'kqYd esa] vk;krd ns'k ljdkj dks KBCM osQ cjkcj vkxe izkIr gksrk gS] fdUrq ;fn M2M3

vk;kr vH;a'k fu/kZfjr dj fn;k tkrk gS] rks vk;krksa dh dher c<+dj OP2 gks tkrh gSA vc iz'u gSfd dherksa esa tks o`f¼ gksrh gS mldk ykHk fdls izkIr gksrk gS\

lkekU; :i ls ;g dherksa esa o`f¼ vk;krdksa dks izkIr gksrk gS vkSj tks ?kjsyw vk;kr djus okyk ykblsal izkIrdjus esa liQy gks tkrk gS] mls gh c<+h gqbZ vk; izkIr gksrh gSA fdUrq ;fn ljdkj] vk;kr&ykblsal dh uhykehdjrh gS rks fiQj og vk; izkIr dj ysrh gS rFkk fiQj ;g izHkko iz'kqYd osQ leku gh gksrk gSA

ek=kk

dher

DS�

T

R

K

P3

Y

D�

P2

P1

S

O

A B C

M1

M2

M3

M4 X

miHkksx ç

Hkko

laj{k.k çHkko

vH;a'k

vkxeçHkko

iqu£orj.kçHkko

fp=k 9-6


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1. Ellsworth, International Economics, p. 383.2. “The fixing of import quotas, like the fixing of maximum prices, is an interference with the

price machanism which is alien to the price system.” —Haberler

vk;kr vH;a'kksa dh yksdfiz;rk osQ dkj.k

lu~ 1930 osQ ckn fo'o osQ dbZ ns'kksa us vk;kr vH;a'kksa dk iz;ksx] iz'kqYd osQ LFkku ij fd;kA /hjs&/hjs iz'kqYdosQ LFkku ij vH;a'k dk iz;ksx c<+us yxkA bl iz.kkyh dh yksdfiz;rk osQ vxzfyf[kr rhu dkj.k gSaμ

(1) fons'kh iwfrZ dh ykspghurk (Inelasticity of Foreign Supply)μ;fn vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksadh iwfrZ izk;% csykspnkj gS rks iz'kqYd ls u rks vk;kr fd;s tkus okys ns'kksa esa mldh dher c<+k;h tkldrh gS vkSj u gh vk;krksa dh ek=kk dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa osQoy O;kikj dh 'krks± esa lqèkkjfd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk fonsf'k;ksa ij dj yxkdj] ljdkj viuh vk; c<+k ldrh gS] fdUrq ;fn ljdkjvk;kfrr oLrqvksa dh dhersa c<+kdj vk; dk iqufoZrj.k djuk pkgrh gS rks ;g vH;a'k iz.kkyh ls gh lEHkogS] D;ksafd csykspnkj fons'kh iwfrZ (vk;krksa dh) gksus ls] vk;krksa ij vH;a'k }kjk izfrcU/ yxkdj gh ?kjsywdherksa esa o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA

(2) vk;krksa osQ izfrcU/ dh fuf'prrk (Certainty of Control over Imports)μvH;a'k iz.kkyh lsvk;krksa dks izR;{k ,oa fuf'pr :i ls fu;fU=kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA iz'kqYd yxkdj ;g igys ls ughatkuk tk ldrk fd fuf'pr vof/ esa fdruh ek=kk dk vk;kr fd;k tk,xk] vr% bl roZQ ij fuf'prvk;kr vH;a'k Js"B gSA

(3) iz'kklu lEcU/h yksp (Administrative Flexibility)μvH;a'kksa dh yksdfiz;rk dk rhljk dkj.k ;ggS fd budk iz'kklu vf/d ykspiw.kZ ,oa izHkko'khy gSA bUgsa vklkuh ls ykxw ,oa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrkgS tcfd iz'kqYd dh njksa esa ifjorZu djus osQ fy, dkuwuh vM+pusa gksrh gSaA

9-4 vk;kr vH;a'k ,oa iz'kqYd % ,d rqyukRed foospu (Quotas ComparedWith Tariff)

;|fi lexz :i ls iz'kqYd ,oa vk;kr vH;a'kksa osQ izHkkoksa esa lekurk gksrh gS] fiQj bu nksuksa esa jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh;vFkZ&O;oLFkk osQ izHkkoksa dks ns[krs gq, oqQN egRoiw.kZ vUrj gSa tks bl izdkj gSaμ

(1) fdlh Hkh :i esa dksVk iz.kkyh ls ftu leL;kvksa dk tUe gksrk gS os iz'kqYd ls iSnk ugha gksrhaA iz'kqYdyxkdj fons'kh oLrqvksa dh dhersa c<+kdj O;kikj dks lhfer fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq iz'kqYd dk Hkqxrku djvlhfer ek=kk esa vk;kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vk;kr vH;a'k yxkdj ,d fuf'pr ek=kk osQ ckn] vk;krksadks jksd fn;k tkrk gSA ,YlcFkZ1 osQ vuqlkj] ¶os (vH;a'k) izR;{k vkSj ifjek.kkRed izfrcU/ osQ mik;gSaμO;kikj dk iw.kZ fu"ks/ djus gsrq vk/h eaftyA¸

(2) iz'kqYd osQ vUrxZr ekax vkSj iwfrZ dh cktkj 'kfDr osQ }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrk gS fd dkSu vk;kr djsxk rFkkfdruh ek=kk esaA mRiknd] iz'kqYd dk Hkqxrku djus ij pkgs ftruh ek=kk esa vk;kr dj ldrk gS] fdUrqvH;a'k iz.kkyh esa osQoy ,d fuf'pr ek=kk rd gh vk;kr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bldk fu/kZj.k cktkjdh 'kfDr;ksa }kjk ugha gksrkA gScjyj osQ vuqlkj] ¶vf/dre dher fuf'pr djus osQ leku vk;krvH;a'kksa dh fuf'pr djuk Hkh dher la;U=k esa gLr{ksi gS tks dher iz.kkyh osQ fy, vyx gSA¸2

(3) tgka rd laj{k.k vkSj iqufoZrj.k osQ izHkko dk iz'u gS] vH;a'k vkSj iz'kqYd esa T;knk fHkUurk ugha gksrhAO;ogkj esa vk;kr vH;a'k vf/d laj{k.kkRed gksrs gSa] fdUrq tgka rd vk; izHkko dk iz'u gS] bu nksuksaesa ;g vUrj gS fd tgka iz'kqYd ls ljdkj dks vk; izkIr gksrh gS vk;kr vH;a'kksa ls dksbZ vk; izkIr ughagksrhA ;g vUrj vk;kr ykblsUlksa dh ljdkj }kjk uhykeh osQ ekè;e ls lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

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(4) iz'kqYdksa osQ vUrxZr] bl ckr dk dksbZ vuqeku ugha yxk;k tk ldrk fd fdruh ek=kk esa vk;kr fd;ktk,xk] fdUrq vk;kr vH;a'k iz.kkyh osQ vUrxZr ;g igys ls gh tkuk tk ldrk gS fd vk;kr fdruhek=kk esa fd;k tk,xkA

(5) iz'kqYdksa dk ;g izHkko gksrk gS fd voqQ'ky fons'kh mRikndksa ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gS] D;ksafd os iz'kqYddk Hkkj ugha lg ikrs tcfd vH;a'k iz.kkyh esa fons'kh oqQ'ky vkSj voqQ'ky mRikndksa ij leku izHkkogksrk gSA

(6) vH;a'k iz.kkyh esa ?kjsyw dherksa esa tks o`f¼ gksrh gS] og iz'kqYdksa ls gksus okyh o`f¼ ls vf/d gksrh gS]D;ksafd vH;a'kksa osQ vUrxZr vk;kr dh tkus okyh ek=kk fuf'pr jgrh gSA vr% ;fn ns'k ;k fons'k esa ekaxvkSj iwfrZ esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rks mlls vk;krksa esa ifjorZu ugha gksrk oju~ dherksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA bln`f"V ls miHkksDrkvksa osQ fy, vH;a'k iz.kkyh vf/d [kphZyh gSA

tgka rd iz'kqYdksa dh dherksa osQ izHkko ls lEcU/ gS] mudk dherksa ij iM+us okyk izHkko cgqr oqQN Li"Vgksrk gSA

(7) iz'kqYd dh rqyuk esa] vH;a'k iz.kkyh] izR;{k fu;U=k.k dh ,d vkifÙktud iz.kkyh gSA vH;a'k iz.kkyhesa ;fn ,d ?kjsyw mRiknd] Hkys gh og vf/d oqQ'ky gS ,oa lLrs esa mRiknu dj ldrk gS] vH;a'k ikusesa vliQy gks tkrk gS rks og viuk mRiknu ugha c<+k ikrk vkSj ;fn voqQ'ky mRiknd ykblsal ik tkrkgS rks voqQ'kyrk dk izJ; feyrk gSA

iz'kqYd iz.kkyh fons'kh izfr;ksfxrk ls ?kjsyw cktkj dks laj{k.k nsrh gS] fdUrq vH;a'k iz.kkyh blls Hkhvkxs tkdj voqQ'ky ?kjsyw mRiknu dks] u osQoy fons'kh mRikndksa ls laj{k.k nsrh gS oju~ vius ghns'k osQ oqQ'ky mRikndksa ls Hkh laj{k.k nsrh gSA

(8) vH;a'k vkSj iz'kqYd esa ,d egRoiw.kZ vUrj vkSj Hkh gSA ;fn ns'k esa lEHkkfor ,dkf/dkj dks iz'kqYd }kjklaj{k.k feyrk gS rks ,dkf/dkjh vUrjkZ"Vªh; dher esa iz'kqYd dh ek=kk feykdj bruh gh Åaph dherolwy dj ldrk gSA blls vf/d dher nsus dks dksbZ miHkksDrk rS;kj ugha gksxk] D;ksafd mruh gh dheresa og fons'kksa ls ml oLrq dks izkIr dj ldrk gSA fdUrq ;fn iz'kqYd dks dksVk (vH;a'k) esa ifjofrZr djfn;k tk; rks lEHkkfor ?kjsyw ,dkf/dkj] okLrfod ,dkf/dkj esa ifjofrZr gks tk,xk] D;ksafd vclEHkkfor ,dkf/dkjh oLrqvksa dk ewY; c<+k ldrk gS] blosQ lkFk gh mls fons'kh vk;krksa ls izfr;ksfxrkdk dksbZ [krjk ugha jgrkA blhfy, dgk tkrk gS fd vk;kr vH;a'k] vk;kr djus okys osQ ,dkf/dkj dh LFkkiuk djrs gSa tks miHkksDrkvksa osQ fy, gkfudkjd gSA vH;a'k iz.kkyh dks lekIr dj]mls iz'kqYd esa ifjofrZr djus dk ;g ,d etcwr roZQ gSA

(9) tgka rd Hkqxrku&'ks"k dks izHkkfor djus dk iz'u gS] bl fcUnq ij Hkh iz'kqYd vkSj vk;kr vH;a'k bunksuksa esa vUrj gSA iz'kqYd yxkus osQ iQyLo:i] lhfer vFkok vf/d ek=kk esa] vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj gksrkjgrk gS ftldk Hkqxrku&'ks"k ij izHkko gksrk gS] fdUrq vk;kr vH;a'k esa ;g lEHko ugha gS] D;ksafd bllsvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj fujis{k :i ls lhfer gks tkrk gS ,oa ns'k dk Hkqxrku&'ks"k dks lUrqyu esa ykus dkiz;Ru Hkh fcYoqQy izfrcfUèkr gks tkrk gSA

bl izdkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa oqQN lhek rd fLFkjrk ,oa o`f¼ cuk;s j[kus dh n`f"V ls iz'kqYd uhfr dks vk;krvH;a'k osQ LFkku ij izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA


uksV



lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the correct option)—

1. vkaf'kd lkE; fo'ys"k.k osQ varxZr iz'kqYd osQ izHkko gksrs gSaμ

(d) jktLo izHkko ([k) laj{k.k izHkko (x) miHkksx izHkko (?k) mijksDr lHkhA

2. iz'kqYd osQ izHkko dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSμ

(d) nks lanHkks± esa ([k) rhu lanHkks± esa (x) 4 lanHkks± esa (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

3. ;fn iz'kqYd iw.kZ :i ls fu"ks/kRed gksrs gSa rks mulsμ

(d) vk; ugha feyrh ([k) ykHk ugha feyrk (x) gkfu gksrh gS (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

4. fo'kq¼ gkfu mRiUu gksrh gSμ

(d) vk;kr ls ([k) fu;kZr ls (x) iz'kqYd ls (?k) vH;a'k lsA

5. ns'k dh izfrLi/kZRed 'kfDr dks {kh.k djrk gSμ

(d) iz'kqYd izHkko ([k) vH;a'k izHkko (x) xSj&iz'kqYd izHkko (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA


• ;fn iz'kqYd iw.kZ :i ls fu"ks/kRed gksrs gSa rks muls vk; ugha feyrh] fdUrq ;fn os iw.kZ :i ls fu"ks/kRedugha gksrs rks muesa ljdkj dks oqQN vk; izkIr gksrh gSA fu"ks/kRed iz'kqYd dk vFkZ gS fd iz'kqYd nj bruhÅ¡ph jgrh gS fd vk;kr iw.kZ :i ls izfrcfU/r gks tkrs gSaA

• lkekU; :i ls iz'kqYd dk miHkksx ij ;g izHkko gksrk gS fd iz'kqYd ls dherksa esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gS ftlls?kjsyw miHkksx dh ek=kk de gks tkrh gSA

• lkekU; n'kkvksa esa] iz'kqYd yxkus okys ns'k esa iz'kqYd dk izHkko ;g gksxk fd mls vk;kr lLrs izkIr gkasxsvFkkZr~ mls O;kikj ls ykHk gksxkA iz'kqYd yxkdj ns'k oLrq dk vk;kr lhfer djosQ] vk;kfrr oLrqvksadh dher dks de dj ldrk gS ftl ij fd vU; ns'k mls csprs gSaA

• iz'kqYd ns'k dh izfrLi/kZRed 'kfDr dks {kh.k djrk gSA tc dksbZ ns'k ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k nsus dhn`f"V ls iz'kqYd yxkrk gS rc ?kjsyw m|ksx fons'kh izfrLi/kZ ls lqj{kk dop izkIr dj ysrs gSa vkSj viusfodkl dks vkxs c<+krs gSa] fdUrq iz'kqYd dk lqj{kk dop ?kjsyw m|ksxksa osQ fy, LFkkbZ ugha gksuk pkfg,A

• iz'kqYd osQ iQyLo:i ml lk/u dk izfriQy c<+ tkrk gS ftldk xgurk ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vr%ml lk/u dk izokg nwljs ns'k ls iz'kqYd yxkus okys ns'k esa gksrk gSA

• vk;kr&vH;a'kksa ls ns'k esa vk;kr dh ek=kk lhfer gks tkrh gS] vr% lkekU; :i ls dherksa dh izo`fÙkc<+us dh gksrh gSA

• vk;kr vH;a'k dk ns'k dh O;kikj 'krks± ij Hkh izHkko iM+rk gS vkSj O;kikj 'krs± ,d ns'k osQ fy, ;k rksde vuqowQy vFkok vf/d vuqowQy gks tkrh gSA

• vk;kr vH;a'k dk iz;ksx O;kikj 'ks"k dks vuqowQy cuk;s j[kus vFkok fu;kZr dh rqyuk esa vk;krksa dh vf/drk dks de djus osQ fy, dbZ ns'kksa }kjk fd;k x;k gSA

• vk;kr vH;a'k] vk;kr djus okys osQ ,dkf/dkj dh LFkkiuk djrs gSa tks miHkksDrkvksa osQ fy, gkfudkjdgSA vH;a'k iz.kkyh dks lekIr dj] mls iz'kqYd esa ifjofrZr djus dk ;g ,d etcwr roZQ gSA

uksV




• dopμ Hksnh] oeZ] NkyA

• rVLFkrkμ mnklhurk] fujis{kA

••••• xgurkμ xgjkbZA


1. iz'kqYd osQ izHkkoksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

2. vkaf'kd lkE; fo'ys"k.k osQ varxZr iz'kqYd osQ izHkkxksa dh foospuk dhft,A

3. iz'kqYd dk O;kikj dh 'krks± ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS\ mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

4. vH;a'k osQ izHkkoksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

5. vk;kr vH;a'k ,oa iz'kqYd dk rqyukRed foospu dhft,A


1. (?k) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (x)

5. (d)






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bdkbZμ10% jktuSfrd vFkZO;oLFkk dh xSj&iz'kqYd ck/k,¡

vkSj muosQ fufgrkFkZ (Political Economy ofNon-Tariff Barriers and their Implication)


mís'; (Objectives)


10.1 jktuSfrd vFkZO;oLFkk dh xSj iz'kqYd ck/k,¡ vkSj muosQ fufgrkFkZ (Political Economy ofNon-Tariff Barriers and their Implication)





mís'; (Objectives)


• jktuSfrd vFkZO;oLFkk dh xSj iz'kqYd ck/k,¡ ,oa muosQ fufgrkFkZ dk foospu djus esaA


?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k iznku djus rFkk fons'kh oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr dks lhfer djus osQ fy, ljdkjsa vUrjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj ij iz'kqYd vFkok rV&djksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; izdkj osQ izfrcU/ksa dks Hkh lgkjk ysrh gSaA ljdkjksa }kjkvk;kr osQ fy, xSj&iz'kqYd ck/k,a (NTBs) [kM+h djuk iz'kklfud mik; osQ :i esa gksrs gSaA

10-1 jktuSfrd vFkZO;oLFkk dh xSj iz'kqYd ck/k,a vkSj muosQ fufgrkFkZ (PoliticalEconomy of Non-Tariff Barriers and their Implication)

xSj iz'kqYd ck/kvksa dks fuEuor~ oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

ek=kkRed O;kikj izfrcU/ksa (Quantitative Trade Restrictions) osQ vUrxZr vk;kr vH;a'k] iz'kqYd vH;a'k]LoSfPNd fu;kZr #dkoVsa (Voluntary Export Restrains–VERs)] lqO;ofLFkr foi.ku O;oLFkk vFkok vuqcU/(Orderly Marketing Arrangement or Agreement–OMAs)] cgq rUrq O;oLFkk (Multi Fibre Arrange-

ment–MFA)] vkfn lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSaA

jktdks"kh; mik;ksa (Fiscal Measures) osQ vUrxZr fu;kZr vFkok mRiknu lfClMh] fu;kZr ½.k lfClMh] fu;kZrij dj jkgr] ljdkjh olwyh] izfr&jkf'kikru 'kqYd (Anti-Dumping Duty)] izfrdkj 'kqYd (Countervailing

Duties), vkfn vkrs gSaA


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bdkbZ—10% jktuSfrd vFkZO;oLFkk dh xSj&iz'kqYd ck/k,¡ vkSj muosQ fufgrkFkZ

iz'kklfud] izkekf.kd rFkk fofu;euksa (Administrative, Standards and Regulations) ls rkRi;Z gSLokLF;] vkjksX; rFkk lqj{kk fofue;] i;kZoj.k (iznw"k.k) fu;U=k.k] lhek ewY;kadu rFkk oxhZdj.k] ek²dx rFkkiSosQ¯tx vko';drk] vk;kr ykblsUl dk;Zokgh] ljdkjh O;kikj ,oa ,dkf/dkj] vk;kr dh lhekvksa ij nsjh]ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks ns'k esa cuh phtsa [kjhnus osQ vkns'k ;k Lons'kh [kjhn izpkj vfHk;ku] vkfnA

vU; ck/kvksa esa f}i{kh; O;kikj le>kSrs] jkf'kikru] vUrjkZ"Vªh; oLrq le>kSrs] vUrjkZ"Vªh; dkVsZy] vkfn vkrs gSaA

izeq[k xSj&iz'kqYd ck/kvksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k fuEuor~ gSμ

1- vk;kr vH;a'k (Import Quotas)

;g ,d izeq[k ,oa izpfyr xSj&iz'kqYd ck/k gSA vk;kr vH;a'k ls rkRi;Z] oLrq dh ml fuf'pr ek=kk vFkokewY; ls gS ftldk le; dh ,d fuf'pr vof/ esa ns'k esa vk;kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tc vH;a'k dh HkkSfrdek=kk fuf'pr dj nh tkrh gS rks mls izR;{k vH;a'k dgrs gSa vkSj tc mldh ewY; esa ek=kk fuf'pr dj nhtkrh gS rc mls vizR;{k vH;a'k dgrs gSaA bldh yksdfiz;rk dk dkj.k ;g gS fd ;g izR;{k] izHkkoh vkSjyksp'khy gksrk gSA

2- fu;kZr lfClMh (Export Subsidy)

fu;kZr lfClMh fdlh ljdkj }kjk ,d fu;kZrd iQeZ (vFkok mRiknd) dks nh tkus okyh vk£Fkd lgk;rk gSrkfd fu;kZr oLrqvksa dh dher esa deh dh tk losQA blls fdlh iQeZ dks ?kjsyw cktkj dh ctk; fu;kZr cktkjesa viuh oLrq vf/d ek=kk rFkk de dher esa cspus esa vklkuh gksrh gSA fu;kZr lfClMh izR;{k vkSj vizR;{knksuksa rjg ls nh tk ldrh gS] ijUrq izR;{k fu;kZr lfClMh GATT le>kSrk osQ vUrxZr izfrcfU/r gSA vr%ljdkjsa fofHkUu izdkj dh vizR;{k fu;kZr lfClfM;ka nsrh gSa_ tSls fj;k;rh njksa ij ½.k] muosQ }kjk fn, x,iz'kqYdksa esa okilh] deh okys dPps eky osQ vkc.Vu esa mUgsa izkFkfedrk] fons'kh eqnzk vkc.Vu esa izkFkfedrk]O;kikj esys tSlh xfrfof/;ksa osQ izksRlkgu esa foÙkh; lgk;rk] cktkj vuqlU/ku] foKkiu] dj&jkgr] vkfn esafoÙkh; lgk;rkA

fu;kZr lfClMh osQ izHkko (Effects of Export Subsidy)—

fuEu fp=k 10-1 esa ,d NksVs ns'k osQ lEcU/ esa vk£FkdlUrqyu osQ fu;kZr lfClMh osQ vk£Fkd iz;klksa dks n'kkZ;k x;kgS ftldh fu;kZr lfClMh dk vk;krd ns'k ij dksbZ izHkkougha iM+rkA eku yhft, D vkSj S fu;kZr ;ksX; oLrq osQ ?kjsywekax rFkk iw£r oØ gSa rFkk ?kjsyw cktkj lUrqyu E fcUnq ijgSA fo'o dher OPw osQ lkFk] tks ?kjsyw dher (E) ls mQijgS] ?kjsyw ekax OM1 gS rFkk ?kjsyw iw£r OM2 gSA ekax ls iw£rvf/d OM2 > OM1 gksus osQ dkj.k ns'k M1M2 ek=kk fu;kZrdjrk gSA fu;kZr osQ foLrkj dks izksRlkfgr djus osQ fy,ljdkj izR;sd fu;kZrd bdkbZ ij Pw – P, lfClMh nsrh gSAblls ?kjsyw dher OP, ?kjsyw mRikndksa rFkk miHkksDrkvksa nksuksaosQ fy, c<+rh gSA bl dher ij oLrqvksa dh ekax OM3 ij fxj tkrh gS] ijUrq iw£r M3M4 rd c<+ tkrh gSAfo'o dher OPw gksus osQ dkj.k OPs rFkk OPw dherksa esa vUrj dh fu;kZrdksa dks {kfriw£r lfClMh osQ :iesa fey tkrh gS vkSj fu;kZr M1M2 ls M2M4 rd c<+ tkrk gSA pwafd miHkksDrk dks lfClMh osQ ckn tks dhernsuh iM+rh gS og c<+ tkrh gS] blfy, miHkksDrk vfrjsd (Consumer’s Surplus) fp=k esa H + G {ks=k osQ cjkcjde gks tkrk gS] ijUrq mRiknd vfrjsd esa ykHk H + G + K {ks=k osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA ljdkj dks iM+us okyhlfClMh dh oqQy ykxr fu;kZfrr ek=kk dh izfr lfClMh bdkbZ xquk gksrh gS tks G + K + L {ks=k osQ cjkcj gksrhgSA ns'k dks gksus okyh 'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu f=kHkqt G rFkk L gSaA la{ksi esa]

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mRiknd vfrjsd esa ykHk(Gain in Producer’s Surplus) = H + G + K

mRiknd vfrjsd esa gkfu(Loss in Producer’s Surplus) = – H – G

lfClMh dh ykxr = H + G + K

'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu (Net Welfare Loss) = – (G + L)

ns'k esa gksus okyh 'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu oLrq ij nh tkus okyh lfClMh dh ykxr fu;kZr ls feyus okys jktLo lsvf/d gksus osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA

nwljh vksj ;fn ns'k viuh oLrq dks cM+s iSekus ij lfClMh ns jgk gS rks mldh lfClMh nsus dh ykxr Hkh c<+tkrh gSA tSls&tSls mlosQ fu;kZr esa vkSj foLrkj gksrk gSA fo'o dher de gks tkrh gS] ifj.kkeLo:i bldhO;kikj dh 'krks± esa fxjkoV vk tkrh gS] mldh 'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu vf/d gks tkrh gSA

vk;krd ns'kksa ij lfClMh osQ izHkko (Effects of Subsidy on Import Countries)μvk;krd ns'k dh O;kikjdh 'krks± esa rc lq/kj gksrk gS tc ,d cM+k ns'k vius fu;kZr dks lfClMh iznku djrk gSA mlosQ fy, lfClMhokyh oLrq dh fo'o dher de gks tkrh gS rFkk og vius vk;kr dh de dher nsrk gS] ijUrq de dherdk blosQ vk; forj.k ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gSA tc dhersa de dj nh tkrh gSa rks mudk cqjk izHkko lfClMh;qDr vk;kr osQ lkFk izfr;ksfxrk djus okys m|ksxksa osQ Je rFkk iwath ij iM+rk gSA ;|fi lfClMh;qDr oLrqvksadks de dher dk ;k oSls gh oLrq miHkksDrkvksa dks ykHk gksrk gS rFkkfi vk;krd ns'kksa osQ mRikndksa dks ogh;k oSlh gh oLrq ij gkfu gksrh gSA

fu;kZr dks lfClMh nsuk vuqfpr O;kikj O;ogkj le>k tkrk gS rFkk vk;krd ns'k ,slh vk;kfrroLrqvksa ij izfrdkjh 'kqYd yxk nsrk gSA

3- LoSfPNd fu;kZr #dkoVsa (Voluntary Export Restraints—VERs)

LoSfPNd fu;kZr #dkoV (VER) ,d ,slk le>kSrk gS tks fu;kZrd ns'k osQ fu;kZrdksa vFkok ljdkj }kjk vk;krdns'k osQ lkFk mlosQ fu;kZrksa dks lhfer djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vk;krd ns'k }kjk rc fd;k tkrk gStc mldk ?kjsyw m|ksx cM+s iSekus ij vk;krksa }kjk ihfM+r gksrk gSA vk;kr dh lhek ek=kk ewY; vFkok cktkjosQ va'k osQ vuqlkj fuf'pr dh tk ldrh gSA VERs dHkh&dHkkj gh ^LoSfPNd* gksrk gSA bUgsa fu;kZrdksa dksfoo'krk esa Lohdkj djuk iM+rk gS vU;Fkk vk;krd ns'k mu ij vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh O;kikj ck/kvksa }kjk izfrcU/yxk ldrs gSaA fiQj Hkh ;fn fu;kZrd ns'k maQph dherksa ij de fu;kZr djosQ vf/d ykHk dekus dh vk'kk j[krkgS rks og vius fu;kZr ij LoSfPNd #dkoVksa dks Lohdkj dj ldrk gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] ;wjksih; vk£Fkdleqnk; (EEC) rFkk vU; vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa }kjk VERs dk iz;ksx tkiku rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls LVhy] Vhoh]vkWVkseksckbYl] oL=k] vkfn osQ vk;kr ij jksd yxkus osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA GATT }kjk iz'kqYdksa rFkk dksVksaij jksd yxkus osQ ckn ns'kksa us VERs dks viuk;k gS] ijUrq GATT fu;eksa osQ vUrxZr VERs ugha vkrhaA

vk;krd ns'k ij VER osQ izHkkoksa dks fp=k esa izn£'kr fd;k x;k gS tgk¡ Dd oLrqvksa osQ fy, ?kjsyw ekax oØgS rFkk Sd oLrqvksa osQ fy, ?kjsyw iw£r oØ gS tks nwljs ns'k dks fo'o dher OPw ij Hksth tkrh gSA bl dherij OM ?kjsyw mRikndksa }kjk fu;kZr rFkk MM3 vk;kr dh tk jgh gSA vc ;fn M1M2 osQ vk;kr dksVs dh ctk;fdlh fu;kZrd ns'k }kjk mlh ek=kk esa VER viukbZ tk, rks mlosQ izHkko iz'kqYd vFkok vk;kr dksVk osQ cjkcjgksaxsA VER rFkk vk;kr dksVk osQ chp ,dek=k vUrj fdjk;k vFkok vfrfjDr ykHk gS tks fu;kZrd ns'k osQ

uksV



iw£rdrkZvksa dks tkrk gSA VER osQ ekeys esa ?kjsyw ekax oØ Dd

ogha jgrk gS tcfd iw£r oØ Sd cnydj Sv gks tkrk gS rkfdmPp dher OPv ij lUrqyu gks tk,A VER osQ lkFk iw£roØ Sv ;g n'kkZrk gS fd OPv dher ij] ek=kk OM dh iw£rvk;krd ns'k }kjk dh tkrh gS rFkk M1M2 blosQ vk;kr ijVER gSA ;g ek=kk vk;krd ns'k dks cspdj fu;kZrd ns'k osQiw£rdrkZ VER ls fdjk;k izkIr gksrk gS tks fp=k osQ vuqlkjvk;krd ns'k dh jk"Vªh; 'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu gSA vk;krd ns'kdh miHkksDrk vfrjsd dh oqQy gkfu {ks=k Z + a + R + b gS tksfd iz'kqYd vFkok vk;kr dksVk osQ cjkcj gSA {ks=k Z ?kjsywmiHkksDrkvksa ls mRikndksa dks pyk tkrk gSA {ks=k a rFkk b

izfrfuf/Ro djus okys nks f=kHkqt oqQy jk"Vªh; gkfu gSaA {ks=k R

ml jktLo dk izrhd gS tks fu;kZrd ns'k osQ iw£rdrkZvksa dks VER ls feyrk gS tks vk;krd ns'k dh ljdkjdh gkfu gS rFkk mldh 'kq¼ dY;k.k gkfu gSA VER dk vk;krd ns'k ij ,d vU; izHkko ;g iM+rk gS fdmldh O;kikj 'krs± fu;kZrd ns'k dh rqyuk esa lq/kj dh ctk; mUgsa vkSj [kjkc djrh gSaA ,slk blfy, fd ;gfu;kZrd ns'k dh oLrq dh fo'o dher dh ctk; mldh mPp ?kjsyw dher nsrk gSA

;gh ugha VERs i{kikrh gksrh gSa] D;ksafd ;s le>kSrs U;wure ykxr fu;kZrdksa osQ lkFk j[ks tkrs gSa] ijUrq os mPpykxr fu;kZrdksa ls vk;kr dh vksj ys tk ldrs gSa ftlls vk;krd ns'k dk vk;kr fcy c<+k ldrs gSaA

fu;kZrd ns'k ij izHkko (Effects on Exporting Country)μtgk¡ rd fu;kZrd ns'k ij VER osQ izHkkoksa dkiz'u gS mls vfrfjDr ykHk (fdjk;k) dk iQk;nk rFkk O;kikj dh 'krks± esa lq/kj feyrk gSA vr% og vk;krdns'k }kjk cjkcj dk iz'kqYd vFkok vk;kr dksVk ykxw djokus dh txg VER dks izkFkfedrk nsxkA pwafd VERs

LFkk;h ugha gSa] blfy, fu;kZrd ns'k ckn esa buesa NwV fn;s tkus vFkok gVk fy, tkus osQ fy, vk;krd ns'k ijncko Mky ldrk gSA bl izdkj ;g vk;krd ns'kksa dks LFkk;h iz'kqYd vFkok dksVk osQ fy, euk dj ldrk gSA

tc ,d VER fu;kZr dks jksdrh gS tks fu;kZrdksa osQ ikl vf/'ks"k (surplus) mRiknu gksrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i]fu;kZr ;ksX; oLrqvksa dh dher fxj tkrh gS vkSj vk; esa deh rFkk gkfu gksrh gSA blosQ dkj.k lalk/u vU;mRiknd m|ksxksa dh vksj tk ldrs gSaA ;fn ,d dkVsZy vFkok VER ls ca/s fu;kZrd fdlh cM+s m|ksxksa ls lEcfU/r gSa rks Hkh VER fdlh u, cktkj dh [kkst rd fu;kZr dks de djsxhA mlls iqu% lalk/uksa dk iqu% vko.VurFkk gkfu gks ldrh gSA bl izdkj VER ls fu;kZrd ns'k dks oqQy feykdj vk£Fkd gkfu dk lkeuk djuk iM+ldrk gSA

4- rduhdh ck/k,¡ (Technical Barriers)

vk;krd ns'k dHkh&dHkh xSj&vk£Fkd izÑfr dh rduhdh O;kikj ck/kvksa dks vaxhdkj dj vius ns'k esa vk;krdh ek=kk dks ?kVkus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA rduhdh ck/k,a dbZ rjg dh gksrh gSa tks vk;kr dks izfrcfU/r djrhgSaA rduhdh ck/kvksa esa LokLF; ,oa lqj{kk fofue;] LoPNrk fofue;] vkS|ksfxd ekud] ysc¯yx rFkk iSQosQ¯txfofue;] vkfn vkrs gSaA os fofue; fons'kh vkiw£rdrkZvksa ij muosQ eky dk vk;kr cuk, j[kus osQ fy, vfrfjDrykxrksa dk Hkkj Mky nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vesfjdk esa fons'kh dkj fuekZrkvksa dks ogka mRiknu osQ fy,vesfjdh lqj{kk ,oa /qvka fudklh fu;U=k.k fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk vko';d gksrk gSA ;gh ckrsa LokLF; LVS.MMZosQ lEcU/ esa ykxw dh tk ldrh gSaA [kk| oLrqvksa osQ vk;krdksa dks fo'ks"k xq.koÙkk] iSosQ¯tx rFkk LVS.MMZ dhvko'drk gksrh gSA

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5- vk;kr ykbls¯Ulx izfØ;k,a (Import Licensing Procedure)

cgqr ls ns'k vius ns'k esa vk;kr dks izfrcfU/r djus osQ fy, tfVy rFkk egaxh vk;kr ykblsfUalx izfØ;kvksadks viukrs gSaA vk;kr ykblsUl izk;% maQph cksyh yxkus okyksa dks fn, tkrs gSaA vU; ekeyksa esa vk;krdrkZvksadks vk;kr ykblsUl izkIr djus osQ fy, ,d Hkkjh /ujkf'k ljdkj osQ ikl tek djuh iM+rh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr]oqQN iz'kklfud vM+puksa dk lkeuk Hkh vk;krdrkZvksa dks djuk iM+rk gS] ;Fkkμvk;krdrkZvksa dks ijfeV izkIrdjus osQ fy, yEcs&yEcs iQkeZ Hkjus iM+rs gSa] dk;kZy;ksa dk ckj&ckj pDdj yxkuk iM+rk gS rFkk lhek 'kqYdfoHkkx ls eky NqM+kus esa rjg&rjg dh vM+pusa lkeus vkrh gSaA ;g izfØ;k,a iz'kqYd dh rjg gh vk;kr esa#dkoV mRiUu djrh gSaA

6- lhek 'kqYd ewY;kadu rFkk oxhZdj.k (Customs Valuation and Classifications): lhek 'kqYd vf/dkjhizk;% vk;kr dk ewY;kadu oLrqvksa osQ fy, fu/kZfjr iz'kqYd nj ls vf/d djrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, vizSy] 1999rd vesfjdk esa oqQN jlk;uksa osQ vk;kr dk ewY;kadu chtd ij fy[kh dher osQ vuqlkj yxkus dh ctk; vesfjdkesa mRikfnr vesfjdh jlk;uksa osQ Fkksd ewY; vFkok tks vf/d gks] osQ vuqlkj yxkrs FksA lhek 'kqYd ewY;kadu dk,d vU; rjhdk tku cw>dj eky NksM+us esa nsjh djuk rkfd vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dh ykxr c<+ tk, tSlk fd vk;kriz'kqYd djrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr lhek 'kqYd lwph esa cgqr&lh oLrqvksa dk o.kZu gksrk gS vkSj izR;sd oxZ osQ fy,iz'kqYd nj dk fu/kZj.k vyx&vyx gksrk gSA lhek 'kqYd vf/dkjh izk;% oLrqvksa dk viuk oxhZdj.k maQph njksaij djosQ vf/d iz'kqYd yxkrs gSaA ,slh izfØ;kvksa vk;kr dks izfrcfU/r djrh gSa] D;ksafd blls oLrq,a izk;% egaxhrFkk ?kjsyw cktkj esa xSj&izfrLi¼kZRed gks tkrh gSaA blls vk;krdksa esa vfuf'prrk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA

7- ljdkjh olwyh (Government Procurement)

ljdkj vius foHkkxksa dh vko';drk dh oLrqvksa dh iw£r ?kjsyw mRiknksa ls djrh gS pkgs os fons'kksa ls de dherksaij gh D;ksa u feysaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, vesfjdk&[kjhnks vf/fu;e (Buy-American Act) osQ vUrxZr vesfjdkosQ ljdkjh foHkkxksa vFkok ,tsfUl;ksa dks ?kjsyw fufonk,a gh Lohdkj djuh gksrh gSa pkgs os fons'kh fufonkvksa ls12» rd vf/d ewY; dh gh D;ksa u gksaA j{kk osQ lEcU/ esa og 50» vf/d gksus ij Hkh ekU; gksrk gSA blhrjg] tkiku ljdkj fons'kh fufonkvksa ij fopkj ugha djrhA fons'kh vkiw£rdrkZvksa dh fufonk,a Lohdkj djusvFkok vLohdkj djus esa ljdkjsa vius fo'ks"kkf/dkjksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSaA bldk mís'; ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks laj{k.kiznku djuk gksrk gSA

8- izfrdkjkRed 'kqYd (Countervailing Duty)μizfrdkjkRed 'kqYd ,d rjg dk vk;kr 'kqYd vFkokvk;krd ns'k }kjk lfClMh;qDr oLrq dh vis{kkÑr de dher esa o`f¼ gsrq yxk;k x;k iz'kqYd gSA

ljdkjsa okafNr oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa osQ lUnHkZ esa ?kjsyw rFkk fons'kh vkiw£rdrkZvksa osQ

chp Hksn djrh gSaA


(v) oLrqvksa dh iw£r iw.kZ ykspnkj gksrh gSA

(c) fu;kZr oLrq lfClMh ;qDr gksrh gSA

(l) vk;krd ns'kksa }kjk bl oLrq ij yxk;k x;k 'kqYd fu;kZr lfClMh osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA

O;k[;k (Explanation)

mi;qZDr ekU;rkvksa osQ vk/kj ij izfrdkjkRed 'kqYd dh O;k[;k fp=k 10-3 osQ ekè;e ls dh tk ldrh gSA fp=kesa vk;kr ekax oØ dk Dm }kjk rFkk iw£r oØ dks PwS }kjk izn£'kr fd;k x;k gSA lfClMh ls iwoZ OPw dher

uksV



ij oLrq dh OM ek=kk dk fu;kZr rFkk vk;kr fd;k tkrk gSAoLrq dks lfClMh izkIr gksus osQ i'pkr~ iw£r oØ PwS lfClMhdh iwjh jkf'k osQ cjkcj PsS1 rd uhps ljd tkrk gSA ekuyhft, dher ?kVdj OPs gks tkus ij vk;kr ekax esa dksbZifjorZu ugha gksrkA ,slh n'kk esa u;k lUrqyu fcUnq E1 ij gksxkrFkk vk;kr OM ls

OM1 rd c<+ tk;sxkA blosQ iQyLo:i fons'kh miHkksDrkvksadks ykHk osQ :i esa F + G = (PwPsE1E) {ks=k miHkksDrk dhcpr gksxkA fu;kZrd ns'k dh lfClMh dh ykxr F + G + H =

(OM1 + PwPs) {ks=k gSA pwafd mRiknd vfrjsd (;k ns'kh) esaykHk F + G gS] vr% fu;kZr lfClMh ls gkfu f=kHkqt H gS] ;|fi lfClMh fons'kh miHkksDrkvksa dks ykHk igqapkrhgS fiQj Hkh vk;krdrkZ ns'k dks {ks=k H osQ cjkcj mldh dher de gksus osQ dkj.k bl oLrq osQ mRiknu esa gkfugksxhA bldh {kfriw£r osQ fy, ;g fu;kZr lfClMh osQ cjkcj izfrdkjkRed 'kqYd yxk nsrk gSA iQyLo:i oLrqdh dher OPs ls c<+dj OPw gks tkrh gS vFkkZr~ og lfClMh iwoZ Lrj ij okil pyh tkrh gSA bl rjg] lkjhmiHkksDrk dh cpr vk;krd ns'k esa lekIr gks tkrh gS] ijUrq ljdkj F {ks=k osQ cjkcj 'kqYd ls jktLo izkIrdjrh gS] ftlls miHkksDrkvksa dh cpr dh oqQN gn rd {kfriw£r gks tkrh gSA nwljh vksj 'kqYd }kjk fu;kZrdns'k dk fu;kZr ?kV tkrk gS] ijUrq ljdkj fu;kZr lfClMh osQ :i esa G + H {ks=k cpk ysrh gSA

9- jktdh; O;kikj (State Trading)

jktdh; O;kikj ls rkRi;Z ml O;oLFkk ls gS ftlosQ vUrxZr oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr o fu;kZr dk leLr nkf;Roljdkj }kjk fu;fU=kr laLFkk ij NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA jktdh; O;kikj dk mís'; ;g gksrk gS fd nqyZHk fons'khfofue; dk mi;ksx fons'kksa ls osQoy vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ,oa vko';d oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr gsrq fd;k tk,A blosQvfrfjDr ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks fons'kh izfrLi¼kZ ls cpkus osQ fy, Hkh ;g mi;qDr le>k tkrk gS fd vk;kr o fu;kZrij jkT; dk fu;U=k.k jgsA

10- vUrjkZ"Vªh; dkVsZy (International Cartels)

xSj&iz'kqYd ck/kvksa dk ,d Lo:i vUrjkZ"Vªh; dkVsZy esa Hkh fufgr gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; dkVsZy vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa,dkf/dkjh dh fLFkfr cuk, j[kus esa liQy gks tkrk gS] ftldk mís'; ijLij ykHk osQ fy, oLrqvksa dh dherksaij fu;U=k.k j[kuk gksrk gSA OPEC bldk ,d izR;{k mnkgj.k gSA

VkLd vUrjkZ"Vªh; dkVsZy D;k gS\

vk£Fkd fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djus esa O;kikj ck/kvksa dh Hkwfedk (Role of Trade Restrictions in

Promoting Economic Development)

fodkl'khy ns'k cgqr&lh O;kikj ck/k,¡ tSlsμvk;kr ykblsal rFkk ek=kkRed izfrcU/ viukrs gSa lkFk gh xqIr'kqYd ;FkkμLVkEi dj] cUnjxkg 'kqYd] vfxze U;wure tekjkf'k] vkfn olwy djrs gSaA ;s lHkh mik; O;kikj#dkoVsa mRiUu djrs gSaA ;s O;kikj #dkoVsa vYifodflr ns'kksa osQ fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djus esa fuEuor~ lgk;rkdjrh gSaμ

(1) iz'kqYd rFkk xSj&iz'kqYd ck/k,¡ ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks fons'kh izfrLi¼kZ ls cpkrh gSaA

(2) fodkl'khy ns'kksa }kjk O;kikj esa [kM+h dh xbZ #dkoVksa ls Hkqxrku lUrqyu dks lq/kjus esa enn feyrh gSA

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(3) O;kikj izfrcU/ksa ls mPp cpr nj vkSj fuos'k izksRlkfgr gksrk gSA

(4) tc O;kikj izfrcU/ksa osQ vUrxZr izR;{k fons'kh iawth fuos'k dh vuqefr nh tkrh gS] rks vYifodflr ns'kksadks vk/qfud vkS|ksfxd rduhd ,oa tkudkjh dk ykHk izkIr gksrk gSA os vkS|ksfxd oqQ'kyrk rFkk vk/qfud izkS|ksfxdh osQ ltu }kjk ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dh rduhdh dk;ZoqQ'kyrk c<+k nsrs gSa ftlls fof'k"Vhdj.k gksrkgS rFkk mRikndrk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

(5) tc fofHkUu O;kikj izfrcU/ksa dk laj{k.k ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks izkIr gksrk gS rks fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa Jfed oxZdks jkstxkj osQ volj miyC/ gksrs gSaA

(6) O;kikj ij iz'kqYd rFkk xSj&iz'kqYd izfrcU/ksa ls ljdkjh jktLo esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

(7) vk;kr izfrcU/ vYifodflr ns'kksa osQ fy, vkS|ksfxd vkRefuHkZjrk dh izkfIr esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA



1. ------------ ,d izeq[k ,oa izpfyr xSj&iz'kqYd ck/k gSA

2. ------------ fdlh ljdkj }kjk ,d fu;kZrd iQeZ dks nh tkus okyh vk£Fkd lgk;rk gSA

3. ------------ ns'k dh O;kikj dh 'krks± esa rc lq/kj gksrk gS tc ,d cM+k ns'k vius fu;kZr dks lfClMh iznkudjrk gSA

4. xSV }kjk iz'kqYdksa rFkk dksVksa ij jksd yxkus osQ ckn ns'kksa us ------------ dks viuk;k gSA

5. ------------ ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks fons'kh izfrLi¼kZ ls cpkus osQ fy, Hkh ;g mi;qDr le>k tkrk gSA

6. xSj&iz'kqYd ck/kvksa dk ,d Lo:i ------------ esa Hkh fufgr gSA

7. izR;sd oxZ osQ fy, ------------ dk fu/kZj.k vyx&vyx gksrk gSA

8. O;kikj ij iz'kqYd rFkk xSj&iz'kqYd izfrcU/ksa ls ljdkjh ------------ esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA


• fu;kZr lfClMh izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k nksuksa rjg ls nh tk ldrh gS] ijUrq izR;{k fu;kZr lfClMh GATTle>kSrk osQ vUrxZr izfrcfU/r gSA vr% ljdkjsa fofHkUu izdkj dh vizR;{k fu;kZr lfClfM;ka nsrh gSa_tSls fj;k;rh njksa ij ½.k] muosQ }kjk fn, x, iz'kqYdksa esa okilh] deh okys dPps eky osQ vkc.Vuesa mUgsa izkFkfedrk] fons'kh eqnzk vkc.Vu esa izkFkfedrk] O;kikj esys tSlh xfrfof/;ksa osQ izksRlkgu esafoÙkh; lgk;rk] cktkj vuqlU/ku] foKkiu] dj&jkgr] vkfn esa foÙkh; lgk;rkA

• vk;krd ns'k dh O;kikj dh 'krks± esa rc lq/kj gksrk gS tc ,d cM+k ns'k vius fu;kZr dks lfClMh iznkudjrk gSA mlosQ fy, lfClMh okyh oLrq dh fo'o dher de gks tkrh gS rFkk og vius vk;kr dhde dher nsrk gS] ijUrq de dher dk blosQ vk; forj.k ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gSA

• LoSfPNd fu;kZr #dkoV (VER) ,d ,slk le>kSrk gS tks fu;kZrd ns'k osQ fu;kZrdksa vFkok ljdkj }kjkvk;krd ns'k osQ lkFk mlosQ fu;kZrksa dks lhfer djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vk;krd ns'k }kjkrc fd;k tkrk gS tc mldk ?kjsyw m|ksx cM+s iSekus ij vk;krksa }kjk ihfM+r gksrk gSA

• tc ,d VER fu;kZr dks jksdrh gS tks fu;kZrdksa osQ ikl vf/'ks"k (surplus) mRiknu gksrk gSAifj.kkeLo:i] fu;kZr ;ksX; oLrqvksa dh dher fxj tkrh gS vkSj vk; esa deh rFkk gkfu gksrh gSA blosQdkj.k lalk/u vU; mRiknd m|ksxksa dh vksj tk ldrs gSaA

• jktdh; O;kikj dk mís'; ;g gksrk gS fd nqyZHk fons'kh fofue; dk mi;ksx fons'kksa ls osQoy vR;UregRoiw.kZ ,oa vko';d oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr gsrq fd;k tk,A blosQ vfrfjDr ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks fons'kh

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izfrLi¼kZ ls cpkus osQ fy, Hkh ;g mi;qDr le>k tkrk gS fd vk;kr o fu;kZr ij jkT; dk fu;U=k.kjgsA

• fodkl'khy ns'k cgqr&lh O;kikj ck/k,¡ tSlsμvk;kr ykblsal rFkk ek=kkRed izfrcU/ viukrs gSa lkFk ghxqIr 'kqYd ;FkkμLVkEi dj] cUnjxkg 'kqYd] vfxze U;wure tekjkf'k] vkfn olwy djrs gSaA ;s lHkh mik;O;kikj #dkoVsa mRiUu djrs gSaA


• vf/'ks"kμ vfrfjDr 'ks"k] cdk;kA

• vaxhdkjμ xzg.k] LohdkjA


1. izfrdkjh 'kqYd D;k gS\ vk;krd rFkk fu;kZrd ns'kksa ij blosQ izHkkoksa dh foospuk dhft,A

2. LoSfPNd fu;kZr #dkoVsa D;k gSa\ fu;kZrd rFkk vk;krd ns'kksa ij buosQ izHkkoksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

3. vYi fodflr ns'kksa osQ vk£Fkd fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djus esa O;kikj izfrca/ksa dh Hkwfedk dks Li"V djsaA

4. fu;kZr lfClfM;ka D;k gSa\ vk;krd rFkk fu;kZrd ns'kksa ij fu;kZr lfClMh osQ izHkkoksa dh foospukdhft,A


1. vk;kr vH;a'k 2. fu;kZr lfClMh 3. vk;krd 4. VERs

5. jktdh; O;kikj 6. vUrjkZ"Vªh; dkVsZy 7. iz'kqYd nj 8. jktLoA



2- yksdfoÙk ,oa vUrjkZ‘ªh; O;kikj% MkW- ,e-,y- f>axu_ oa`nk ifCyosQ'kUl izk-fy-_ fnYyhA



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bdkbZμ11% O;kikj larqyu ,oa Hkqxrku larqyu%

vFkZ ,oa ?kVd (Balance of Trade and Balance ofPayments: Meaning and Components)


mís'; (Objectives)


11.1 O;kikj larqyu ,oa Hkqxrku larqyu % vFkZ ,oa ?kVd (Balance of Trade and Balance ofPayments: Meaning and Components)





mís'; (Objectives)


• O;kikj larqyu ,oa Hkqxrku larqyu osQ vFkZ ,oa ?kVd dh O;k[;k djus esaA


izR;sd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj djus okyk ns'k le;≤ ij Lo;a dks okLrfod O;kikfjd fLFkfr dh tk¡p djukpkgrk gSA bl izdkj ,d rks og Lo;a dks oLrq fLFkfr ls ifjfpr gksrk gS rFkk nwljs] og Hkfo"; osQ fy, viuhO;kikj ,oa Hkqxrku lEcU/h uhfr esa Lo;a osQ fgrksa osQ vuq:i la'kks/u dj ldrk gSA fons'kksa ls izkIr leLr ekyosQ vk;kr ,oa fons'kksa dks Hksts x;s fu;kZr eky osQ ewY;ksa dh tk¡p dj og viuh vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr esa la'kksèkudjus osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; ys ldrk gSA blfy, og Hkqxrku lUrqyu o O;kikj lUrqyu rS;kj djrk gSA og ,dfuf'pr vof/ esa fd;s x;s leLr fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr dk 'ks"k Kkr djosQ 'kq¼ nsunkjh vFkok ysunkfj;ksa dks ekywedjrk gSA fu;kZrksa osQ fy, og fons'kksa ls Hkqxrku izkIr djsxk rFkk vk;krksa osQ fy, mls fons'kksa dks ewY; pqdkukiM+sxkA vr% vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr dk 'ks"k Kkr dj og vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ ifj.kkeLo:i viuh 'kq¼ okLrfodfLFkfr ekywe djrk gSA oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr&fu;kZr osQ 'ks"k dks gh O;kikj lUrqyu dgk tkrk gSA oLrqvksa osQ vk;krfu;kZr osQ 'ks"k dks gh O;kikj lUrqyu dgk tkrk gSA O;kikfjd eky osQ ewY; osQ vfrfjDr vU; dkj.kksa lsμfo'ks"kdj tgkth ;krk;kr] ok;q ;krk;kr] cSad] chek] i;ZVd] ½.k vkfn osQ dkj.k Hkh ,d ns'k fons'kksa ls HkqxrkuizkIr djrk gS vkSj Hkqxrku pqdkrk gSA vr% lHkh izdkj osQ Hkqxrkuksa dh ysunkjh ,oa nsunkfj;ksa dks Kkr dj ,dns'k viuh vUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrkuksa osQ lEcU/ esa okLrfod fLFkfr ekywe dj ldrk gS fd mls fons'kksa ls oqQyfdruk Hkqxrku ysuk vFkok pqdkuk gSA leLr Hkqxrkuksa dks lfEefyr dj okLrfod ysunkjh ;k okLrfod nsunkjhKkr djus osQ fy, lUrqyu rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA vr% O;kikj&'ks"k (vFkok O;kikj lUrqyu)] rFkk Hkqxrku&'ks"k


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bdkbZ—11% O;kikj larqyu ,oa Hkqxrku larqyu % vFkZ ,oa ?kVd

(vFkok Hkqxrku lUrqyu) }kjk ,d ns'k Øe'k% vius vk;kr&fu;kZr O;kikj vkSj fons'kksa ls leLr ysu&nsuksa osQckjs esa Lo;a dh fLFkfr Kkr dj ysrk gSA blfy, izR;sd ns'k ,d fuf'pr vof/ osQ fu;fer :i ls O;kikjlUrqyu ,oa Hkqxrku lUrqyu rS;kj djrk gSA

11-1 O;kikj lUrqyu ,oa Hkqxrku lUrqyu% vFkZ ,oa ?kVd (Balance of Trade andBalance of Payments: Meaning and Components)

,d ns'k }kjk ,d fuf'pr vof/ esa vius ns'k ls fd, x, eky osQ fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr osQ 'ks"k dksO;kikj&lUrqyu dgrs gSaA bldks ,d lkaf[;dh; lkj.kh osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ;s oLrq,¡ vFkokO;kikfjd eky] ftudk cUnjxkgksa] lhek lM+d osQUnzksa] gokbZ vM~Mksa vkfn ij vkus o tkus dk ys[kk gksrk gS]O;kikj lUrqyu esa 'kkfey gksrs gSaA bUgsa n`'; (Visible) fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr Hkh dgrs gSaA O;kikj lUrqyu ,dfuf'pr vof/ esa ,d ns'k osQ fu;kZrksa ,oa vk;krksa osQ oqQy ewY; dk vUrj gSA ;fn oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZrksadk ewY; vf/d gS vk;krksa dk de gSa rks O;kikj&lUrqyu vuqowQy (vFkok i{k esa) dgykrk gSA blosQ foijhrvk;krksa dk oqQy ewY; fu;kZrksa osQ oqQy ewY; dh vis{kk vf/d gksus ij O;kikj lUrqyu izfrowQy (vFkok foi{kesa) dgykrk gSA nksuksa dh jkf'k iw.kZr% cjkcj gksus ij iw.kZr% lUrqyu dh fLFkfr gksrh gS] ijUrq O;ogkj esa ,slkde gh gksrk gSA dHkh vk;kr vf/d gksrs gSa rks dHkh fu;kZrA

izsQMfjd csUge (Frederic Benham)μ,d ns'k dk O;kikj lUrqyu ,d vof/ osQ mlosQ fu;kZrksa osQ ewY;ksa vkSjmlosQ vk;krksa osQ ewY; dk lEcU/ gSA ;fn izFke nwljs ls vf/d gS rks vUrj dks fu;kZr vkf/D; vkSj ;fn nwljkizFke ls vf/d gS rks vUrj dks vk;kr vkf/D; dgrs gSaA

lseqvylu (Samuelson)μ;fn O;kikfjd eky dk fu;kZr dk ewY; vk;kr&eky osQ ewY; ls vf/d gS rks¶vuqowQy O;kikj&'ks"k¸ dgrs gSaA ;fn vk;kr fu;kZr ls vf/d gS rks ;g ¶izfrowQy O;kikj 'ks"k¸ gSaA

O;kikj lUrqyu osQ rhu Lo:i gSaμ(i) vuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu (Favourable Balance of Trade)—mlvoLFkk dk uke gS tc ,d ns'k esa ,d fuf'pr vof/ izk;% ,d o"kZ esa] O;kikfjd eky dk fu;kZr O;kikfjdeky osQ vk;krksa osQ ewY; ls vf/d gSaA bls lnSo /ukRed fpUg (+) ls O;Dr djrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] Hkkjrdk 1972&73 esa O;kikj lUrqyu $ #- 103-4 djksM+ Fkk vFkkZr~ oqQy fu;kZrksa dk ewY; vk;krksa osQ ewY; ls #-103-4 djksM+ vf/d FkkA (ii) izfrowQy O;kikj lUrqyu (Unfavourable Balance of Trade)—og voLFkk gStc vk;krksa dk ewY; fu;kZrksa ls vf/d gksrk gS bls ½.kkRed fpUg ls crkrs gSaA tSls Hkkjr esa 1977&78 esaO;kikj lUrqyu #- 692 djksM+ Fkk vFkkZr~ fu;kZrksa dk oqQy ewY; vk;krksa osQ ewY; ls #- 692 djksM+ de FkkA (iii)lUrqfyr O;kikj lUrqyu (Equilibrium Balance of Trade)μtc oqQy fu;kZrksa o oqQy vk;krksa dk ewY;cjkcj gksA ijUrq ,slh fLFkfr viokn Lo:i dfBukbZ ls gh gksrh gSA oqQN rks vUrj vo'; ik;k tkrk gSA HkkjrosQ O;kikj lUrqyu esa futh rFkk lkoZtfud {ks=k nksuksa osQ }kjk leqnzh ok;qekxZ ,oa LFkyekxZ lHkh ls fd;k x;kfons'kh O;kikj dk ewY; lfEefyr gSA fu;kZrksa esa iqu% fu;kZr (Re-exports) Hkh lfEefyr gksrs gSaA izk;% vk;krksadk ewY; ykxr chek HkkM+k ewY; (c.i.f. price) ij rFkk fu;kZrksa dk ewY; tgkt ij eqDr ewY; (f.o.b. price)

ij vkadyu fd;k tkrk gSA

O;kikj lUrqyu dk izHkko (Effects of Balance of Trade)

,d ns'k osQ O;kikj lUrqyu dk fuEufyf[kr izHkko gS%

(1) vFkZO;oLFkk dh lkekfU; fLFkfr (General Condition of the Economy of a Country)μlkE; O;kikjlUrqyu lkekU; fLFkfr dks crkrk gSA vuqowQy lUrqyu vPNh lqn`<+ fLFkfr rFkk izfrowQy lUrqyu detksjfLFkfr dk ifjpk;d gSA vk;krksa dh fu;kZrksa ls vf/drk dk vk'k; fonsf'k;ksa osQ izfr nsunkfj;k¡ vf/d gksukgS vkSj blfy, izfrowQy lUrqyu Lons'k dh detksj O;kikfjd fLFkfr crkrk gSA blosQ foijhr fu;kZr vk;krksa


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ls vfèd gksus ij Lons'k dh fLFkfr ysunkj dh gksrh gS vkSj blfy, ;g lqn`<+ vPNh fLFkfr gSaA

(2) fons'kh fofue; nj (Foreign Exchange Rate)μvuqowQy fons'kh O;kikj lUrqyu gksus ij fons'khfofue; nj Hkh vuqowQy gksrh gS D;ksafd fu;kZrksa osQ vf/d gksus ls fons'kh cktkjksa esa fu;kZrdksa ns'k dh eqnzk dhiw£r vf/d gksxhA blls fons'kh eqnzk dk ewY; de vFkkZr~ Lons'kh eqnzk dk ewY; m¡Qpk gksxkA

izfrowQy O;kikj lUrqyu gksus ij Lons'kh cktkjksa esa fons'kh eqnzk dk ewY; vk;krksa dh vf/drk osQ dkj.k vf/d gksxk vFkkZr~ Lons'kh eqnzk dk ewY; de gksxkA blls izfrowQy fons'kh fofue; nj dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tk;sxhAfons'kh eqnzk cktkjksa esa vk;krd ns'k dh eqnzk dk ewY; de gks tkrk gSA iQyLo:i fons'kh fofue; nj foi{kesa jgrh gSA

(3) fons'kh eqnzk dks"k (Foreign Exchange Reserves)μvuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu gkssus ls ns'k osQ fons'kh eqnzkHk.Mkjksa esa o`f¼ gksrh gS ;g fLFkfr vPNh ekuh tkrh gSA izfrowQy O;kikj lUrqyu gksus ls ns'k osQ fons'kh eqnzkHk.Mkjksa esa deh vk tkrh gS vkSj blfy, ;g fLFkfr vPNh ugha ekuh tkrh gSA

(4) Hkqxrku lUrqyu ij izHkko (Effects on Balance of Payments)μ,d ns'k osQ lHkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrkuksadk lka[;dh; lkjka'k jsdkMZ Hkqxrku lUrqyu dgykrk gSA vuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu dh fLFkfr ls Hkqxrku lUrqyuHkh vuqowQy gksus dh lEHkkouk cgqr vf/d gksrh gSA D;ksafd O;kikfjd eky osQ vf/d fu;kZrksa osQ dkj.k mlns'k dh fons'kksa ls ysunkfj;k¡ vf/d gksxhA blosQ foijhr izfrowQy O;kikj lUrqyu osQ dkj.k Hkqxrku lUrqyu Hkhfoi{k esa gksus dh lEHkkouk vf/d gksxhA

(5) vf/d vk;kr lqfo/ktud (More Imports Convenient)μog ns'k ftldk O;kikj lUrqyu fujUrjo"kks± rd vuqowQy jgrk gS fdlh Hkh le; ljyrkiwoZd vU; oLrqvksa dk vk;kr dj ldrk gS mls HkqxrkulEcU/h dfBukbZ ugha gksrhA blosQ foijhr izfrowQy O;kikj lUrqyu okys ns'k dks vf/d vk;krksa osQ fy, dfBukbZgksrh gSA ,sls ns'k dks viuh vko';drkvksa dh oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr osQ fy, vU; ns'kksa dh lgk;rk ij fuHkZj jgukiM+rk gSA fu;kZrd ns'k vk;krd ns'k dk ½.k lqfo/k,¡ nsrs le; 'krks± osQ fu/kZj.k esa fofHkUu ncko Mkyus dkiz;Ru djrs gSaA

(6) O;kikj dh 'krs± (Terms of Trade)μvuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu j[kus okys ns'k osQ fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjdh 'krs± Hkh mlosQ vuqowQy gh gksrh gSaA blosQ foijhr izfrowQy O;kikj lUrqyu gkssus ij O;kikj izfrowQy gks tkrhgSA O;kikj 'krks± dk Hkkoh O;kikj fu/kZj.k esa cgqr egRo gksrk gSA

izfrowQy O;kikj lUrqyu esa lq/kj (Correction in the Unfavourable Balance of Trade)

,d ns'k vius fons'kh O;kikj dks lUrqfyr j[kus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA izfrowQy O;kikj lUrqyu gksus ls ns'k dhvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa fLFkfr detksj gks tkrh gSA vr% blesa 'kh?kzfr'kh?kz lq/kj vko';d gSA izfrowQy O;kikjlUrqyu osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr mik; fd;s tkrs gSaμ

,d ns'k vius fons'kh O;kikj dks lUrqfyr j[kus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA izfrowQy O;kikj

lUrqyu gksus ls ns'k dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa fLFkfr detksj gks tkrh gSA

(1) vk;krksa dks lhfer j[kuk (Keeping Imports within Limits)μizfrowQy O;kikj lUrqyu okyk ns'kvius vk;krksa esa ;FkklEHko deh djus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA vfr vko';d oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZrksa dks gh vuqefrnh tkrh gSA fiQj Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ewY;ksa esa Hkkjh o`f¼ gksus ij vk;krksa dks Hkkjh ek=kk esa ugha c<+krs gq,Hkh ewY; c<+ tkrk gSA tSlk fd 1972 osQ i'pkr rsy ewY;ksa esa o`f¼ ls vusd ns'kksa dk O;kikj lUrqyu Hkkjhfoi{k esa gks x;kA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa vk;krksa dks ;FkklEHko lhfer ek=kk esa gh cuk;s j[kus dk iz;Ru gksrk gSrkfd izfrowQyrk vf/d ugha c<+sA

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(2) fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ (Export Promotion)μizfrowQy O;kikj lUrqyu dks lq/kjus osQ fy, ns'k ls fu;kZrksa

esa o`f¼ djus rFkk fu;kZrksa ls vf/dkf/d vk; izkIr djus dk iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gSA fu;kZr lao¼Zu osQ fy,

eqnzk dk voewY;u (Devaluation of Money)] jkf'kikru dh uhfr (Dumpting Policy)] lkoZtfud {ks=k esa

fu;kZr lEc¼Zu laLFkkuksa ,oa miØeksa dh LFkkiuk] fons'kksa ls f}i{kh; le>kSrs djuk] fu;kZr oLrqvksa dh fdLr]

iS¯dx vkfn esa lq/kj djuk] ns'k esa cUnjxkg rd eky igq¡pkus osQ fy, ;krk;kr O;; esa fu;kZr nsuk] fu;kZrdksa

dks vk£Fkd ,oa vU; lqfo/k,¡ nsuk] fons'kksa esa foØ; o`f¼ gsrq cktkj vuqlU/ku] foKkiu] izn'kZuh] esyksa vkfn

dk vk;kstu rFkk ,sls gh vusd iz;Ru fd;s tkrs gSaA

(3) vk;kr izfrLFkkiu (Import Substitution)μfons'kksa ls vk;kfrr oqQN eky dks ns'k esa gh cukus osQ

iz;Ru fd;s tkrs gSa] blls nks ykHk gksrs gSa] (i) Hkfo"; esa mu oLrqvksa dk vk;kr ugha djuk iM+rk] rFkk (ii)

ns'k esa gh u;s u;s vkS|ksfxd mRiknuksa osQ fy, dkj[kkuksa] vuqlU/kux`gksa] iz;ksx'kkykvksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh

gSA ijUrq ns'k esa fu£er eky dh fdLr ,oa ewY; (mRiknu ykxr) vkfn esa vUrj gks tkrk gSA Hkkjr us vius

;gk¡ vk;krksa osQ izfrLFkkiu dh uhfr osQ dkj.k gh xr rhu n'kkfCn;ksa esa Hkkjh vkS|ksfxd mUufr dh gSa vkSj

vusd oLrqvksa dk vk;kr cUn vFkok de dj fn;k gSA

(4) Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa lkE; (Equilibrium in Balance of Payments)μizfrowQy O;kikj lUrqyu gksus ij

Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh vU; enksa&lsokvksa (cSad] chek] leqnzh ifjogu)] i;ZVu vkfn osQ ekè;e ls fons'kh eqnzk

izkfIr;ksa (Receipts of Foreign Exchange) dks vf/d djus dk iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gSA blls vk;krksa osQ

vfèkd gksus ij Hkh Hkqxrku lEcU/h dfBukbZ ugha gksrhA

(5) fons'kh eqnzk osQ dkj.k (Foreign Exchange Loans)μizfrowQy O;kikj lUrqyu gksus ij vk;krksa osQ

Hkqxrku dks LFkfxr djus osQ fy, ;k rks nh?kZdkyhu vk/kj ij m/kj eky [kjhnk tkrk gS vFkok fons'kh

ljdkjksa] foÙkh; laLFkkvksa ls vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; o {ks=kh; foÙkh; laLFkkvksa ls ½.k izkIr fd;s tkrs gSaA foØ;

osQ le; esa eky osQ fu;kZrd dks rks foÙk laLFkk,¡ Hkqxrku dj nsrh gSa vkSj vk;krd fu/kZfjr vof/ osQ i'pkr

foÙk laLFkkvksa dks og jde pqdk nsrk gSA

Hkqxrku lUrqyu (Balance of Payments) dk vk'k;μoLrqvksa osQ vk;kr fu;kZr osQ vfrfjDr vU; lkSns Hkh

gSa] ftuosQ fy, fons'kksa dk Hkqxrku fd;k tk; vFkok Hkqxrku izkIr gksA Hkqxrku lUrqyu cukdj fons'kksa ls

gksus okys leLr ekSfnzd O;ogkjksa dh okLrfod fLFkfr Kkr dh tkrh gSA blls fons'kh eqnzkvksa dh izkfIr ,oa

mi;ksx dh enksa dh tkudkjh Hkh feyrh gSA Hkqxrku lUrqyu ,d lka[;dh; lkjka'k vfHkys[k (fjdkMZ)

(Statistical Summary Record) gS ftlesa ,d fuf'pr vof/ (izk;% ,d o"kZ vFkok N% ekg) esa ,d ns'k

osQ lHkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; lkSnksa dk ys[kk gSA blls Kkr gks tk;sxk fd fdu lkSnksa osQ fy, ml ns'k dks

fons'kksa ls Hkqxrku izkIr gksrk gS rFkk fduosQ fy, og Hkqxrku pqdkrk gSA Hkqxrku lUrqyu dks oqQN izeq[k fo}kuksa

us fuEu 'kCnksa esa O;Dr fd;k gSμ

(i) MsycVZ ,] LukbMj (Delbert A. Snider)] ¶,d ns'k dk Hkqxrku lUrqyu ,d fuf'pr vof/ esa

lEiUu ml ns'k osQ lHkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; vk£Fkd ,oa foÙkh; lkSnksa dk ,d lkjka'k fjdkMZ gSA¸

(ii) lseqylu (Samuelson)] ¶og fooj.k gS] ftlesa lHkh oLrqvksa] migkjksa] fons'kh lgk;rk] iw¡th] ½.k]

Lo.kZ ,oa vU; eqnzk,¡ tks ns'k osQ Hkhrj vkrh gSa vkSj ckgj tkrh gSa rFkk bu lHkh enksa osQ ikjLifjd

lEcU/ksa ij è;ku j[kk tkrk gSA¸

(iii) pkYlZ ,u- gS¯ux (Charles N. Hanning)] ¶,d fuf'pr vof/ esa (izk;% ,d o"kZ) ,d ns'k

osQ 'ks"k fo'o osQ lkFk gq, leLr vUrjkZ"Vªh; lkSnksa osQ lka[;dh; lkjka'k dks Hkqxrku lUrqyu dgk

tkrk gSA¸


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bu ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gS fd Hkqxrku lUrqyu ,d fuf'pr vof/ (izk;% ,d o"kZ) esa gq, ,d ns'k osQvUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; ysu&nsuksa dk lkjka'k gS tks lkj.kh osQ :i esa cuk;k tkrk gSA blls fuEufyf[kr nks rF;ksa dhtkudkjh feyrh gSμ

(i) fons'kksa dk ml ns'k osQ izfr fdruk Hkqxrku nkf;Ro gS\

(ii) ml ns'k dk fons'kksa osQ izfr fdruk Hkqxrku nkf;Ro gS\

Hkqxrku lUrqyu cukus dk mís'; ,d ns'k dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; fLFkfr izLrqr djuk gS rkfd lEcfU/rljdkjh vf/dkfj;ksa dks ekSfnzd] iz'kqYd] O;kikj o Hkqxrku lEcU/h uhfr dk fuekZ.k djus esa lgk;rk feysA ftlizdkj ,d vkS|ksfxd dEiuh viuk ok£"kd ys[kk rS;kj dj o"kZ Hkj esa ykHk rFkk fpV~Bs }kjk o"kZ osQ vfUre fnuviuh vk£Fkd fLFkfr (lEifÙk ,oa nkf;Roksa) dk fjdkMZ rS;kj djrh gSA ,d ns'k Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa fo'o osQvU; ns'kksa ls lEiUu Hkqxrkuksa dk fooj.k (ys[kk) rS;kj djrk gSA blls ml ns'k dh foÙkh; fLFkfr dk Kku gksrkgSA Hkfo"; esa fofHkUu vk£Fkd uhfr;k¡ fu/kZj.k djus esa ;g lwpuk mi;ksxh fl¼ gksrh gSA fons'kh yksx Hkh HkqxrkulUrqyu osQ }kjk ml ns'k dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj o vU; ysu&nsuksa esa Hkqxrku {kerk dh lqn`<+rk (Soundnessof Payment Capacity) dk irk yxkrs gSaA

O;kikj lUrqyu ,oa Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa vUrjμO;kikj lUrqyu ,oa Hkqxrku lUrqyu dk vk'k; tkuus osQi'pkr nksuksa esa vUrj Kkr djuk ljy gSA nksuksa esa eq[; vUrj fuEufyf[kr gS%

(i) Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa os lHkh ensa ftuesa fons'kksa ls ekSfnzd Hkqxrkuksa dk ysu&nsu djuk iM+rk gS] dks rFkkO;kikj lUrqyu esa osQoy oLrqvksa dk vk;kr ,oa fu;kZrksa osQ ewY;ksa osQ 'ks"k dks Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA vr%O;kikj& lUrqyu ,d lhfer vFkZ j[kus okyk 'kCn gS rFkk Hkqxrku lUrqyu foLr`r vFkZ okykA O;kikjlUrqyu Hkh Hkqxrku lUrqyu dk ,d va'k gSA Hkqxrku lUrqyu Kkr djus ls iwoZ O;kikj lUrqyu dhtkudkjh ,oa fuekZ.k vko';d gSA

(ii) O;kikj lUrqyu esa osQoy oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr fu;kZr dk ys[kk gSA ;s oLrq,¡ cUnjxkgksa ls ns'k osQ ckgj,oa Hkhrj Hksth tkrh gSa] budks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vr% bUgsa n`'; O;kikj ensa (Visible Trade Items)

dgrs gSaA Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa n`'; O;kikj enksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; ensa] ftUgsa ns[kk ugha tkrk] vn`'; ensa(Invisible Items)] ftudk cUnjxkgksa ij ys[kk gksuk vko';d ugha] Hkh lfEefyr gksrk gSA

(iii) O;kikj&lUrqyu Kkr djus dk mís'; lhfer gS fd ,d ns'k fdu&fdu oLrqvksa dk vk;kr o fu;kZrdjrk gS\ mudk ewY; D;k gS\ tcfd Hkqxrku lUrqyu cukus dk mís'; cgqr vf/d egRoiw.kZ ,oafoLr`r gSA blosQ ekè;e ls ,d ns'k fo'o lekt esa viuh vk£Fkd ,oa foÙkh; fLFkfr dks vf/d lgh<ax ls ns[k ldrk gSA mlus oLrq fu;kZr de fd;s gksa] fiQj Hkh vU; enksa ls og i;kZIr fons'kh eqnzk,¡v£tr djosQ viuh ysunkj dh fLFkfr cuk;s j[k ldrk gS o fons'kh ls Hkkjh la[;k esa oLrq,¡ udnHkqxrku dj vk;kr dj ldrk gSA

(iv) O;kikj lUrqyu vuqowQy ,oa izfrowQy gks ldrk gS ijUrq ys[kksa osQ :i esa Hkqxrku lUrqyu lnSo lUrqfyrgksrk gSA Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa vlkE;rk dks ½.k] vuqnku ,oa Lo.kZ osQ vk;kr&fu;kZr (;fn fd;s x;s gksa)osQ ekè;e ls nwj dj lUrqfyr voLFkk crk;h tkrh gSA O;ogkj esa Hkqxrku lUrqyu Hkh vlUrqfyr gksrkgS] vkSj ;g vlUrqyu tcfd og izfrowQy gks] detksj foÙkh; o vk£Fkd fLFkfr dk ifjpk;d gS] ijUrqO;kikj lUrqyu esa izfrowQyrk vf/d egRo ugha j[krhA

Hkqxrku lUrqyu dk egÙoμ,d ns'k osQ vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; ysu nsuksa dk lka[;dh; fooj.k gh Hkqxrku lUrqyugSA Hkqxrkuksa osQ fy, ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'kksa esa eqnzk ,oa iw¡thdks"k dk vkokxeu (Movement) gksrk gSA HkqxrkuksaosQ pqdkus osQ fy, iw¡th dk vkokxeu fdruh ek=kk esa fdl ns'k dh eqnzkvksa esa gqvk ;g Hkqxrku lUrqyu ls Kkrgks tkrk gSA lseqvylu osQ vuqlkj iw¡th osQ vkokxeu osQ ekSfnzd igyqvksa dks le>uk vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙk dh ,dizeq[k leL;k gSA Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa nh xbZ vU; lwpuk,¡ Hkh cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA fo'ks"kdj ljdkj osQ fy,

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tks vk£Fkd uhfr dk fu/kZj.k djrh gSA bl izdkj Hkqxrku lUrqyu dk egRo fuEufyf[kr gS%

(1) ns'k esa iw¡th dk vkokxeu ,oa fofue; fu;U=k.k O;oLFkkμHkqxrku lUrqyu ls ns'k esa fons'kh eqnzk dks"kksaosQ vkokxeu ,oa ljdkj }kjk yxk;s x;s fofue; fu;U=k.k mik;ksa dh liQyrk (;k foiQyrk) dk Kku gksrk gSAlgh fLFkfr dh le; le; tkudkjh gksus ls fofue; fu;U=k.k mik;ksa esa vko';drkuqlkj la'kks/u fd;k tkldrk gSA

(2) ns'k dh okLrfod vUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrku {kerkμHkqxrku lUrqyu dh izfrowQyrk vFkok vuqowQyrk osQ ckjsesa lgh tkudkjh gksus ls ml ns'k dh okLrfod vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; fLFkfr Kkr gks tkrh gSA vU; ns'k Hkfo";esa O;kikj djrs le; bl fLFkfr ls Hkh cgqr izHkkfor gksrs gSaA

(3) vk£Fkd uhfr fu/kZjdksa osQ fy, egRoiw.kZμHkqxrku lUrqyu esa nh x;h lwpukvksa ls ns'k dh vk£Fkd uhfrfu/kZj.k djus okys ljdkjh o vU; eqnzk vf/dkjh cgqr ykHkkfUor gksrs gSaA

(4) fofue; njksa esa ifjorZuμvUrjkZ"Vªh; lkSnksa osQ iQyLo:i fons'kh fofue; njksa esa gksus okys ifjorZufo'ks"kdj voewY;u rFkk vf/ewY;u dk ns'k osQ vk;kr o fu;kZrksa ij gksus okys izHkko dh tkudkjh HkqxrkulUrqyu ls feysxhA

(5) vFkZO;oLFkk ij fons'kh O;kikj dk izHkkoμns'k osQ fons'kh O;kikj dk ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vU;vaxksaμjk"Vªh; vk;] mRiknu] miHkksx] ewY; Lrjksa vkfn ij gksus okys izHkkoksa dks le>us esa oqQN o"kks± osQ HkqxrkulUrqyu dk fo'ys"k.kkRed vè;;u lg;ksx nsrk gSA

(6) fons'kh O;kikj esa ifjorZuμ,d ns'k osQ yxkrkj dbZ o"kks± osQ ;k fofHkUu le; osQ Hkqxrku&lUrqyu dkvè;;u dj ml ns'k esa gksus okys fons'kh O;kikj esa ifjorZuksa] mldh O;kikfjd fLFkfr] mlosQ vkS|ksfxd fodkl,oa Ñf"k fodkl dh vko';drkvksa rFkk mu ns'kksa ftlls mlosQ O;kikfjd lEcU/ gSa dh vk£Fkd fLFkfr ,oafodkl dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA

Hkqxrku lUrqyu dk <k¡pk (Structure of Balance of Payments)μHkqxrku lUrqyu dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esack¡Vk tkrk gSμ(i) pkyw [kkrk (Current Account), rFkk (ii) iw¡th [kkrk (Capital Account)A pkyw [kkrs esa oslHkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; lkSns ftuls forZeku esa mlh ns'k okyksa dks ;k fonsf'k;ksa dks vk; v£tr gksrh dk ys[kk fd;ktkrk gS] tSls oLrqvksa dk vk;kr&fu;kZr] lsokvksa ls izkIr vk; ;k buosQ fy, fonsf'k;ksa dks nh x;h jkf'k;k¡] ,di{kh; gLrkUrj.k] fofu;ksxksa ls vk; vkfnA tc fd iw¡th [kkrs esa ½.k o lEifÙk dks (izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k <axls) izHkkfor djus okys lkSns ftuls Hkfo"; esa vk; gksxh] fy[ks tkrs gSaA buesa iw¡th ;k eqnzk dk gLrkUrj.k]fofu;ksx vkfn lfEefyr gSaA iw¡thxr O;ogkjksa dk mYys[k iw¡th [kkrs esa fd;k tkrk gSA

ekSfnzd uhfr] jktdks"kh; uhfr rFkk O;kikj uhfr fu/kZj.k osQ le; ns'k dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; fLFkfr dhtkudkjh vko';d gSA

Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa ys[ks nksgjh ys[kk iz.kkyh (Double Entry Book Keeping) osQ vk/kj ij fd;s tkrs gSaAvk£Fkd ,oa foÙkh; lkSnksa dh izÑfr dks è;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS rFkk ysunkfj;ksa ,oa nsunkfj;ksa dks Øe'k% tek(Credit) o uke (Debits) esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSA os leLr lkSns] ftuosQ fy, fons'kksa dks Hkqxrku fd;k tk; nsunkjh;k uke (Debits) esa rFkk os lkSns ftuosQ fy, fons'kksa ls Hkqxrku izkIr gks ysunkjh ;k tek (Credits) esa fy[kstk;saxsA okLro esa Hkqxrku fn;k x;k ;k fy;k tk;sxk ;k ugha] bl fo"k; ij fopkj ugha fd;k tkrkA mnkgj.k osQfy,] oLrqvksa osQ leLr vk;kr (ftuesa eqÝr esa feys migkj Hkh gks ldrs gSa) nsunkjh (uke) esa fy[ks tk;saxs]D;ksafd buosQ fy, Hkqxrku pqdk;k tkrk gS rFkk buls fons'kh eqnzk Hk.Mkj esa deh gksrh gSA blosQ foijhr fu;kZrysunkfj;k¡ ;k tek (Credits) esa fy[ks tkrs gSa D;ksafd muls Hkqxrku izkIr gksrk gS] fons'kh eqnzk Hk.Mkjksa esa o`f¼


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gksrh gSA blh izdkj fons'kksa ls izkIr ½.k ;k jkf'k;k¡ Hkh tek esa fy[kh tk;saxh] D;ksafd muls ns'k osQ fons'kh eqnzkdks"k esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA fons'kksa dks fn;s x;s ½.k ;k jkf'k;k¡ uke esa fy[kh tk;saxh D;ksafd blls fons'kh eqnzk dks"kde gksrs gSaA Lo.kZ dk vk;kr o fu;kZr vU; oLrqvksa osQ leku vk;kr o fu;kZr osQ :i esa fy[kk tk;sxkA blizdkj leLr ysu nsuksa dk ys[kk rS;kj fd;k tk;sxk ,oa Hkqxrku lUrqyu lUrqfyr gksxkA pkyw [kkrs osQ tek* ,oaûke* esa fudyus okyh 'ks"k jkf'k iw¡th [kkrs osQ ;ksx esa lek;ksftr dj nh tkrh gSA vr% pkyw [kkrk ,oa iw¡th[kkrk nksuksa feydj lUrqfyr fLFkfr crkrs gSaA pkyw [kkrs osQ 'ks"k osQ vk/kj ij gh Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa vlkE;rkdk cks/ gksrk gSA ;fn tke* i{k uke* i{k ls vf/d gS rks 'ks"k* i{k esa vFkok vuqowQy rFkk uke* i{k tke*i{k ls vf/d gksus ij ^'ks"k* foi{k esa ;k izfrowQy Hkqxrku lUrqyu dgk tkrk gSA

pkyw [kkrkμtek (Credit) > uke (Debit) vuqowQy Hkqxrku lUrqyu ($)

tek (Credit) < uke (Debit) izfrowQy Hkqxrku lUrqyu (μ)

tek ¾ uke (Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh lkE; voLFkk)

Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh ensa (Items of Balance of Payments)μHkqxrku lUrqyu dh ensa fuEufyf[kr gSaμ

pkyw [kkrk 1- oLrqvksa dk vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr (n`'; O;kikj)

2- ;krk;kr (HkkM+k ,oa vU; ;krk;kr O;;)

vn`'; O;kikj ensa 3- ;k=kk,¡ (lsokvksa osQ fy, ;k vU; fdlh iz;kstu ls gks)

4- fofu;ksx vk; (C;kt] ykHkka'k] ykHk vkfn)

5- chek

6- gLrkUrj.k (futh {ks=k gks ;k ljdkjh ;k laLFkkvksa dksisU'ku vkfn)

iw¡th [kkrk 1- fofu;ksx (bl ns'k osQ fons'kksa esa ;k fonsf'k;ksa osQ bl ns'k esa ftudh vof/ ,d o"kZls vf/d dh gks) lEifÙk;ksa ;k nkf;Roksa lEcU/h lkSnsA

2- vYidkyhu fofu;ksx (tks ,d o"kZ ls de gksμvk; izkfIr osQ mís'; ls gks ftuesacSadksa }kjk tek o ½.k Hkh lfEefyr gSa)A

3- ljdkjh lkSnsμ(1) iw¡thxr lkSns] (2) jf{kr dks"k lEcfU/ ftuesa vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzkdks"k esa tek ½.k Hkh lfEefyr gSA

oqQN izeq[k enksa dk foLr`r mYys[k fuEufyf[kr gSμ

(i) O;kikfjd eky ;k n`'; O;kikj ;k oLrqvksa dk vk;kr&fu;kZr (Visible Trade)μ lokZf/degRoiw.kZ en gSA bldh ¶tek¸ o ¶uke¸ dk vUrj gh ¶O;kikj lUrqyu¸ dgykrk gSA fons'kh O;kikjesa tks Hkh oLrq,¡ vk;kr o fu;kZr dh x;ha] muosQ ewY; dk ys[kk ;gk¡ fy[kk tkrk gSA bUgsa n`'; vk;kr;k fu;kZr ensa Hkh dgrs gSaA vk;kr dk ewY; pqdkuk gksxk os ûke* rFkk fu;kZr ftudk ewY; izkIr gksrkgS tek* fy[kh tkrh gSaA ljdkjh ,oa futh {ks=k nksuksa osQ gh vk;kr fu;kZr ;gk¡ fn[kk;s tk;saxsA lkekU;r%fu;kZrksa dk ewY; f.o.b. ewY;ksa (Free on Board Price) rFkk vk;krksa dk c.i.f. (Cost Insurance Freight

(ykxr HkkM+k lfgr ewY;) vk/kj ij fn[kk;s tkrs gSaA

(ii) ;krk;kr (ifjogu) (Transport)μifjogu lsokvksa osQ fy, tgktjkuh o ok;q ;krk;kr dEifu;k¡vusd ns'kksa osQ eè; viuh lsok,¡ iznku djrh gSA bl ns'k dh dEifu;ksa dks fons'kh eqnzk ls izkIr HkkM+k'kqYd ^tek* dh vksj rFkk fons'kh dEifu;ksa dks nh x;h jkf'k;k¡ ûke* esa fn[kk;h tkrh gSA

(iii) ;k=kk,¡ (Travels)μfofHkUu ns'kksa osQ ukxfjd ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k esa i;ZVdksa (Tourists) osQ :i esa ;klkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] O;kolkf;d rFkk O;fDrxr dkj.kksa ls vkrs tkrs gSaA ns'k esa vkus okyksa ls fons'kheqnzk,¡ izkIr gksrh (D;ksafd cnys esa mUgsa O;; osQ fy, bl ns'k dh eqnzk dh tkrh gS) gSaA blosQ foijhrckgj tkus okys fons'kh eqnzk,¡ O;; djrs gSaA

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(iv) chek (Insurance)μchek dEifu;k¡ fofHkUu ns'kksa esa O;kikj (lkeqfnzd] vfXu] thou] ;k vU; chekO;olk;) djrh gSA budks fons'kh eqnzk esa izkIr gksus okyh vk; fons'kh eqnzk Hk.Mkj esa o`f¼ djrh gS]og ^tek* esa fn[kk;h tk;sxhA blosQ foijhr fons'kh dEifu;ksa dks pqdk;h x;h jkf'k ûke* esa fy[khtk;sxh D;ksafd ns'k osQ fons'kh eqnzk Hk.Mkjksa esa muls deh gksxhA

fons'kh fofue; nj fdls dgrs gSa\

(v) fuos'k vk; (Investment Income)μns'k osQ ukxfjdksa ,oa O;kolkf;d laxBuksa vkfn us fons'kksa esa fd;sx;s fuos'kksa (Investments) ls C;kt] ykHkka'k vkfn izkIr fd;s gksa] os tek dh rjiQ rFkk fons'khukxfjdksa }kjk ns'k eas fd;s x;s fuos'kksa ij vk; dh mudks Hksth x;h jkf'k;k¡ uke* i{k esa fy[kh tk;sxhAlHkh izdkj osQ C;kt] ykHkka'k osQ Hkqxrku] pkgs os ljdkjh gks ;k futh {ks=k osQ fy[ks tk;saxsA

(vi) f'k{kk] fpfdRlk O;; vkfn (Education, Medical Expences etc.)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrku] tks f'k{kk]fpfdRlk vkfn osQ fy, fd;s tk;sa] os fy[ks tk;saxsA izkfIr;k¡] ^tek* i{k esa rFkk fons'kh eqnzk esa fd;sx;s Hkqxrku ûke* i{k esaA

(vii) gLrkUrj.k Hkqxrku (Transfer Payments)μvusd Hkqxrku ljdkj }kjk ;k futh {ks=k }kjk fy;s fn;stkrs gSa] tSls iqjkus deZpkfj;ksa dks isU'ku] i=k&if=kdkvksa osQ pUns] vuqnku o gtkZus] fons'kksa esa foKkiuvkfnA ;s lHkh vyx ls bl 'kh"kZd esa 'kkfey fd;s tkrs gSaA

(viii) ljdkjh Hkqxrku (Govt. Payments)μvusd ljdkjh laLFkk,¡ ,oa foHkkx vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrjksa ij ysu&nsudjrs gSa] tSls la;qDr jk"Vª la?k o mlls lEcfU/r laLFkkvksa esa O;;] fons'kksa esa fLFkr jktnwrkoklksa] okf.kT;nwrkoklksa ;k ljdkjh izfrfuf/ e.My vkfn ls lEcfU/r ysu&nsuA fons'kksa esa fd;s x;s O;; ûke* i{kesa rFkk fons'kksa ls izkfIr;k¡ ^tek* i{k esa fy[kh tkrh gSaA

(ix) iw¡thxr ysu&nsu (Capital Transactions)μiw¡th [kkrs esa ns'k ls gksus okyh iw¡th dks"kksa osQ vkokxeu(Movements) dk ys[kk fd;k tkrk gSA futh {ks=k] cSa¯dx laLFkkvksa rFkk ljdkjh {ks=k }kjk iw¡thxrysu&nsu vyx vyx fn[kk;s tkrs gSaA vYidkyhu ,oa nh?kZdkyhu ½.k] fuos'k] fofu;ksx vkfn dkvyx&vyx mYys[k fd;k tkrk gSA fons'kh eqnzk dh izkfIr;k¡ ftuls ns'k osQ fons'kh eqnzk dks"kksa esa o`f¼gks] tek* dh vksj rFkk fons'kh eqnzk dk cfgxZeu] ftlls fons'kh eqnzk dks"k de gks] uke* dh vksj fy[kstkrs gSaA bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj fons'kksa ls izkIr ½.k ;k fofu;ksx dh jkf'k ^tek* o fons'kksa dks fn;sx;s ½.k vkfn ûke* i{k dh vksj fy[ks tkrs gSaA tc fn;s x;s ½.k iqu% okil ykSVsaxs rc ^tek* dhvksj (Hkfo"; esa) fn[kk;s tk;saxsA ½.k nsrs le; ôpu i=k* (IOUs or Securities) vk;kr fd;s tkrsgSa] blfy, Hkh ;g ûke* esa fy[kk tk;sxkA

(x) Lo.kZ dk vkokxeu (Gold Movements)μfons'kksa ls Hkqxrku esa Lo.kZ dk ysu&nsu] fo'ks"kdj tc fdHkqxrku esa vlUrqyu dks nwj djus osQ fy, ,slh fLFkfr mRiUu gks] Lo.kZ dk vk;kr oLrqvksa osQ lekugh gksxkA lksuk izkIr djuk vk;kr o lksuk Hkstuk fu;kZr le>k tk;sxk vkSj rnuqlkj ys[kksa ls Hkqxrku osQnksuksa ;ksx cjkcj gks tk;saxsA



1. ------------ dks lkaf[;dh; lkj.kh osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

2. vuqowQy O;kikj larqyu gksus ls ns'k osQ ------------ HkaMkjksa esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA


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3. foijhr izfrowQy O;kikj larqyu gksus ij ------------ Hkh izfrowQy gks tkrh gSaA

4. Hkqxrku larqyu ,d lka[;dh; lkjka'k ------------ gSA

5. O;kikj larqyu Hkh Hkqxrku larqyu dk ,d ------------ gSA

6. Hkqxrku larqyu esa ys[ks nksgjh ------------ osQ vk/kj ij fd;s tkrs gSaA

7. ------------ fofHkUu ns'kksa esa O;kikj djrh gSaA

8. iw¡th [kkrs esa ns'k ls gksus okyh ------------ osQ vkokxeu dk ys[kk fd;k tkrk gSA


• ,d ns'k }kjk ,d fuf'pr vof/ esa vius ns'k ls fd, x, eky osQ fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr osQ 'ks"k dksO;kikj&lUrqyu dgrs gSaA bldks ,d lkaf[;dh; lkj.kh osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

• vuqowQy fons'kh O;kikj lUrqyu gksus ij fons'kh fofue; nj Hkh vuqowQy gksrh gS D;ksafd fu;kZrksa osQvfèkd gksus ls fons'kh cktkjksa esa fu;kZrdksa ns'k dh eqnzk dh iw£r vf/d gksxhA blls fons'kh eqnzk dkewY; de vFkkZr~ Lons'kh eqnzk dk ewY; m¡Qpk gksxkA

• izfrowQy O;kikj lUrqyu dks lq/kjus osQ fy, ns'k ls fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ djus rFkk fu;kZrksa ls vf/dkf/dvk; izkIr djus dk iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gSA fu;kZr lao¼Zu osQ fy, eqnzk dk voewY;u (Devaluation

of Money)] jkf'kikru dh uhfr (Dumpting Policy)] lkoZtfud {ks=k esa fu;kZr lEc¼Zu laLFkkuksa ,oamiØeksa dh LFkkiuk] fons'kksa ls f}i{kh; le>kSrs djuk] fu;kZr oLrqvksa dh fdLr] iS¯dx vkfn esa lqèkkjdjuk] ns'k esa cUnjxkg rd eky igq¡pkus osQ fy, ;krk;kr O;; esa fu;kZr nsuk] fu;kZrdksa dks vk£Fkd,oa vU; lqfo/k,¡ nsuk] fons'kksa esa foØ; o`f¼ gsrq cktkj vuqlU/ku] foKkiu] izn'kZuh] esyksa vkfn dkvk;kstu rFkk ,sls gh vusd iz;Ru fd;s tkrs gSaA

• oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr fu;kZr osQ vfrfjDr vU; lkSns Hkh gSa] ftuosQ fy, fons'kksa dk Hkqxrku fd;k tk;vFkok Hkqxrku izkIr gksA Hkqxrku lUrqyu cukdj fons'kksa ls gksus okys leLr ekSfnzd O;ogkjksa dhokLrfod fLFkfr Kkr dh tkrh gSA blls fons'kh eqnzkvksa dh izkfIr ,oa mi;ksx dh enksa dh tkudkjh Hkhfeyrh gSA

• Hkqxrku lUrqyu cukus dk mís'; ,d ns'k dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; fLFkfr izLrqr djuk gS rkfdlEcfUèkr ljdkjh vf/dkfj;ksa dks ekSfnzd] iz'kqYd] O;kikj o Hkqxrku lEcU/h uhfr dk fuekZ.k djus esalgk;rk feysA

• O;kikj lUrqyu vuqowQy ,oa izfrowQy gks ldrk gS ijUrq ys[kksa osQ :i esa Hkqxrku lUrqyu lnSo lUrqfyrgksrk gSA Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa vlkE;rk dks ½.k] vuqnku ,oa Lo.kZ osQ vk;kr&fu;kZr (;fn fd;s x;s gksa)osQ ekè;e ls nwj dj lUrqfyr voLFkk crk;h tkrh gSA O;ogkj esa Hkqxrku lUrqyu Hkh vlUrqfyr gksrkgS] vkSj ;g vlUrqyu tcfd og izfrowQy gks] detksj foÙkh; o vk£Fkd fLFkfr dk ifjpk;d gS] ijUrqO;kikj lUrqyu esa izfrowQyrk vf/d egRo ugha j[krhA

• Hkqxrku lUrqyu dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSμ(i) pkyw [kkrk (Current Account), rFkk (ii) iw¡th[kkrk (Capital Account)A pkyw [kkrs esa os lHkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; lkSns ftuls forZeku esa mlh ns'k okyksa dks;k fonsf'k;ksa dks vk; v£tr gksrh dk ys[kk fd;k tkrk gS] tSls oLrqvksa dk vk;kr&fu;kZr] lsokvksa lsizkIr vk; ;k buosQ fy, fonsf'k;ksa dks nh x;h jkf'k;k¡] ,d i{kh; gLrkUrj.k] fofu;ksxksa ls vk; vkfnAtc fd iw¡th [kkrs esa ½.k o lEifÙk dks (izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k <ax ls) izHkkfor djus okys lkSns ftulsHkfo"; esa vk; gksxh] fy[ks tkrs gSaA

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• O;kikfjd eky ;k n`'; O;kikj ;k oLrqvksa dk vk;kr&fu;kZr (Visible Trade)μ lokZf/degRoiw.kZ en gSA bldh ¶tek¸ o ¶uke¸ dk vUrj gh ¶O;kikj lUrqyu¸ dgykrk gSA fons'kh O;kikjesa tks Hkh oLrq,¡ vk;kr o fu;kZr dh x;ha] muosQ ewY; dk ys[kk ;gk¡ fy[kk tkrk gSA bUgsa n`'; vk;kr;k fu;kZr ensa Hkh dgrs gSaA

• iw¡th [kkrs esa ns'k ls gksus okyh iw¡th dks"kksa osQ vkokxeu (Movements) dk ys[kk fd;k tkrk gSA futh{ks=k] cSa¯dx laLFkkvksa rFkk ljdkjh {ks=k }kjk iw¡thxr ysu&nsu vyx vyx fn[kk;s tkrs gSaA vYidkyhu,oa nh?kZdkyhu ½.k] fuos'k] fofu;ksx vkfn dk vyx&vyx mYys[k fd;k tkrk gSA


• vuqnkuμ vk£Fkd lgk;rkA

• vkokxeuμvkuk&tkukA


1. O;kikj larqyu rFkk Hkqxrku larqyu esa D;k varj gS\

2. Hkqxrku larqyu dh izeq[k ensa dkSu&lh gSa\

3. O;kikj larqyu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ izfrowQy O;kikj larqyu dk fdlh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij D;kizHkko iM+rk gS\

4. izfrowQy O;kikj larqyu dks Bhd djus osQ fy, dkSu ls mik; viuk;s tkrs gSa\


1. O;kikj larqyu 2. fons'kh 3. O;kikj 'krs± 4. vfHkys[k

5. va'k 6. ys[kk iz.kkyh 7. chek dEifu;k¡ 8. iw¡th dks"kksaA






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bdkbZμ12% Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa larqyu ,oa vlarqyu

(Equilibrium and Dis-Equilibrium in BOP)

mís'; (Objectives)



12.1 Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lUrqyu (Equilibrium in Balance of Payment)

12.2 Hkqxrku&'ks"k dk egRo (Importance of Balance of Payment)

12.3 Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu (Disequilibrium in Balance of Payment)

12.4 Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu osQ dkj.k (Causes of Disequilibrium in Balance of Payment)

12.5 fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu osQ dkj.k (Reasions of Disequilibrium inBalance of Payments of Developing Nations)





mís'; (Objectives)


• Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa larqyu rFkk vlarqyu dh O;k[;k djus esaA

• Hkqxrku&'ks"k dk egÙo rFkk vlarqyu dk dkj.k tkuus esaA

• fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlarqyu osQ dkj.k dh foospuk djus esaA


Hkqxrku 'ks"k ls vk'k; ns'k osQ lsokvksa osQ ewY;ksa osQ laiw.kZ fooj.k ls gksrk gSA bldk forj.k rS;kj djrs le;nksgjh izfof"V iz.kkyh viukbZ tkrh gS ftlesa 'ks"k fo'o osQ lkFk fdlh ns'k osQ ys[sk dk fooj.k gksrk gSA

12-1 Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lUrqyu (Equilibrium in Balance of Payment)

,d ns'k dk O;kikj&'ks"k Hkys gh lUrqyu esa u jgs] ij Hkqxrku&'ks"k lnSo lUrqyu dh fLFkfr esa jgrk gSA O;kikj&'ks"k

dk vk'k; eky osQ vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr ls gksrk gSA tc fdlh ns'k osQ fu;kZr dk ewY;] vk;kr ewY; ls vf/d gksrk

gS] rks ml ns'k dk O;kikj&'ks"k mlosQ i{k esa gksrk gS] fdUrq O;kikj&'ks"k ls ns'k dh lEiw.kZ vkfFkZd&fLFkfr dk Kku

ugha gksrk rFkk blesa vlUrqyu gks ldrk gSA


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bdkbZ—12% Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa larqyu ,oa vlarqyu

tgka rd Hkqxrku&'ks"k dk lEcU/ gS] pwafd bldk fooj.k cgh[kkrs osQ leku nksgjh izfof"V (Equal Dual Entry)

ysunkjh ,oa nsunkjh osQ vk/kj ij rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;fn lkjh izfof"V;ka lgh <ax ls dh tkrh gSa rks oqQN

ysunkfj;ka oqQy nsunkfj;ksa osQ cjkcj gksrh gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ysu&nsu osQ nksuksa i{k ;ksx jkf'k esa cjkcj gksrs

gSa rFkk mUgsa ,d&nwljs osQ fo#¼ fn'kk esa fy[kk tkrk gSA vr% ys[kk osQ lUnHkZ esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k] lnSo lUrqyu

esa jgrk gSA ;g ckr nwljh gS fd bu nksuksa osQ vUrj dks] Í.k }kjk iwfrZ djosQ] leku fn[kk;k tkrk gSA fdUrq ;g

è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd bl izdkj osQ lUrqyu esa] pkyw [kkrk vkSj iwath [kkrk nksuksa dks n`f"V esa j[kuk vko';d

gSA ;fn osQoy pkyw [kkrs dks fy;k tk; rks Hkqxrku&'ks"k] vlUrqfyr gks ldrk gSA ;gka bu nksuksa dk vFkZ le>uk

vko';d gSA

pkyw [kkrs (Current Account) osQ vUrxZr ysu&nsu osQ iQyLo:i fd, tkus okys vFkok izkIr gksus okys mu

Hkqxrkuksa dk lekos'k gksrk gS tks pkyw (,d) o"kZ esa iwjs fd, tkrs gSaA iwath [kkrs (Capital Accounts) osQ vUrxZr

mu eqíksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS ftuosQ }kjk pkyw [kkrksa esa izfo"V Hkqxrku lEHko gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ vk;kr&fu;kZr

,oa lsokvksa osQ cnys izkI; ,oa ns; Hkqxrkuksa dks lEHko cukus okyh ensa iwath [kkrs esa lfEefyr dh tkrh gSaA iwath

[kkrs ls fdlh ns'k dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; fofu;ksx vFkok Í.kxzLrrk lEcU/h fLFkfr dk Kku gksrk gSA bu nksukssa

esa ogh vUrj gS tks vk; vkSj iwath esa gksrk gSA vk; fuf'pr vof/ esa ,d izokg (flow) osQ leku gS tcfd iwath

le;&vUrjky esa ,d laxzg (stock) gSA pkyw [kkrs osQ vUrxZr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa] C;kt ,oa ykHkka'k vkSj

,di{kh; gLrkUrj.kksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS rFkk iwath [kkrs esa nh?kZdkyhu vkSj vYidkyhu fofu;ksxksa

,oa eqnzk osQ vkokxeu dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA

Hkqxrku&'ks"k ges'kk lUrqyu esa jgrk gSA bls fuEuor~ Hkh Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA

^Hkqxrku&'ks"k ges'kk lUrqyu esa gksrk gS* dk vFkZ gS fd pkyw&ys[kk] iwath ys[kk vkSj ljdkjh O;oLFkkiu ys[kk dh

fuoy ozsQfMV vkSj MsfcV 'ks"kksa dk chtxf.krh; tksM+ vo'; 'kwU; gksuk pkfg,A Hkqxrku&'ks"k dks fuEu izdkj fy[kk

tkrk gSμB = Rf – Pf

tgka B Hkqxrku&'ks"k] Rf fonsf'k;ksa ls izkfIr;ksa vkSj Pf fonsf'k;ksa dks fd, x, Hkqxrkuksa dks O;Dr djrs gSaA

tc B = Rf – Pf = 0, rks Hkqxrku&'ks"k lUrqyu esa gSA tc Rf – Pf > 0, rks bldk eryc gS fd fonsf'k;ksa dks fd,

x, Hkqxrkuksa dh vis{kk fonsf'k;ksa ls gqbZ izkfIr;ka vf/d gSa vkSj Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vfrjsd (Surplus) gSA nwljh vksj]

tc Rf – Pf < 0 vFkok Rf < Pf rks Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa ?kkVk gS] D;ksafd fonsf'k;ksa dks tks Hkqxrku fd, x, gSa] os fonsf'k;ksa

ls gqbZ izkfIr;ksa ls vf/d gSaA

;fn fuoy (Net) fons'kh m/kj] nku rFkk fons'kksa esa fuos'k dks fy;k tk,] rks ykspnkj fofue; nj fu;kZr dks vk;kr

ls c<+k nsrh gSA vU; djsfUl;ksa osQ nkeksa esa ?kjsyw djsUlh dk ewY; ?kV tkrk gSA vk;kr dh lkis{krk esa fu;kZr vf/

d lLrs gks tkrs gSaA bls lehdj.k osQ :i esa ;ksa fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSμ

tgka X fu;kZr] M vk;kr] If fons'kh fuos'k vkSj B fons'k ls m/kj ysus dks O;Dr djrs gSa

vFkok X – M = If – B

vFkok (X – M) – (If – B) = 0

;g lehdj.k crkrk gS fd Hkqxrku&'ks"k lUrqyu esa gSA pkyw ys[kk osQ /ukRed 'ks"k dk mlosQ iwath ys[kk dk

Í.kkRed 'ks"k iw.kZ :i ls {kfriw.kZ dj nsrk gS] vkSj myV HkhA ys[kkadu dh n`f"V ls] Hkqxrku&'ks"k ges'kk lUrqyu

esa gksrk gSA bls fuEu lehdj.k dh lgk;rk ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSμC + S + T = C + I + G + (X – M)

vFkok Y = C + I + G + (X – M) [Q Y = C + S + T]


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tgka C miHkksx O;;] S ?kjsyw cpr] T dj izkfIr;ksa] I fuos'k O;;] G ljdkjh O;;] X oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa osQ fu;kZr

dks vkSj M oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa osQ vk;kr dks O;Dr djrs gSaA

Åij fn, x, lehdj.k esa C + S + T ldy jk"Vªh; vk; (GNI) vFkok jk"Vªh; vk; (Y) gS vkSj

C + I + G = A

tgka A dks vo'kks"k.k (absorption) dgk tkrk gSA

ys[kkadu dh nf"V ls ;g vko';d gS fd oqQy ?kjsyw O;; (C + I + G) vkSj pkyw vk; (C + S + T) cjkcj gksa vFkkZr~

A = Y; rks ?kjsyw cprsa (Sd ) vkSj ?kjsyw fuos'k (Id ) Hkh cjkcj gksus pkfg,A blh rjg vko';d gS fd pkyw [kkrs esa

fu;kZr vfrjsd (X > M) dks fuos'k ls c<+h gqbZ ?kjsyw cpr (Sd > Id ) {kfriwfrZ dj nsaA bl izdkj] ys[kkadu dh n`f"V

ls] Hkqxrku&'ks"k ges'kk lUrqyu esa gksrk gSA

ys[kkadu iz.kkyh esa] ,d ysu&nsu (Transaction) dk vUr%izokg vkSj cká izokg Øe'k% ozsQfMV vkSj MsfcV i{kksa

esa fy[kk tkrk gSA blfy, ozsQfMV vkSj MsfcV i{k lnSo lUrqyu esa gksrs gSaA ;fn pkyw ys[kk esa ?kkVk gks rks bls iwath

ys[kk esa mrus gh vfrjsd }kjk iwjk djosQ lUrqyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA blosQ fy, fons'kksa ls m/kj ysdj ;k@vkSj

fons'kh fofue; fjtoZ ls vkSj Lo.kZ fu;kZr }kjk iwath ys[kk esa vfrjsd mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSA pkyw ys[kk esa

vfrjsd gksus ij blosQ foijhr iwath ys[kk esa ?kkVs }kjk lUrqyu yk;k tk ldrk gSA vr% bl n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh

Hkqxrku 'ks"k lnSo lUrqyu esa gksrk gSA

Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa ?kkVs ;k vfrjsd ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

Hkqxrku&'ks"k dks ekiuk (Measuring BOP)

;fn Hkqxrku&'ks"k ges'kk lUrqfyr jgrk gS] rks fdlh ns'k osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa ?kkVk ;k vfrjsd D;ksa izdV gksrkgS\ ?kkVs ;k vfrjsd dh lEHkkouk osQoy ml fLFkfr esa ugha gksrh] tc Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lc ensa 'kkfey dj yhtk,aA ;fn fdlh ns'k osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa ls oqQN ensa fudky nh tk,a vkSj fiQj 'ks"k fudkyk tk, rks blesa ?kkVk;k vfrjsd vk ldrk gSA

Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa ?kkVs ;k vfrjsd dks ekius osQ rhu rjhosQ gSaA izFke] cqfu;knh 'ks"k (Basic Balance) gksrk gS ftlesa

pkyw ys[kk 'ks"k vkSj nh?kkZof/ iwath ys[kk 'ks"k 'kkfey gSaA nwljk] fuoy rjyrk 'ks"k (Net Liquidity Balance)

gS ftlesa cqfu;knh 'ks"k rFkk vYiof/ futh vrjy iwath 'ks"k 'kkfey gSaA rhljk] ljdkjh Hkqxrku&'ks"k (Official

Settlement Balance) gS ftlesa oqQy fuoy rjy 'ks"k rFkk vYiof/ futh rjy iwath 'ks"k 'kkfey gSaA

bu 'ks"kksa osQ chp lEcU/ dks laf{kIr :i esa fuEu izdkj n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

rkfydk 1

O;kikj 'ks"k--------- a

gLrkUrj.k Hkqxrku&'ks"k--------- b

pkyw ys[kk 'ks"k--------- c a b( )= +

nh?kkZof/d iwath 'ks"k--------- d

cqfu;knh 'ks"k--------- e c d( )= +

vYikof/ futh vrjy iwath--------- f

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SDRs vkc.Vu--------- g

v'kqf¼;ka vkSj Hkwy&pwd h

fuoy rjyrk 'ks"k--------- i e f g h( )= + + +

vYiof/ futh rjy iwath 'ks"k--------- j

ljdkjh Hkqxrku&'ks"k--------- k i j( )= +

izR;sd 'ks"k] ?kkVs dk vyx&vyx fp=k izLrqr djsxkA tks ensa ,d fof'k"V 'ks"k esa 'kkfey dh tkrh gSa] os ^js[kk

osQ Åij* j[kh tkrh gSa vkSj tks ensa fudky nh tkrh gSa os js[kk osQ uhps* j[kh tkrh gSaA tks ensa js[kk osQ uhps j[kh

tkrh gSa os fuiVkjk (Settlement) vFkok lek;kstu (Accommodating) vFkok {kfriwjd (Compensatory) enas

dgykrh gSaA nwljh vksj] tks ensa js[kk osQ uhps j[kh tkrh gSa] os Lok;Ùk (Autonomous) ensa dgykrh gSaA lS¼kfUrd

fo'ys"k.k esa] Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu dk vFkZ gS Lok;Ùk enksa dk 'ks"kA vYiof/ iwath ysu&nsu osQ {kfriwjd dk

mís'; Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh Lok;Ùk enksa esa vlUrqyu dks nwj djuk gS] ijUrq blosQ ckn dk fu.kZ; djuk dfBu gS fd

dkSu&lh en {kfriwjd gS vkSj dkSu&lh Lok;Ùk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ihNs nh xbZ rkfydk 1 esa rhuksa 'kh"kksa esa izeq[k vUrj

bl ckr dk gS fd os vYikof/ esa iwath xfr;ksa dks fdl izdkj ysrh gSa] D;ksafd ;s xfr;ka Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa ?kkVs osQ

fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSaA cqfu;knh 'ks"k rks vYikof/ eas futh vrjy iwath xfr;ksa dks js[kk osQ uhps j[krk gS tcfd

fuoy rjy 'ks"k mUgsa js[kk osQ Åij j[krk gSA blh izdkj fuoy rjy vYikof/ esa futh rjy iwath xfr;ksa dks js[kk

osQ uhps j[krk gS vkSj ljdkjh Hkqxrku&'ks"k mUgsa js[kk osQ Åij j[krk gSA

mi;qZDr fo'ys"k.k fLFkj fofue; njksa dh ekU;rk ij vk/kfjr gSA bl izdkj] fLFkj fofue; njksa dh iz.kkyh osQ vUrxZr

fofue; 'ks"k esa ?kkVk (;k vfrjsd) lEHko gS] ijUrq LorU=k :i ls dk;Z'khy fofue; njksa dh iz.kkyh osQ vUrxZr

fofue; 'ks"k fl¼kUr esa dksbZ ?kkVk (;k vfrjsd) ugha gks ldrk vkSj fiQj ys[kkadu osQ vk/kjHkwr fu;e osQ vuqlkj

okLrfod ys[kkadu dh n`f"V ls] Hkqxrku&'ks"k ges'kk lUrqyu esa gksrk gSA vfUre ckr ;g gS fd bl rjg dk

Hkqxrku&'ks"k osQoy rHkh lUrqyu esa gks ldrk gS] tc {kfriwoZd ysu&nsu u gksaA

fLFkj fofue; njksa dh iz.kkyh osQ varxZr fofue; ea ?kkVk (;k vfrjsd) laHko gS] ijarq Lora=k :i lsdk;Z'khy fofue; njksa dh iz.kkyh osQ varxZr fofue; 'ks"k fl¼kar esa dksbZ ?kkVk ;k vfrjsd ugha gksldrkA

12-2 Hkqxrku&'ks"k dk egÙo (Importance of Balance of Payment)

ns'k osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k osQ fooj.k ls ge u osQoy mlosQ vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd lEcU/ksa dks tku ldrs gSa oju~ blfooj.k ls mldh ekSfnzd] jktdks"kh; ,oa fofue; lEcU/h uhfr;ksa dks Hkh tkuk tk ldrk gSA blosQ egÙo dksfuEu izdkj ls O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

(1) vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd&fLFkfr dk lwpdμfdlh ns'k dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd&fLFkfr dk fo'ys"k.k djus vkSjmls funsZf'kr djus esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA blls ns'k dh ljdkj dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh feyrhgS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh;&txr esa mldh vkfFkZd&fLFkfr D;k gS rFkk bl lEcU/ esa fdu uhfr;kasa dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkldrk gS rkfd Hkqxrku&'ks"k dks lUrqfyr fd;k tk losQA

(2) fons'kh O;kikj dh izo`fÙk dk lwpdμHkqxrku&'ks"k osQ fooj.k ls ge ;g tku ldrs gSa fd fdlh fo'ks"kns'k dh fons'kh O;kikj izo`fÙk D;k gS D;ksafd fons'kh O;kikj dh en] Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh lcls egRoiw.kZ en gksrh gSA


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;g Hkh tkuk tk ldrk gS fd ns'k osQ fu;kZrksa ,oa vk;krksa dk ewY; D;k gSA

(3) fons'kh Í.kksa osQ Hkqxrku dh fof/ dk KkuμHkqxrku&'ks"k ls ge ;g Hkh tku ldrs gSa fd ,d ns'k viusfons'kh nkf;Roksa dk Hkqxrku fdl izdkj dj jgk gSA D;k og oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr dj jgk gS vFkok fons'kh tek dkiz;ksx dj jgk gS vFkok migkj izkIr dj jgk gSA bl izdkj Hkqxrku&'ks"k osQ fooj.k ls ;g tkuk tk ldrk gS fd,d ns'k eqnzk dk Í.k ys jgk gS vFkok ns jgk gS] mlosQ fons'kh fofue; dks"kksa esa o`f¼ gks jgh gS vFkok deh ,oamldh ekSfnzd ,oa fu;U=k.k lEcU/h uhfr;ka dgka rd izHkko'kkyh gSaA

(4) eqnzk osQ voewY;u osQ izHkko dk KkuμHkqxrku&'ks"k fooj.k ls ;g tku ldrs gSa fd ml ns'k dh eqnzk osQvoewY;u dk D;k izHkko gqvk gSA pkyw [kkrs ls ;g Li"V :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd voewY;u osQ iQyLo:ins'k osQ fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS vFkok ughaA

(5) jk"Vªh; vk; ij izHkkoμfons'kh O;kikj dk ns'k dh jk"Vªh; vk; ij izHkko iM+rk gS vr% izks- dMyctZjosQ vuqlkj Hkqxrku&'ks"k dk iz;ksx ;g ekuus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd fons'kh O;kikj ,oa ysu&nsu dk ns'k dhjk"Vªh; vk; ij D;k izHkko gqvk gSA

(6) fofHkUu eqnzkvksa esa ns'k dh Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh fLFkfrμfdlh Hkh ns'k dk Hkqxrku&'ks"k fofHkUu eqnzkvksa okysns'kksa osQ lkFk ,dleku jgs] ;g vko';d ugha gSA tSls vejhdh vFkok Mkyj {ks=k osQ ns'kksa osQ lkFk ,d ns'k dhHkqxrku&'ks"k dh fLFkfr ?kkVs dh jg ldrh gS tcfd vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk vfrjsd dh jg ldrh gS vr% Hkqxrku&'ks"kosQ vè;;u ls ;g irk py ldrk gS fd fofHkUu eqnzkvksa esa ns'k osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh fLFkfr D;k gSA

bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd fdlh ns'k dk Hkqxrku&'ks"k mldh vkfFkZd&fLFkfr dk ekid (Barometer) gksrkgSA blosQ egRo dks n`f"V esa j[kdj gh izks- tsoUl (Jevons) us dgk gS fd ¶,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZ'kkL=kh osQ fy,Hkqxrku&'ks"k dk ogh egRo gksrk gS tks ,d jlk;u'kkL=kh osQ fy, rRoksa dh vkof/d rkfydk dk gksrk gSA¸1

12-3 Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu (Disequilibrium in Balance of Payments)

,d ns'k osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k (BOP) esa vlUrqyu ;k rks ?kkVk ;k vfrjsd gks ldrk gSA ,d ns'k osQ BOP esa ?kkVk ;kvfrjsd rc gksrk gS tc mldh Lok;Ùk izkfIr;ka (Autonomous Receipts) (ozsQfMV) mlosQ Lok;Ùk Hkqxrku(MsfcV) ls esy ugha [kkrh gSaA ;fn Lok;Ùk MsfcV Hkqxrkuksa ls Lok;Ùk] ozsQfMV izkfIr;ka vf/d gksa rks BOP esa vfrjsdgksrk gS vkSj vlUrqyu vuqowQy (Favourable) dgk tkrk gSA nwljh vksj] ;fn Lok;Ùk ozsQfMV izkfIr;ksa ls Lok;ÙkMsfcV Hkqxrku vf/d gksa rks BOP esa ?kkVk gksrk gS vkSj vlUrqyu izfrowQy (Unfavourable) ;k fo#¼ (Adverse)

dgykrk gSA

Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu osQ izdkj (Kinds of Disequilibrium in Balance of Payment)

(1) pØh; vlUrqyu (Cyclical disequilibrium)

(2) lqnh?kZdkfyd vlUrqyu (Secular disequilibrium)

(3) lajpukRed vlUrqyu (Structural disequilibrium)A

(1) pØh; vlUrqyu (Cyclical Disequilibrium)μHkqxrku&'ks"k esa pØh; vlUrqyu] pØh; mPpkopu osQdkj.k gksrk gSA O;kikj pØ dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa dk vFkZO;oLFkk ij O;kid izHkko iM+rk gSA O;kikj pØ osQdkj.k Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa fuEu izdkj ls pØh; vlUrqyu iSnk gks ldrk gSμ

(a) tc fofHkUu ns'kksa esa O;kikj pØ osQ iQyLo:i rsth ,oa eUnh dh fLFkfr esa fHkUurk gks vFkok xgurk gksA;fn ,d ns'k X esa] nwljs ns'k Y dh rqyuk esa O;kikj pØ dk izHkko vf/d xgu gS rks X ns'k esa rsth dh

1. “What is periodic table of elements to the chemist, the balance of payment is to the Interna-tional Economist.” —Jevons

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fLFkfr esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k izfrowQy jgsxk (D;ksafd dherksa esa of¼ ls fu;kZr grksRlkfgr gksaxs) ,oa eUnh osQ le;Hkqxrku&'ks"k vuqowQy jgsxk (dherksa esa deh ls fu;kZr izksRlkfgr gksaxs)A Y ns'k esa blosQ foijhr fLFkfr gksxhA

(b) ;fn fofHkUu ns'kksa esa O;kikj pØ dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa dh vof/ esa fHkUurk gks rks Hkh Hkqxrku&'ks"k esapØh; vlUrqyu vFkok vlkE; iSnk gks ldrk gSA ;fn nwljs ns'k dh rqyuk esa] ,d ns'k esa iqu#RFkku(Recovery) dh voLFkk cgqr foyEc ls vkrh gS rks bldk nh?kZdkyhu izHkko ml ns'k osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"kij izfrowQy gksrk gSA

(c) ;fn fofHkUu ns'kksa esa vk;krksa osQ fy, ekax dh vk; yksp esa fHkUurk gks rks Hkh Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa pØh;vlUrqyu iSnk gks ldrk gSA ;fn vU; ckrksa osQ fLFkj jgus ij X ns'k esa vk;krksa osQ fy, ekax dh vk;yksp] Y dh rqyuk esa vf/d gS rks rsth dh fLFkfr esa X ns'k esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k izfrowQy jgsxk ,oa eUnh osQle; vuqowQy jgsxkA

(d) ;fn fofHkUu ns'kksa esa vk;krksa osQ fy, ekax dh dher yksp esa fHkUurk gks rks Hkh Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa pØh;vlUrqyu iSnk gks ldrk gSA ;fn vU; ckrsa fLFkj jgus ij] X ns'k esa vk;krksa osQ fy, ekax dh dher yksp]Y dh rqyuk esa vf/d gS rks rsth dh fLFkfr esa X ns'k esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k vuqowQy gksxk ,oa eUnh dh fLFkfresa izfrowQy gksxkA

(2) lqnh?kZdkfyd vlUrqyu (Secular Disequilibrium)μ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dks vkfFkZd fodkl dh fofHkUuvoLFkkvksa ls xqtjuk iM+rk gS ftuosQ vUrxZr /hjs&/hjs gksus okys nh?kZdkyhu ifjorZu gksrs gSa tSls ijEijkxr lekt(Traditional Society) ls Lo;a&LiwQfrZ osQ iwoZ dh voLFkk (Preconditions of take-off) izkIr djus osQ fy,vFkZO;oLFkk esa dbZ ifjorZu gksrs gSa tks ,dk,d u gksdj /hjs&/hjs gksrs gSaA bl le; vUrjky esa dbZ xfr'khyrRoksa esa ifjorZu gksrs gSa_ tSls iwath&fuekZ.k] tula[;k dh o`f¼] rduhdh izxfr ,oa uo&izorZu] vkS|ksfxd fodklbR;kfnA ,d fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk esa] fodkl dh izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa cpr dh rqyuk esa vf/d fofu;ksx djukvko';d gks tkrk gS rFkk fu;kZrksa dh rqyuk esa vk;kr Hkh vf/d djuk gksrk gSA ;fn ,slh fLFkfr esa ns'k esa i;kZIrek=kk esa fons'kh iwath miyC/ ugha gksrh rks ns'k esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k osQ ?kkVsa dh fodV fLFkfr mRiUu gks tkrh gSA blhizdkj ;fn fodkl dh nj dh rqyuk esa ns'k esa tula[;k dh o`f¼ dh nj vf/d jgrh gS rks Hkh mldh vk;krdh vko';drk,a fu;kZr dh rqyuk esa vf/d jgrh gSa ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i Hkqxrku&'ks"k izfrowQy jgrk gS vFkokmlesa nh?kZdkyhu ?kkVs dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gSA

vkfFkZd fodkl dh ifjiDork dh voLFkk (Drive to Maturity) izkIr dj ysus osQ ckn ns'k esa fofu;ksx dh rqyukesa vk; dk vuqikr c<+ tkrk gSA iwath osQ vkf/D; ls mRiknu esa Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gS vkSj vk;krksa dh rqyuk esa fu;kZrHkh vf/d c<+us yxrs gSaA ;fn bl fLFkfr esa ns'k ls i;kZIr ek=kk esa iwath dk cfgxZeu ugha gks rks ns'k osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"kesa nh?kZdkyhu vfrjsd dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gSA

(3) lajpukRed vlUrqyu (Structural Disequilibrium)μfdlh ns'k osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lajpukRedvlUrqyu dh fLFkfr ml le; vkrh gS tc fu;kZr vFkok vk;kr ;k bu nksuksa dh ekax ;k iwfrZ osQ <kaps esa ifjorZugksrk gSA dMyctZj osQ vuqlkj] ¶tc ns'k dh vk/kjHkwr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i ns'k dh vk; dkoqQN Hkkx ;k rks fons'kksa esa O;; fd;k tkus yxrk gS vFkok fons'kksa ls vk; izkIr gksus yxrh gS rks Hkh Hkqxrku&'ks"kesa vlUrqyu dh fLFkfr iSnk gks tkrh gSA¸ bls ,d mnkgj.k ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekuk fons'kksa esa Hkkjrh;'kDdj dh LFkkukiUu oLrq dh [kkst osQ dkj.k Hkkjr dh 'kDdj dh ekax ?kV tkrh gS rks bl fLFkfr esa 'kDdjm|ksx esa yxs lk/uksa dks vU; fu;kZr m|ksxksa esa gLrkUrfjr djuk iM+sxk vkSj ;fn fdUgha dkj.kksa ls bu lk/uksa dksvU; fu;kZr m|ksxksa esa gLrkUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk rks Hkkj esa oqQy fu;kZr esa deh gks tk,xh ,oa vk;krvifjofrZr jgus ij] Hkkjr osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu dh fLFkfr vk tk,xhA ;g lajpukRed vlUrqyu dk ,dmnkgj.k gSA


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;fn fons'kksa esa 'kDdj dh ekax de u gks] fdUrq ;fn Hkkjr esa xUus dh iQly [kjkc gks tkus osQ dkj.k Hkkjr viusfu;kZrksa dh iwfrZ ugha dj ikrk vkSj ;fn vk;kr vifjofrZr jgrk gS rks fu;kZr de gks tkus osQ dkj.k Hkkjr osQHkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu dh fLFkfr iSnk gks tk,xhA

Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa lajpukRed vlUrqyu mRiUu gksus osQ dkj.kksa dks fcUnqokj fuEu :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkldrk gSμ

(i) iwathxr gkfu;ka (Capital Losses)μtc ns'k esa ;q¼ ;k vU; izkÑfrd ladVksa osQ iQyLo:i iwath dh Hkkjhek=kk esa {kfr gksrh gS rks mRiknu dh cgqr gkfu gksrh gS ,oa jk"Vªh; vk; ij Hkh izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA dbZiwathxr lk/uksa dh {kfr osQ dkj.k] fons'kksa ls Hkkjh ek=kk esa iwath dk vk;kr djuk iM+rk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa;fn fu;kZr vifjofrZr jgrs gSa (c<+ ugha ikrs) rks Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa ljapukRed vlUrqyu iSnk gks tkrk gSA

(ii) ekax dk Lo:i (Pattern on Demand)μHkqxrku&'ks"k esa lUrqyu osQ fy, vko';d gS fd ns'k esamRiknu] ekax osQ <kaps osQ vuq:i gksA tc ns'k esa jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj izfr O;fDr vk; esa o`f¼ gksrh gS rksekax esa Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gS vkSj ns'k esa fLFkr lk/u bl c<+h gqbZ ekax dh iwfrZ ugha dj ikrs rks bu oLrqvksadk fons'kksa ls vk;kr djuk iM+rk gSA ;fn fu;kZr vifjofrZr jgrs gSa rks mDr fLFkfr esa] vk;krksa dh o`f¼ls Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu gks tkrk gSA

(iii) O;kikj 'krs± (Terms of Trade)μ;g Li"V fd;k tk pqdk gS fd O;kikj&'krks± dk D;k vk'k; gS rFkkfdl izdkj O;kikj 'krks± dk izHkko ns'k osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k ij iM+rk gSA ,d ns'k osQ fy, O;kikj dh 'krs±blfy, vuqowQy vFkok izfrowQy gks tkrh gSa] D;ksafd vk;krksa vkSj fu;kZrksa dh ekax rFkk iwfrZ esa lkisf{kdifjorZu gks tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn fdUgha dkj.kksa ls izkFkfed mRiknu vkSj dPps eky dh dherksaesa] fufeZr eky dh rqyuk esa vf/d o`f¼ gksrh gS rks tks ns'k izkFkfed oLrqvksa (Ñf"k inkFkks± ,oa dPpseky) dk fu;kZr djrs gSa muosQ fy, O;kikj dh 'krs± vuqowQy gks tkrh gSa vkSj vfrjsd dh fLFkfr vk tkrhgS tcfd fufeZr eky okys ns'k esa lajpukRed vlUrqyu iSnk gks tkrk gSA

(iv) nh?kZdkyhu iwath izokg esa ifjorZu (Changes in Long-term Capital Flows)μtc fdlh ns'k osQnh?kZdkyhu iwath izokg esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rks blosQ iQyLo:i Hkh ogka lajpukRed vlUrqyu dh fLFkfrvk tkrh gSA tSls ,d ns'k nh?kZdky ls fons'kksa ls Hkqxrku izkIr dj jgk gS tks mlosQ vuqowQy O;kikj lUrqyu;k vU; dkj.kksa ls gks ldrk gSA ;fn fdUgha dkj.kksa ls mDr Hkqxrku cUn gks tkrs gSa rks ns'k osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"keas lajpukRed vlUrqyu iSnk gks tkrk gSA LukbMj (D. A. Snider) osQ vuqlkj] ¶iwath izokg dh xfrvpkud #dus dk pkgs tks Hkh dkj.k gks] fdUrq blls izkIrdrkZ ns'k osQ mRiknu osQ <kaps esa vlUrqyugks tkrk gS ftlls Hkqxrku&'ks"k Hkh vlUrqfyr gks tkrk gSA¸

(v) laLFkkxr ifjorZu (Institutional Changes)μtc ns'k esa jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj laLFkkxrifjorZu gksrs gSa rks Hkh Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lajpukRed vlUrqyu iSnk gks tkrk gSA tSls ;fn jktuhfrd ifjorZuosQ iQyLo:i ,d ns'k osQ fu;kZr de gksrs gSa rks Hkh Hkqxrku 'ks"k vlUrqfyr gks tkrk gSA blh izdkj O;kikjosQ {ks=k esa ;fn vojks/ vFkok ck/k,a iSnk dh tkrh gSa_ tSls fofue; fu;U=k.k] vH;a'k iz.kkyh] bR;kfn rksHkh lajpukRed vlUrqyu dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gSA

(vi) O;kikj dk <kapk (Pattern of Trade)μfdlh ns'k osQ O;kikj osQ <kaps esa ifjorZu gksus osQ iQyLo:i HkhHkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gSA vk;krksa esa o`f¼ vFkok fu;kZrksa esa deh gksus ls ,slhvlUrqyu dh fLFkfr vk ldrh gSA

Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vlUrqyu osQ vU; izdkj

(1) vLFkk;h vlUrqyu (Temporary Disequilibrium)μHkqxrku&'ks"k esa vLFkk;h vlUrqyu ml le;gksrk gS tc og vYidkyhu vFkok vLFkk;h dkj.kksa ls iSnk gksrk gS rFkk ,sls vlUrqyu dh fLFkfr

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nh?kZdkyhu ugha gksrhA tSls gh vYidkyhu dkj.k lekIr gksrs gSa] vlUrqyu Hkh lekIr gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.kosQ fy,] ;fn fdlh ns'k esa izfrowQy ekSle ,oa ck<+ vFkok lw[ks dh fLFkfr osQ dkj.k [kk|kUu dh dehgks tkrh gS rks mls Hkkjh ek=kk esa fons'kksa ls vk;kr djuk iM+rk gSA ;fn fu;kZrksa osQ ewY; esa dksbZ ifjorZuu gks rks mrus le; osQ fy, tc rd fd vxys o"kZ izpqj ek=kk esa iQly izkIr ugha gks tkrh] ml ns'kdk Hkqxrku 'ks"k vlUrqfyr gks tkrk gSA bls vLFkk;h vlUrqyu dgrs gSaA

(2) LFkk;h vlUrqyu (Permanent Disequilibrium)μ;g oqQN&oqQN nh?kZdkyhu vlUrqyu ls feyrk&tqyrkgSA nh?kZdkyhu vlUrqyu ml le; gksrk gS tc vkfFkZd fodkl dh voLFkkvksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gS] fdUrqbl dkj.k osQ vfrfjDr ;fn vU; fdUgha dkj.kksa ls fdlh ns'k osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k dk vlUrqyu nh?kZdky rdpyrk gS rks mls LFkk;h vlUrqyu dgrs gSaA tSls ;fn ns'k esa mRiknu ykxr esa o`f¼ gksrh gS ftlls dhersac<+rh gSa vkSj mUgsa fdlh rjg ls de ugha fd;k tkrk rks bldk ns'k osQ fu;kZr ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+rkgS ftlls Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa LFkk;h vlUrqyu gksus dh izo`fÙk jgrh gSA




1. O;kikj&'ks"k dk vk'k; osQ vk;kr&fu;kZr ls gksrk gSA

2. ys[kkadu dh n`f"V ls Hkqxrku&'ks"k ges'kk vlarqfyr jgrk gSA

3. Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vfrjsd ;k ?kkVs dks ukius osQ rhu rjhosQ gSaA

4. Hkqxrku&'ks"k varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd&fLFkfr dk lwpd gSA

5. O;kikj&'ks"k esa ?kkVs ;k vfrjsd dks ekius osQ fy, cqfu;knh 'ks"k dk rjhdk viuk;k tkrk gSA

12-4 Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu osQ dkj.k (Causes of Disequilibrium in Balanceof Payment)

fofHkUu ns'kksa esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu osQ fofHkUu dkj.k gks ldrs gSa rFkk ,d gh ns'k esa fHkUu&fHkUu le; esavlUrqyu osQ fofHkUu dkj.k gks ldrs gSa tSls] Hkkjr esa f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh vof/ esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k esavlUrqyu blfy, gqvk D;kssfd Hkkjh ek=kk esa iwathxr oLrqvksa dk vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ fy, vk;kr fd;k x;k rFkk rrh;;kstukdky esa blfy, vlUrqyu gqvk D;ksafd ns'k esa lw[ks dh fLFkfr osQ dkj.k [kk|kUu dk dkiQh vk;kr fd;kx;k tcfd ;q¼ dh fLFkfr osQ dkj.k (phu vkSj ikfdLrku osQ vkØe.k osQ dkj.k) fu;kZrksa esa dksbZ mYys[kuh;o`f¼ ugha gks ldhA

bl izdkj Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh dbZ enksa] tSls n`'; ,oa vn`'; vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr] ,di{kh; Hkqxrku izkfIr] vkfn esa,d gh fn'kk esa gksus okys ifjorZu vlUrqyu dh fLFkfr fufeZr dj nsrs gSaA lkekU; rkSj ij fuEu dkj.k Hkqxrku&'ks"kesa vlUrqyu iSnk dj nsrs gSaμ

(1) fodkl ,oa fofu;ksx dk;ZØeμfo'ks"k :i ls v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu gksus dkeq[; dkj.k] ogka Hkkjh ek=kk esa fodkl ,oa fofu;ksx lEcU/h dk;ZØe gSaA ;s ns'k nzqr xfr ls vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa vkfFkZdfodkl djuk pkgrs gSa fdUrq blosQ fy, buosQ ikl i;kZIr ek=kk esa iwath ,oa vU; lk/uksa dk vHkko gksrk gSA vr%bu phtksa dk bUgsa fons'kksa ls vk;kr djuk gksrk gSA bl izdkj bu ns'kksa dk vk;kr rks c<+ tkrk gS fdUrq mlh vuqikresa buosQ fu;kZr esa o`f¼ ugha gks ikrh D;ksafd izkFkfed mRiknu gksus osQ ukrs] ;s osQoy buh&fxuh oLrqvksa dk ghfu;kZr djrs gSaA blosQ lkFk gh tc bu ns'kksa esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dh izfrfØ;k izkjEHk gksrh gS rks mu oLrqvksa dh [kirns'k esa gh c<+ tkrh gS ftudk fd igys fu;kZr fd;k tkrk FkkA bl izdkj bu ns'kksa osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lajpukRedifjorZu gksrs gSa ftlosQ iQyLo:i lajpukRed vlUrqyu gks tkrk gSA


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(2) pØh; mPpkopuμO;kikj&pØ osQ iQyLo:i fofHkUu ns'kksa esa] fHkUu vFkZO;oLFkk esa] pØh; mPpkopugksrs gSa ftudh voLFkk,a fofHkUu ns'kksa esa vyx&vyx gksrh gSa ftuosQ iQyLo:i Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa pØh; vlUrqyuiSnk gks tkrk gSA

1980 osQ n'kd osQ nkSjku fo'o osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa pØh; mPpkopu iSnk gqvk FkkA

(3) vk; izHkko ,oa dher izHkkoμfodkl'khy ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd fodkl osQ iQyLo:i yksxksa dh vk; esa o`f¼gksrh gS] ftlls dherksa esa o`f¼ gksrh gS ftldk bu ns'kksa osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA vk; esa o`f¼gksus ls bu ns'kksa osQ vk;krksa eas o`f¼ gksrh gS D;ksafd budh lhekUr vk;kr izo`fÙk (marginal propensity to

import) Åaph gksrh gSA blosQ lkFk gh pwafd bu ns'kksa esa lhekUr miHkksx izo`fÙk Hkh Åaph gksrh gS] yksxksa dh ?kjsywoLrqvksa osQ miHkksx dh ekax esa Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gSA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd buosQ ikl fu;kZr dh oLrqvksa dhdeh gks tkrh gSA

tc bu ns'kksa esa Hkkjh m|ksxksa esa] vf/d ek=kk esa fofu;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks bldk eqnzk&LiQhfrd izHkko gksrk gSD;ksafd vfUre mRiknu gksus eas rks dkiQh le; yxrk gS tcfd c<+rh gqbZ eqnzk yksxksa osQ gkFkksa esa igqap tkrh gSAbldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd oLrqvksa dh ekax esa o`f¼ gksus ls mudh dhersa c<+us yxrh gSa ftlls vk;krksa dksizksRlkgu feyrk gS rFkk fu;kZr grksRlkfgr gksrs gSa vkSj ns'k osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu iSnk gks tkrk gSA

(4) fu;kZr ekax esa ifjorZuμfodkl'khy ns'kksa esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu gksus dk ,d izeq[k dkj.k ;g gSfd buosQ }kjk fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa dh ekax esa ifjorZu gqvk gSA vkt fodflr ns'k [kk|kUu] dPps eky,oa vU; oSdfYid oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djus yxrs gSa ftudk fd igys os fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls vk;kr djrs FksAblosQ iQyLo:i] fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fu;kZr de gks x, gSa ,oa muosQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lajpukRed vlUrqyu iSnkgks x;k gSA

tgka rd fodflr ns'kksa dk iz'u gS] muosQ fu;kZr Hkh igys dh rqyuk esa de gks x, gSa ftldk dkj.k ;g gS fd,d rks muosQ mifuos'k cktkj lekIr gks x, gSa ,oa nwljs] fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa vf/d vkRe&fuHkZj gksus dh izo`fÙkiui jgh gSA fdUrq bls è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, fd fodflr ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"kesa vlUrqyu dh leL;k vf/d O;kid ,oa fpUruh; gSA

(5) fodflr ns'kksa esa vk;kr izfrcU/μizk;% fodflr ns'kksa esa vuqowQy O;kikj 'krks± ,oa vU; dkj.kksa osQiQyLo:i] mudk Hkqxrku&'ks"k vfrjsd dh fLFkfr esa jgrk gS vkSj ;fn ;s fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls vk;kr djrs jgsarks fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj gks ldrk gSA fdUrq ;s ns'k rjg&rjg osQ vk;kr izfrcU/yxk nsrs gSa ftlls fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fu;kZr esa of¼ ugha gks ikrh ,oa muosQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu gks tkrk gSA

(6) fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa rhoz tula[;k o`f¼ njμfodkl'khy ns'kksa esa tula[;k dh o`f¼ dh nj cgqr vfèkdgS ftldk bu ns'kksa osQ vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa muosQ iQyLo:i Hkqxrku&'ks"k ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA tula[;kesa o`f¼ osQ dkj.k ,d rks bu ns'kksa dh vk;kr dh ek=kk esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gS fdUrq nwljh vksj] ?kjsyw miHkksx esao`f¼ gksus ls fu;kZr&{kerk de gks tkrh gSA ;g rF; Hkh bu ns'kksa dh fLFkfr dks Hkh"k.k cuk nsrk gS fd fodflrns'kksa dh ?kVrh gqbZ tula[;k ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fu;kZr eas deh gks tkrh gS D;ksafd bu oLrqvksa dh ekax esa dehgks tkrh gSA iQyLo:i fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu dh leL;k vkSj Hkh dfBu gks tkrh gSA

(7) izn'kZu izHkkoμizks- uoZQls us viuh iqLrd1 esa izn'kZu izHkko (demonstration effect) dh O;kid ppkZdh gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj] jktuhfrd ,oa vU; lkekftd dkj.kksa ls tc v¼Z&fodflrns'k fodflr ns'kksa osQ lEioZQ esa vkrs gSa rks ogka osQ yksx fodflr ns'k osQ yksxksa dh miHkksx vknrksa dks viukus

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osQ fy, izo`Ùk gksrs gSa rFkk if'peh rM+d&HkM+d dks viukuk pkgrs gSaA vr% ,slh oLrqvksa dk fons'kksa ls vk;krfd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ vk;kr izo`fÙk esa o`f¼ gksus yxrh gS] tcfd nwljh vksj ;k rks mudh fu;kZr dh ek=kk fLFkjjgrh gS vFkok mlesa deh gks tkrh gSA blosQ iQyLo:i] fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu dh fLFkfriSnk gks tkrh gSA

(8) vUrjkZ"Vªh; Í.k ,oa fofu;ksxμvius fodkl dk;ZØe dks foÙkh; O;oLFkk osQ fy, cgqr&ls fodkl'khyns'k] fodflr ns'kksa ls Hkkjh ek=kk esa Í.k ysrs gSa ftlosQ C;kt ,oa ewy/u dh okilh osQ fy, mUgsa cgqr vfèkdfons'kh fofue; [kpZ djuk gksrk gS ftlls muosQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu iSnk gks tkrk gSA nwljh vksj] tks ns'kÍ.k nsrs gSa] mudk Hkqxrku&'ks"k vuqowQy jgrk gS] D;ksafd mUgsa C;kt] vkfn osQ :i esa fons'kh fofue; izkIr gksrk gSA

12-5 fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu osQ dkj.k (Reasions ofDisequilibrium in Balance of Payments of Developing Nations)

fodk'khy ns'kksa esa Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vlUrqyu osQ ijEijkxr dkj.kksa osQ vfrfjDr oqQN vU; fo'ks"k dkj.k Hkh gksrsgSa ftuesa izeq[k gSaμ

(1) izkFkfed mRiknu dh dherksa dh vLFkkbZ izÑfrμfo'o cktkj esa fufeZr oLrqvksa dh rqyuk esa fodkl'khyns'kksa dh izkFkfed oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa vfLFkjrk jgrh gSA ;fn ekax esa ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i bu oLrqvksa dhdherksa esa mPpkopu gksrs gSa rks fu;kZr oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ ij bldk izHkko iM+rk gSA blosQ iwoZ tc buosQ fu;kZrksadh ek=kk vf/d jgrh gS rks ;s ns'k ,d fuf'pr ek=kk esa vk;krksa osQ vknh gks tkrs gSa fdUrq tc fu;kZr de gkstkrs gSa rks Hkh buosQ vk;kr de ugha gks ikrs] iQyLo:i Hkqxrku&'ks"k izfrowQy gks tkrk gSA

(2) fodflr ns'kksa }kjk fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fofu;ksx dh dehμfodflr ns'kksa dk Hkqxrku&'ks"k vuqowQyjgrk gSA ;fn ;s vfrjsd okys ns'k fiNM+s ns'kksa esa iwath dk fofu;ksx djsa rks fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh leL;k gy gksldrh gSA mUuhloha lnh esa cgqr&ls v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dk Hkqxrku&'ks"k fczVsu osQ lkFk blfy, izfrowQy ugha gqvkD;ksafd fczVsu us bu ns'kksa esa iwath dk fofu;ksx fd;kA

(3) fu;kZrksa osQ fof'k"Vhdj.k esa vUrjμfodkl'khy ns'k eq[; :i ls Ñf"k ,oa [kfut oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr esafof'k"Vhdj.k djrs gSa ftuosQ fy, ekax dh vk; yksp de jgrh gSA blosQ foijhr] fodflr ns'k eq[; :i lsvkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr esa fof'k"Vhdj.k djrs gSa ftlosQ fy, ekax dh vk; yksp rqyukRed :i ls Åaph jgrhgS] tSls gh ,d ns'k dh jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] mldk vkS|ksfxd ,oa fufeZr oLrqvksa ij vkuqikfrd O;;c<+ tkrk gS rFkk [kk|kUu ij vkuqikfrd O;; ?kV tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fo'o esa vk; o`f¼ osQ lkFk fodflrns'kksa osQ fu;kZr esa o`f¼ gksrh gS rFkk mudk Hkqxrku&'ks"k vuqowQy gks tkrk gS] tcfd fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fu;kZrde gks tkus ls mudk Hkqxrku&'ks"k izfrowQy gks tkrk gSA

(4) fo'o cktkj esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh oLrqvksa osQ foKkiu ,oa izfr"Bk dk vHkkoμfodflr ns'kksa usfoKkiu ,oa foØ; dyk osQ ekè;e ls fo'o cktkj esa viuh oLrqvksa dh izfr"Bk LFkkfir dj yh gS ftlls muosQfu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS] fdUrq fodkl'khy ns'kksa us viuh oLrqvksa dh bl izdkj izflf¼ LFkkfir ugha dh gS] vHkhHkh os vius fu;kZrksa osQ fy, fo'o esa cktkjksa dh [kkst esa yxs gq, gSaA iQyLo:i muosQ fu;kZrksa esa okaNuh; o`f¼ugha gks ikbZ gS ,oa mudk Hkqxrku&'ks"k izfrowQy gSA

mi;qZDr lc dkj.kksa ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk Hkqxrku&'ks"k izfrowQy D;ksa jgrk gSA

fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ izfrowQy Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lq/kj osQ mik;lkekU; :i ls izfrowQy Hkqxrku&'ks"k dks oSQls Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gS] blosQ fy, geus blh vè;k; osQ fiNysi`"Bksa esa ekSfnzd rFkk vekSfnzd mik;ksa dk foospu fd;k gSA ;s mik; fodkl'khy ns'kksa ij ykxw fd, tk ldrs gSaAvkxs ge bu mik;ksa osQ vfrfjDr fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks n`f"V esa j[kdj oqQN fo'ks"k mik;ksa dh ppkZ djsaxsμ


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(1) vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd iz.kkyh esa lq/kjμ;fn ge fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ izfrowQy Hkqxrku&'ks"k dks Bhd djukpkgrs gSa rks blosQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd iz.kkyh esa] fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh leL;kvksa dks nf"Vesa j[krs gq, lq/kj fd;k tk;A blosQ fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; rjyrk (International liquidity) esa o`f¼ vko';d gSAvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk fopkj gS fd rjyrk esa o`f¼ vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k }kjk tkjh dh xbZ ,oa Lo.kZ lefFkZr dkxtheqnzk ls dh tk ldrh gSA ;gka eqnzk dks"k dh cpr dks fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fofu;ksx djosQ Hkh rjyrk dh leL;kgy dh tk ldrh gSA

(2) fofue; dh nj fLFkjμoqQN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk er gS fd ;g fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fgr esa gS fd fofue;dh nj fLFkj j[kuh pkfg,A bu ns'kksa dks izk;% izfrowQy Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh leL;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ;fnvUrjkZ"Vªh; rjyrk dh fLFkfr etcwr gks rks fLFkj fofue; nj osQ vUrxZr ;s ns'k vius fodkl dk;ZØe dks iwjkdj ldrs gSaA ;fn fofue; nj osQ lek;kstu osQ ekè;e ls bu ns'kksa osQ izfrowQy Hkqxrku&'ks"k dks Bhd djus dkiz;Ru fd;k x;k rks bl ckr dh vf/d lEHkkouk gS fd bu ns'kksa dh eqnzkvksa osQ fofue; ewY; esa ßkl gks ,oaHkqxrku&'ks"k dh leL;k vkSj vf/d xEHkhj gks tk;A

(3) iwath osQ iyk;u ij jksdμ;fn fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls iwath ckgj tkrh gS rks blls Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh fLFkfrvkSj Hkh dfBu gks tkrh gSA ;fn ns'k esa jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk] ;q¼ ;k v'kkfUr vFkok vlqj{kk dh fLFkfr fo|ekujgrh gS rks iwath dk cfgxZeu gksus yxrk gSA vr% v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dks ,slh n'kkvksa dk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg,fd iwath ns'k osQ ckgj u tkus ik,A

(4) fons'kh fofu;ksxksa dks izksRlkguμfodkl'khy ns'kksa dks bl izdkj dh n'kkvksa dk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg, fdns'k esa fons'kh fofu;ksxksa dks izksRlkgu feys rFkk tks ykHk os vftZr djsa] mldk iqu% ns'k esa fons'kh fofu;ksx djfn;k tk;A blosQ fy, ljdkj }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh fj;k;rsa nh tk ldrh gSa fdUrq bl ckr dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,fd fons'kh iQeks± dh xfrfof/;ka ns'k osQ izfrowQy u gksaA

(5) tula[;k fu;U=k.kμfodkl'khy ns'kksa dks fons'kksa ls blfy, vf/d vk;kr djuk iM+rk gS D;ksafd tula[;kof¼ osQ dkj.k oLrqvksa osQ fy, budh ekax vf/d gksrh gSA blfy, vk;krksa ij fu;U=k.k djus osQ fy, ;g vko';dgS fd tula[;k ij fu;U=k.k j[kk tk;A ;g iz'kaluh; gS fd cgqr&ls v¼Z&fodflr ns'k bl vko';drk dks rsthls vuqHko dj jgs gSaA

(6) lqjf{kr Hk.Mkj dk fuekZ.kμizks- gSjM us bl lq>ko dk leFkZu fd;k gS fd ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; dPps ekydk dks"k vFkok Hk.Mkj dk fuekZ.k bl mís'; ls fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd pØh; mPpkopuksa osQ ckotwn Hkh budhdherksa dks fLFkj j[kk tk losQA blh izdkj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vukt dk lqjf{kr Hk.Mkj j[kuk pkfg, rkfd ladVosQ le; buosQ vk;krksa osQ fy, Hkkjh ewY; u pqdkuk iM+s ,oa muosQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa ncko iSnk u gksA

(7) cpr ,oa fofu;ksx dks izksRlkguμfodkl'khy ns'kksa dks viuh Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh leL;k dks gy djus osQfy, fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ djuk vko';d gSA ;g mlh le; lEHko gS tc muosQ mRiknu esa o`f¼ gksA mRiknu c<+kusosQ fy, fofu;ksx ,oa cpr esa o`f¼ gksuk vko';d gSA izn'kZu izHkko osQ dkj.k bu ns'kksa esa cpr ugha gks ikrh gSvr% bls fuf"Ø; cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A

(8) fu;kZrksa esa fofo/rk ,oa u, cktkjksa dh [kkstμvius fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ djus osQ fy, fodkl'khy ns'kksa dksfu;kZr lao¼Zu osQ mik;ksa dks viukuk pkfg, rFkk fu;kZr dh oLrqvksa esa fofo/rk ,oa xq.kkRed lq/kj ykuk pkfg,rkfd os fo'o cktkj esa izfr;ksfxrk dj losaQA lkFk gh fu;kZr osQ fy, u, cktkjksa dh [kkst dh vko';d gSA bllsmuosQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lq/kj gksxkA

(9) ubZ vUjkZ"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh LFkkiukμfodkl'khy ns'k bl ckr ij tksj ns jgs gSa fd muosQ fgrksa ,oaleL;kvksa dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, ,d ubZ vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,A blosQ fy, bu ns'kksaesa laxBu gksuk vko';d gSA dksyEcks dkWUizsaQl esa r`rh; fo'o osQ fy, cSad* dh LFkkiuk dk tks fu.kZ; fd;k x;k]og mRlkgo¼Zd gSA vejhdh vFkZ'kkL=kh izks- jkWcVZ fVªfiQu us bldk leFkZu fd;k gSA

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bl izdkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd lq/kj] ubZ vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk ,oa ekSfnzd ,oa xSj&ekSfnzd mik;ksa osQekè;e ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh izfrowQy Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh leL;k dks Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA



1. ,d ns'k osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa gksrk gSμ

(d) ykHk ([k) ?kkVk ;k vfrjsd


2. Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa pØh; vlUrqyu gksrk gSμ

(d) pØh; mPpkopu osQ dkj.k ([k) vFkZO;oLFkk ls vlarqyu osQ dkj.k

(x) O;kikj 'ks"k esa vlarqyu osQ dkj.k (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

3. fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk esa fodkl dh izkjafHkd voLFkk esa cpr dh rqyuk esa vko';d gksrk gSμ

(d) vkfFkZd dY;k.k djuk ([k) fofu;ksx djuk

(x) Je ,ao iw¡th yxkuk (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

4. ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dks vkfFkZd fodkl osQ y, xqtjuk iM+rk gSμ

(d) fofHkUu voLFkkvksa ls ([k) nh?kZdkyhu vfrjsd dh voLFkk ls

(x) d vkSj [k nksuksa voLFkkvksa ls (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

5. Hkqxrku&'ks"k vuqowQy jgrk gSμ

(d) fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk ([k) fodflr ns'kksa dk



• ,d ns'k dk O;kikj&'ks"k Hkys gh lUrqyu esa u jgs] ij Hkqxrku&'ks"k lnSo lUrqyu dh fLFkfr esa jgrk gSAO;kikj&'ks"k dk vk'k; eky osQ vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr ls gksrk gSA

• ^Hkqxrku&'ks"k ges'kk lUrqyu esa gksrk gS* dk vFkZ gS fd pkyw&ys[kk] iwath ys[kk vkSj ljdkjh O;oLFkkiuys[kk dh fuoy ozsQfMV vkSj MsfcV 'ks"kksa dk chtxf.krh; tksM+ vo'; 'kwU; gksuk pkfg,A

• ns'k osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k osQ fooj.k ls ge u osQoy mlosQ vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd lEcU/ksa dks tku ldrs gSa oju~bl fooj.k ls mldh ekSfnzd] jktdks"kh; ,oa fofue; lEcU/h uhfr;ksa dks Hkh tkuk tk ldrk gSA

• ,d ns'k osQ BOP esa ?kkVk ;k vfrjsd rc gksrk gS tc mldh Lok;Ùk izkfIr;ka (Autonomous Receipts)

(ozsQfMV) mlosQ Lok;Ùk Hkqxrku (MsfcV) ls esy ugha [kkrh gSaA

• fo'ks"k :i ls v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlUrqyu gksus dk eq[; dkj.k] ogka Hkkjh ek=kk esafodkl ,oa fofu;ksx lEcU/h dk;ZØe gSaA


••••• lao¼Zuμ mUur gksuk] c<+kus okykA

••••• iyk;uμ Hkkxuk] vU;=k pys tkukA

••••• fuoyμ okLrfod] 'kq¼A


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1. Hkqxrku lUrqyu lnSo larqfyr jgrk gSA ;fn ,slk gS rks ge fdlh ns'k osQ Hkqxrku esa vfrjsd dh ppkZ D;ksadjrs gSa\

2. Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vlarqyu dk D;k vFkZ gS\ iw.kZ :i ls le>kb,A

3. ¶Hkqxrku&'ks"k lnSo larqfyr jgrk gS bl dFku dh leh{kk dhft, rFkk Hkqxrku&'ks"k osQ egÙo dks Li"Vdhft,A

4. fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk Hkqxrku&'ks"k izfrowQy D;ksa jgrk gS\

5. Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vlarqyu fdrus izdkj ls gks ldrk gSA iw.kZ :i ls le>kb,A


1. 1. 2. × 3. 4. ×2. 1. ([k) 2. (d) 3. ([k) 4. (d)

5. ([k)





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bdkbZμ13% Hkqxrku&'ks"k lek;kstu% ekSfnzd mikxe

bdkbZμ13% Hkqxrku&'ks"k lek;kstu % ekSfnzd mikxe

(BOP Adjustment : Monetary Approach)


mís'; (Objectives)


13.1 ch-vks-ih- lek;kstu Hkqxrku&'ks"k% ekSfnzd mikxe (BOP Adjustment: Monetary Approach)





mís'; (Objectives)


• ch-vks-ih- lek;kstu vkSj ekSfnzd mikxe dh O;k[;k djus gsrqA


,d ns'k osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vlUrqyu ;k rks ?kkVk ;k vfrjsd gks ldrk gSA ,d ns'k osQ BOP esa ?kkVk ;k vfrjsdgks ldrk gSA ,d ns'k osQ BOP esa ?kkVk ;k vfrjsd rc gksrk gS tc mldh Lok;Ùk izkfIr;ka (Autonomous

Receipts) ozsQfMV mlosQ Lok;Ùk Hkqxrku (MsfcV) ls esy ugha [kkrhA ,slh fLFkfr Hkqxrku 'ks"k osQ lek;kstu osQ fy,fofHkUu ra=k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSlsμ Lo.kZeku osQ varxZr lek;kstu] yksp'khy fofue; njksa osQ varxZr Lor%dher lek;kstu] yksp fof/ lek;kstu rFkk vo'kks"k.k fl¼kar rFkk ekSfnzd mikxeA

13-1 Hkqxrku 'ks"k lek;kstu ekSfnzd mikxe (BOP Adjustment: MonetaryApproach)

Hkqxrku lUrqyu dk ekSfnzd fl¼kUr eqnzk dh ekax ,oa iw£r osQ :i esa Hkqxrku lUrqyu osQ ifjorZuksa dh foospukdjrk gSA bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj Hkqxrku lUrqyu ?kkVk lnSo vkSj lHkh LFkkuksa ij ,d ekSfnzd rRo gSA vr% osQoyekSfnzd mik;ksa osQ ekè;e ls gh bldk mipkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ekU;rk,¡ (Assumptions)μHkqxrku lUrqyu dk ekSfnzd fl¼kUr fuEufyf[kr ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kfjr gSμ

1- lHkh ns'kksa esa iw.kZ jkstxkj dh n'kk fo|eku gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i ,d ns'k esa c<+h gqbZ ?kjsyw ekax dks ?kjsywmRiknu esa o`f¼ djosQ iwjk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

2- ;fn ifjogu ykxrsa leku jgrh gSa rc fofHkUu ns'kksa esa csph tkus okyh leku oLrqvksa osQ fy, ,d dherdk fu;e* ykxw gksrk gSA



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3- fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqnzk dh ekax vk;] /u vkSj C;kt nj tSls vk£Fkd pjksa dk iQyu gSA

4- ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd fLFkj fofue; njksa osQ vUrxZr djsalh izokg dks fu"iQy djuk (steralisation)

lEHko ugha gSA ;g bl ekU;rk ij vk/kfjr gS fd fLFkj fofue; nj iz.kkyh osQ vUrxZr vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzkcktkjksa eas ,d dher dk fu;e ykxw gksrk gSA

5- eqnzk dh iw£r ekSfnzd vk/kj ij xq.kt (multiple) gksrh gS ftlesa ?kjsyw lk[k vkSj ns'k dh fons'kh eqnzkfjtoZ 'kkfey gksrs gSaA

6- oLrq rFkk iwath nksuksa cktkjksa esa miHkksx esa iw.kZ LFkkukiUurk gksrh gS tks izR;sd oLrq osQ fy, ,d dhervkSj lEiw.kZ ns'k osQ fy, ,d C;kt nj lqfuf'pr djrh gSA

7- ns'k osQ mRiknu dk Lrj cfgtkZr (exogeneous) eku fy;k x;k gSA

8- eqnzk&:i eqnzk 'ks"kksa (Nominal money balances) dh ekax eqnzk&:i vk; dk ,d /ukRed iQyu gSA

fl¼kUr (The Theory)

mi;qZDr ekU;rkvksa osQ fn, gq, gksus ij ekSfnzd /kj.kk dks eqnzk dh ekax vkSj eqnzk dh iw£r osQ chp lEcU/ dks fuEuor~O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

eqnzk dh ekax (M0) fLFkj iQyu gS vk; (Y), dher (P) rFkk C;kt dh nj (r) dk]

MD = f (Y, P r) ...(1)

eqnzkiw£r (Ms) ekSfnzd vk/kj (m) dk xq.kt gS] ftlesa fu£er ?kjsyw eqnzk (D) vkSj ns'k dk fons'kh eqnzk fjtoZ (R)

lfEefyr gSA

lUrqyu dh fLFkfr esa] eqnzk dh ekax ,oa iw£r cjkcj gksrh gSA

vFkkZr~]

MD = Ms

;k MD = (D + R) (Q Ms = D + R)

(;fn ljyrk osQ fy, m, tks ,d fLFkjkad gS] dh mis{kk djsa rc Ms = D + R)

Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVk vFkok vfrjsd ns'k osQ fons'kh eqnzk fjtoZ esa ifjorZuksa }kjk O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

bl rjg] ΔR = ΔMD – ΔD

;k] ΔR = B

tgka B Hkqxrku 'ks"k dks O;Dr djrk gS tks eqnzk dh ekax esa ifjorZu (ΔMD) vkSj ?kjsyw lk[k (fu£er eqnzk) esaifjorZu (AD) osQ vUrj osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA

Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVs dk rkRi;Z gS ,d ½.kkRed B tks R ,oa eqnzk iw£r dks de djrk gSA blosQ foijhr] vfrjsdls rkRi;Z gS ,d /ukRed B tks R vkSj eqnzkiw£r dks c<+krk gSA ;fn B = 0 gks rks bldk rkRi;Z gS Hkqxrku 'ks"k esalUrqyu gSA

ekSfnzd mikxe osQ vUrxZr Lor% lek;kstu ;U=k dh foospuk fLFkj rFkk yksp'khy nksuksa fofue; njiz.kkfy;ksa osQ vUrxZr dh tk ldrh gSA

fLFkj fofue; nj iz.kkyh osQ vUrxZr eku yhft, MD = Ms ftlls Hkqxrku 'ks"k (vFkok B) 'kwU; gksrk gSA vc

eku yhft, ekSfnzd izkf/dj.k ?kjsyw eqnzk dh vkiw£r esa o`f¼ djrk gS] tcfd eqnzk dh ekax iwoZor jgrh gSA

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iQyLo:i Ms > MD vkSj Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVk gksrk gSA os yksx ftuosQ ikl vf/d ek=kk esa udn 'ks"k gSa] os vfèkd

fons'kh oLrqvksa vkSj izfrHkwfr;ksa dk vk;kr Ø; djsaxs] iQyLo:i budh dherksa esa o`f¼ gks tk,xhA blls fons'kh

oLrqvksa vkSj ifjlEifÙk;ksa dk vk;kr c<+sxkA blls Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa pkyw vkSj iwath nksuksa ys[kksa osQ O;; esa o`f¼ gksxh

ftlls Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk mRiUu gksxkA bl rjg] fons'kh eqnzk fjtoZ osQ cká izokg dk vFkZ gS R vkSj ?kjsyw

eqnzk vkiw£r esa dehA ;g izfØ;k rc rd pyrh jgsxh tc rd Ms = MD ugha gks tkrk rFkk Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa

iqu% lUrqyu LFkkfir ugha gks tkrkA

nwljh vksj] ;fn nh gqbZ fofue; nj ij Ms < MD gks rks Hkqxrku

'ks"k vfrjsd gksxkA iQyLo:i] yksx fonsf'k;ksa dks oLrq,a ,oa

izfrHkwfr;ksa dks cspdj ?kjsyw djsUlh izkIr djsaxsA os viuh vk;

dh rqyuk esa O;; dks lhfer djosQ vfrfjDr eqnzk 'ks"kksa

(money balances) dks izkIr djus dk Hkh iz;kl djsaxsA

bl fLFkfr esa ekSfnzd izkf/dkjh ?kjsyw djsUlh osQ cnys vkf/D;

(excess) fons'kh eqnzk Ø; djsxkA blls fons'kh eqnzk fjtoZ dk

vUr%izokg gksxk vkSj ?kjsyw eqnzk iw£r esa of¼ gksxhA ;g izfØ;k

rc rd tkjh jgsxh tc rd fd Ms = MD vkSj Hkqxrku 'ks"k

esa iqu% lUrqyu LFkkfir ugha gks tkrkA bl rjg] Hkqxrku 'ks"k

?kkVk vFkok vfrjsd ,d vLFkk;h /kj.kk gS tks nh?kZdky esa

Lor% Bhd gks tkrh gSA

bldh foospuk fp=k 13.1(A) rFkk (B) osQ }kjk Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA fp=k (A) esa] MD fLFkj eqnzk ekax oØ vkSj

Ms eqnzkiw£r oØ gSA {kSfrt js[kk m (D) ekSfnzd vk/kj dks O;Dr djrh gS tks ?kjsyw lk[k D dk xq.kt rFkk fLFkjkad

Hkh gSA ;g eqnzk iw£r dk ?kjsyw vo;o gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Ms oØ fcUnq A ls izkjEHk gksrk gSA

rSjrh fofue; iz.kkyh ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

fp=k (A) esa MD vkSj Ms oØ ,d&nwljs dks E fcUnq ij dkVrs gSaA tgka ns'k dk Hkqxrku 'ks"k lUrqyu esa gksrk gS

rFkk fons'kh fofue; fjtoZ OR gksrk gSA fp=k (B) esa PDC Hkqxrku vlUrqyu oØ gS tks fp=k (A) osQ Ms vkSj

MD oØksa osQ chp vuqyEc vUrj osQ :i esa [khapk x;k gSA tSlkfd fp=k (B) esa B0, fp=k (A) esa E fcUnq osQ vuqowQyu

gS] tgk¡ Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa dksbZ vlUrqyu ugha gSA

;fn Ms < MD gks rks fp=k (A) esa PQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k vfrjsd gksrk gSA blls fons'kh eqnzk fjtoks± dk vUr%izokg

(Inflow) gksrk gS tks OR1 ls OR dks c<+krs gSa vkSj eqnzk iw£r dks bl izdkj c<+krs gSa fd E fcUnq ij Hkqxrku 'ks"k

lUrqyu esa gksrk gSA nwljh vksj] ;fn Ms > MD gks rc DF osQ cjkcj Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk gksrk gSA fons'kh eqnzk fjtoZ

dk cká izokg gksrk gS ftlesa OR2 ls OR rd deh gksrh gS vkSj eqnzk iw£r esa bl rjg deh gksrh gS fd E fcUnq

ij Hkqxrku 'ks"k lUrqyu iqu% LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA fp=k (B) esa blh izfØ;k dh foospuk dh xbZ gS tgka Hkqxrku

'ks"k vlUrqyu Lor% Bhd gks tkrk gS tc Hkqxrku 'ks"k vfrjsd B1Q1 ?kkVk B2Q2 cjkcj gksrs gSaA

yksp'khy vFkok rSjrh (Floating) fofue; nj iz.kkyh osQ vUrxZr tc B = 0 gks rks fons'kh eqnzk fjtoZ esa dksbZifjorZu ugha gksrk] ijUrq tc Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk vFkok vfrjsd gksrk gS rks eqnzk dh ekax esa ifjorZu vkSj fofue;nj fons'kh eqnzk fjtoZ osQ fdlh vUrizZokg vFkok cká izokg osQ fcuk lek;kstu izfØ;k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnkdjrs gSaA eku yhft, ekSfnzd izkf/dkjh eqnzk dh vkiw£r esa o`f¼ djrk gS (Ms > MD) vkSj Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk

P E

Q

DM

D

m(D)eqæ

k dh ekax

,oa i

w£rA

R1

R R2

MS

F

?kkVk

vfrjsd

fp=k 13-1


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gksrk gSA os yksx ftuosQ ikl vfrfjDr udn 'ks"k gS] vf/doLrq,a [kjhnrs gSa ftuosQ iQyLo:i ?kjsyw vkSj vk;kfrroLrqvksa dh dhersa c<+rh gSa blls ?kjsyw djsUlh esa ewY; ßkl(depreciation) vkSj fofue; nj esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA dherksa esao`f¼ Øe'k% eqnzk dh ekax c<+krh gS ftlls fons'kh eqnzk fjtoks±esa fcuk fdlh cká izokg osQ MD vkSj Ms esa lekurk gksrh gSAblosQ foijhr fLFkfr rc mRiUu gksxh tc MD > Ms gks rcdherksa esa deh vkSj ?kjsyw djsUlh esa ewY; o`f¼ (apprecia-

tion) gksrk gS tks Lor% eqnzk dh vkf/D; ekax dks lekIr djnsrk gSA fofue; nj rc rd fxjrh gS tc rd MD = Ms vkSjfons'kh eqnzk fjtoks± esa fdlh vUrizZokg osQ fcuk Hkqxrku 'ks"k esavlUrqyu LFkkfir ugha gks tkrkA

fofue; nj esa fLFkjrk cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ekSfnzd izkf/dkjh dks fons'kh fofue; fjtoZ

dks cspuk iM+sxk rFkk ?kjsyw djsUlh dks [kjhnuk iM+sxkA

vkykspuk,¡ (Criticisms)

1- vokLrfod ekU;rk,¡μHkqxrku 'ks"k dk ekSfnzd fl¼kUr eqnzk dh fLFkj ekax vkSj iw.kZ jkstxkj dhvokLrfod ekU;rk ij vk/kfjr gSA

2- ,d dher fu;e vekU;μbl fl¼kUr dh ;g /kj.kk Hkh vekU; gS fd ¶csph xbZ leku oLrqvksa osQfy, ,d dher fu;e ykxw gksrk gSA¸

3- djsUlh izokgksa dk fu"iQy lEHkoμbl fl¼kUr dh ;g ekU;rk Hkh Lohdkj fd, tkus ;ksX; ugha gSfd fLFkj fofue; njksa osQ vUrxZr djsalh izokgksa dks fu"iQy djuk lEHko ugha gSA vkykspdksa dk roZQgS fd djsUlh izokgksa dks fu"iQy djuk iwjh rjg ls lEHko gS ;fn eqnzk 'ks"kksa vkSj ck.Mksa osQ lkis{k egÙoosQ ckjs esa futh {ks=k viuh lEifÙk iksVZiQksfy;k dh lajpuk dks lek;ksftr djus osQ fy, bPNqd gS]vFkok ;fn lkoZtfud {ks=k maQpk ctV ?kkVk djus dks rS;kj gS] rc Hkh mls Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVs dk lkeukdjuk iM+rk gSA

4- Hkqxrku&'ks"k vkSj eqnzk&iw£r osQ chp lEcU/ oS/ ughaμekSfnzd fl¼kUr fdlh ns'k osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k vkSjmldh oqQy eqnzkiw£r osQ chp izR;{k lEcU/ ij vk/kfjr gSA vkykspdksa dh /kj.kk gS fd bu nksuksa osQ chplEcU/ Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk vFkok vfrjsd gksus dh n'kk esa ekSfnzd izkf/dkjh }kjk fons'kh eqnzk fjtoks± osQvUrizZokgksa vkSj cká izokgksa dks fu"izHkko djus dh {kerk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA blosQ fy, cká izokgksa osQfu"iQyu dh oqQN vko';drk gksrh gS] ijUrq ;g foÙkh; cktkjksa osQ Hkwe.Myhdj.k osQ dkj.k lEHko ughagks ikrkA

5- vYidky dh mis{kkμekSfnzd fl¼kUr Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa Lor% lek;ksftr gksus okys nh?kZdkyhu lUrqyuls lEcfU/r gS] ijUrq ;g /kj.kk vokLrfod gS] D;ksafd ;g vYidkyhu O;k[;k djus esa vliQy gSftlosQ ekè;e ls vFkZO;oLFkk u, lUrqyu ij igqapus osQ fy, xqtjrh gSA

6- vU; ?kVdksa dh mis{kkμekSfnzd fl¼kUr osQoy ?kjsyw lk[k ij è;ku osQfUnzr djrk gS rFkk vU; lHkhokLrfod ,oa <kapkxr ?kVdksa dh mis{kk djrk gS] tks Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vlUrqyu dk dkj.k curs gSaA

OB

1B

0B

2

?kkVk

Q1

D1

PDC

vfrjsdHkqxr

ku v

larqy

u

fp=k 13-2

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7- vk£Fkd uhfr dh mis{kkμekSfnzd /kj.kk Hkqxrku 'ks"k lUrqyu ykus esa ?kjsyw lk[k dh Hkwfedk ij tksjnsrh gS rFkk vk£Fkd uhfr mik;ksa dh mis{kk djrh gSA izks- D;wjh (Currie) dk roZQ gS fd Hkqxrku 'ks"klUrqyu O;; cnykodkjh uhfr;ksa }kjk Hkh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks okLrfod izokgksa vkSj ljdkjh ctVosQ ekè;e ls dk;Z djrh gSA


lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the correct option)μ

1. Hkqxrku larqyu dk mipkj fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

(d) ekSfnzd mik;ksa }kjk ([k) fons'kh O;kikj }kjk


2. eqnzk osQ ek¡x ,oa iw£r osQ laca/ dks buesa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

(d) M0 = f(Y, P, r) ([k) f = Mp(X, Pr)


3. ,d ns'k osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vlUrqyu ;k rks ?kkVk ;k gksrk gSμ

(d) of¼ ([k) deh

(x) vfrjsd (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

4. Hkqxrku 'ks"k dk ekSfnzd fl¼kar vk/kfjr gSμ

(d) okLrfod ekU;rkvksa ij ([k) vokLrfod ekU;rkvksa ij


5. Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa mis{kk dh xbZ gSμ

(d) vk£Fkd uhfr dh ([k) vYidky dh

(x) djsUlh izokg dh (?k) mi;qZDr lHkhA


• Hkqxrku lUrqyu dk ekSfnzd fl¼kUr eqnzk dh ekax ,oa iw£r osQ :i esa Hkqxrku lUrqyu osQ ifjorZuksa dhfoospuk djrk gSA

• oLrq rFkk iwath nksuksa cktkjksa esa miHkksx esa iw.kZ LFkkukiUurk gksrh gS tks izR;sd oLrq osQ fy, ,d dhervkSj lEiw.kZ ns'k osQ fy, ,d C;kt nj lqfuf'pr djrh gSA

• tc Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk vFkok vfrjsd gksrk gS rks eqnzk dh ekax esa ifjorZu vkSj fofue; nj fons'kh eqnzkfjtoZ osQ fdlh vUrizZokg vFkok cká izokg osQ fcuk lek;kstu izfØ;k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrsgSaA

• Hkqxrku 'ks"k dk ekSfnzd fl¼kUr eqnzk dh fLFkj ekax vkSj iw.kZ jkstxkj dh vokLrfod ekU;rk ijvk/kfjr gSA

• ekSfnzd /kj.kk Hkqxrku 'ks"k lUrqyu ykus esa ?kjsyw lk[k dh Hkwfedk ij tksj nsrh gS rFkk vk£Fkd uhfr mik;ksadh mis{kk djrh gSA


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••••• djsalhμ eqnzkA

••••• lk[kμ izfr"BkA


1. Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa lek;kstu osQ fl¼kar dh vkykspukRed foospuk yhft,A

2. ekSfnzd mikxe dh O;k[;k dhft,A


1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (x) 4. ([k)

5. (?k)





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bdkbZμ14% fofue; nj % vFkZ ,oa ?kVd

bdkbZμ14% fofue; nj % vFkZ ,oa ?kVd (ExchangeRate : Meaning and Components)


mís'; (Objectives)


14.1 fofue; nj % vFkZ ,oa ?kVd (Exchange Rate : Meaning and Components)





mís'; (Objectives)


• fofue; nj osQ vFkZ ,oa ?kVd dks le>us esaA


fons'kh fofue; nj vFkok nj og nj gksrh gS ftl ij ,d djsalh dk nwljh djsalh ls fofue; fd;k tkrk gSA;g nj ,d djsalh esa nwljh djsalh dh dher gksrh gSA bls O;Dr djus dk izpfyr rjhdk ;g gS fd ?kjsyw djsalhosQ :i esa fons'kh djsalh dh ,d bdkbZ dh dherA Mkyj rFkk ikm.M osQ chp fofue; nj crkrh gS fd ,dikm.M [kjhnus osQ fy, fdrus Mkyjksa dh vko';drk iM+sxhA bl izdkj Mkyj rFkk ikm.M osQ chp fofue; njla;qDr jkT; vesfjdk osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls ;ksa O;Dr dh tkrh gSμMkyj 2-50 = 1 ikm.M ($2.50 = £1)A fczVsu osQyksx bls O;Dr djus osQ fy, dgsaxs fd ,d Mkyj [kjhnus osQ fy, fdrus ikm.M pkfg,a vkSj Åij nh xbZfofue; nj dks bl :i esa O;Dr djsaxs fd 0.40 ikm.M = 1 Mkyj (£0.40 = $1)A

14-1 fofue; nj vFkZ ,oa ?kVd (Exchange Rate : Meaning and Components)

fofue; nj og nj gS ftl ij fdlh ns'k dh eqnzk dh ,d bdkbZ dks nwljs ns'k dh eqnzk dh bdkb;ksa lsifjo£rr fd;k tkrk gSA tSls ;fn ,d Mkyj izkIr djus osQ fy, 44 #i;s yxrs gSa rks Mkyj vkSj #i;s dhfofue; nj Mkyj 1 = #- 44 gksxhA

ØkmFkj (Crowther) osQ vuqlkj] ¶fofue; nj ml lhek dk eki gS ftlosQ vuqlkj fdlh ns'k dh eqnzk dh,d bdkbZ osQ cnys] nwljs ns'k dh bdkb;ka izkIr dh tkrh gSaA¸

,'kj (Escher) osQ vuqlkj] ¶fofue; nj ,d ns'k dh eqnzk dk nwljs ns'k dh eqnzk esa O;Dr ewY; gSA¸



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ls;lZ (Sayers) osQ vuqlkj] ¶pyu eqnzkvksa dh ikjLifjd dherksa dks fons'kh fofue; nj dgrs gSaA¸

gsUl (Haines) osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶fofue; nj ,d eqnzk dh nwljh eqnzk osQ :i esa O;Dr dh x;h dher gSA¸

fo'o fons'kh fofue; cktkj esa gqaMh&O;kikj (vUrji.ku) osQ }kjk $2.50 = £1 vFkok £0.40 = $1 dh fofue;nj fLFkj j[kh tkrh gSA gqaMh&O;kikj (arbitrage) dk eryc gS fd ftl cktkj esa fons'kh djsalh dh dherde gks ogka fons'kh djsalh [kjhnh tk, vkSj tgka mldh dher vf/d gks ogka mls csp fn;k tk,AgqaMh&O;kikj dk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd djsafl;ksa dh fons'kh fofue; nj osQ vUrj lekIr gks tkrs gSa vkSj fo'ofons'kh fofue; cktkj esa ,d gh fofue; nj fo|eku jgrh gSA ;fn yUnu osQ fofue; cktkj esa fofue; nj$2.48 gS vkSj U;w;koZQ osQ fofue; cktkj esa $2.50 gS rks fons'kh fofue; lVksfj,] ftUgsa gqaMh&O;kikjh(arbitrageurs) dgrs gSa] yUnu eas ikm.M [kjhnsaxs vkSj U;w;koZQ esa mUgsa csp nsaxsA bl izdkj izR;sd ikm.M ij2 lS.V dk ykHk izkIr djsaxsA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd yUnu osQ cktkj esa ikm.M dh dher Mkyjksa osQ :iesa c<+ tk,xh vkSj U;w;koZQ osQ ckj esa fxj tk,xhA vUr esa ;g dher nksuksa cktkjksa esa cjkcj gks tk,xh vkSjgqaMh&O;kikj lekIr gks tk,xkA ;fn oqQN le; ckn Mkyj rFkk ikm.M osQ chp fofue; nj c<+dj $2.60=£1

gks tk,] rks dgsaxs fd ikm.M osQ eqdkcys Mkyj dk ewY;ßkl (voewY;u) gks x;k gS] (;k fd ikm.M osQeqdkcys Mkyj dh dher fxj xbZ gS) D;ksafd vc ,d ikm.M [kjhnus osQ fy, vf/d Mkyjksa dh t:jr iM+sxhA;fn Mkyjksa rFkk ikm.M osQ chp fofue; nj fxjdj $2.40=£1 jg tk,] rks dgsaxs fd Mkyj dk Hkko c<+ x;k(vf/ewY;u&Appreciation) gS D;ksafd vc ,d ikm.M [kjhnus osQ fy, de Mkyjksa dh t:jr iM+sxhA ;fnigyh djsalh dk ewY; ?kVsxk] rks nwljh djsalh dk ewY; c<+sxk vkSj ;fn igyh djsalh dk ewY; c<+sxk rks nwljhdjsalh dk ewY; ?kVsxkA bl izdkj ;g dguk fd ikm.M osQ eqdkcys Mkyj dk ewY; fxj x;k gS vkSj ;g dgukfd Mkyj osQ eqdkcys ikm.M dk Hko c<+ x;k gS] ,d gh ckr gS vkSj blls myV Hkh ogh ckr gSA

fofue; nj osQ ?kVdμfofue; nj eqnzkvksa dh ekax ,oa iwfrZ }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA ;g nj ?kVrh&c<+rhjgrh gS vFkkZr~ blesa mPpkopu gksrs jgrs gSa tks vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd gLrkUrj.k osQ dkj.k gksrs gSaA bu mPpkopuksaosQ dkj.k fdlh Hkh ns'k esa vfuf'prrk dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gS rFkk ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij bldk izfrowQyizHkko iM+rk gSA ,sls dbZ dkj.k gSa tks ikjLifjd :i ls ns'k dh eqnzkvksa dh ekax dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSjfofue; nj esa vYidkyhu mPpkopuksa dks tUe nsrs gSaA

fofue; njksa esa mPpkopu osQ dkj.kμizfl¼ vFkZ'kkL=kh ,p- bZ- bZfoV us viuh iqLrd ‘A Manual of

Foreign Exchange’ esa fofue; njksa osQ mPpkopuksa osQ fuEukafdr dkj.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSμ

vYidkyhu dkj.k (a) O;kikfjd dkj.k

(b) foÙkh; dkj.k

nh?kZdkyhu dkj.k (c) pyu vkSj lk[k lEcU/h n'kk,a

(d) jktuhfrd vkSj vkS|ksfxd n'kk,a

bu dkj.kksa dk lekos'k djrs gq,] fofue; njksa dks izHkkfor djus okys rRoksa vFkok muesa mPpkopu iSnk djusokys eq[; dkj.kksa dk foospu bl izdkj gSaμ

(1) O;kikfjd izHkkoμblosQ vUrxZr vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr osQ izHkko dk lekos'k gksrk gSA ;fn fdlh ns'kosQ vk;kr vFkok fu;kZr dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rks mldk izHkko ml ns'k dh fofue; nj ij iM+rkgSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn fu;kZrksa dh rqyuk esa vk;kr c<+ tkrs gSa rks fons'kh eqnzk dh ekax esa o`f¼ gksusyxrh gS rFkk,sls ns'k dh fofue; nj mlosQ izfrowQy gks tkrh gSA blosQ foijhr] ;fn vk;krksa dh rwyukesa ns'k osQ fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ gksrh gS rks ns'k dh eqnzk dh ekax fons'kh esa c<+rh gS vkSj ns'k osQ fy, fofue;nj vuqowQy gks tkrh gSA

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vk;kr&fu;kZr osQ vUrxZr n`'; enksa osQ vfrfjDr vn`'; enksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k

tkrk gSA

(2) iwath dk izokgμ,d ns'k ls iwath osQ vkokxeu dk izHkko Hkh mldh fofue; nj ij iM+rk gSA ,d ns'kls iwath dk vYidkyhu cfgxZeu fons'kksa esa Åaph C;kt nj izkIr djus osQ fy, gks ldrk gS vFkok fons'kksa esaiwath dk nh?kZdkyhu fofu;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn Hkkjh ek=kk esa iwath baXyS.M ls vejhdkdks gLrkUrfjr gksrh gS rks blosQ iQyLo:i fofue; cktkj esa ikS.M LV²yx dh iwfrZ c<+ tkrh gS vkSj ikS.M dhrqyuk esa vejhdu Mkyj dk fofue; ewY; c<+ tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ikS.M dh fofue; nj fxj tkrh gSA ;fn vejhdkls iwath baxyS.M dks gLrkUrfjr gksrh gS rks Bhd blosQ foijhr izHkko iM+rk gSA

(3) pyu ,oa lk[k lEcU/h n'kk,a vFkok ekSfnzd uhfrμbZfoV us pyu ,oa lk[k lEcU/h n'kkvksa dksfofue; nj dks izHkkfor djus okyk nh?kZdkyhu dkj.k ekuk gSA ;fn ns'k esa foLrkjoknh ekSfnzd uhfr dks viuk;ktkrk gS vFkkZr~ vfr&fuxZe (Over-issue) ls ns'k esa pyu dh ek=kk c<+k;h tkrh gS rks ns'k esa ewY;ksa esa o`f¼gksus yxrh gS] eqnzk dh vkUrfjd Ø; 'kfDr de gks tkrh gS vkSj mldh eqnzk dh fons'kksa esa ekax de gks tkrhgS rFkk ml ns'k dh fofue; nj Hkh fxjus yxrh gSA nwljh vksj ns'k esa eqnzk laoqQpu dh uhfr ls oLrqvksa dh dhersafxjrh gSa] fu;kZr izksRlkfgr gksrs gSa vkSj fofue; nj c<+us yxrh gSA bl izdkj ekSfnzd uhfr dk ns'k dh fofue;nj ij izHkko iM+rk gSA

(4) cSadksa dh fØ;k,aμfons'kh eqnzk osQ ysu&nsu esa cSadksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS vr% budh fØ;kvksadk fofue; nj osQ fu/kZj.k esa egRoiw.kZ izHkko gksrk gSA cSadksa dh fØ;k,a fons'kh fofue; dh ekax vkSj iwfrZ dksizHkkfor djrh gSa ftldk izHkko fofue; nj ij iM+rk gSA bu fØ;kvksa eas cSad nj vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa vFkkZr~fonsf'k;ksa dks ml ns'k esa fofu;ksx djuk ykHknk;d gksrk gS vr% ns'k esa fons'kh iwath vkus yxrh gS] Lons'kh eqnzkdh ekax c<+us yxrh gS rFkk fofue; nj Hkh c<+us yxrh gSA tc ns'k esa rqyukRed :i ls cSad nj fxjrh gSarks Bhd blosQ foijhr izHkko gksrk gSA

cSad nj osQ lkFk] lk[k&i=kksa osQ Ø;&foØ; dk Hkh fofue; nj ij izHkko gksrk gSA

(5) eè;LFkksa dh fØ;k,a vFkok ewY;kUrj osQ lkSnsμeè;LFkksa dh fØ;k,a Hkh fofue;&nj dks izHkkfor djrhgSaA bu fØ;kvksa dks vUriZ.ku vFkok ewY;kUrj lkSns (Arbitrage Operations) Hkh dgrs gSaA vUriZ.ku dh fØ;k]nks eqnzk cktkjksa esa fofue; njksa osQ vUrj ls ykHk mBkus osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA ftl cktkj esa eqnzk lLrh gksrhgS] ogka ls [kjhndj mls ,sls cktkj esa cspk tkrk gS tgka og egaxh gksrh gSA eqnzk osQ Ø;&foØ; dk ;g dk;ZO;kikfjd cSadksa }kjk vius fons'kh izfrfuf/;ksa osQ ekè;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA vUriZ.ku osQ lkSns rRdky fd;s tkrsgSa] D;ksafd le;&foyEc osQ lkFk fofue; njksa dk vUrj lekIr gks ldrk gSA

(6) lêðk cktkj dh fØ;kvksa dk izHkkoμfofue; nj esa Hkfo"; esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk iwoZ vuqeku djfons'kh eqnzkvksa dk Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrk gS ftldk fofue; nj ij izHkko iM+rk gSA ;fn fdlh le; lVksfj;ksa}kjk fons'kh eqnzk dks vf/d ek=kk esa [kjhnk tkrk gS rks ml eqnzk dh ekax c<+ tkrh gS rFkk mldh fofue; njHkh c<+us yxrh gSA ;fn blosQ foijhr] lVksfj;ksa }kjk fons'kh eqnzk csph tkrh gS rks mldh fofue; nj fxjus yxrhgSA fo'ks"k :i ls tc ns'k esa fdlh dkj.k vfuf'prrk dk okrkoj.k curk gS rks mDr fØ;k,a rst gks tkrh gSavkSj fofue; nj esa mrkj&p<+ko gksus yxrs gSaA bZfoV osQ vuqlkj] ;fn ns'k esa Je la?k"kZ (gM+rky] rkykcUnh),oa mRiknu dh Åaph ykxr dh fLFkfr fo|eku gS rks eqnzk osQ fofue; ewY; ij bldk rkRdkfyd izHkko iM+rk


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gS vkSj lVksfj;s Hkfo"; esa O;kikj dh fxjrh gqbZ fLFkfr dk vuqeku yxkdj fons'kh eqnzk dks cspuk 'kq: dj nsrs gSaA

(7) LVkWd ,DlpsUt dh fØ;k,aμbu fØ;kvksa esa Í.k iznku djuk] fons'kh Í.k ij C;kt dk Hkqxrku]fons'kh iwath dh vkenuh ,oa fons'kh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk Ø;&foØ; vkfn dk lekos'k gksrk gSA bu fØ;kvksa dkfons'kh eqnzk dh ekax ij izHkko iM+rk gS ftlls fofue; nj Hkh izHkkfor gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc ,dns'k }kjk fons'k dks Í.k fn;k tkrk gS rks fons'kh eqnzk dh ekax c<+ tkrh gS rFkk ns'k osQ fy, fofue; njizfrowQy gks tkrh gS] fdUrq tc fonsf'k;ksa }kjk Í.k ,oa C;kt dk Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS rks ns'k dh eqnzkdh ekax c<+ tkrh gS ftlls fofue; nj Hkh c<+dj ns'k osQ vuqowQy gks tkrh gSA

(8) ekSleh ifjorZuμfofue; nj dks izHkkfor djus okys ¶ekSleh ifjorZu¸ dk mYys[k bZfoV usviuh iqLrdesa fd;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd ,d eqnzk osQ fofue; ewY; ij mldh ekax vkSj iwfrZ esa gksus okys ekSleh ifjorZudk izHkko iM+rk gSA tSls vkLVªsfy;k esa vukt vkSj Åu dks fnlEcj ls iQjojh rd ,df=kr fd;k tkrk gS vkSjbUgha eghuksa esa bu oLrqvksa dk fons'kksa esa foØ; fd;k tkrk gS ftlls ogka vU; ns'kksa dh eqnzk dh rqyuk esavkLVªsfy;k dh eqnzk dh ekax c<+rh gS rFkk mldh fofue; nj Hkh c<+rh gS ,slh fLFkfr esa lEcfU/r ns'kksa osQ cSadbl ckr dk iz;Ru djrs gSa fd vko';d eqnzk dh iwfrZ dj] fofue; njksa esa gksus okys Hkh"k.k mPpkopuksa dks jksdktk losQA

(9) fons'kh fofu;ksx dk izHkkoμfofu;ksx dk Hkh fofue; nj ij egRoiw.kZ izHkko iM+rk gSA fo'o osQ vxz.khLVkWd ,Dlpsatksa }kjk bl izdkj dh fofu;ksx dh lqfo/k,a iznku dh tkrh gSaA ;fn fons'kh fofu;ksxdrkZ ;gvuqHko djrs gSa fd fdlh fo'ks"k ns'k dh vkfFkZd ,oa vkS|ksfxd fLFkfr vuqowQy gS rFkk Hkfo"; esa ml ns'k dheqnzk osQ fofue; ewY; esa lq/kj dh vk'kk gS rks os vius vfrjsd dks"kksa dk iz;ksx ml ns'k dh eqnzk dks Ø; djusesa djrs gSa ftls ckn esa izfrHkwfr;ksa osQ [kjhnus esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk izHkko Bhd fofu;ksx osQ lekugksrk gS rFkk ns'k dh fofue; nj vuqowQy gks tkrh gSA ,d vU; dkj.k ls Hkh fofu;ksx] fofue; nj dks izHkkfordjrs gSaA ekuyks vejhdk vkSj Hkkjr osQ chp] Hkkjr osQ #i;s dh fofue; nj Mkyj dh rqyuk esa fxjus dhlEHkkouk gks vkSj ,sls gh le; esa vejhdk Hkkjr dks cM+h ek=kk esa Mkyj dk Í.k ns ns rks Hkkjrh; #i;s dhfofue; nj fxjus ls cp ldrh gSA ;fn vejhdk] Hkkjr esa iwath dk fofu;ksx djrk gS rks Mkyj dh rqyuk esa#i;s dh ekax c<+ tk,xh vkSj #i;s dh fofue; nj c<+ tk,xhA

(10) ns'k dh jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd n'kk,aμns'k dh jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd n'kkvksa dk Hkh fofue;nj ij izHkko iM+rk gSA ;fn ns'k esa ljdkj LFkk;h gS] 'kkfUr vkSj lqj{kk gS] lEifÙk osQ Lokfe;ksa dh ,oa mudhlEifÙk dh j{kk dh tkrh gS rks Hkys gh ns'k esa C;kt dh nj de gks] fiQj Hkh ;k rks C;kt dekus dh n`f"Vls vFkok fofu;ksx osQ fy,] vFkok lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls fons'kh iwath ns'k esa vkrh gS ftlls fofue; nj ns'kosQ i{k esa gks tkrh gSA blosQ foijhr] ;fn ns'k esa jktuhfrd la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr gS] ljdkj dks m[kkM+ isaQdusdh pkysa py jgh gSa rks ns'k ls iwath dk cfgxZeu gksus yxrk gS ftlls fons'kh eqnzk dh rqyuk esa ns'k dheqnzk dh fofue; nj fxjrh gSA

blh izdkj ns'k dh vkUrfjd vkS|ksfxd fLFkfr dk Hkh fofue; nj ij izHkko iM+rk gSA ;fn ns'k esa Jfedksa ,oaiwathifr;ksa osQ chp vPNs lEcU/ gSa_ dherksa vkSj etnwjh osQ Lrj esa leUo; gS_ vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa m|eh izfrHkk,oa Jfedksa esa oqQ'kyrk gS rks bu lcdk ns'k dh eqnzk ij nh?kZdkyhu izHkko ;g gksrk gS fd ns'k dh fofue;nj vuqowQy gksrh gSA

gqaMh&O;kikj fdls dgrs gSa\

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fofue; njksa osQ mPpkopu dh lhek,aμfofHkUu ekuksa osQ vUrxZr fofue; njksa osQ mPpkopu dh lhek,avyx&vyx gksrh gSa tks bl izdkj gSaμ

(1) Lo.kZeku esaμLo.kZeku osQ vUrxZr fofue; njksa esa ,d fuf'pr lhek rd gh mPpkopu gksrs gSa rFkk budhlhekvksa dk fu/kZj.k Lo.kZ fcUnqvksa }kjk gksrk gSA vr% nks Lo.kZeku okys ns'kksa esa fofue; nj] Vad lerk (Mint

Parity) osQ pkjksa vksj Lo.kZ vk;kr vkSj Lo.kZ fu;kZr fcUnq dh lhekvksa osQ Hkhrj gh ?kVrh&c<+rh jgrh gSA

(2) i=k pyueku esaμvifjorZuh; dkxth eku osQ vUrxZr fofue; nj osQ mPpkopuksa dh lhekvksa dkfuèkkZj.k ;|fi Ø;&'kfDr lerk osQ vuqlkj gksrk gS] fdUrq Lo.kZeku dh Vad lerk osQ leku] Ø;&'kfDr lerkdh lhekvksa esa fLFkjrk ugha jgrh oju~ blesa ifjorZu gksrs gSa vr% fofue; nj esa ifjorZu osQoy oqQN fuf'prlhekvksa rd gh ugha gksrs oju~ fons'kh fofue; dh ekax vkSj iwfrZ dh n'kk,a fofue; nj dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA



1. ------------ osQ vuqlkj] ¶pyu eqnzkvksa dh ikjLifjd dherksa dks fons'kh fofue; nj dgrs gSaA¸

2. ------------ eqnzkvksa dh ek¡x ,oa iwrhZ }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA

3. ,d ns'k ls iwath dk vYidkyhu cfgxZeu fons'kksa esa Å¡ph ------------ izkIr djus osQ fy, gks ldrk gSA

4. ------------ dk ns'k dh fofue; nj ij izHkko iM+rk gSA

5. ------------ dh fØ;k nks eqnzk cktkjksa esa fofue; njksa osQ vuks[ks ykHk mBkus osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA

6. ;fn vejhdk ------------ esa iw¡th dk fofu;ksx djrk gS tks Mkyj dh rqyuk esa #i;s dh ek¡x c<+ tk;sxh vkSj

#i;s dh fofue; nj c<+ tk;sxhA

7. ns'k dh vkUrfjd ------------ fLFkfr dk Hkh fofue; nj ij izHkko iM+rk gSA


fofue; nj og nj gS ftl ij fdlh ns'k dh eqnzk dh ,d bdkbZ dks nwljs ns'k dh eqnzk dh bdkb;ksa lsifjo£rr fd;k tkrk gSA tSls ;fn ,d Mkyj izkIr djus osQ fy, 44 #i;s yxrs gSa rks Mkyj vkSj #i;s dhfofue; nj Mkyj 1 = #- 44 gksxhA

fo'o fons'kh fofue; cktkj esa gqaMh&O;kikj (vUrji.ku) osQ }kjk $2.50 = £1 vFkok £0.40 = $1 dh fofue;nj fLFkj j[kh tkrh gSA gqaMh&O;kikj (arbitrage) dk eryc gS fd ftl cktkj esa fons'kh djsalh dh dherde gks ogka fons'kh djsalh [kjhnh tk, vkSj tgka mldh dher vf/d gks ogka mls csp fn;k tk,A

fofue; nj osQ ?kVdμfofue; nj eqnzkvksa dh ekax ,oa iwfrZ }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA ;g nj ?kVrh&c<+rh jgrhgS vFkkZr~ blesa mPpkopu gksrs jgrs gSa tks vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd gLrkUrj.k osQ dkj.k gksrs gSaA bu mPpkopuksa osQdkj.k fdlh Hkh ns'k esa vfuf'prrk dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gS rFkk ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij bldk izfrowQy izHkkoiM+rk gSA

izfl¼ vFkZ'kkL=kh ,p- bZ- bZfoV us viuh iqLrd ‘A Manual of Foreign Exchange’ esa fofue; njksa osQmPpkopuksa osQ fuEukafdr dkj.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSμ vYidkyhu dkj.k_ nh?kZdkyhu dkj.kA

ns'k dh vkUrfjd vkS|ksfxd fLFkfr dk Hkh fofue; nj ij izHkko iM+rk gSA ;fn ns'k esa Jfedksa ,oa iwathifr;ksaosQ chp vPNs lEcU/ gSa_ dherksa vkSj etnwjh osQ Lrj esa leUo; gS_ vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa m|eh izfrHkk ,oa Jfedksaesa oqQ'kyrk gS rks bu lcdk ns'k dh eqnzk ij nh?kZdkyhu izHkko ;g gksrk gS fd ns'k dh fofue; nj vuqowQygksrh gSA


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Lo.kZeku osQ vUrxZr fofue; njksa esa ,d fuf'pr lhek rd gh mPpkopu gksrs gSa rFkk budh lhekvksa dk fuèkkZj.kLo.kZ fcUnqvksa }kjk gksrk gSA

vifjorZuh; dkxth eku osQ vUrxZr fofue; nj osQ mPpkopuksa dh lhekvksa dk fuèkkZj.k ;|fi Ø;&'kfDrlerk osQ vuqlkj gksrk gS] fdUrq Lo.kZeku dh Vad lerk osQ leku] Ø;&'kfDr lerk dh lhekvksa esa fLFkjrkugha jgrh oju~ blesa ifjorZu gksrs gSa


• Vadμ pkj ek'ks dh ,d rkSy

• LV²yxμ eqnzkA

• laoqQpuμ floqQM+ukA


1- fofue; nj dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, blosQ ?kVdksa dk foLrkjiwoZd o.kZu dhft,A


1. ls;lZ 2. fofue; nj 3. C;kt nj (iv) ekSfnzd uhfr

5. vUriZ.ku 6. Hkkjr 7. vkS|ksfxdA





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bdkbZ—15% fofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.k dk fl¼kar

bdkbZμ15% fofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.k dk fl¼kar

(Theories of Determination of Exchange Rate)


mís'; (Objectives)


15.1 fofue; nj osQ fu/kZj.k dk fl¼kar (ihihih] ekSfnzd) (Theories of Determination of

Exchange Rate (PPP, Monetary)





mís'; (Objectives)


• fofue; nj osQ fu/kZj.k osQ fl¼kar dh O;k[;k djus esaA


Lora=k fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk esa nks ns'kksa dh fofue; nj dks lnSo fuf'pr ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd mu eqnzkvksadh ekax ,oa iwfrZ esa gksus okyk ifjorZu fofue; nj dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA bl izdkj fons'kh fofue; cktkjesa fofue; nj dk fu/kZj.k ml fcanq ij gksrk gS tgk¡ fons'kh eqnzk dh ekax mldh oqQy iwfrZ osQ cjkcj gks tkrhgSA ;gk¡ eqnzk fu/kZj.k laca/h Ø;&'kfDr lerk fl¼kar dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu izLrqr gSA

15-1 fofue; nj osQ fu/kZj.k dk fl¼kar (ihihih] ekSfnzd) (Theories ofDetermination of Exchange Rate (PPP, Monetary)

izFke fo'o&;q¼ (1914&18) dh vofèk esa Lo.kZeku lekIr gks tkus osQ i'pkr~ cgqr&ls ns'kksa us i=k&eqnzkeku viukfy;k ftlls ;g egRoiw.kZ iz'u mifLFkr gqvk fd vifjorZu'khy dkxth eku okys ns'kksa esa fofue; nj dk fuèkkZj.kfdl izdkj fd;k tk,\ bl iz'u dk leqfpr mÙkj LVkdgkse (LohMu) osQ xqLVko oSQly (Gustav Cassel) usftUgksaus 1922 esa izdkf'kr viuh iqLrd “Money and Foreign Exchange After 1914” esa fofue; nj dks le>kusosQ fy, Ø; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr dk izfriknu fd;kA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd bl fl¼kUr dh loZizFke izkjfEHkdO;k[;k tku àhVys (John Wheatley) us 1802 esa viuh iqLrd “Remarks on Currency and Commerce” esadh] fdUrq bl fl¼kUr dks fodflr djus dk Js; izks- xqLVko oSQly dks gh tkrk gSA

fl¼kUr dh ifjHkk"kkμtc ,d ns'k dh eqnzk dk fons'kh eqnzk ls fofue; fd;k tkrk gS rks ml ns'k dh eqnzk dhØ;&'kfDr dk fons'kh eqnzk dh Ø;&'kfDr ls fofue; fd;k tkrk gSA blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd fofue;



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nj dks fuèkkZfjr djus okyk eq[; rRo nks ns'kksa dh lkisf{kd Ø; 'kfDr gSA tc nks eqnzkvksa dk fofue; fd;k tkrkgS rks okLro esa nks eqnzkvksa dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; Ø; 'kfDr dk fofue; fd;k tkrk gSA bl vkèkkj ij fofue; dh lUrqyunj ,slh gksuh pkfg, fd eqnzkvksa osQ fofue; ls leku Ø; 'kfDr dk fofue; gksA ,d mnkgj.k nsdj bls le>k;ktk ldrk gSA ;fn vejhdk esa 1 Mkyj }kjk mruk gh xsgwa [kjhnk tk ldrk gS ftruk fd Hkkjr esa 40 #i;s }kjk[kjhnk tk ldrk gS rks bl fLFkfr esa Mkyj vkSj #i;s dh fofue; nj 1 % 40 gksxhA ,d nwljs mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj;fn ,d lkbfdy dh dher baxyS.M esa 15 ikS.M gS rFkk vejhdk esa ,d lkbfdy dh dher 30 Mkyj gS rksØ; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj baxyS.M vkSj vejhdk esa fofue; nj 1 ikS.M = 2 Mkyj gksxhA vc geØ; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr dh oqQN ifjHkk"kkvksa ij fopkj djsaxsA

xqLrko oSQly osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶nks eqnzkvksa dh fofue; nj vko';d :i ls bu eqnzkvksa dh vkUrfjd Ø; 'kfDrosQ HkkxiQy ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA¸

¶fdUgha nks ns'kksa esa Ø;'kfDr lerk ,d ns'k dh eqnzk dh og ek=kk gS ftlls mruh eqnzk okys fdlhO;fDr dks mruh gh Ø; 'kfDr izkIr gksrh gS vFkkZr~ mlls mruh oLrq,¡ vkSj lsok,¡ [kjhnh tk ldrhgSa ftruh fd nwljs ns'k dh fuf'pr eqnzk ls [kjhnh tk ldrh gSA¸

th- Mh- ,p- dksy osQ vuqlkj] ¶mu jk"Vªh; eqnzkvksa dk ewY; tgka Lo.kZeku ugha gS] nh?kZdky esa mudh oLrqvksavkSj lsokvksa dh Ø; 'kfDr }kjk fuf'pr gksrk gSA

,l- bZ- Vkel osQ vuqlkj] ¶tcfd fdlh fo'ks"k le; esa] ,d ns'k dh pyu eqnzk dk ewY;] nwljs ns'k dh pyueqnzk dh rqyuk esa cktkj dh ek¡x vkSj iw£r dh n'kkvksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS] nh?kZdky esa ;g ewY; nksuksa ns'kksa dheqnzkvksa osQ vkisf{kd ewY; }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS tks izR;sd ns'k esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh lkisf{kd Ø; 'kfDr}kjk O;Dr gksrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa] fofue; nj dh izo`fÙk ml fcUnq ij fLFkj jgus dh gksrh gS tgka nksuksa ns'kksa dheqnzkvksa dh Ø; 'kfDr leku gksrh gSA bl fcUnq dks gh Ø; 'kfDr lerk dgrs gSaA¸

vifjorZuh; dkxtheku osQ vUrxZr fdlh ns'k dh eqnzk dk oká ewY; vko';d vkSj vfUre :i ls] ml ns'k dh]eqnzk dh fons'kh eqnzk dh rqyuk esa] ?kjsyw Ø; 'kfDr ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA

fl¼kUr osQ nks :i (Two Varsions of Theory)

Ø; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr dks nks :iksa esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSμfl¼kUr dk fujis{k Lo:i rFkk lkisf{kdLo:iA Ø; 'kfDr lerk osQ lkisf{kd Lo:i dk izfriknu oSQly us fd;k gSA vc ge bu nksuksa dk foLrkj lsfoospu djsaxsA

Ø; 'kfDr lerkμfujis{k Lo:i (Absolute version)μØ; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr dk fujis{k :i ;g Li"Vdjrk gS fd nks ns'kksa esa fofue; nj lkekU; :i ls mudh vkUrfjd Ø; 'kfDr osQ vuq:i gksrh gSA bls ,d mnkgj.k}kjk Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekuk Hkkjr esa X izfrfufèk oLrqvksa dh dher 40 #i;s gS rFkk mruh gh oLrqvksa dhdher vejhdk esa ,d Mkyj gSA ;fn fofue; dh pkyw nj 40 #i;s = 1 Mkyj gS rks fuf'pr nh gqbZ oLrqvksa dhdher fdlh Hkh ns'k esa mruh gh gksxh vFkkZr~ leku gksxhA ,oa fofue; nj Ø; 'kfDr lerk fcUnq ij gksxhA blsfuEu lw=k ls O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

fofue; nj = ns' k esa pyu dh bdkbZns' k esa pyu dh bdkbZ

esa vkUrfjd Ø; 'kfDr

esa vkUrfjd Ø; 'kfDr

AB

= B

A

mi;qZDr lw=k esa nk;ha vksj dk i{k fons'kh fofue; nj crkrk gS tgka B ns'k dh eqnzk dks fons'kh eqnzk ekuk x;k gSA

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fujis{k Lo:i osQ vUrxZr fons'kh fofue; nj dk fuèkkZj.k ?kjsyw eqnzk dh vkUrfjd Ø; 'kfDr osQ vuqikr}kjk gksrk gSA nks fofHkUu eqnzkvksa dh vkUrfjd Ø; 'kfDr osQ vuqikr dks gh Ø; 'kfDr lerk dgrs gSaA ;g fl¼kUrcrkrk gS fd tc O;kikj djus okys ns'kksa esa eqnzk dh Ø; 'kfDr leku jgrh gS rks muesa fofue; nj lUrqyu esajgrh gSaA

Ø; 'kfDr lerk dk fujis{k Lo:i bl ekU;rk ij vkèkkfjr gS fd fo'o esa O;kikj osQ }kjk izR;sd ns'k esa oLrqvksadh dherksa esa lekurk LFkkfir gks tkrh gSA

fujis{k Lo:i osQ nks"kμfujis{k Lo:i ns[kus esa ljy yxrk gS fdUrq O;kogkfjd :i ls ;g egRoghu gS] D;ksafd;g vkUrfjd ewY;ksa osQ osQoy fujis{k Lrjksa dks ukirk gS rFkk lkisf{kd ewY;ksa dh vogsyuk djrk gSA fdUrq ;glqfofnr gS fd eqnzk osQ ewY; dks osQoy fujis{k vkèkkjksa ij ugha ukik tk ldrkA ;g Hkh Li"V gs fd nks ns'kksa esaftu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu ,oa Ø; fd;k tkrk gS] muosQ xq.kksa esa fHkUurk jgrh gS vr% nks ns'kksa dh oLrqvksa osQ ewY;ksaesa lekurk LFkkfir djuk lEHko ugha gSA bUgha nks"kksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, oSQly us Ø; 'kfDr lerk osQ lkisf{kdvFkok rqyukRed Lo:i dks izfrikfnr fd;kA

Ø; 'kfDr lerk lkisf{kd Lo:i (Relative Version of the Theory)

oSQly }kjk izfrikfnr Ø; 'kfDr dk lkisf{kd Lo:i mi;qZDr fujis{k Lo:i osQ lUrqyu n`f"Vdks.k ls fHkUu gSAlkisf{kd Lo:i esa fofue; nj osQ ifjorZuksa dks Kkr djus osQ fy, vkUrfjd Ø; 'kfDr osQ ifjorZuksa dks è;kuesa j[kk tkrk gSA lkisf{kd Lo:i Li"V djrk gS fd fofue; dh lUrqyu nj esa gksus okys ifjorZu nks ns'kksadh eqnzkvksa dh Ø;'kfDr osQ vuqikr esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa }kjk izHkkfor gksrs gSaA ifjorZu dks Kkr djusosQ fy, fdlh iwoZ&vofèk dh nj dks lUrqyu nj eku fy;k tkrk gS ,oa fiQj ns'kksa dh eqnzkvksa dh vkUrfjd Ø;'kfDr esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa osQ vkèkkj ij lUrqyu nj esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dh x.kuk dh tkrh gS vkSj bl vkèkkjij fofue; dh u;h lUrqyu nj Kkr dh tk ldrh gSA bl izdkj lkisf{kd :i esa fl¼kUr dk mís'; nks ns'kksaosQ chp lkE; nj dk irk yxkuk ugha gksrk cfYd igys ls fuèkkZfjr lkE; nj esa ifjorZu dh fn'kk ;k ek=kk dkirk yxkuk gksrk gSA bls fuEu lw=k }kjk Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

fofue; nj = vkèkkj o"kZ dh fofue; nj ×

bls ge ,d mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dj ldrs gSaA ekuyks vkèkkj o"kZ (1951) esa Hkkjr vkSj vejhdk osQ chp fofue;nj 1 #i;s = 20 ls.V gS rFkk nksuksa ns'kksa esa dherksa dk lwpdkad 100 gS (vkèkkj o"kZ dk dher lwpdkad lnSo100 gh eku fy;k tkrk gS) vc pkyw o"kZ (2002) esa Hkkjr esa dherksa dk lwpdkad c<+dj 500 gks tkrk gS rFkkvejhdk esa lwpdkad c<+dj 200 gks tkrk gS rks u;h fofue; nj bl izdkj gksxhμ

1 #i;k = 20 ls.V × 100500

200100

×

= 20 ls.V × 25

= 8 ls.VA

vFkkZr~ u;h fofue; nj 1 #i;k = 8 ls.V gksxhA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa pkyw o"kZ esa] dherksa dk lwpdkadvejhdk dh rqyuk esa <kbZ xquk gks x;k gSa bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd Hkkjr osQ #i;s dh dher de gks x;h gSA ;gk¡;g è;ku jgs fd vkèkkj o"kZ dk lwpdkad 100 eku fy;k tkrk gSA


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;fn nks ns'kksa osQ dher lwpdkad esa leku ifjorZu gksrk gS rks fofue; nj Hkh oghjgsxh vFkkZr~ mlesa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksxkA

;fn Hkkjr esa lwpdkad c<+dj nqxquk gks tk; rFkk vejhdk esa Hkh dherksa dk funsZ'kkad c<+dj nqxquk gks tk; rks#i;k vkSj Mkyj dh fofue; nj iqjkuh nj osQ leku 1 #i;k = 20 ls.V gh jgsxhA

;fn ge ekuysa fd nksuksa ns'kksa esa dherksa osQ Lrj esa dksbZ ifjorZu u gks fdUrq fdlh dkj.k ls fofue; nj 1 #i;k= 25 ls.V gks tkrh gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd #i;s dh Ø; 'kfDr vejhdk esa c<+ x;h gS vr% yksxksa dks blls ykHkgksxk fd ,d #i;s esa 25 ls.V izkIr djsa rFkk fuf'pr oLrqvksa (mnkgj.k osQ fy, X oLrqvksa dk lewg) dks vejhdkesa 20 ls.V esa [kjhndj mls Hkkjr esa 1 #i;s esa csp nsa vkSj izR;sd lkSns ij 5 ls.V dk ykHk izkIr djsaA blls Hkkjresa Mkyj dh ek¡x c<+ tk,xh fdUrq bldh iw£r de gks tk,xh D;ksafd vc cgqr de yksx Hkkjr ls vejhdk dksoLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djsaxsA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd #i;s dh rqyuk esa Mkyj dk ewY; c<+ tk,xk rFkk fofue;nj iqu% iqjkuh nj 1 #i;s = 20 ls.V gks tk,xh tks Hkkjr vkSj vefjdk osQ chp Ø; 'kfDr lerk nj gksxhA

Ø; 'kfDr lerk esa ifjorZu dh eki osQ fy, ,YlcFkz us fuEukafdr lehdj.k viuk;k %

Rp = Rb ×

vFkkZr~

ftl ns'k dh eqnzk esa iqjkuh lkE; nj (Rb) O;Dr dh tk,xh] P1 osQ LFkku ij mlh ns'k dk dher lwpdkad j[kktk,xk rFkk P2 nwljs ns'k dk dher lwpdkad gksxkA

fofue; nj esa ifjorZu dh lhek,¡μØ; 'kfDrlerk fl¼kUr osQ mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gS fdfofue; nj esa ifjorZu dk eq[; dkj.k] lEcfUèkreqnzkvksa dh Ø;'kfDr esa gksus okyk ifjorZu gSAfofue; nj ls rc rd dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksxk tcrd eqnzkvksa dh Ø; 'kfDr esa ifjorZu u gksA cktkjdh fofue; nj] ns'k dh eqnzk dh ek¡x o iw£r esaifjorZu gksus ij lkekU; nj ls de ;k vfèkd gksldrh gSA cktkj dh fofue; nj esa fdu lhekvksard mPpkopu vFkok ifjorZu gksaxs] og oLrqvksaosQ ifjogu O;; iz'kqYd] chek&'kqYd] iS dx O;;]bR;kfn ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA fdUrq ;g è;ku j[kukpkfg, fd Ø;&'kfDr lerk esa ifjorZu dh lhek,a bruh fuf'pr ugha gksrh ftruh fd fofue; dh Vdlkyh njosQ vUrxZr gksrh gSA fofue; nj osQ mPpkopuksa dh lhekvksa dks oLrq fu;kZr fcUnq rFkk oLrq vk;kr& fcUnq dgrsgSaA js[kkfp=k 15-1 esa fofue; nj osQ mPpkopuksa dks Li"V fd;k x;k gSA

js[kkfp=k ls Li"V gS fd cktkjh fofue; nj] Ø;&'kfDr lerk fcUnq osQ vkl&ikl ?kwerh gS rFkk mldh nh?kZdkyhuizo`fÙk Ø;&'kfDr lerk fcUnq osQ lehi jgus dh gksrh gSA

fp=k 15-1

fons'kh fofue; dh ekax vkSj iw£r

oLrq vk;kr fcUnq

fofue; nj

Ø;'kfÙkQ lerk

oLrq fu;kZr fcUnq

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Ø;&'kfDr lerk fl¼kar dks fdrus :iksa esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS \

Ø;&'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr dh vkykspuk (Criticism of the Purchasing Power ParityTheory)

Ø; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr osQ fujis{k vkSj lk{ksi nksuksa :iksa esa oqQN u oqQN detksfj;k¡ gSaA ;s ns'kksa esa okLrfodfofue; nj] ml fofue; nj ls fHkUu gksrh gS ftldh x.kuk Ø;&'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr osQ vkèkkj ij dh tkrhgSA bl fl¼kUr dh eq[; vkykspuk,a ØkmFkj] osQUl] gke ,oa uoZQls] vkfn vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us dh gSA eq[;vkykspuk,¡ bl izdkj gSaμ

(1) fofue; nj ij vU; rRoksa dk izHkkoμØ;&'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr ;g ekudj pyrk gS fd nks ns'kksa dheqnzkvksa dh Ø;&'kfDr ,oa fofue; nj esa izR;{k lEcUèk jgrk gS fdUrq O;kogkfjd :i esa bu nksuksa esa izR;{k lEcUèkugha gksrk vkSj u gh fofue; nj osQoy Ø;&'kfDr }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrh gSA osQUl osQ vuqlkj fofue; nj] Ø;&'kfDrosQ vfrfjDr vU; rRoksa }kjk Hkh izHkkfor gksrh gS_ tSls iz'kqYd] lV~Vk] iw¡th dk vkokxeu] ek¡x dh ikjLifjd yksp]bR;kfnA ;s lc rRo feydj fons'kh fofue; dh ek¡x vkSj iw£r dks izHkkfor djrs gSa ftudk izHkko fofue; nj ijiM+rk gSA Ø; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr bu rRoksa dh mis{kk djrk gSA

(2) fofue; nj dk fuèkkZj.k oLrq ewY; ls ugha oju~ eqnzkvksa dh ek¡x iw£r lsμvkykspdksa dk dguk gS fdfofue; njksa dk fuèkkZj.k] oLrqvksa osQ ewY;ksa ls ugha cfYd lEcfUèkr ns'kksa dh eqnzkvksa dh ek¡x vkSj iw£r }kjk gksrkgSA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd ,d ns'k osQ ewY; Lrj dk fofue; nj ls dksbZ lhèkk lEcUèk ugha gksrkA ;fn fdlh ns'kdk ewY; Lrj de gS rks mldh oLrqvksa dh ek¡x fons'kksa esa c<+ tkrh gS ftlls Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, ml ns'k dheqnzk dh ek¡x c<+ tkrh gS vkSj fofue; nj c<+us yxrh gSA vr% fofue; nj dks izHkkfor djus okyk eq[; dkj.keqnzk dh ek¡x gSA gka] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd oLrqvksa dk ewY; osQoy vkaf'kd :i esa gh fofue; nj dks izHkkfordjrk gSA

(3) fofue; nj dh iwoZ ekU;rk ,oa mlesa dfBukbZμtc ge fofue; nj esa ifjorZuksa dks ukiuk pkgrs gSarks ge iwoZ dh lUrqyu fofue; nj dks ekudj pyrs gSa fdUrq iwoZ esa izpfyr lUrqyu nj dks Kkr djuk ljyugha gSA Lo;a oSQly us bldh dfBukbZ dks Lohdkj djrs gq, dgk gS fd ¶nks ns'kksa esa eqnzkvksa dh Ø;&'kfDr esaifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i fofue; nj dh x.kuk mlh le; dh tk ldrh gS tc ge fdlh fo'ks"k lUrqyu dks izdVdjus okyh fofue; nj tkurs gSaA¸

(4) vk£Fkd n'kkvksa esa ifjorZu dk izHkkoμØ;&'kfDr lerk osQ vUrxZr nks eqnzkvksa esa lUrqyu fofue; njmlh le; LFkkfir gks ldrh gS tc nksuksa ns'kksa esa vk£Fkd n'kk,a vifjo£rr jgsaA fdUrq okLro esa vk£Fkd n'kkvksaesa ifjorZu gksrs jgrs gSa tks fofue; njksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA Hkys gh nksuksa ns'kksa esa dherksa dk Lrj vifjo£rrjgs] fdUrq ;fn yksxksa dh #fp] iSQ'ku vFkok vk; esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rks blls ikjLifjd ek¡x ij izHkko iM+rkgS ftlls fofue; nj ifjo£rr gksrh gSA Ø; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr bu rRoksa dh mis{kk djrk gSA

(5) vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh oLrqvksa ij gh izHkko'khyμoqQN vkykspdksa dk er gS fd Ø;&'kfDr lerkfl¼kUr mlh le; ekU; gksrk gS tc bls mu oLrqvksa ij ykxw fd;k tk, ftudk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj fd;k tkrkgS] fdUrq tc bls lkekU; ewY; Lrj ij ykxw fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g ykxw ugha gksrkA vr% vUrjkZ"Vªh; oLrqvksa osQlEcUèk esa Hkh mDr fl¼kUr ,d Lor%&fl¼ foospu (Truism) osQ vykok oqQN ugha gSA

(6) oLrqvksa esa fofHkUurkμØ;&'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr ;g ekudj pyrk gS fd nks ns'kksa esa oLrqvksa osQ lewgksa esa,d:irk jgrh gS] fdUrq ;g ekU;rk xyr gS D;ksafd HkkSxksfyd Je&foHkktu osQ dkj.k ns'kksa osQ mRiknu esafofHkUurk jgrh gS vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd mRiknu rqyukRed ykxr osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA tc ns'kksa esa oLrqvksa


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esa fofHkUurk jgsxh] rks Ø;&'kfDr osQ vkèkkj ij fofue; nj dk fuèkkZj.k oSQls gksxk\ bl fcUnq ij Ø; 'kfDr lerkfl¼kUr dksbZ izdk'k ugha MkyrkA

(7) dher Lrj esa ifjorZu ¶vLi"V¸ ,oa ¶Hkzked¸μfofue; nj esa ifjorZu osQ fy, dher Lrj esa ifjorZudks vkèkkj ekuk x;k gS] fdUrq ;g cgqr gh vLi"V gSA ;g è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, fd leLr oLrqvksa esa ,dlekuifjorZu ugha gksrk vFkkZr~ u rks lc oLrqvksa dh dhersa ,d lkFk c<+rh gSa vkSj u gh ,d lkFk ?kVrh gSaA ;fn dhersac<+rh Hkh gSa rks oqQN oLrqvksa dh dhersa vU; oLrqvksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd c<+rh gSaA ,slh n'kkvksa osQ vUrxZr fofHkUuns'kksa esa dherksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dh lkekU; vFkok ljy :i esa rqyuk ugha dh tk ldrhA

(8) fujis{k Lo:i esa ifjogu ykxr dh vogsyukμØ;&'kfDr lerk dk fujis{k Lo:i oLrqvksa osQ ifjoguO;; ij dksbZ è;ku ugha nsrkA ;g fl¼kUr mlh le; ykxw gks ldrk gS tc nks ns'kksa esa oLrqvksa dk LorU=k vkSjfcuk ifjogu ykxr osQ izHkko (xfr'khyrk) gksA bl ekU;rk osQ vUrxZr u osQoy vkSlr dher Lrj leku gksrkgS oju~ izR;sd oLrq dh dher Hkh ,d&lh gksrh gSA fdUrq ;g ekU;rk mfpr ugha D;ksafd oLrqvksa osQ ifjogu O;;osQ vkèkkj ij rks nks ns'kksa dh oLrqvksa osQ ewY;ksa esa fHkUurk gksrh gS] blosQ vfrfjDr] vU; dkj.kksa ls Hkh oLrqvksaosQ ewY;ksa esa vUrj gksrk gSA

(9) lwpdkadksa dh x.kuk esa dfBukbZμvkykspdksa osQ vuqlkj bl fl¼kUr esa lwpdkadksa dks fofue; njksa esaifjorZu dk vkèkkj ekuk x;k gS tcfd lwpdkadksa osQ vkèkkj ij fofue; nj Kkr djus esa dkiQh dfBukbZ gksrhgSA dher lwpdkad dbZ izdkj osQ gksrs gSa_ tSls Fkksd ewY;] thou&fuokZg ,oa etnwjh lwpdkad] bR;kfnA vr% iz'umifLFkr gksrk gS fd Ø;&'kfDr dh x.kuk djus osQ fy, fdl lwpdkad dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,\ blosQ lEcUèk esafl¼kUr Li"V gS vkSj fiQj nks ns'kksa osQ lwpdkadksa dh rqyuk djuk lEHko ugha gS] D;ksafd nksuksa ns'kksa osQ vkèkkj o"kZ]izfrfufèk oLrqvksa ,oa muosQ fn;s tkus okys Hkkj (Weight) esa fHkUurk gksrh gSA

(10) fofue; nj dk Hkh dher Lrj ij izHkko iM+rk gSμfl¼kUr ;g ekudj pyrk gS fd dher Lrj esagksus okys ifjorZu rks fofue; nj dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] fdUrq ;g fl¼kUr ;g ugha ekurk fd fofue; nj ifjorZuksadk Hkh dher Lrj ij izHkko gksrk gS] fdUrq ;g mfpr ugha gS] D;ksafd vkuqHkfod izek.k ;g fl¼ djrs gSa fdfofue; nj dk Hkh dher Lrjksa ij izHkko iM+rk gSA bl lEcUèk esa izfl¼ ekSfnzd vFkZ'kkL=kh gke(G.N. Halm) us er O;Dr fd;k gS fd jk"Vªh; dher Lrj fofue; nj dk vuqlj.k djrs gSa u fd mls izHkkfordjrs gSaA

(11) LFkSfrd fLFkfr esa gh izHkko'khyμØ;'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr dk ,d nks"k ;g gS fd ;g osQoy LFkSfrd(Stationary) n'kkvksa esa gh ykxw gksrk gSa blesa nks ns'kksa osQ vk£Fkd lEcUèkksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa ,oa xfr'khyrkdh vogsyuk dh x;h gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc nks O;kikj djus okys ns'kksa esa ,d rhljk ns'k izfr;ksxh osQ :iesa izos'k djrk gS rks fuf'pr gh nks ns'kksa osQ O;kikj ,oa fofue; nj ij izHkko iM+rk gSA

(12) uoZQls }kjk vkykspukμØ; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr dh vkykspuk djrs gq, uoZQls (Prof. Nurkse) dgrsgSa fd ;g fl¼kUr osQoy dherksa osQ mrkj&p<+ko dks gh fofue; nj fuèkkZj.k dk vkèkkj ekurk gS ,oa ek¡x dksizHkkfor djus okys vU; rRoksa dh vogsyuk djrk gSA muosQ gh 'kCnksa esa] ¶;g fl¼kUr ek¡x dks osQoy dher dkiQyu ekurk gS rFkk oqQy vk; ,oa O;; esa O;kikj pØ osQ iQyLo:i gksus okys ifjorzuksa dh dksbZ O;k[;k ughadjrk tks fons'kh O;kikj osQ ewy ,oa ek=kk dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA¸

(13) fl¼kUr ek=k oLrq dher lerk ij vkèkkfjr gSμØ;&'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr] fofue; nj dks fuèkkZfjrdjus esa osQoy oLrqvksa dh dherksa dks gh vkèkkj ekurk gS vkSj blosQ vfrfjDr Hkqxrku 'ks"k osQ vUrxZr vU; rRoksaij fopkj ugha djrkA fd.MyctZj dk er gS fd Ø; 'kfDr lerk osQoy O;kikj djus okys ns'kksa osQ fy, ghmi;qDr gS rFkk ;g ,sls ns'kksa dk dksbZ iFk izn'kZu ugha djrk tks O;kikjh ,oa cSadj nksuksa gSaA¸ ( 1 4 )ek=k nh?kZdkyhu foospuμfl¼kUr dh ,d detksjh ;g Hkh gS fd ;g vfèkd ls vfèkd fofue; njksa dhnh?kZdkyhu izo`fÙk dks Li"V djrk gS] vYidky esa fofue; njksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dh O;k[;k ugha djrkA osQUl

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dk er gS fd pwafd ge lc nh?kZdky esa ej tkrs gSa vr% ,sls fl¼kUr dk dksbZ O;kogkfjd egRo ugha gS tksvYidky esa leL;k dk lekèkku ugha djrkA

(15) LorU=k O;kikj esa ckèkk,¡μØ; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr ;g ekudj pyrk gS fd nks ns'kksa esa fcuk fdlhizfrcUèk osQ LorU=k O;kikj gksrk gS] fdUrq okLrfodrk ;g gS fd ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj esa dbZ izdkj dh ckèkk,ajgrh gSa_ tSls vk;kr&fu;kZr izfrcUèk] fofue; fu;U=k.k] vkfnA ;gka rd fd ftl le; oSQly us mDr fl¼kUrizfrikfnr fd;k Fkk ml le; Hkh O;kikj esa dbZ izdkj osQ fu;U=k.k yxs gq, FksA bls nf"V esa j[krs gq, eqnzk dh fofue;nj fuèkkZfjr djus okyk fl¼kUr O;kogkfjd :i ls egRoghu gSA

mi;qZDr vkykspukvksa osQ vkèkkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k gS fd Ø;'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr fofue; nj dks fuèkkZfjrdjus dh dksbZ lUrks"ktud O;k[;k izLrqr ugha djrk vkSj u gh bldk iz;ksx fofue; dh lUrqyu nj dh x.kukosQ fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd gke bldh vkykspuk djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ¶Ø; 'kfDr lerkdks lUrqyu nj Kkr djus vFkok vUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrku lUrqyu osQ fopyu dh okLrfod x.kuk djus esa iz;qDr ughafd;k tk ldrkA vfèkd ls vfèkd Ø; 'kfDr lerk dk iz;ksx ml vuqekfur Js.kh dks tkuus osQ fy, fd;k tkldrk gS ftlosQ vUrxZr fofue; dh lUrqyu nj dks Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Ø; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr dk ewY;kadu

bl fl¼kUr osQ mi;qZDr foospu osQ vkèkkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd Ø;'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr fofue; nj dksfuèkkZfjr djus okyh nh?kZdkyhu ugha oju~ rkRdkfyd 'kfDr;ksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA fl¼kUr dh detksfj;ksa osQckotwn bls leLr ekSfnzd n'kkvksa esa nh?kZdky esa fofue; nj dks fuèkkZfjr djus okyk lkjiw.kZ Li"Vhdj.k Lohdkjfd;k tkrk gSA ;g fl¼kUr bl ckr dh O;k[;k Hkh djrk gS fd Hkqxrku 'ks"k dk fuèkkZj.k oSQls gksrk gSA bllsLi"V gksrk gS fd ns'kksa osQ lkisf{kd ewY; Lrjksa esa ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i gh ns'kksa osQ O;kikj ,oa Hkqxrku esaifjorZu gksrk gSA ;g fl¼kUr fofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.k esa] dher Lrj osQ izHkko dh leqfpr O;k[;k djrk gSA;fn O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls fopkj fd;k tk; rks Ø; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr] Vdlkyh lerk fl¼kUr ij ,degRoiw.kZ lqèkkj gSA

;g fl¼kUr ml le; dkiQh egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS tgka dherksa osQ mrkj&p<+ko fofue; nj dks cgqr vfèkdizHkkfor djrs gSa fdUrq tc dherksa osQ mPpkopu brus vfèkd izHkkoiw.kZ ugha gkssrs rks ;g fl¼kUr Hkh vfèkdegRoiw.kZ fl¼ ugha gksrk] fdUrq bl fl¼kUr dh vkykspukvksa ls ;g fu"d"kZ ugha fudkyk tkuk pkfg, fd;g fl¼kUr egRoghu gSA



1. izFke fo'o ;q¼ (1914&1918) dh vof/ esa Lo.kZeku lekIr gks tkus osQ i'pkr~ cgqr ls ns'kksa us-------- viuk fy;kA

2. fofue; nj dks fu/kZfjr djus okyk eq[; rRo -------- ns'kksa dh lkisf{kd Ø;&'kfDr gSA

3. tc nks eqnzkvksa dk fofue; fd;k tkrk gS rks okLro esa nks eqnzkvksa dh -------- dk fofue; fd;k tkrk gSA

4. -------- osQ vuqlkj] ^tcfd fdlh fo'ks"k le; esa] ,d ns'k dh pyu eqnzk dk ewY; nwljs ns'k dh pyueqnzk dh rqyuk esa cktkj dh ek¡x vkSj iw£r dh n'kkvksa }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA**

5. -------- }kjk izfrikfnr Ø;&'kfDr dk lkisf{kd Lo:i fujis{k Lo:i osQ lUrqyu n`f"Vdks.k ls fHkUu gSA

(vi) fofue; nj osQ mPpkopuksa dh lhekvksa dks -------- rFkk -------- dgrs gSaA


uksV



• xqLVko oSQly (Gustav Cassel) us ftUgksaus 1922 esa izdkf'kr viuh iqLrd “Money and Foreign

Exchange After 1914” esa fofue; nj dks le>kus osQ fy, Ø; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr dk izfriknu fd;kA

• bl fl¼kUr dh loZizFke izkjfEHkd O;k[;k tku àhVys (John Wheatley) us 1802 esa viuh iqLrd“Remarks on Currency and Commerce” esa dh] fdUrq bl fl¼kUr dks fodflr djus dk Js;izks- xqLVko oSQly dks gh tkrk gSA

• tc ,d ns'k dh eqnzk dk fons'kh eqnzk ls fofue; fd;k tkrk gS rks ml ns'k dh eqnzk dh Ø;&'kfDr dkfons'kh eqnzk dh Ø;&'kfDr ls fofue; fd;k tkrk gSA

• Ø; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr dks nks :iksa esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSμfl¼kUr dk fujis{k Lo:i rFkklkisf{kd Lo:iA

• Ø; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr osQ mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd fofue; nj esa ifjorZu dk eq[; dkj.k]lEcfUèkr eqnzkvksa dh Ø;'kfDr esa gksus okyk ifjorZu gSA

• Ø;&'kfDr lerk esa ifjorZu dh lhek,a bruh fuf'pr ugha gksrh ftruh fd fofue; dh Vdlkyh nj osQvUrxZr gksrh gSA

• Ø; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr osQ fujis{k vkSj lk{ksi nksuksa :iksa esa oqQN u oqQN detksfj;k¡ gSaA ;s ns'kksa esaokLrfod fofue; nj] ml fofue; nj ls fHkUu gksrh gS ftldh x.kuk Ø;&'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr osQ vkèkkjij dh tkrh gSA


••••• fofue;μ vny&cny] ysu&nsuA

••••• lkisf{kdμ lkis{k] fdlh dh vis{kk djus okykA

••••• fujis{kμ mnklhu] misf{krA


1. ewY; fu/kZj.k laca/h Ø;&'kfDr lerk fl¼kar D;k gS\ le>kb,A

2. Ø;&'kfDr lerk fl¼kar dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k dhft, rFkk blosQ lkis{k ,oa fujis{k Lo:i ijizdk'k Mkfy,A


1. i=k eqnzkeku 2. nks 3. varjkZ"Vªh; Ø; 'kfDr

4. ,l-bZ- VkWEl 5. oSQly 6. oLrq fu;kZr fcUnq] oLrq vk;kr fcUnq





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bdkbZ—16% fofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.k dk fl¼kar (i=kk/ku vkSj Hkqxrku larqyu)

bdkbZμ16% fofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.k dk fl¼kar

(i=kk/ku vkSj Hkqxrku larqyu) (Theories ofDetermination of Exchange Rate) (Portfolio

and Balance of Payment)


mís'; (Objectives)


16.1 fofue; nj osQ fu/kZj.k dk fl¼kar (i=kk/ku vkSj Hkqxrku larqyu) (Theories of Determination

of Exchange Rate) (Portfolio and Balance of Payments)





mís'; (Objectives)


• fons'kh fofue; nj fu/kZj.k fl¼kar dh O;k[;k djus esaA


ns'k dh eqnzk dh rqyuk esa] fons'kh eqnzk osQ ewY; dk fuèkkZj.k] fons'kh fofue; cktkj esa ek¡x vkSj iw£r dh 'kfDr;ksa}kjk gksrk gS ,oa ek¡x rFkk iw£r dh 'kfDr;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k vUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrku&'ks"k vFkok Hkqxrku lUrqyu dhfofHkUu enksa }kjk gksrk gSA tc Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa ?kkVk gksrk gS rks fofue; nj esa deh gks tkrh gSA mlosQfoijhr] tc Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vkfèkD; gksrk gS rks fofue; nj esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA

16-1 fofue; nj osQ fu/kZj.k dk fl¼kar (i=kk/ku vkSj Hkqxrku larqyu) (Theoriesof Determination of Exchange Rate) (Portfolio and Balance ofPayments)

Hkqxrku&'ks"k fl¼kUr ;g Li"V djrk gS fd fofue; nj dk fuèkkZj.k ek¡x vkSj iw£r osQ lUnHkZ esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k }kjkgksrk gSA bl fl¼kUr dks fofue; nj dk ek¡x vkSj iw£r dk fl¼kUr Hkh dgrs gSaA tgk¡ Ø;&'kfDr lerk fl¼kUrfofue; nj dh O;k[;k ewY;&Lrjksa esa ifjorZu dh n`f"V ls djrk gS] Hkqxrku&'ks"k fl¼kUr crkrk gS fd fofue;nj eqnzk dh ek¡x&iw£r dk iQyu gS] fdUrq Ø;'kfDr fl¼kUr] fofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.k esa] mu vn'; enksa (Invisible



uksV


Items) dks 'kkfey ugha djrk ftUgsa Hkqxrku&'ks"k fl¼kUr djrk gSA Hkqxrku&'ks"k fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj] fons'khfofue; dh ek¡x] Hkqxrku&'ks"k eas ?kkVs lEcUèkh enksa osQ dkj.k gksrh gS rFkk fons'kh fofue; dh iw£r vfrjsd lEcUèkhenksa osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA pwafd ;g fl¼kUr ekudj pyrk gS fd fons'kh eqnzk dh ek¡x vkSj iw£r dk fuèkkZj.kHkqxrku&'ks"k dh fLFkfr }kjk gksrk gS] bldk vk'k; ;g gS fd mDr ek¡x vkSj iw£r dk fuèkkZj.k ,sls rRoksa }kjk gksrkgS tks fofue; nj osQ ifjorZu vFkok ekSfnzd uhfr ls LorU=k gksrs gSaA vr% fofHkUu ns'kksa dh fofue; njsa muosQekSfyd Hkqxrku&'ks"k }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrh gSaA ;|fi Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vU; enksa dk lekos'k Hkh gksrk gS] fdUrqmlesa oLrqvksa dh Ø;&foØ; (O;kikj&'ks"k) lEcUèkh ensa eq[; gksrh gSaA lkèkkj.k :i ls fu;kZr] vk;krksa dkHkqxrku djrs gSa (Exports pay for Imports) vFkkZr~ fu;kZrksa ls tks fons'kh eqnzk izkIr gksrh gS] mlls vk;krksa dkHkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS] blosQ vfrfjDr] Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh vU; ensa Hkh fons'kh eqnzk dh ek¡x vkSj iw£r dks izHkkfordjrh gSa ftudk fofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.k esa izHkko gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ftl ns'k dh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksaosQ fu;kZr] vk;kr ls vfèkd gksrs gSa mldh eqnzk dh ek¡x] iw£r ls vfèkd gks tkrh gS vr% ml ns'k dh fofue;nj c<+us yxrh gSA bldh foijhr fLFkfr esa eqnzk dh fofue; nj esa fxjkoV gksus yxrh gSA

la{ksi esa] fofue; nj fuèkkZj.k dk Hkqxrku lUrqyu fl¼kUr bl rF; ij vkèkkfjr gS fd fu;kZr gh vk;krksa dkHkqxrku djrs gSa (Exports pay for the imports) A bldk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd lUrqfyr fofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.kosQ fy, fdlh ns'k osQ oqQy vk;krksa ,oa oqQy fu;kZrksa dk ewY; leku gksuk pkfg, rkfd izR;sd ns'k osQ Hkqxrku(Payments) rFkk izkfIr;k¡ (Receipts) leku gksaA bl fl¼kUr dks fons'kh fofue; dk lUrqyu fl¼kUr(Equilibrium Theory of Foreign Exchange) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

lkèkkj.k :i ls fu;kZr] vk;krksa dk Hkqxrku djrs gSa (Exports pay for Imports)

vFkkZr~ fu;kZrksa ls tks fons'kh eqnzk izkIr gksrh gS] mlls vk;krksa dk Hkqxrku fd;k

tkrk gSA

js[kkfp=k }kjk Li"Vhdj.kμHkqxrku&'ks"k fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj ;fn ek¡x vkSj iw£r dh vuqlwfp;k¡ nh gqbZ gksa rks tgk¡os ,d&nwljs dks dkVrh gSa] ogk¡ eqnzkvksa dh lUrqyu fofue; nj dk fuèkkZj.k gksrk gSA

js[kkfp=k 16-1 esa DD vkSj SS Øe'k% ,d ns'k dheqnzk osQ ek¡x oØ vkSj iw£r oØ gSaA ;s nksuksa oØ,d&nwljs dks P fcUnq ij dkVrs gSa vr% fofue;nj PM vFkok ON gSA ;g fofue; dh lUrqyu njgS tgk¡ eqnzk dh ek¡x vkSj iw£r nksuksa cjkcj (OM)

gSaA Hkqxrku lUrqyu vuqowQy gksus ij lEcfUèkr ns'kdh eqnzk dh ek¡x fons'kksa esa c<+rh gS ftlls ek¡xoØ nkb± vksj foo£rr gksdj D1D1 gks tkrk gSAu;k lUrqyu H gksxk tgk¡ fofue; nj c<+djON1 gks tk,xhA blosQ foijhr Hkqxrku lUrqyuizfrowQy gksus ij lEcfUèkr ns'k dh eqnzk dh ek¡xde gks tk,xh] iQyLo:i ek¡x oØ ckb± vksjf[klddj D2D2 gks tk,xkA u, lUrqyu fcUnq J ijubZ fofue; nj ON2 gksxhA

S

H

D

P

D

D1

D2

D1Y

D2

J

S

N1

N

N2

O T M K X

fofue;

nj

ns'k dh eqæk dh ekax ,oa iw£r

fp=k 16-1

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bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd ek¡x vFkok iw£r vFkok bu nksuksa esa gksus okys ifjorZu fofue; dh lUrqyu njdks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj ewY; osQ lkekU; fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj fofue; nj dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

Hkqxrku&'ks"k fl¼kUr osQ xq.kμfofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.k esa bl fl¼kUr osQ xq.k fuEufyf[kr gSaμ

(i) bl fl¼kUr dk lcls cM+k xq.k ;g gS fd ;g Li"V djrk gS fd vU; oLrqvksa dh Hkkafr eqnzk dk ewY;Hkh mldh ek¡x vkSj iw£r osQ }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ;g fofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.k dks Hkh lkekU; ewY;fl¼kUr osQ {ks=k esa ykrk gSA

(ii) ;g fl¼kUr bl rF; dh vksj Hkh laosQr djrk gS fd vk;kr&fu;kZr dh oLrqvksa osQ vfrfjDr Hkqxrku&'ks"kdh vU; ensa Hkh ek¡x vkSj iw£r osQ ekè;e ls fofue; nj dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA oqQfjgkjk (Kurihara)

osQ vuqlkj] ¶;g fl¼kUr bl vFkZ esa vfèkd okLrfod gS fd blesa fons'kh eqnzk dh ?kjsyw dher osQ fuèkkZj.kdks ek=k lkekU; ewY; Lrj dks O;Dr djus okyh Ø; 'kfDr dk iQyu u ekudj vU; dbZ egRoiw.kZpjksa (Variables) dk iQyu ekuk tkrk gSA¸

(iii) bl fl¼kUr dk ;g Hkh ,d xq.k gS fd ;g fl¼kUr Li"V djrk gS fd Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vlUrqyu dh fLFkfrdks fofue;&nj esa ekewyh ifjorZu djosQ Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ifjorZu voewY;u (Devaluation)

vFkok iquewZY;u (Revaluation) djosQ fd;k tk ldrk gS] blesa vkUrfjd Ø; 'kfDr esa ifjorZu djusdh vko';drk ugha gS tSlk fd Ø; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr esa crk;k x;k gSA

Hkqxrku&'ks"k fl¼kUr osQ nks"kμHkqxrku&'ks"k fl¼kUr esa mi;qZDr xq.kksa osQ ckotwn Hkh fuEu nks"k gSaμ

(i) ;g fl¼kUr iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh ekU;rk dks ysdj pyrk gS rFkk ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k dks eqnzk osQ izHkkoesa gLr{ksi Lohdkj ugha djrk] fdUrq ;s nksuksa ckrsa vokLrfod gSaA

(ii) ;g fl¼kUr fofue; nj vkSj vkUrfjd ewY; Lrj esa dksbZ lEcUèk LFkkfir ugha djrk] fdUrq vkykspdksadk er gS fd mDr lEcUèk dks iw.kZ :i ls vLohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk] D;ksafd Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh fLFkfrij ns'k osQ dher&ykxr <k¡ps dk izHkko iM+rk gSA

(iii) bl fl¼kUr osQ vuqlkj fons'kksa ls vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa dh ek¡x iw.kZ :i ls csykspnkj gksrh gSrFkk bl ij dher vkSj fofue; nj dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk] fdUrq lkekU; vuqHko dh ckr ;g gS fdcsykspnkj oLrqvksa dh ek¡x ij Hkh dher ifjorZuksa dk izHkko iM+rk gSA

(iv) bl fl¼kUr dk ,d eq[; nks"k ;g Hkh gS fd ;g Hkqxrku&'ks"k dks ,d fuf'pr ek=kk esa ekudj pyrkgS] fdUrq rF; ;g gS fd O;kikj&'ks"k] ns'k ,oa fons'k osQ dher Lrjksa ij fuHkZj jgrk gS rFkk nks ns'kksa osQewY; Lrjksa ij mu ns'kksa dh fofue; njksa dk Hkh izHkko iM+rk gS] vr% Hkqxrku&'ks"k iw.kZ :i ls fofue;njksa ls LorU=k ugha gksrk tSlk fd ;g fl¼kUr crkrk gSA

(v) fofue; nj dk ek¡x&iw£r dk fl¼kUr ;g crkus esa l{ke ugha gS fd eqnzk osQ vkUrfjd ewY; dk fuèkkZj.kfdl izdkj gksrk gSA

(vi) vkykspdksa dk dFku gS fd Hkqxrku&'ks"k dk fl¼kUr fcuk dkj.k&ifj.kke dh O;k[;k fd;s ek=k ,dLor%fl¼ rF; dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA ;fn Hkqxrku&'ks"k vUr esa lnSo lUrqyu esa gks tkrs gSa rks izfrowQyO;kikj&'ks"k osQ vUrxZr fofue; nj esa deh gksus dk dksbZ roZQ ugha gS] D;ksafd osQ- Mh- nwèkk osQ vuqlkj,slk 'ks"k (Balance) gksrk gh ugha gS ftldh iw£r u dh tk,A

Hkqxrku&'ks"k ¶;g fl¼kUr bl vFkZ esa vfèkd okLrfod gS fd blesa fons'kh eqnzk dh ?kjsyw dherosQ fuèkkZj.k dks ek=k lkekU; ewY; Lrj dks O;Dr djus okyh Ø; 'kfDr dk iQyu u ekudj vU;dbZ egRoiw.kZ pjksa (Variables) dk iQyu ekuk tkrk gSA¸


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fons'kh fofue; njksa esa mPpkopu (Fluctuation in the Rate of Exchange)

fofue; nj eqnzkvksa dh ek¡x ,oa iw£r }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrh gSA ;g nj ?kVrh&c<+rh jgrh gS vFkkZr~ blesa mPpkopugksrs jgrs gSa tks vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd gLrkUrj.k osQ dkj.k gksrs gSaA bu mPpkopuksa osQ dkj.k fdlh Hkh ns'k esavfuf'prrk dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gS rFkk ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij bldk izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA ,sls dbZ dkj.kgSa tks ikjLifjd :i ls ns'k dh eqnzkvksa dh ek¡x dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj fofue; nj esa vYidkyhu mPpkopuksadks tUe nsrs gSaA

fofue; njksa esa mPpkopu osQ dkj.kμizfl¼ vFkZ'kkL=kh ,p- bZ- bZfoV us viuh iqLrd ‘A Manual of Foreign

Exchange’ esa fofue; njksa osQ mPpkopuksa osQ fuEukafdr dkj.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSμ

vYidkyhu dkj.k (a) O;kikfjd dkj.k

(b) foÙkh; dkj.k

nh?kZdkyhu dkj.k (c) pyu vkSj lk[k lEcUèkh n'kk,¡

(d) jktuhfrd vkSj vkS|ksfxd n'kk,¡

bu dkj.kksa dk lekos'k djrs gq,] fofue; njksa dks izHkkfor djus okys rRoksa vFkok muesa mPpkopu iSnk djusokys eq[; dkj.kksa dk foospu bl izdkj gSμ

(1) O;kikfjd izHkkoμblosQ vUrxZr vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr osQ izHkko dk lekos'k gksrk gSA ;fn fdlh ns'k osQ vk;krvFkok fu;kZr dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rks mldk izHkko ml ns'k dh fofue; nj ij iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,];fn fu;kZrksa dh rqyuk esa vk;kr c<+ tkrs gSa rks fons'kh eqnzk dh ek¡x esa of¼ gksus yxrh gS rFkk ,sls ns'k dh fofue;nj mlosQ izfrowQy gks tkrh gSA blosQ foijhr] ;fn vk;krksa dh rqyuk esa ns'k osQ fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ gksrh gS rks ns'kdh eqnzk dh ek¡x fons'kksa esa c<+rh gS vkSj ns'k osQ fy, fofue; nj vuqowQy gks tkrh gSA vk;kr&fu;kZr osQ vUrxZrn`'; enksa osQ vfrfjDr vn`'; enksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSa

(2) iw¡th dk izokgμ,d ns'k ls iw¡th osQ vkokxeu dk izHkko Hkh mldh fofue; nj ij iM+rk gSA ,d ns'k lsiw¡th dk vYidkyhu cfgxZeu fons'kksa esa Å¡ph C;kt nj izkIr djus osQ fy, gks ldrk gS vFkok fons'kksa esa iw¡thdk nh?kZdkyhu fofu;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn Hkkjh ek=kk esa iw¡th baXyS.M ls vejhdk dksgLrkUrfjr gksrh gS rks blosQ iQyLo:i fofue; cktkj esa ikS.M LV²yx dh iw£r c<+ tkrh gS vkSj ikS.M dh rqyukesa vejhdu Mkyj dk fofue; ewY; c<+ tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ikS.M dh fofue; nj fxj tkrh gS ;fn vejhdk ls iw¡thbaXyS.M dks gLrkUrfjr gksrh gS rks Bhd blosQ foijhr izHkko iM+rk gSA

(3) pyu ,oa lk[k lEcUèkh n'kk,¡ vFkok ekSfnzd uhfrμbZfoV us pyu ,oa lk[k lEcUèkh n'kkvksa dks fofue;nj dks izHkkfor djus okyk nh?kZdkyhu dkj.k ekuk gSA ;fn ns'k esa foLrkjoknh ekSfnzd uhfr dks viuk;k tkrk gSvFkkZr~ vfr&fuxZe (Over-issue) ls ns'k esa pyu dh ek=kk c<+k;h tkrh gS rks ns'k esa ewY;ksa esa o`f¼ gksus yxrhgS] eqnzk dh vkUrfjd Ø; 'kfDr de gks tkrh gS vkSj mldh eqnzk dh fons'kksa esa ek¡x de gks tkrh gS rFkk mlns'k dh fofue; nj Hkh fxjus yxrh gSA nwljh vksj ns'k esa eqnzk laoqQpu dh uhfr ls oLrqvksa dh dhersa fxjrh gSa]fu;kZr izksRlkfgr gksrs gSa vkSj fofue; nj c<+us yxrh gSA bl izdkj ekSfnzd uhfr dk ns'k dh fofue; nj ij izHkkoiM+rk gSA

(4) cSadksa dh fØ;k,¡μfons'kh eqnzk osQ ysu&nsu esa cSadksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS vr% budh fØ;kvksa dkfofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.k esa egRoiw.kZ izHkko gksrk gSA cSadksa dh fØ;k,¡ fons'kh fofue; dh ek¡x vkSj iw£r dks izHkkfordjrh gSa ftldk izHkko fofue; nj ij iM+rk gSA bu fØ;kvksa esa cSad nj egRoiw.kZ gSA tc ns'k esa cSad nj] fons'khcSad nj dh rqyuk esa Åaph jgrh gS rks ns'k esa fons'kh dks"k vkd£"kr gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ fonsf'k;ksa dks ml ns'k esa fofu;ksxdjuk ykHknk;d gksrk gS vr% ns'k esa fons'kh iwath vkus yxrh gS] Lons'kh eqnzk dh ek¡x c<+us yxrh gS rFkk fofue;nj Hkh c<+us yxrh gSA tc ns'k esa rqyukRed :i ls cSad nj fxjrh gS rks Bhd blosQ foijhr izHkko gksrk gSA

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cSad nj osQ lkFk] lk[k&i=kksa osQ Ø;&foØ; dk Hkh fofue; nj ij izHkko gksrk gSA

(5) eè;LFkksa dh fØ;k,¡ vFkok ewY;kUrj osQ lkSnsμeè;LFkksa dh fØ;k,¡ Hkh fofue;&nj dks izHkkfor djrh gSaAbu fØ;kvksa dks vUriZ.ku vFkok ewY;kUrj lkSns (Arbitrage Operations) Hkh dgrs gSaa vUriZ.ku dh fØ;k] nkseqnzk cktkjksa esa fofue; njksa osQ vUrj ls ykHk mBkus osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA ftl cktkj esa eqnzk lLrh gksrh gS] ogk¡ls [kjhndj mls ,sls cktkj esa cspk tkrk gS tgk¡ og egaxh gksrh gSA eqnzk osQ Ø;&foØ; dk dk;Z O;kikfjd cSadksa}kjk vius fons'kh izfrfufèk;ksa osQ ekè;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA vUriZ.ku osQ lkSns rRdky fd;s tkrs gSa] D;ksafdle;&foyEc osQ lkFk fofue; njksa dk vUrj lekIr gks ldrk gSA

(6) lV~Vk cktkj dh fØ;kvksa dk izHkkoμfofue; nj esa Hkfo"; esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk iwoZ vuqeku djfons'kh eqnzkvksa dk Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrk gS ftldk fofue; nj ij izHkko iM+rk gSA ;fn fdlh le; lVksfj;ksa }kjkfons'kh eqnzk dks vfèkd ek=kk esa [kjhnk tkrk gS rks ml eqnzk dh ek¡x c<+ tkrh gS rFkk mldh fofue; nj Hkh c<+usyxrh gSA ;fn blosQ foijhr] lVksfj;ksa }kjk fons'kh eqnzk csph tkrh gS rks mldh fofue; nj fxjus yxrh gSa fo'ks"k:i ls tc ns'k esa fdlh dkj.k vfuf'prrk dk okrkoj.k curk gS mDr fØ;k,a rst gks tkrh gSa vkSj fofue;nj esa mrkj&p<+ko gksus yxrs gSaA bZfoV osQ vuqlkj] ;fn ns'k esa Je la?k"kZ (gM+rky] rkykcUnh) ,oa mRiknu dhÅ¡ph ykxr dh fLFkfr fo|eku gS rks eqnzk osQ fofue; ewY; ij bldk rkRdkfyd izHkko iM+rk gS vkSj lVksfj;s Hkfo";esa O;kikj dh fxjrh gqbZ fLFkfr dk vuqeku yxkdj fons'kh eqnzk dks cspuk 'kq: dj nsrs gSaA

(7) LVkWd ,DlpsUt dh fØ;k,¡μbu fØ;kvksa esa Í.k iznku djuk] fons'kh Í.k ij C;kt dk Hkqxrku] fons'khiw¡th dh vkenuh ,oa fons'kh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk Ø;&foØ; vkfn dk lekos'k gksrk gSA bu fØ;kvksa dk fons'h eqnzk dhek¡x ij izHkko iM+rk gS ftlls fofue; nj Hkh izHkkfor gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc ,d ns'k }kjk fons'k dksÍ.k fn;k tkrk gS rks fons'kh eqnzk dh ek¡x c<+ tkrh gS rFkk ns'k osQ fy, fofue; nj izfrowQy gks tkrh gS] fdUrqtc fonsf'k;ksa }kjk Í.k ,oa C;kt dk Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS rks ns'k dh eqnzk dh ek¡x c<+ tkrh gS ftlls fofue;nj Hkh c<+dj ns'k osQ vuqowQy gks tkrh gSA

(8) ekSleh ifjorZuμfofue; nj dks izHkkfor djus okys ¶ekSleh ifjorZu¸ dk mYys[k bZfoV us viuh iqLrdesa fd;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd ,d eqnzk osQ fofue; ewY; ij mldh ek¡x vkSj iw£r esa gksus okys ekSleh ifjorZudk izHkko iM+rk gSA tSls vkLVªsfy;k esa vukt vkSj Åu dks fnlEcj ls iQjojh rd ,df=kr fd;k tkrk gS vkSjbUgha eghuksa esa bu oLrqvksa dk fons'kksa esa foØ; fd;k tkrk gS ftlls ogk¡ vU; ns'kksa dh eqnzk dh rqyuk esa vkLVªsfy;kdh eqnzk dh ek¡x c<+rh gS rFkk mldh fofue; nj Hkh c<+rh gS ,slh fLFkfr esa lEcfUèkr ns'kksa osQ cSad bl ckr dkiz;Ru djrs gSa fd vko';d eqnzk dh iw£r dj] fofue; njksa esa gksus okys Hkh"k.k mPpkopuksa dks jksdk tk losQA

(9) fons'kh fofu;ksx dk izHkkoμfofu;ksx dk Hkh fofue; nj ij egRoiw.kZ izHkko iM+rk gSA fo'o osQ vxz.khLVkWd ,Dlpsatksa }kjk bl izdkj dh fofu;ksx dh lqfoèkk,a iznku dh tkrh gSaA ;fn fons'kh fofu;ksxdrkZ ;g vuqHkodjrs gSa fd fdlh fo'ks"k ns'k dh vk£Fkd ,oa vkS|ksfxd fLFkfr vuqowQy gS rFkk Hkfo"; esa ml ns'k dh eqnzk osQ fofue;ewY; esa lqèkkj dh vk'kk gS rks os vius vfrjsd dks"kksa dk iz;ksx ml ns'k dh eqnzk dks Ø; djus esa djrs gSa ftlsckn esa izfrHkwfr;ksa dks [kjhnus esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk izHkko Bhd fofu;ksx osQ leku gksrk gS rFkk ns'k dhfofue; nj vuqowQy gks tkrh gSA ,d vU; dkj.k ls Hkh fofu;ksx] fofue; nj dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA ekuyks vejhdkvkSj Hkkjr osQ chp] Hkkjr osQ #i;s dh fofue; nj Mkyj dh rqyuk esa fxjus dh lEHkkouk gks vkSj ,sls gh le;esa vejhdk Hkkjr dks cM+h ek=kk esa Mkyj dk Í.k ns rks Hkkjrh; #i;s dh fofue; nj fxjus ls cp ldrh gSA;fn vejhdk] Hkkjr esa iw¡th dk fofu;ksx djrk gS rks Mkyj dh rqyuk esa #i;s dh ek¡x c<+ tk,xh vkSj #i;s dhfofue; nj c<+ tk,xhA

(10) ns'k dh jktuhfrd ,oa vk£Fkd n'kk,¡μns'k dh jktuhfrd vkSj vk£Fkd n'kkvksa dk Hkh fofue; nj ijizHkko iM+rk gSA ;fn ns'k esa ljdkj LFkk;h gS] 'kkfUr vkSj lqj{kk gS] lEifÙk osQ Lokfe;ksa dh ,oa mudh lEifÙk dhj{kk dh tkrh gS rks Hkys gh ns'k esa C;kt dh nj de gks] fiQj Hkh ;k rks O;kt dekus dh n`f"V ls vFkok fofu;ksx


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osQ fy,] vFkok lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls fons'kh iwath ns'k esa vkrh gS ftlls fofue; nj ns'k osQ i{k esa gks tkrh gSA blosQfoijhr] ;fn ns'k esa jktuhfrd la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr gS] ljdkj dks m[kkM+ isaQdus dh pkysa py jgh gSa rks ns'k ls iw¡thdk cfgxZeu gksus yxrk gS ftlls fons'kh eqnzk dh rqyuk esa ns'k dh eqnzk dh fofue; nj fxjrh gSA

blh izdkj ns'k dh vkUrfjd vkS|ksfxd fLFkfr dk Hkh fofue; nj ij izHkko iM+rk gSA ;fn ns'k esa Jfedksa ,oaiw¡thifr;ksa osQ chp vPNs lEcUèk gSa_ dherksa vkSj etnwjh osQ Lrj esa leUo; gS_ vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa m|eh izfrHkk,oa Jfedksa esa oqQ'kyrk gS rks bu lcdk ns'k dh eqnzk ij nh?kZdkyhu izHkko ;g gksrk gS fd ns'k dh fofue; njvuqowQy gksrh gSA

fofue; njksa osQ mPpkopu dh lhek,¡μfofHkUu ekuksa osQ vUrxZr fofue; njksa osQ mPpkopu dh lhek,¡vyx&vyx gksrh gSa tks bl izdkj gSaμ

(1) Lo.kZeku esaμLo.kZeku osQ vUrxZr fofue; njksa esa ,d fuf'pr lhek rd gh mPpkopu gksrs gSa rFkk budhlhekvksa dk fuèkkZj.k Lo.kZ fcUnqvksa }kjk gksrk gSA vr% nks Lo.kZeku okys ns'kksa esa fofue; nj] Vad lerk (Mint

Parity) osQ pkjksa vksj Lo.kZ vk;kr vkSj Lo.kZ fu;kZr fcUnq dh lhekvksa osQ Hkhrj gh ?kVrh&c<+rh gSA

fofue; njksa osQ mPpkopu dh lhek,¡ crkb,A

(2) i=k pyueku esaμvifjorZuh; dkxth eku osQ vUrxZr fofue; nj osQ mPpkopuksa dh lhekvksa dk fuèkkZj.k;|fi Ø;&'kfDr lerk osQ vuqlkj gksrk gS] fdUrq Lo.kZeku dh Vad lerk osQ leku] Ø;&'kfDr lerk dhlhekvksa esa fLFkjrk ugha jgrh oju~ blesa ifjorZu gksrs gSa vr% fofue; nj esa ifjorZu osQoy oqQN fuf'pr lhekvksard gh ugha gksrs oju~ fons'kh fofue; dh ek¡x vkSj iw£r dh n'kk,a fofue nj dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA


lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the Correct Options)μ

1. fofue; njksa esa mPpkopuksa osQ dkj.k ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij izHkko iM+sxkμ

(d) vuqowQy ([k) izfrowQy

(x) lkekU; (?k) dksbZ izHkko ughaA

2. ‘A Manual of Foreign Exchange’ iqLrd fdldh gSμ

(d) ekDlZ ([k) fLeFk

(x) ,p-bZ-bZ- foV (?k) oqQfjgkjkA

3. fofue; njksa osQ mPpopuksa osQ vYidkyhu dkj.k gSaμ

(d) O;kikfjd ([k) jktuhfrd

(x) lkekftd (?k) vkS|ksfxdA

4. fofue; njksa osQ mPpkopuksa osQ nh?kZdkyhu dkj.k gSaμ

(d) 'kSf{kd ([k) jktuhfrd

(x) lkekftd (?k) O;kikfjdA

5. pyu ,oa lk[k lEca/h n'kkvksa dks fofue; nj dks izHkkfor djus okyk nh?kZdkyhu dkj.k fdlus ekukgSμ

(d) fLeFk ([k) ,p-bZ-bZ- foV (x) ekDlZ (?k) oqQfjgkjkA

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• ;g fl¼kUr Li"V djrk gS fd tc Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa ?kkVk gksrk gS rks fofue; nj esa deh gks tkrh gSA mlosQfoijhr] tc Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa vkfèkD; gksrk gS rks fofue; nj esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA

• Hkqxrku&'ks"k fl¼kUr ;g Li"V djrk gS fd fofue; nj dk fuèkkZj.k ek¡x vkSj iw£r osQ lUnHkZ esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k}kjk gksrk gSA bl fl¼kUr dks fofue; nj dk ek¡x vkSj iw£r dk fl¼kUr Hkh dgrs gSaA

• fofHkUu ns'kksa dh fofue; njsa muosQ ekSfyd Hkqxrku&'ks"k }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrh gSaA ;|fi Hkqxrku&'ks"k esavU; enksa dk lekos'k Hkh gksrk gS] fdUrq mlesa oLrqvksa dh Ø;&foØ; (O;kikj&'ks"k) lEcUèkh ensa eq[;gksrh gSaA

• la{ksi esa] fofue; nj fuèkkZj.k dk Hkqxrku lUrqyu fl¼kUr bl rF; ij vkèkkfjr gS fd fu;kZr gh vk;krksadk Hkqxrku djrs gSa (Exports pay for the imports) A bldk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd lUrqfyr fofue; njosQ fuèkkZj.k osQ fy, fdlh ns'k osQ oqQy vk;krksa ,oa oqQy fu;kZrksa dk ewY; leku gksuk pkfg, rkfd izR;sdns'k osQ Hkqxrku (Payments) rFkk izkfIr;k¡ (Receipts) leku gksaA bl fl¼kUr dks fons'kh fofue; dklUrqyu fl¼kUr (Equilibrium Theory of Foreign Exchange) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

• bl fl¼kUr dk lcls cM+k xq.k ;g gS fd ;g Li"V djrk gS fd vU; oLrqvksa dh Hkkafr eqnzk dk ewY;Hkh mldh ek¡x vkSj iw£r osQ }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ;g fofue; nj osQ fuèkkZj.k dks Hkh lkekU; ewY;fl¼kUr osQ {ks=k esa ykrk gSA

• bl fl¼kUr dk ;g Hkh ,d xq.k gS fd ;g fl¼kUr Li"V djrk gS fd Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vlUrqyu dh fLFkfrdks fofue;&nj esa ekewyh ifjorZu djosQ Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ifjorZu voewY;u (Devaluation)

vFkok iquewZY;u (Revaluation) djosQ fd;k tk ldrk gS] blesa vkUrfjd Ø; 'kfDr esa ifjorZu djusdh vko';drk ugha gS tSlk fd Ø; 'kfDr lerk fl¼kUr esa crk;k x;k gSA

• ;g fl¼kUr iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh ekU;rk dks ysdj pyrk gS rFkk ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k dks eqnzk osQ izHkkoesa gLr{ksi Lohdkj ugha djrk] fdUrq ;s nksuksa ckrsa vokLrfod gSaA

• bl fl¼kUr dk ,d eq[; nks"k ;g Hkh gS fd ;g Hkqxrku&'ks"k dks ,d fuf'pr ek=kk esa ekudj pyrkgS] fdUrq rF; ;g gS fd O;kikj&'ks"k] ns'k ,oa fons'k osQ dher Lrjksa ij fuHkZj jgrk gS rFkk nks ns'kksa osQewY; Lrjksa ij mu ns'kksa dh fofue; njksa dk Hkh izHkko iM+rk gS] vr% Hkqxrku&'ks"k iw.kZ :i ls fofue;njksa ls LorU=k ugha gksrk tSlk fd ;g fl¼kUr crkrk gSA

• fofue; nj eqnzkvksa dh ek¡x ,oa iw£r }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrh gSA ;g nj ?kVrh&c<+rh jgrh gS vFkkZr~ blesa mPpkopugksrs jgrs gSa tks vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd gLrkUrj.k osQ dkj.k gksrs gSaA bu mPpkopuksa osQ dkj.k fdlh Hkh ns'k esavfuf'prrk dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gS rFkk ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij bldk izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA

• ,d ns'k ls iw¡th osQ vkokxeu dk izHkko Hkh mldh fofue; nj ij iM+rk gSA ,d ns'k ls iw¡th dkvYidkyhu cfgxZeu fons'kksa esa Å¡ph C;kt nj izkIr djus osQ fy, gks ldrk gS vFkok fons'kksa esa iw¡thdk nh?kZdkyhu fofu;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• eè;LFkksa dh fØ;k,¡ Hkh fofue;&nj dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA bu fØ;kvksa dks vUriZ.ku vFkok ewY;kUrj lkSns(Arbitrage Operations) Hkh dgrs gSaa vUriZ.ku dh fØ;k] nks eqnzk cktkjksa esa fofue; njksa osQ vUrj lsykHk mBkus osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA

• fofue; nj esa Hkfo"; esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk iwoZ vuqeku dj fons'kh eqnzkvksa dk Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrkgS ftldk fofue; nj ij izHkko iM+rk gSA ;fn fdlh le; lVksfj;ksa }kjk fons'kh eqnzk dks vfèkd ek=kk esa[kjhnk tkrk gS rks ml eqnzk dh ek¡x c<+ tkrh gS rFkk mldh fofue; nj Hkh c<+us yxrh gSA


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••••• mPpkopuμ Åij&uhps] NksVk&cM+k] fo"keA

••••• lk[kμ izfr"Bk] e;kZnkA


1. fons'kh fofue; osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k fl¼kar dh O;k[;k dhft,A

2. fons'kh fofue; osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k fl¼kar osQ xq.k&nks"kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

3. fons'kh fofue; njksa esa mPpkopuksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ foospu dhft,A


1. (d) 2. (x) 3. (d) 4. ([k)

5. ([k)





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bdkbZμ17% lek;kstu dh izfØ;k


(Process of Adjustments)


mís'; (Objectives)


17.1 lek;kstu dh izfØ;k (Process of Adjustments)

17.2 vo'kks"k.k fl¼kUr (The Absorption Theory)





mís'; (Objectives)


• lek;kstu dh izfØ;k dh O;k[;k djus esaA

çLrkouk (Introduction)

tc fdlh ns'k dk Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVs vFkok vfrjsd dh fLFkfr esa gksrk gS rks mlesa lek;kstu osQ fofHkUu ra=kiz;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSa ftlls fd og larqyu dh voLFkk esa vk tk,A bl bdkbZ esa Hkh lek;kstu dh fofHkUuizfØ;kvksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

17-1 lek;kstu dh izfØ;k (Process of Adjustments)

1- Lo.kZeku osQ varxZr lek;kstu izfØ;k (Process of Adjustment under GoldStandard)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lo.kZeku 1880&1914 osQ chp izpfyr FkkA blosQ vUrxZr iz;qDr djsalh lksus dh cuh gqbZ Fkhftls ,d fuf'pr nj ij lksus esa cnyk tk ldrk FkkA ns'k dk osQUnzh; cSad fu/kZfjr dher ij Lo.kZ osQØ;&foØ; osQ fy, lnSo rRij jgrk FkkA ftl nj ij ns'k dh ekud eqnzk Lo.kZ esa cnyh tk ldrh Fkhog nj Lo.kZ dh Vdlky nj dher (mint price) dgh tkrh FkhA bl nj dks Vdlky nj lerk (mint

parity rate) vFkok fofue; dh Vdlky nj lerk dgk tkrk Fkk D;ksafd ;g nj lksus dh Vdlky dherij vk/kfjr FkhA ijUrq fofue; dh okLrfod nj Vdlky nj lerk ls mruh de ;k T;knk gks ldrh Fkhftruh fd nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp tgkt esa lksuk ykus vFkok ys tkus dh ykxr (vFkkZr~ ifjogu ykxr) gksrh



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FkhA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] eku yhft, fd fczVsu osQ lkFk vesfjdk osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk gSA vesfjdk osQvk;krdrkZvksa dks vk;krksa rFkk fu;kZrksa osQ ewY; osQ vUrj dk Hkqxrku nsdj djuk gksxk D;ksafd ikS.M dhiw£r dh vis{kk ikS.M dh ekax c<+ tkrh gSA ijUrq lksuk Hkstus dh ifjogu ykxr] vU; j[k&j[kko izHkkj]chek vkfn ij Hkh O;; djuk iM+rk gSA eku yhft, vesfjdk ls fczVsu lksuk Hkstus dk [kpZ 2 lsaV izfr vkSaliM+rk gSA vr% vesfjdk osQ vk;krdrkZvksa dks ,d ikS.M izkIr djus osQ fy, 6-02 MkWyj (6 MkWyj$ -02 ls.V) Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA ;g fofue; nj vesfjdk dk Lo.kZ fu;kZr fcUnq (gold export point)

gSA vesfjdk dk dksbZ Hkh vk;krdrkZ ,d ikS.M izkIr djus osQ fy, 6-02 MkWyj ls vf/d Hkqxrku ugha djsxkD;ksafd og 6 MkWyj dk lksuk vesfjdk osQ [ktkus ls [kjhn dj 0-2 ls.V izfr vkSal dh ykxr ls mls fczVsuHkst ldrk gSA blh rjg tc vesfjdk osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vfrjsd gksrk gS rc ikS.M dk vk;kr ewY; 5-98 MkWyj ls uhps ugha tk ldrkA 5-98 MkWyj izfr ikS.M dh fofue; nj vesfjdk esa Lo.kZ vk;kr fcUnqvFkok uhpk Lo.kZ fcUnq gSA

Lo.kZeku osQ vUrxZr fofue; nj dks Lo.kZ fcUnqvksa osQ chp ekax rFkk iw£r dh 'kfDr;kafu/kZfjr djrh gSaA

Lo.kZeku osQ vUrxZr Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk vFkok vfrjsd&dher&Lo.kZ&izokg (price-specie-flow) rU=k }kjk Lor%lek;ksftr gks tkrk FkkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,d ns'k osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVs dk rkRi;Z Fkk mlosQ fons'kh fofue;fjtoZ esa] mlosQ lksus dk] vfrjsd ns'k dks izokfgr gksus osQ dkj.k fxjkoVA blls mldh eqnzk iw£r de gks tkrhFkh ftlosQ iQyLo:i mlosQ lkekU; dher Lrj esa fxjkoV vk tkrh FkhA iQyLo:i blosQ fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ vkSjvk;krksa esa deh vk tkrh FkhA Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ;g lek;kstu eqnzk iw£r esa deh osQ dkj.k C;kt nj esa o`f¼ gksusls Hkh gqvkA blls Hkqxrku 'ks"k vfrjsd ns'k ls vYidkyhu iwath dk vUrizZokg gksrk gSA bl rjg] ?kkVs okys ns'kdks vfrjsd okys ns'k ls vYidkyhu iwath osQ vUrizZokg ls Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa jgus okyk vlUrqyu lekIr gks tkrkgS rFkk lUrqyu LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA

2- yksp'khy fofue; njksa osQ vUrxZr Lor% dher lek;kstu (dher izHkko) (AutomaticPrice Adjustment Under Flexible Exchange Rates (Price Effect))

yksp'khy fofue; njksa osQ vUrxZr fons'kh fofue; dh ekax ,oa iw£r dh 'kfDr;ka Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa gksus okysvlUrqyu dks Lor% lUrqfyr dj nsrh gSaA fofue; nj djsUlh dh dher gksrh gS ftls vU; oLrqvksa dh gh Hkkafrekax ,oa iw£r dh 'kfDr;ka fu/kZfjr djrh gSaA

Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk gksus dh n'kk esa ns'k dh eqnzk dk ewY; ßkl vkSj blosQ foijhr Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vfrjsdgksus dh n'kk esa ns'k dh eqnzk dk vf/ewY;u gksus ij Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa Lor% lUrqyu LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA eqnzkosQ ewY; ßkl dk vFkZ gS eqnzk osQ lkis{k ewY; esa deh] tcfd vf/ewY;u dk vFkZ gS eqnzk osQ lkis{k ewY; esao`f¼A ewy ßkl vFkok voewY;u ls fu;kZr izksRlkfgr rFkk vk;kr grksRlkfgr gksrs gSa] tcfd vf/ewY;u dhn'kk esa fLFkfr blosQ foijhr gksrh gSA fofue; ewY; ßkl vFkkZr~ voewY;u dh n'kk esa fons'kh dhersa ?kjsyw dherksaesa :ikUrfjr gks tkrh gSaA eku yhft, ikS.M osQ lkis{k MkWyj dk ewY; ßkl gksrk gS vFkkZr~ fons'kh fofue;cktkj esa ikS.M osQ eqdkcys MkWyj dh dher de gks tkrh gS rc baXyS.M esa vesfjdk osQ fu;kZrksa dh dhersafxj tk,axh] tcfd vesfjdk esa baXyS.M osQ vk;krksa dh dhersa c<+ tk,axhA

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tc vesfjdk esa baXyS.M dh oLrqvksa dh dhersa vf/d jgsaxh rks vesfjdh yksx baXyS.M dh oLrq,ade [kjhnsaxsA blosQ foijhr] tc vesfjdk osQ fu;kZrksa dh dhersa baXyS.M ls de jgsaxh rc baXyS.Mesa mudh fcØh c<+ tk;sxhA bl rjg] vesfjdk osQ fu;kZr c<sa+xs vkSj vk;kr ?kV tk,axsA blosQiQyLo:i Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa lUrqyu LFkkfir gks tk,xkA

ekU;rk,¡ (Assumptions)μ;g fo'ys"k.k fuEufyf[kr ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kfjr gSμ

1- eku yhft, fons'kh O;kikj nks ns'kksaμbaXyS.M rFkk vesfjdk osQ chp gksrk gSA

2- nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp eqDr O;kikj gksrk gSA

3- nksuksa ns'kksa esa dhersa rFkk fofue; njsa yksp'khy gSaA

4- Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vlUrqyu fofue; njksa esa ifjorZuksa }kjk Lor% lek;ksftr gks tkrk gSA

O;k[;k (Explanation)μmijksDr ekU;rkvksa osQ vk/kj ijlek;kstu dh izfØ;k dks fp=k 17-1 }kjk Li"V fd;k tk ldrkgSμfp=k esa DD vesfjdk osQ fons'kh fofue; dk ekax oØ gStks baXyS.M osQ vk;krksa dks Hkh O;Dr djrk gS rFkk OS vesfjdkosQ fons'kh fofue; dk iw£r oØ gS tks baXyS.M osQ fu;kZr dksO;Dr djrk gSA

vesfjdk osQ fons'kh fofue; dh ekax ,oa iw£r fcUnq P ijlUrqyu esa gSA bl lUrqyu fcUnq osQ vuq:i vesfjdh MkWyjrFkk baXyS.M osQ ikS.M osQ chp fofue; nj OE rFkk fofue;ek=kk OM fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA eku yhft, baXyS.M osQ lkFkvesfjdk osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vlUrqyu mRiUu gks tkrk gSA blsekax oØ osQ DD ls D1D1 ij foorZu }kjk izn£'kr fd;k x;kgS rFkk ?kkVk PP1 osQ cjkcj gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd vesfjdk esa baXyS.M dh oLrqvksa dh ekax c<+ xbZ gSftlosQ iQyLo:i ikS.M dh ekax c<+ xbZ gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa] vesfjdh MkWyj dk ewY; ßkl gks x;k gS rFkk baXyS.MosQ ikS.M dh ewY; o`f¼ gks xbZ gSA iQyLo:i vesfjdk esa baXyS.M dh oLrqvksa dh vk;kr dhersa c<+ tkrh gSa vkSjvesfjdh vk;kr fu;kZrksa dh dhersa fxj tkrh gSaA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd uohu lUrqyu P1 fcUnq ij vkSjubZ fofue; nj OE1 LFkkfir gksrh gSA

bl uohu lUrqyu fcUnq osQ vuq:i OE1 fofue; nj ij fons'kh fofue; dh ekax ,oa iw£r OM1 gksrh gSA bllsHkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk lekIr gks tkrk gS rFkk fons'kh fofue; dh ekax o iw£r cjkcj gks tkrh gS ,oa Hkqxrku 'ks"kesa lkE; LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA

iqu% tc fofue; nj c<+dj OE1 gks tkrh gS rks vesfjdk dh oLrq,¡ baXyS.M esa lLrh gks tkrh gSa rFkk baXyS.Mdh oLrq,a vesfjdk esa egaxh gks tkrh gSaA lLrh gksus osQ dkj.k vesfjdh oLrqvksa dh ekax baXyS.M esa c<+us ls u;kekax oØ nkfguh vksj ljd dj D1D1 gks tkrk gSA baXyS.M esa vesfjdh fu;kZr c<+us ls u;k lUrqyu fcUnq P lsP1 ij pyk tkrk gSA lkFk gh MkWyj esa baXyS.M dh maQph dher] baXyS.M dh oLrqvksa dh ekax de dj nsrh gS ftlsDD ekax oØ osQ lkFk P2 ls P1 fcUnq ij xfr }kjk izn£'kr fd;k x;k gSA bl rjg] Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa PP2 ?kkVk MM1

fons'kh djsalh dh iw£r esa o`f¼ rFkk ekaxh xbZ fons'kh djsalh esa M2M1 deh }kjk nwj dh tkrh gSA bl rjg] Hkqxrku'ks"k lUrqyu OE1 esa fofue; nj }kjk izkIr gks tkrk gS ftl ij OM1 fons'kh fofue; (djsalh) dh ekax o iw£rdh tkrh gSA

D

D

D1

D1

P1

S

P P2E

E1

fofue;

nj

Y

XO M M1

M2

fofue; dh ek=kk

fp=k 17-1


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;g fo'ys"k.k fofue; nj dh ekax ,oa iw£r dh lkis{k yksp dhiwoZ ekU;rk ij vk/kfjr gSA ijUrq nksuksa ns'kksa esa lkis{k dherksaij ewY; ßkl dk iwjk izHkko ekius osQ fy, ekax ,oa iw£r dklkis{k ykspnkj gksuk gh i;kZIr ugha gS cfYd fons'kh fofue; dhekax o iw£r dh de ykspsa egRoiw.kZ gSaA bls fp=k 17-2 esa izn£'krfd;k x;k gSA fp=k esa fofue; dh de ykspnkj ekax ,oa iw£roØ tks Øe'k% DD rFkk SS gSaA ,d&nwljs dks P fcUnq ij dkVrsgSa vkSj lUrqyu fofue; nj OE fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA vc Hkqxrku'ks"k esa PP1 osQ cjkcj ?kkVk mRiUu gks tkrk gS D;ksafd fons'kh ekax,oa iw£r ykspsa cgqr de (csyksp) gksrh gSa vr% lUrqyu dh iqu%LFkkfir djus osQ fy, MkWyj dh cgqr vf/d ewY; ßkl rFkkikS.M dh cgqr vf/d ewY; o`f¼ dh vko';drk gksxhA tcfons'kh fofue; dh nj cgqr vf/d c<+dj OE1 gks tkrh gS rc u;k lUrqyu P1 ij LFkkfir gksrk gSA ijUrq vf/d ewY; ßkl dk ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd nksuksa ns'kksa esa cgqr vf/d dherksa esa ifjorZu gksxk vkSj nksuksa gh vFkZO;oLFkk,avO;ofLFkr ,oa fNUu&fHkUu gks tk;saxhA

vkykspuk (Criticism)μyphyh fofue; njksa dk mi;ksx O;ogkj esa izk;% de gh gksrk gSA tks ns'k ewY; o`f¼vFkok ewY; ßkl dk lgkjk ysrs gSa muosQ ;gka dherksa esa mrkj&p<+ko vkrs gSa rFkk eqnzkLiQhfr ,oa eUnh dh xaHkhjfLFkfr;ka mRiUu gks tkrh gSaA blls vFkZO;oLFkk esa vfuf'prrk ,oa vlqj{kk dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksus dk [krjk jgrkgSA blosQ vfrfjDr fons'kh fofue; esa gksus okyh lV~Vsckth Hkh yphyh fofue; njsa viukus okys ns'kksa esa vfLFkjrkdh fLFkfr mRiUu dj nsrh gSA

3- yksp fof/ (The Elasticity Method)

ek'kZy&yuZj 'krZ (Marshall-Lerner Condition)μHkqxrku 'ks"k esa lek;kstu dh yksp fof/ ek'kZy&yuZj 'krZls lEcfU/r gSA bl fof/ }kjk ek'kZy rFkk yuZj us Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lek;kstu dh leL;k dk vyx&vyx gyizLrqr fd;k gSA ;g fof/ mu 'krks± dk fo'ys"k.k djrh gS ftuosQ vUrxZr ,d ns'k dh eqnzk dk voewY;u djosQHkqxrku 'ks"k esa iqu% lUrqyu LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg bldk lEcU/ voewY;u osQ dher izHkko ls gSA

ekU;rk,¡μHkqxrku 'ks"k esa lek;kstu dh yksp fof/ fuEufyf[kr ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kfjr gSμ

1- ns'k dk O;kikj lUrqyu izkjEHk esa lUrqfyr gSA

2- ns'k dk pkyw [kkrk 'ks"k O;kikj 'ks"k osQ cjkcj gSA

3- vk;krksa rFkk fu;kZrksa dh iw£r iw.kZ ykspnkj gSA

4- oLrqvksa dh dhersa ?kjsyw eqnzk esa fuf'pr dh tkrh gSaA

5- voewY;u djus okys ns'k esa vk; dk Lrj fLFkj jgrk gSA

6- fu;kZrksa rFkk vk;krksa osQ fy, ekax dh dher ykspsa vkM+h ykspsa (arc elasticities) gSaA

7- iw£r vf/d ykspnkj gSA

fl¼kUr (The Theory)μtc dksbZ ns'k viuh eqnzk dk voewY;u djrk gS rks blosQ vk;krksa dh ?kjsyw dhersac<+ tkrh gSa tcfd blosQ fu;kZrksa dh fons'kh dhersa de gks tkrh gSaA bl rjg voewY;u }kjk fu;kZrksa dks c<+kdjrFkk vk;krksa dks de djosQ ,d ns'k vius Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa lek;kstu dj ldrk gSA ijUrq Hkqxrku 'ks"k esalek;kstu dh bl fof/ dh liQyrk ns'k osQ fu;kZrksa osQ fy, fons'kh ekax dh dher yksp rFkk vk;krksa osQ fy,?kjsyw ekax dh dher yksp ij fuHkZj djsxhA ek'kZy&yuZj 'krZ bl rF; dks Li"V djrh gS fd tc vk;krksa

S

P2

P1

P

E1

E

DD

1Y

S

D

D1

O M M1

X

fofue;

nj

fofue; dh ek=kk

fp=k 17-2

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t t1

t2

(X-M)

O F

J

vfrjsd

?kkVk

Time

fp=k 17-3

vkSj fu;kZrksa dh ekax dh ykspksa dk ;ksx fujis{k :i ls ^bdkbZ* ls vf/d gksrk gS rHkh ,d ns'k osQ Hkqxrku'ks"k esa lq/kj gksxk vFkkZr~]

ex + em > 1

tgk¡ ex = fu;kZrksa osQ ekax dh yksp] em = vk;krksa osQ ekax dh ykspA blosQ foijhr] bu nksuksa ekax dh ykspksa dk;ksx bdkbZ ls de gS] vFkkZr ex + em < 1, rks voewY;u Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh fLFkfr dks vkSj fcxkM+ nsxk vFkkZr~ Hkqxrku'ks"k ?kkVs dks c<+k nsxkA ;fn bu ykspksa dk ;ksx fujis{k :i ls bdkbZ osQ cjkcj gS] vFkkZr~ ex + em = 1, rc voewY;udk Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh fLFkfr dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+sxk vFkkZr~ vifjo£rr jgsxkA

voewY;u ls fons'kh eqnzk esa fu;kZrksa dh ?kjsyw dhersa de gks tkrh gSa dhersa de gksus ls fu;kZr c<+rs gSaA fu;kZrksaesa o`f¼ fdruh gksxh ;g fu;kZrksa dh ekax dh yksp ij fuHkZj djsxkA ;g fu;kZfrr oLrq dh izÑfr rFkk cktkj dhn'kkvksa ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn fu;kZr djus okyk osQoy ,d gh ns'k gS rFkk og dPps eky ,oa uk'koku oLrqvksadk fu;kZr djrk gS rks mlosQ fu;kZrksa osQ ekax dh yksp de gksxhA ;fn ns'k vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk izfr;ksxhoLrqvksaμe'khujh rFkk vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa vkfn dk fu;kZr djrk gS rc mldh oLrqvksa osQ fy, ekax dh yksp maQphgksxh rFkk voewY;u Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVs dks iwjk djus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksxkA

voewY;u ls vk;krksa dh ?kjsyw dhersa Hkh c<+ tkrh gSa ftlls oLrqvksa dk vk;kr de gks tkrk gSA vk;krksa dh ek=kkfdruh de gksxh ;g vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dh ekax dh yksp ij fuHkZj djsxkA vk;krksa dh ekax dh yksp voewY;udjus okys ns'k }kjk vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dh izÑfr ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSA ;fn miHkksDrk oLrqvksa] dPpk eky rFkkm|ksxksa dh vkxrksa dk vk;kr fd;k tkrk gS rks vk;krksa dh ekax dh yksp de gksxhA tc oLrqvksa osQ vk;krksa dhekax dh yksp maQph gksrh gS rHkh voewY;u Hkqxrku&'ks"k osQ ?kkVs dks iwjk djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA bl rjg] tcfu;kZrksa dh ekax dh yksp rFkk vk;krksa dh ekax dh yksp dk ;ksx bdkbZ ls vf/d gksrk gS rks viuh eqnzk dkvoewY;u djus okys ns'k osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa lq/kj gksxkA

bl bdkbZ esa fn;k x;k fp=k 17-2 D;k izn£'kr djrk gS\

J-oØ izHkko (The J-Curve Effect)

vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dh /kj.kk gS ek'kZy&yuZj 'krZ fodflr ns'kksa esa ghykxw gks ldrh gS rFkk vYidky dh vis{kk ;g nh?kZdky esa vf/d izHkkoh gksrh gSA mudk roZQ gS fd voewY;u dk fu;kZrksa ,oavk;krksa dh ekax ij izHkko rqjUr blfy, ugha iM+sxk D;ksafdmiHkksDrkvksa vkSj mRikndksa dks vius vkidks ubZ fLFkfr osQ lkFklek;ksftr gksus esa le; yxrk gSA blfy, fu;kZrksa rFkk vk;krksa osQfy, ekax dh vYidkyhu dher ykspsa de gksrh gSa vkSj osek'kZy&yuZj dh 'krZ dks lUrq"V ugha djrhaA vr% izkjEHk esavoewY;u vYidky esa Hkqxrku 'ks"k dks vf/d fcxkM+ nsrk gS ijUrqnh?kZdky esa lq/kjrk gSA ;g dky i;ZUr J-oØ dk Lo:i xzg.k djysrk gSA bls voewY;u dk J-oØ izHkko dgk tkrk gSA bls fp=k 17-3 esa izn£'kr fd;k x;k gSA fp=k esa le;dks {kSfrt oØ ij rFkk ?kkVk&vfrjsd dks vuqyEc v{k ij izn£'kr fd;k x;k gSA eku yhft, ,d ns'k le;t ij viuh eqnzk dk voewY;u djrk gSA izkjEHk esa J-oØ dk ?ksjk vf/d gSA Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVs esa o`f¼ izn£'krdjrk gSA t1 le; osQ i'pkr~ ;g mQij dh vksj mBrk gS rFkk ?kkVk de gksuk izkjEHk gks tkrk gSA t2 le;


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ij Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa lUrqyu LFkkfir gks tkrk gS vkSj mlosQ i'pkr~ t2 ls J rd vfrjsd gksrk tkrk gSA ;fnek'kZy&yuZj 'krZ lUrq"V ugha gksrh gS rks nh?kZdky esa J-oØ t2 ls F rd piVk gks tk,xkA bl fLFkfr esa ;fndksbZ ns'k yphyh fofue; nj dks viuk, jgrk gS] rks mldh eqnzk dk voewY;u gksus ij Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh fLFkfrvf/d fcxM+ tk,xhA voewY;u ls fons'kh fofue; cktkj esa eqnzk dh iwfrZ vf/d gks tkrh gS tks eqnzk dk vf/ewY;u dj ldrh gSA blls fons'kh eqnzk cktkj vfLFkj gks ldrk gSA

vkykspuk,a (Criticisms)

ek'kZy&yuZj 'krZ ij vk/kfjr yksp fof/ dh izeq[k vkykspuk,a fuEuor gSa %

1. Hkzked n`f"Vdks.kμyksp fof/ esa iz;qDr ek'kZy dh yksp ls lEcfU/r /kj.kk Hkzked gS D;ksafd ;g osQoyekax vFkok iwfrZ oozQ ij o`f¼'khy ifjorZuksa vkSj bu oozQksa esa ifjorZu ls lEcfU/r leL;kvksa ls lEcU/j[krh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr blesa eqnzk dh ozQ; 'kfDr dks fLFkj eku fy;k x;k gS tks ns'k dh eqnzk osQ voewY;uls lEcfU/r ugha gksrhA

2. dher fLFkjrkμbl fo'ys"k.k esa ;g eku fy;k x;k gS fd O;kikj dh tk jgh lHkh oLrqvksa dh dhersafLFkj jgrh gSaA ijUrq okLrfodrk ;g gS fd voewY;u ls fu;kZrksa dh ?kjsyw dhersa rFkk vk;krksa dh fons'khdherksa esa ifjorZu gksrs gSaA

3. iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh /kj.kk vokLrfodμyksp fl¼kUr vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh èkkj.kkdks Lohdkj djrk gS] ijUrq vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa iw.kZ izkfr;ksfxrk ugh ikbZ tkrhA O;kikj esa vusd rjgosQ izfrcU/ yxk, tkrs gSa tSls iz'kqYd] vH;a'k fofue;] fu;U=k.k] vkfnA

4. iwath dh xfr'khyrk dh vogsyukμyksp fof/ voewY;u osQ iQyLo:i fofue; nj esa gksus okysifjorZu dk iwath dh xfr'khyrk ij tks izHkko iM+rk gS] mldh vogsyuk djrh gSA Hkqxrku 'ks"k osQ lUrqyuesa iwath dh xfr'khyrk egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

5. vk; izHkkoksa dh mis{kkμek'kZy&yuZj 'krZ voewY;u osQ vk; izHkkoksa dh mis{kk djrh gSA voewY;uvk;krksa rFkk fu;krksa dks izHkkfor dj ns'k dh vk; dks izHkkfor djrk gSA

6. LiQhfr dh lEHkkoukμHkqxrku 'ks"k esa lq/kj gsrq fd, x, voewY;u ls fu;kZrksa esa gksus okyh o`f¼ osQiQyLo:i ns'k dh vk; esa o`f¼ dh lEHkkouk gksrh gSA ;g c<+h gqbZ vk; vk;krksa dh ekax vkSj bl rjg]leLr ekax esa o`f¼ dj dherksa dks c<+k nsxh ftlls vrar% Hkqxrku 'ks"k ij foijhr izHkko iM+sxkA

7. vk; forj.k ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dh vogsyukμyksp fof/ vk; forj.k ij voewY;u ossQizHkko dh vogsyuk djrh gSA voewY;u ls lalk/uksa dk iqu£orj.k gksrk gSA ;g lalk/uksa dks fu;kZrvkSj vk;kr&izfr;ksxh m|ksxksa dh vksj foo£rr dj nsxkA blls fons'kh O;kikj ls vlEc¼ m|ksxksa ijnq"izHkko iM+sxkA

8. vkaf'kd fo'ys"k.kμflMuh ,ysDtSaMj tSls vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dh /kj.kk gS fd ek'kZy&yuZj 'krZ ,dvkaf'kd fo'ys"k.k gS ftlesa lkis{k dherksa vkSj vk;kr&fu;kZr dh ek=kkvksa osQ vk/kj ij vè;;u fd;kx;kA bl fl¼kUr esa vU; ckrksa dks ;Fkkor ekudj ykspksa osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k ij iM+us okys izHkko dkvè;;u fd;k x;k gS rFkk vkaf'kd ykspksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k gS tks bls vkaf'kd lUrqyu dkfo'ys"k.k fu:fir djrk gSA

9. nh?kZ dk;Z esa mi;ksxhμek'kZy&yuZj 'krZ nh?kZdky esa O;ogk;Z gS D;ksafd tc ?kjsyw eqnzk dkvoewY;u gksrk gS rks miHkksDrkvksa vkSj mRikndksa dks vius vkidks bl 'krZ osQ lkFk lek;ksftr gksusesa le; yxrk gSA

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1. Lo.kZeku osQ vUrxZr iz;qDr djsalh cuh gqbZ Fkhμ

(d) lksus ([k) pk¡nh

(x) rk¡ck (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

2. ftl nj ij ns'k dh eqnzk Lo.kZ esa cnyh tkrh gS nj dgh tkrh gSμ

(d) Vdlky nj dher ([k) Lo.kZ dher

(x) nksuksa (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

3. Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk gksus ij eqnzk dk gksrk gSμ

(d) vfrjsd ([k) voewY;u

(x) ewY;Ékl (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

4. Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vlUrqyu fofue; njksa eas ifjorZuksa }kjk Lor% gks tkrk gSμ

(d) vlUrqfyr ([k) lek;ksftr

(x) foisf{kr (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

5. fp=k 17-1 esa DD fdl ns'k dk ek¡x oØ izn£'kr dj jgk gSμ

(d) vesfjdk ([k) baXyS.M


17-2 vo'kks"k.k fl¼kUr (The Absorption Theory)

voewY;u dk vo'kks"k.k fl¼kUr dhUl osQ jk"Vªh; vk; lEcU/ksa ij vk/kfjr ,d lkekU; lUrqyu fo'ys"k.k gSAbl fl¼kUr dks Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa lek;kstu dk osQUlh; ekxZ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ijUrq ;g fl¼kUr osQUlh; fl¼kUrls oqQN fHkUu gSA osQUlh; fl¼kUr voewY;u osQ iQyLo:i fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ vkSj vk;krksa esa deh gksus ls vk; esatks ifjorZu gksrs gSa] mudk fo'ys"k.k djrk gS] tcfd vo'kks"k.k fl¼kUr ?kjsyw O;; esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa osQ ekè;els leL;k dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA

flMuh ,ysDtSaMj (Sydney Alexander)μosQUlh; 'kCnkoyh rFkk fopkj/kjk ij vk/kfjr voewY;u osQ vk; dkizHkko dk vè;;u djrk gSA mlosQ vuqlkj fdlh ns'k osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk gksus dk vFkZ ;g gS fd yksx ftrukmRiknu djrs gSa mlls vf/d vo'kks"k.k djrs gSaA vU; 'kCnksa esa] jk"Vªh; vk; ls miHkksx vkSj fuos'k ij ?kjsyw O;;vf/d gSA ;fn Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vfrjsd gS rks yksx de vo'kks"k.k dj jgs gSa vFkkZr~ jk"Vªh; vk; ls miHkksx vkSjfuos'k ij ?kjsyw O;; de gSA bl rjg] bl fof/ esa Hkqxrku 'ks"k dks jk"Vªh; vk; rFkk ?kjsyw O;; osQ vUrj osQ:i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA

bl fo'ys"k.k dks fuEu lehdj.k osQ ekè;e ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

Y = C + Id + X – M ...(1)

tgka Y jk"Vªh; vk; gS] C miHkksx O;;] Id oqQy ?kjsyw fuos'k] X fu;kZr rFkk M vk;kr gSA

C + Id oqQy vo'kks"k.k gS ftls ;fn A }kjk O;Dr fd;k tk, rFkk X – M Hkqxrku 'ks"k gS ftls B }kjk O;Dr fd;ktk, rc lehdj.k (1) dks fuEuor fy[kk tk ldrk gSμ

Y = A + B

vFkok


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B = Y – A ...(2)

lehdj.k (2) ;g O;Dr djrk gS fd Hkqxrku 'ks"k jk"Vªh; vk; (Y) rFkk oqQy vo'kks"k.k (A) dk vUrj gSA Hkqxrku'ks"k dks ?kjsyw vk; c<+kdj vFkok vo'kks"k.k (mi;ksx rFkk fuos'k O;;) dks de djosQ lq/kjk tk ldrk gSA,ysDtSaMj blosQ fy, voewY;u djus dk lq>ko nsrk gSA mldk roZQ Øe bl izdkj gSμvoewY;u ls fu;kZr c<+rsgSa rFkk vk;krksa esa deh vkrh gS ftlls jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA bl rjg c<+h gqbZ vfrfjDr vk; xq.kd izHkkols vk; dks vkSj vf/d c<+k,xh blls ?kjsyw miHkksx esa o`f¼ gksxhA bl rjg jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ dk Hkqxrku&'ks"kij 'kq¼ izHkko jk"Vªh; vk; esa oqQy o`f¼ rFkk vo'kks"k.k esa izsfjr o`f¼ dk vUrj gS ftls fuEu lehdj.k }kjk O;Drfd;k tk ldrk gSμ

ΔB = ΔY – ΔA ...(3)

voewY;u gksus ij oqQy vo'kks"k.k dh lhekUr izo`fÙk (vo'kks"k.k dh lhekUr izo`fÙk (a) miHkksx dh lhekUr izo`fÙkrFkk fuos'k dh lhekUr izo`fÙk dk ;ksx gksrh gS) ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;gka vo'kks"k.k dh lhekUr izo`fÙk dks a }kjkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSA bl rjg]

ΔA = a . ΔY ...(4)

lehdj.k (4) ls ΔA dk eku lehdj.k (3) esa j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gSμ

ΔB = ΔY – (a . ΔY)

ΔB = ΔY – a . ΔY

ΔB = (1 – a) ΔY

voewY;u Hkh vk; esa ifjorZu osQ }kjk vo'kks"k.k dks izR;{k :i ls izHkkfor djrk gS ftls ;gka D ls izn£'kr fd;kx;k gSA bl rjg]

ΔB = (1 – a) ΔY + ΔD ...(5)

mijksDr lehdj.k mu rhu ?kVdksa dh vksj laosQr djrk gS tks Hkqxrku 'ks"k ij voewY;u osQ izHkkoksa dh foospukdjrs gSaA ;s rhu ?kVd gSaμ(i) vo'kks"k.k dh lhekUr izofÙk (a), (ii) vk; esa ifjorZu (ΔY) rFkk (iii) izR;{k vo'kks"k.kesa ifjorZu (ΔD)A

1- vo'kks"k.k dh lhekUr izo`fÙkμ;fn vo'kks"k.k dh lhekUr izo`fÙk bdkbZ ls de (a < 1) gS rks voewY;ufu;kZr dks c<+k,xk vkSj vk;kr esa deh yk,xkA mRiknu vkSj vk; esa o`f¼ gksxh rFkk pkyw [kkrs ij Hkqxrku'ks"k esa lq/kj gksxkA nwljh vksj ;fn a > 1 gks rks Hkqxrku 'ks"k ij foijhr izHkko iM+sxkA vU; 'kCnksa esa] yksxvf/d vo'kks"k.k dj jgs gSa vFkkZr~ miHkksx ij vf/d O;; dj jgs gSa rFkk vfèkd fuos'k dj jgs gSaA ,slhn'kk esa voewY;u u rks fu;kZr gh c<+k,xk vkSj u gh vk;kr dks de djsxkA Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh fLFkfr [kjkcjgsxhA

iw.kZ jkstxkj dh n'kkvksa osQ vUrxZr ;fn a > 1 gks rks ljdkj dks voewY;u osQ lkFk&lkFk O;; ?kVkus okyhuhfr mik;ksa dks viukuk gksxk rkfd vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lalk/uksa dk iqu% vkc.Vu bl rjg gks fd fu;kZrc<+s vkSj vk;kr esa deh vk,A varr% Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj vk,xkA

2- vk; esa ifjorZuμ;fn vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuf"Ø; lalk/u fo|eku gSa rks voewY;u ls fu;kZr c<+sxk vkSjvk;kr de gksxkA fu;kZr rFkk vk;kr izfr;ksxh m|ksxksa osQ foLrkj ls vk; esa of¼ gksrh gSA blls vFkZO;oLFkkesa vfrfjDr vk; dk l`tu gksxk tks xq.kd izHkko ls vkxs Hkh vk; dks c<+k nsxhA blls Hkqxrku 'ks"k dhfLFkfr esa lq/kj gksxkA ;fn vFkZO;oLFkk esa iw.kZ jkstxkj dh fLFkfr gS rks voewY;u izfrowQy jk"Vªh; 'ks"k dksBhd ugha dj ik,xk D;ksafd jk"Vªh; vk; vc bl Lrj ls vkxs ugha c<+ losQxhA voewY;u ls dhersa c<+saxhftlls fu;kZr ?kVsxk rFkk vk;kr c<+sxk iQyLo:i Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh fLFkfr vkSj vf/d [kjkc gksxhA

3- O;kikj 'krZ izHkkoμvoewY;u ls ns'k dh O;kikj 'krs± izfrowQy gksrh gSa D;ksafd blls fons'kh eqnzk esa fu;kZr

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dhersa fxj tkrh gSaA ;g /kj.kk bl rF; ij vk/kfjr gS fd lkekU;r;k ,d ns'k osQ fu;kZr] vk;krksa dhvis{kk vf/d fof'k"VhÑr gksrs gSaA fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ iQyLo:i vk;kr dherksa dh vis{kk fu;kZr dhersavf/d izHkkfor gksrh gSaA vr% voewY;u gksus ls O;kikj 'krks± osQ izfrowQy gksus dh vf/d lEHkkouk gksrhgS ftlls vk; ?kV tkrh gSA

4- vo'kks"k.k ij izR;{k izHkkoμvo'kks"k.k ij voewY;u osQ izR;{k izHkko dks ,ysDtSaMj us bl rjg le>k;kgSμ¶voewY;u osQ iQyLo:i tc eqnzk vk; vkSj eqnzk dhersa ,d lkFk c<+rh gSa] rks og izHkko tks okLrfodO;; dks de djrk gS] vo'kks"k.k ij izR;{k izHkko gSA¸ bl izHkko dk vè;;u udn 'ks"k izHkko eqnzk HkzeizHkko] vk; iqu£orj.k izHkko rFkk iqQVdj izR;{k vo'kks"k.k izHkkoksa osQ vUrxZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

udn 'ks"k izHkkoμfdlh ns'k dh eqnzk dk voewY;u gksus ls mldh ?kjsyw dherksa esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA dherksa osQ c<+usls yksx vf/d udnh dks bdV~Bk djrs gSaA okLrfod vk; osQ fLFkj jgus ij] udnh 'ks"kksa esa of¼ gksus ij okLrfodO;; ?kV tk,axsA ;fn udnh /kj.kksa osQ c<+us ls vU; ifjlEifÙk;ksa dh fcØh izkjEHk gks tkrh gS] rks blls C;kt dhnj esa ifjorZu gksrs gSaA ;g vkxs okLrfod vk; dh lkis{krk esa okLrfod miHkksx vFkok fuos'k dks izHkkfor djldrk gSA bl rjg] udn 'ks"k izHkko udnh c<+kus osQ fy, O;; dks R;kxdj vk;&O;; lEcU/ ij izR;{k rkSj lsvFkok vU; dks udnh esa ifjorZu djus osQ iQyLo:i C;kt nj }kjk vizR;{k rkSj ij dk;Z dj ldrk gSA

eqnzk Hkze izHkkoμyksx viuh vk;] O;; ,oa cprksa dk eqnzk osQ :i esa fopkj djus dh izo`fÙk j[krs gSaA bleuksoSKkfud vk/kj dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, ,ysDtSaMj dgrs gSa fd voewY;u osQ dkj.k tc dhersa c<+rh gSa rcHkqxrku 'ks"k ij vuqowQy izHkko iM+ ldrk gSA ;fn yksx c<+h gqbZ dherksa ij de [kjhnrs vkSj miHkksx djrs gSa pkgsmudh ekSfnzd vk;] udn 'ks"k izHkko ls c<+us okyh vk; ls vf/d c<+h gksA

vk; dk iqu£orj.k izHkkoμ;fn voewY;u ls vk; dk forj.k maQph cpr izo`fÙk okyksa osQ i{k esa rFkk maQphmiHkksx izo`fÙk okyksa osQ foi{k esa gksrk gS rks vo'kks"k.k Lor% ?kV tkrk gSA ftl lhek rd vk; dks [kikus dh maQphlhekUr izo`fÙk okys yksxksa ls de lhekUr izo`fÙk okyksa dh vksj LFkkukUrj.k fd;k tkrk gS mlh lhek rd Hkqxrku'ks"k esa lUrqyu voewY;u }kjk lq/jsxkA mYys[kuh; gS fd iqu£orj.k izHkko osQoy miHkksx oLrqvksa rd gh ugha iSQyrkcfYd fuos'k {ks=k esa Hkh iSQyrk gSA vk; iqu£orj.k dk vfUre izHkko bu lHkh dkjdksa dk la;qDr ifj.kke gksxkA

iqQVdj izR;{k vo'kks"k.k izHkkoμtc ns'k esa dher o`f¼ dh izR;k'kk fujUrj fo|eku jgrh gS rks bllsvo'kks"k.k c<+rk gS rFkk voewY;u ls Hkqxrku 'ks"k ij foijhr izHkko iM+rk gSA ijUrq ,slk izk;% vYidky esa ghgksrk gSA tc voewY;u ls vk;kr dhersa c<+rh gSa vkSj ;fn fuos'k oLrq,a Hkh blh Js.kh esa 'kkfey dj yh tkrhgSa rks vk;kfrr fuos'k oLrqvksa dk lkis{k vkd"kZ.k ?kjsyw rkSj ij miyC/ ,slh oLrqvksa dh lkis{krk esa vFkok muosQfudV LFkkukiUuksa dh lkis{krk esa de gks tk,xkA blls vo'kks"k.k esa of¼ gksxhA ijUrq ,d lEHkkouk ;g Hkh fo|ekugksrh gS fd ?kjsyw fu£er] oLrqvksa dh dhersa bruh maQph gksa fd yksx bu oLrqvksa ij O;; dks de vFkok LFkfxrdj nsaA blls cprksa esa o`f¼ gks tk,xhA

blosQ vfrfjDr ;fn ljdkj O;; ?kVkus okyh ekSfnzd ,oa jktdks"kh; uhfr;ksa dk lgkjk ysrh gS rks Hkh izR;{kvo'kks"k.k de gks tkrk gSA

vkykspuk,a (Criticisms)μvo'kks"k.k fof/ dh izeq[k vkykspuk,a fuEuor gSaμ

1- bl fo'ys'k.k esa iz;qDr miHkksx ,oa fuos'k izo`fÙk;ksa dh leqfpr x.kuk djuk lEHko ugha gksrkA

2- vo'kks"k.k fof/ ?kjsyw vo'kks"k.k dks izHkkfor djus okyh ?kjsyw uhfr;ksa ij gh viuk è;ku osQfUnzr djrhgSA ;g fof/ vU; ns'kksa osQ vo'kks"k.k ij voewY;u osQ izHkkoksa dk vè;;u ugha djrhA

3- vo'kks"k.k fof/ dh ,d izeq[k detksjh ;g gS fd lkis{k dherksa dh vis{kk ;g ?kjsyw miHkksx ij vf/dcy nsrh gSA vo'kks"k.k de djus osQ fy, osQoy ?kjsyw miHkksx osQ Lrj dks de djus dk ;g vFkZ ughagqvk fd bl rjg NksM+s x, lalk/u Hkqxrku lUrqyu dks lq/kjus esa gh yxk, tk,axsA


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4- vo'kks"k.k fof/ dh vkykspuk djrs gq, eSDyi us er O;Dr fd;k fd voewY;u dk izHkko crkus esa O;;izo`fÙk;ka de fo'oluh; gSa tcfd ekSfnzd ,oa jktdks"kh; uhfr;ksa dk voewY;u ij izHkko vfèkd O;kidgksrk gS ftudh vo'kks"k.k fof/ esa mis{kk dh xbZ gSA

5- vo'kks"k.k dh vo/kj.kk voewY;u osQ dher izHkko dh vogsyuk djrh gS tcfd ;g vf/d egRoiw.kZ gSA

6- vo'kks"k.k dh /kj.kk] fLFkj fofue; nj iz.kkyh osQ vUrxZr Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVs dks Bhd djus osQ mik; osQ:i esa liQy ugha jgh gSA




1. vo'kks"k.k dk fl¼kar ek'kZy us fn;k FkkA

2. flMuh ,ysDtSaMj osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªh; vk; ls miHkksx vkSj fuos'k ij ?kjsyw O;; de gSA

3. voewY;u Hkh vki esa ifjorZu osQ }kjk vo'kks"k.k dks izR;{k:i ls izHkkfor djrk gSA

4. voewY;u ls O;kikj dh 'krsZ vuqowQy gksrh gSaA

5. iqu£orj.k izHkko osQoy miHkksx oLrqvksa rd ugha iSQyrk cfYd fuos'k osQ {ks=k esa Hkh iSQyrk gSA


• tc fdlh ns'k dk Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVs vFkok vfrjsd dh fLFkfr esa gksrk gS rks mlesa lek;kstu osQ fofHkUura=k iz;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSa ftlls fd og larqyu dh voLFkk esa vk tk,A

• vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lo.kZeku 1880&1914 osQ chp izpfyr FkkA blosQ vUrxZr iz;qDr djsalh lksus dh cuh gqbZ Fkhftls ,d fuf'pr nj ij lksus esa cnyk tk ldrk FkkA ns'k dk osQUnzh; cSad fu/kZfjr dher ij Lo.kZ osQØ;&foØ; osQ fy, lnSo rRij jgrk FkkA ftl nj ij ns'k dh ekud eqnzk Lo.kZ esa cnyh tk ldrh Fkhog nj Lo.kZ dh Vdlky nj dher (mint price) dgh tkrh FkhA bl nj dks Vdlky nj lerk (mint

parity rate) vFkok fofue; dh Vdlky nj lerk dgk tkrk Fkk D;ksafd ;g nj lksus dh Vdlky dherij vk/kfjr FkhA ijUrq fofue; dh okLrfod nj Vdlky nj lerk ls mruh de ;k T;knk gks ldrh Fkhftruh fd nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp tgkt esa lksuk ykus vFkok ys tkus dh ykxr (vFkkZr~ ifjogu ykxr) gksrhFkhA

• Lo.kZeku osQ vUrxZr Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk vFkok vfrjsd&dher&Lo.kZ&izokg (price-specie-flow) rU=k}kjk Lor% lek;ksftr gks tkrk FkkA

• yksp'khy fofue; njksa osQ vUrxZr fons'kh fofue; dh ekax ,oa iw£r dh 'kfDr;ka Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa gksus okysvlUrqyu dks Lor% lUrqfyr dj nsrh gSaA fofue; nj djsUlh dh dher gksrh gS ftls vU; oLrqvksa dhgh Hkkafr ekax ,oa iw£r dh 'kfDr;ka fu/kZfjr djrh gSaA

• Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lek;kstu dh leL;k dk vyx&vyx gy izLrqr fd;k gSA ;g fof/ mu 'krks± dk fo'ys"k.kdjrh gS ftuosQ vUrxZr ,d ns'k dh eqnzk dk voewY;u djosQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa iqu% lUrqyu LFkkfir fd;ktkrk gSA bl rjg bldk lEcU/ voewY;u osQ dher izHkko ls gSA

• voewY;u ls fons'kh eqnzk esa fu;kZrksa dh ?kjsyw dhersa de gks tkrh gSa dhersa de gksus ls fu;kZr c<+rs gSaAfu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ fdruh gksxh ;g fu;kZrksa dh ekax dh yksp ij fuHkZj djsxkA ;g fu;kZfrr oLrq dh izÑfrrFkk cktkj dh n'kkvksa ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA

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• vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dh /kj.kk gS ek'kZy&yuZj 'krZ fodflr ns'kksa esa gh ykxw gks ldrh gS rFkk vYidky dh vis{kk;g nh?kZdky esa vf/d izHkkoh gksrh gSA

• voewY;u dk vo'kks"k.k fl¼kUr dhUl osQ jk"Vªh; vk; lEcU/ksa ij vk/kfjr ,d lkekU; lUrqyufo'ys"k.k gSA bl fl¼kUr dks Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa lek;kstu dk osQUlh; ekxZ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

• voewY;u ls ns'k dh O;kikj 'krs± izfrowQy gksrh gSa D;ksafd blls fons'kh eqnzk esa fu;kZr dhersa fxj tkrhgSaA

• tc ns'k esa dher o`f¼ dh izR;k'kk fujUrj fo|eku jgrh gS rks blls vo'kks"k.k c<+rk gS rFkk voewY;uls Hkqxrku 'ks"k ij foijhr izHkko iM+rk gSA


••••• Vdlkyμ flDosQ@eqnzk <kyus dk dkj[kkukA

••••• lek;kstuμ lIykbZ] laHkj.kA


1- Hkqxrku 'ks"k osQ lek;kstu dh fofHkUu izfØ;kvksa dks le>kb,A

2- Lo.kZeku osQ varxZr lek;kstu dh izfØ;k dks le>kb,A

3- yksp'khy fofue; njksa osQ varxZr Lor% dher lek;kstu ij izk'k Mkfy,A

4- vo'kks"k.k fl¼kar dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A


1. 1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (x) 4. ([k)

5. (d)

2. 1. × 2. 3. 4. ×5.






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bdkbZμ18% fLFkj ,oa vfLFkj fofue; nj osQ xq.k ,oa nks"k(Merits and Demerits of Fixed and Flexible

Exchange Rate)


mís'; (Objectives)


18.1 fLFkj fofue; nj osQ xq.k ,oa nks"k (Merits and Demerits of Fixed Exchange Rate)

18.2 vfLFkj fofue; nj osQ xq.k ,oa nks"k (Merits and Demerits of Flexible Exchange Rate)





mís'; (Objectives)


• fLFkj vkSj vfLFkj fofue; njksa osQ xq.k ,oa nks"kksa dh O;k[;k djus esaA


fons'kh fofue; osQ laca/ esa izk;% fofue; nj* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fofue; nj ls vfHkizk; ,d eqnzk

dh nwljh eqnzk esa dher ls dher ls gSA vFkkZr fofue; nj dk vfHkizk; ml nj ls gksrk gS ftl ij ,d ns'k dh

eqnzk dks nwljs ns'k dh eqnzk esa cnyk tkrk gSA bl izdkj fofue; nj nks ns'kksa osQ eqnzkvksa osQ fofue; vuqikr dks

O;Dr djrk gSA fLFkj fofue; nj esa ifjorZu osQoy ,d fuf'pr lhek rd gh gksrk gSA tcfd vfLFkj fofue;

nj esa ek¡x vkSj iw£r dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ iQyLo:i ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA

18-1 fLFkj fofue; nj osQ xq.k ,oa nks"k (Merits and Demerits of FixedExchange Rate)

fLFkj fofue; nj og nj gS ftlesa ifjorZu ,d fuf'pr lhek rd gh gks ldrs gSaA Lo.kZeku osQ vUrxZr fofue;nj fLFkj gksrh Fkh] D;ksafd buesa ,d fuf'pr lhek (Lo.kZ fcUnqvksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr) rd gh ifjorZu gksrs FksA bllhek osQ vkxs ifjorZu gksus ij Lo.kZ dk vk;kr&fu;kZr gksus yxrk FkkA fnlEcj 1945 esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"kdh LFkkiuk osQ ckn cgqr&ls ns'kksa us fLFkj fofue; nj viuk yh Fkh rFkk bl nj dks cuk;s j[kus dh ps"Vk dhAeqnzk dks"k us bl fLFkj nj dks cuk;s j[kus esa lgk;rk dhA 1971 esa Mkyj voewY;u osQ ckn ,oa vU; vUrjkZ"Vªh;


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bdkbZ—18% fLFkj ,oa vfLFkj fofue; nj osQ xq.k ,oa nks"k

vk£Fkd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k fofue; nj dks fLFkj j[kuk lEHko ugha jg x;k gS vr% fofue; njsacnyrh jgrh gSaA

fLFkj fofue; njksa osQ xq.k (Merits of Fixed Rate)

(1) vUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrku esa ljyrkμ;fn ns'kksa dh fofue; njksa esa fLFkjrk gS rks vUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrku esa vklkuhgks tkrh gS vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA ns'kksa dk ,d&nwljs dh eqnzk esa fo'okl gks tkrkgSA blosQ iQyLo:i fo'o osQ ns'kksa esa vk£Fkd ,drk lEHko gksrh gSA

(2) iw¡th fuekZ.kμfofue; nj esa fLFkjrk osQ dkj.k ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkh fLFkjrk vkrh gSA yksx fons'kksaesa Hkh fofu;ksx djrs gSa ftlosQ iQyLo:i iw¡th fuekZ.k dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA eqnzk osQ ewY; esa LFkkf;RoosQ dkj.k cpr dks Hkh izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

(3) fons'kh iw¡th dks izksRlkguμ;fn fofue; nj esa vfLFkjrk gksrh gS rks fons'kh iw¡th ns'k esa vkd£"kr ughagksrh D;ksafd fons'kh fofu;ksxdrkZvksa dks bl ckr dk fo'okl ugha jgrk fd mUgsa viuh iw¡th dk izfriQyfeysxkA fdUrq fofue; nj fLFkj jgus ls fons'kh iw¡th dk vk;kr gksrk gS tks ns'k osQ vk£Fkd fodkl esalgk;d gksrh gSA

(4) mPpkopuksa dh lekfIrμ;fn fofue; nj fLFkj jgrh gS rks vFkZO;oLFkk esa T;knk mPpkopu ugha gksrs]tcfd fofue; nj esa vfLFkjrk gksus ls mlesa vfèkd mPpkopu gksrs gSa ftlls lV~Vsckth dks izksRlkgufeyrk gS rFkk vfLFkjrk c<+rh gSA

(5) fu;kstu esa liQyrkμfu;kstu] fo'ks"k :i ls v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa mlh le; liQy gks ldrk gS tcmUgsa vko';d ek=kk esa iw¡th] e'khusa] midj.k rFkk rduhdh Kku] fons'kksa esa miyCèk gks losQA ;fn fofue;nj esa fLFkjrk jgrh gS rks iwoZ&fuèkkZfjr O;; osQ vuqlkj mDr oLrqvksa dk vk;kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fofue;nj esa vfLFkjrk osQ dkj.k fu;kstu esa O;; dk vuqeku yxkuk gh dfBu gks tkrk gSA

(6) vFkZO;oLFkk esa fons'kh O;kikj ij vfèkd fuHkZjrkμftu ns'kksa esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vfèkd egÙojgrk gS mu ns'kksa osQ fy, fofue; njksa esa fLFkjrk j[kuk vko';d gks tkrk gS vU;Fkk mudh vFkZO;oLFkkij cgqr izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gS vkSj vk£Fkd fodkl esa ckèkk mifLFkr gksrh gSA

fLFkj fofue; nj osQ nks"k (Demerits of Fixed Exchange Rate System)

(1) dBksj fu;U=k.kμfuf'pr fofue; nj dks cuk;s j[kus osQ fy, dbZ izdkj osQ izfrcUèkksa vkSj fu;U=k.kksa dhvko';drk gksrh gS tks izk;% lEHko ugha gks ikrsA fuf'pr fofue; nj mlh le; lEHko gS tc(i) vko';drkuqlkj ns'k esa eqnzk dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu fd;k tk;] (ii) ljdkj fdlh Hkh ek=kk esa fons'khfofue; osQ Ø;&foØ; osQ fy, rS;kj jgs] vkSj (iii) fofue; fu;U=k.k dk iwjk ikyu fd;k tk;A espyiosQ vuqlkj] izk;% ns'k esa vko';d ek=kk esa eqnzk esa ifjorZu ugha fd;k tkrk ftlls fofue; nj esa vlkE;dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gSA

(2) Hkz"Vkpkj dk fo"ke pØμfofue; njksa dks fLFkj cuk;s j[kus osQ fy, vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vU; {ks=kksa esa Hkhfu;U=k.k yxkuk vko';d gks tkrk gS_ tSls fons'kh O;kikj] m|ksx] cSa dx] vkfnA bu izfrcUèkksa vkSj fu;U=k.kksals ns'k esa Hkz"Vkpkj iuius dh lEHkkouk jgrh gS ftlls vkSj vfèkd fu;U=k.k yxkuk vko';d gks tkrkgSA bl izdkj Hkz"Vkpkj dk fo"ke pØ iSQyrk tkrk gSA

voewY;u ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\


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(3) jk"Vªh; fgrksa dh cfyμfuf'pr fofue; njksa dks cuk;s j[kus osQ fy, vkUrfjd fgrksa dk ifjR;kx djukiM+rk gS rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; fgrksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA viuh eqnzk dh nj dh vU; ns'kksa ls fofue;nj fLFkj j[kus osQ fy, ns'k dh jk"Vªh; vk;] jkstxkj] ewY; Lrj vkSj jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks xkS.k eku fy;ktkrk gSA

(4) fofue; njksa esa vkdfLed ifjorZuμfuf'pr fofue; nj cuk;s j[kus osQ iz;Rukas esa tc dksbZ eqnzkdetksj gks tkrh gS rks mldk voewY;u dj fn;k tkrk gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i fofue; nj vkdfLed :ils ?kV tkrh gSA bldk fons'kh O;kikj vkSj Hkqxrku lUrqyu ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA

mi;qZDr foospu ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd fuf'pr fofue; nj iz.kkyh lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,oa lc ns'kksa osQfy, mi;qDr ugha gSA



1. fofue; nj fLFkj gksrh gSμ

(d) Lo.kZeku osQ vUrxZr ([k) fons'kh O;kikj osQ vUrxZr

(x) fu;kstu osQ le; (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

2. fofue; nj fLFkj jgus ls vk;kr gksrk gSμ

(d) e'khuksa dk ([k) fons'kh iw¡th dk


3. fLFkj fofue; nj mlh le; laHko gS tcμ

(d) ns'k dh eqnzk esa ifjorZu fd;k tk, ([k) fofue; fu;a=k.k dk ikyu fd;k tk,


4. fLFkj fofue; nj dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSμ

(d) fons'kh O;kikj dks ([k) vUrjkZ"Vªh; fgrksa dks


18-2 vfLFkj fofue; nj osQ xq.k ,oa nks"k (Merits and Demerits of FlexibleExchange Rate)

ykspnkj fofue; nj og nj gS ftlesa ek¡x vkSj iw£r dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ iQyLo:i ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gS rFkk ljdkjdk bl ij dksbZ fu;U=k.k ugha gksrkA lsE;qylu osQ vuqlkj] ¶ykspiw.kZ fofue; njksa dks oLrqvksa dh ek¡x vkSj iw£rvFkok iw¡th osQ izokg osQ }kjk ykspiw.kZ <ax ls Åij ;k uhps j[kk tkrk gSA¸1 bl izdkj ykspnkj fofue; njksa dhiz.kkyh ifjorZuksa ij iw.kZ è;ku nsrh gSA

vfLFkj fofue; njksa osQ xq.k (Merits of Flexible Exchange Rate)

(1) ekSfnzd uhfr dk liQy dk;kZUo;uμykspiw.kZ fofue; njksa osQ vUrxZr fdlh ns'k esa vYidky esa ekSfnzduhfr dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA fofue; nj esa ns'k dh ekSfnzd uhfr osQ vuqlkj ifjorZufd;s tk ldrs gSa vkSj ns'k esa dherksa esa fLFkjrk] vk; ,oa jkstxkj esa o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA bldk ns'kosQ vk£Fkd fodkl ij vuqowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA

1 “Floating exchange rates are forced flexibly up or down by supply and demand for good orcapital movements.” —Samuelson

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(2) LorU=k vk£Fkd uhfr lEHkoμfLFkj fofue; njksa osQ vUrxZr] ,d ns'k ,d cM+h lhek rd fons'kksa ijfuHkZj gks tkrk gS ,oa ns'k osQ fy, LorU=k vk£Fkd uhfr ugha viuk ikrkA fdUrq ifjorZu'khy fofue;njksa esa og vius ns'k osQ fy, Lora=k vk£Fkd uhfr viuk ldrk gS ,oa vius ns'k dh izfr"Bk cuk;sj[k ldrk gSA

(3) vfèkewY;u ;k voewY;u lEHkoμns'k esa vk£Fkd mPpkopu osQ iQyLo:i dHkh&dHkh ,slh ifjfLFkfr;kavkrh gSa fd ns'k dh eqnzk dk voewY;u (Devaluation) vFkok vfèkewY;u (Over-Valuation) djukiM+rk gSA tc ljdkj }kjk tkucw>dj fons'kh eqnzk dh rqyuk esa] ns'k dh eqnzk dk ewY; ?kVk fn;k tkrkgS rks bls voewY;u dgrs gSa vkSj blosQ foijhr tc fons'kh eqnzk dh rqyuk esa ns'k dh eqnzk dk ewY; c<+kfn;k tkrk gS rks bls vfèkewY;u dgrs gSaA ykspiw.kZ fofue; njksa esa voewY;u rFkk vfèkewY;u ,dvYidkyhu ,oa LokHkkfod izfØ;k gksrh gSA okLro esa] eqnzk dh fofue; nj esa deh ;k o`f¼ mls BhdLrj ij ykus dh izfØ;k ek=k gksrh gSA

(4) vk£Fkd fLFkfr dk lwpdμykspiw.kZ fofue; njsa] ns'k dh okLrfod vk£Fkd izxfr dh lwpd gksrh gSaA;fn vk£Fkd fLFkfr esa fLFkjrk jgrh gS rks fofue;&nj esa fLFkjrk cuh jgrh gS vkSj ;fn vk£Fkd fLFkfrvfLFkj jgrh gS rks fofue; nj esa Hkh vfLFkjrk vk tkrh gSA bl izdkj ns'k dh fofue;&nj vk£Fkd fLFkfrdh lwpd gSA vr% ykspiw.kZ fofue; nj dh ;g fo'ks"krk gksrh gS fd og ?kwe&fiQjdj lkE; fcUnq ij vktkrh gSA

(5) Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa lqèkkjμHkqxrku&'ks"k (Balance of Payment) esa lUrqyu LFkkfir djuk fofue; njdk dk;Z gS rFkk fofue; nj esa mlh le; okaNuh; ifjorZu fd;s tk ldrs gSa tcfd fofue; njsa ykspiw.kZgksaA vr% Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa lUrqyu rHkh LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS tc fons'kh fofue; nj esavko';drkuqlkj ifjorZu gksrs jgsaA

fuf'pr fofue; nj iz.kkyh lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,oa lc ns'kksa osQ fy, mi;qDr ugha gSA

vfLFkj fofue; njksa osQ nks"k (Demerits of Flexible Exchange Rate)

(1) lkèkuksa dh cckZnhμfofue; njksa esa ckj&ckj ifjorZu gksus ls fu;kZr vkSj vk;kr&izfr;ksxh m|ksxksa esarqyukRed :i ls gksus okys ykHk esa ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gS ftlls bu m|ksxksa esa lalkèkuksa dk gLrkUrj.kgksrk jgrk gS vkSj lalkèkuksa dh cckZnh gksrh gSA fLFkj fofue; njksa osQ vUrxZr Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa gksus okysvYi ifjorZuksa dks ekSfnzd fjtoZ esa ifjorZu djosQ Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk mudh ykxr vfèkd ughagksrhA bl izdkj fofue; njksa esa gksus okys ckj&ckj osQ ifjorZuksa ls cpk tk ldrk gSA

(2) Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa lUrqyu osQ fy, vuwowQy ughaμHkqxrku&'ks"k esa lUrqyu cuk;s j[kus osQ fy,]ykspiw.kZ fofue; njksa ij fuHkZj ugha jgk tk ldrkA ;fn fofue; nj esa ,d fn'kk esa ifjorZu gksrk gSrks ;g vuqeku yxk fy;k tkrk gS fd mlh fn'kk esa vkxs Hkh ifjorZu gksxkA blls lV~Vs dh fØ;kvksadks izksRlkgu feyrk gS ftlls Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa lUrqyu rks nwj] mYVs vlUrqyu iSnk gks tkrk gS rFkkleL;k vkSj my> tkrh gSA

(3) O;kikj 'krks± ij izfrowQy izHkkoμykspiw.kZ fofue; njksa osQ vUrxZr cgqr ns'k O;kikj vkSj fofue;fu;U=k.k osQ ekè;e ls viuh fofue; nj dks ml fcUnq ls Å¡pk j[kus dk iz;Ru djrs gSa tks LorU=k cktkjesa izpfyr gksrhA bldk mu ns'kksa dh O;kikj dh 'krks± ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gS] D;ksafd fu;kZr grksRlkfgrgksrs gSaA vr% ykspiw.kZ fofue; njksa ls tks ykHk gksrk gS] mldh rqyuk esa izfrowQy O;kikj dh 'krks± ls gkfuvfèkd gksrh gSA


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(4) fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, vuqi;qDrμv¼zZ&fodflr ns'kksa dks fodflr ns'kksa ls dPpk eky] iwathxroLrq,a] rduhdh Kku] vkfn dks vk;kr djus osQ fy, Hkkjh ek=kk esa fons'kh fofue; dh vko';drk gksrhgS tcfd muosQ ikl bldh cgqr deh gksrh gS vr% muosQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd fons'kh fofue; njesa fLFkjrk jgs vkSj vfLFkj fofue; njsa muosQ fgrksa osQ vuqowQy ugha gksrhaA

ns'k osQ Hkqxrku lUrqyu osQ izfrowQy gksus dh n'kk esa fofue; nj dk lek;kstu djosQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh izfrowQyfLFkfr dks vuqowQy cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

fLFkj vkSj ykspiw.kZ fofue; njμnksuksa esa gh oqQN xq.k vkSj nks"k gSaA loksZÙke fofue; nj og gksxh ftlesanksuksa osQ xq.k fo|eku gksaA ,slh fofue; nj ,d fcUnq ij LFkk;h j[kdj izkIr ugha dh tk ldrh gSA




1. vfLFkj fofue; nj ij ljdkj dk dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gksrkA

2. ns'k dh ekSfnzd uhfr osQ vuqlkj fofue; nj esa ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

3. ns'k dh vk£Fkd izxfr dk lwpd ykspiw.kZ fofue; njsa gksrh gSaA

4. ykspiw.kZ fofue; nj dk O;kikj dh 'krks± ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA

5. ykspiw.kZ fofue; nj fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, mi;qDr gSA


• fLFkj fofue; nj og nj gS ftlesa ifjorZu ,d fuf'pr lhek rd gh gks ldrs gSaA Lo.kZeku osQ vUrxZrfofue; nj fLFkj gksrh Fkh] D;ksafd buesa ,d fuf'pr lhek (Lo.kZ fcUnqvksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr) rd gh ifjorZugksrs FksA

• ykspnkj fofue; nj og nj gS ftlesa ek¡x vkSj iw£r dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ iQyLo:i ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSrFkk ljdkj dk bl ij dksbZ fu;U=k.k ugha gksrkA

• fofue; nj fLFkj jgus ls fons'kh iw¡th dk vk;kr gksrk gS tks ns'k osQ vk£Fkd fodkl esa lgk;d gksrh gSA

• ftu ns'kksa esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vfèkd egRo jgrk gS mu ns'kksa osQ fy, fofue; njksa esa fLFkjrk j[kukvko';d gks tkrk gS vU;Fkk mudh vFkZO;oLFkk ij cgqr izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA

• fofue; njksa dks fLFkj cuk;s j[kus osQ fy, vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vU; {ks=kksa esa Hkh fu;U=k.k yxkuk vko';d gkstkrk gSA


• • • • • ykspiw.kZμ ykspnkj] yksp;qDr] ypdA

••••• Lo.kZekuμ lksus dk eku ;k LVSaMMZA

••••• voewY;uμ ewY; esa deh djuk ;k deh gksukA

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1. fLFkj ,oa vfLFkj fofue; njksa esa varj Li"V dhft,A

2. fLFkj fofue; nj dks Li"V dhft, rFkk blosQ xq.kksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

3. fLFkj fofue; njksa osQ xq.k&nks"k dks Li"V dhft,A

4. vfLFkj fofue; nj dks Li"V dhft, rFkk blosQ nks"k crkb,A

5. vfLFkj fofue; njksa osQ xq.k&nks"k dh O;k[;k dhft,A

mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answer: Self Assessment)1. 1. (d) 2. ([k) 3. (x) 4. ([k)

2. 1. × 2. 3. 4. ×18-6 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)





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bdkbZμ19% O;; ?kVkus okyh ,oa O;; cnykodkjh uhfr;k¡(Expenditure Reducing and Expenditure

Switching Policies)


mís'; (Objectives)


19.1 O;; dks ?kVkus okyh ekSfnzd&uhfr (Expenditure Reducing Monetary Policy)

19.2 O;; cnykodkjh uhfr;k¡ (Expenditure Switching Policies)





mís'; (Objectives)


• O;; ?kVkus okyh ekSfnzd rFkk foÙkh; uhfr dks tkuus esaA

• O;; cnykodkjh uhfr;ksa dks le>us esaA


fdlh ns'k osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k easa gq, vlUrqyu dks lUrqfyr djus osQ fy, ljdkjksa }kjk izk;% ftu fof/;ksa dk lgkjkfy;k tkrk gS os gSa%

(d) vkUrfjd lUrqyu ftlosQ vUrxZr dher fLFkjrk rFkk iw.kZ jkstxkj dk mYys[k fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk

([k) cká lUrqyu vFkok Hkqxrku 'ks"k lUrqyuA

izks- ehM (Meade) us viuh iqLrd ‘Balance of Payments’ esa vkUrfjd ,oa cká lUrqyu cuk, j[kus osQ fy,ljdkjksa dks oqQy O;; rFkk fofue; nj dks fu;fU=kr j[kus dk lq>ko fn;k gSA tksulu (Johnson) us Hkh vkUrfjd,oa cká nksuksa lUrqyu LFkkfir djus osQ fy, uhfrxr midj.kksa osQ mi;ksx dh foospuk dh gSA

19-1 O;; dks ?kVkus okyh ekSfnzd&uhfr (Expenditure Reducing MonetaryPolicy)

eku yhft, ns'k esa Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVk gSA ;g vk; ls vf/d O;; dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA bls Bhd djusosQ fy, ekSfnzd uhfr osQ ekè;e ls eqnzk dh iwfrZ ?kVkbZ tkrh gSA blls C;kt dh nj esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA C;ktdh nj c<+us ls fuos'k ?kV tkrk gSA ?kVk fuos'k mRiknu vkSj vk; dks ?kVk nsrk gSA blls vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dh


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bdkbZ—19% O;; ?kVkus okyh ,oa O;; cnykodkjh uhfr;k¡

oqQy ekax esa deh vkrh gSA oqQy ekax esa deh vkUrfjddher Lrj esa Hkh deh yk nsrh gS ftlls fons'kh oLrqvksaosQ LFkku ij ns'kh oLrqvksa dh ekax dh vksj >qdko c<+rkgS iQyLo:i ns'k esa vk;kr de gks tkrs gSa vkSj fu;kZrc<+ tkrs gSaA blls pkyw O;kikj ?kkVk de gks tkrk gSAlkFk gh vk;kr esa deh ls vYidkyhu iwath dk ckáizokg (out flow) ?kV tkrk gS tks Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVs dksde djrk gSA iqu% vkUrfjd C;kt&njksa esa o`f¼ ls iwathdk vUr% izokg c<+rk gS ftlls Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVk lekIrgks tkrk gSA blosQ foijhr] tc ekSfnzd izkf/dj.k Hkqxrku'ks"k vfrjsd dks Bhd djus osQ fy, foLrkjd ekSfnzduhfr viukrk gS rks lek;kstu izfozQ;k mijksDr o.kZu osQfoijhr pyrh gSA

O;; ?kVkus okyh ekSfnzd uhfr rFkk blosQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dks fp=k&19.1 esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;kgSA fp=k esa {kSfrt v{k ij vk; osQ Lrj dks rFkk vuqyEc v{k ij C;kt dh nj dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA mijksDrekU;rkvksa osQ fn, gksus ij ge vius fo'ys"k.k dks ,slh fLFkfr ls izkjEHk djrs gSa tgka OR C;kt&nj rFkk OY

vk; Lrj ij IS-LM-BP oozQksa osQ dVku fcUnq E ij vFkZO;oLFkk iw.kZ lUrqyu esa gSA vc eku yhft, ekSfnzdizkf/dj.k }kjk vkUrfjd eqnzk iwfrZ ?kVk nh tkrh gSA blls LM oozQ ckb± rjiQ mQij dh vksj ljd dj LM1

ij vk tkrk gSA blls u;k lUrqyu fcUnq E1 ij LFkkfir gksrk gSA pwafd fcUnq E1 oozQ BP osQ ckb± rjiQ mQijdh vksj fLFkr gS vr% Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vfrjsd gSA u, lUrqyu fcUnq osQ vuq:i C;kt dh nj c<+dj OR lsOR1 gks tkrh gSA blls iwath dk vUr% izokg gksxk vkSj iwath ys[kk esa vfrjsd gksxkA nwljh vksj vk; OY ls?kVkdj OY1 gks tkrh gSA blls vk;kr esa deh gksxh vkSj pkyw js[kk vkf/D; mRiUu gksxkA bl rjg] laoqQpudkjhekSfnzd uhfr ls Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vfrjsd mRiUu gksrk gS] ijUrq E1 ,d LFkk;h lUrqyu dks izLrqr ugha djrkAHkqxrku 'ks"k vfrjsd vkUrfjd eqnzk iwfrZ dks c<+kok nsxk rFkk /hjs&/hj LM1 oozQ dks ljdkdj nkb± vksj LM

oozQ ij ys tk,xk rkfd E1 fcUnq IS oozQ osQ lkFk&lkFk pydj uhps dh vksj E fcUnq ij igqap tk, vkSjvFkZO;oLFkk iqu%Hkqxrku 'ks"k lUrqyu ij vk tk,A

O;; cnkyodkjh uhfr;ka ,d ns'k dh eqnzk osQ voewY;u (Devaluation) vFkok iquewZY;u

(Revaluation) ls lEcfU/r gSa rkfd og vius O;; dks fons'kh ls ?kjsyw oLrqvksa dh vksj vFkok

blosQ foijhr eksM+ lossaQA

O;; uhfr (Expenditure Reducing Fiscal Policy)

Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVs dks Bhd djus osQ fy, O;; ?kVkus okyh foÙkh; uhfr osQ izHkkoksa dks fp=k&19.2 esa iznf'kZrfd;k x;k gSA

mijksDr ekU;rkvksa osQ fn, gksus ij ge fo'ys"k.k dks lUrqyu fLFkfr E ls izkjEHk djrs gSa tks oozQ IS-LM-BP

dk dVku&fcUnq gSA bl lUrqyu fcUnq osQ vuq:i C;kt dh nj OR rFkk vk;&Lrj OY gSA eku yhft, ljdkj

laoqQpudkjh foÙkh; uhfr viukrh gS ftlls og viuk O;; ?kVkrh gS vkSj@vFkok djksa esa o`f¼ djrh gSA blls

IS oozQ uhps ckb± vksj ljddj IS1 ij vk tkrk gSA ;g IS1 oozQ LM oozQ dks fcUnq E1 ij dkVrk gSA blls

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C;kt&nj ?kVdj OR1 gks tkrh gSA blosQ iQyLo:i iwath

dk cká izokg gksrk gS vkSj iwath ys[kk ?kkVk mRiUu gksrk

gSA vk; Lrj OY ls ?kVkdj OY1 gks tkus ls vk;kr de

gksrs gSA vkSj pkyw ys[kk ?kkVk mRiUu gksrk gSA D;ksafd

fcUnq E1 oozQ BP osQ nkb± rjiQ uhps dh vksj gSA

okLro esa laoqQpudkjh foÙkh; uhfr dk Hkqxrku 'ks"k ij

iM+us okyk izHkko BP oozQ dh yksp ij fuHkZj djsxkA

fp=k&19.2 esa BP oozQ ykspnkj gS] ijUrq ;fn BP de

ykspnkj gS tSlk fd fp=k esa BP1 gS rks laoqQpudkjh foÙkh;

uhfr ls Hkqxrku 'ks"k vfrjsd gksxk] D;ksafd ,slh fLFkfr esa

fcUnq E1 oozQ BP osQ mQij ckb± vksj fLFkr gSA

laoqQpudkjh foÙkh; uhfr dk iw.kZ ifj.kke Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ?kkVk gSA

19-2 O;; cnykodkjh uhfr;ka (Expenditure Switching Policies)

Hkqxrku 'ks"k vlUrqyu dks Bhd djus osQ fy, vFkkZr~ cká lUrqyu dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, O;; cnykodkjhuhfr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

tksulu nks izdkj dh O;; cnykodkjh uhfr;ksa dk mYys[k djrk gSA izFkeμvoewY;u rFkk nwljkμvk;kr dksjksdus osQ fy, rFkk Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVs dks Bhd djus osQ fy, izR;{k fu;U=k.kksa dk iz;ksxA

1. voewY;u (Devaluation): voewY;u O;; cnykodkjh uhfr ls lEcfU/r gS] D;ksafd ;g O;; dks vk;kfrroLrqvksa ls ?kjsyw oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa dh vksj foofrZr djrk gSA voewY;u ls rkRi;Z gS ?kjsyw eqnzk osQ cká ewY;esa fons'kh eqnzkvksa dh rqyuk esa deh ykukA bl izfozQ;k ls ns'k dh vkUrfjd ozQ; 'kfDr esa fdlh rjg dk ifjorZuugha gksrkA tc dksbZ ns'k Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVs dks Bhd djus osQ fy, viuh eqnzk dk voewY;u djrk gS rks mlns'k esa vk;kfrr oLrqvksa osQ ?kjsyw ewY; c<+ tkrs gSa] D;ksafd fu;kZfrr oLrqvksa osQ fons'kh ewY; esa deh vk tkrhgS tcfd fu;kZr igys ls vf/d lLrs gks tkrs gSaA blls vk;kr grksRlkfgr gksrs gSa vkSj fu;kZr dks izksRlkgufeyrk gSA ns'kh oLrqvksa dh ?kjsyw rFkk fons'kh ekax dks iwjk djus osQ fy, mRiknu dks c<+k;k tkrk gSA bl dkj.kfons'kh oLrqvksa dh vksj O;; esa cnyko vkrk gSA fons'kh osQ LFkku ij ns'kh oLrqvksa ij O;; esa vf/drk vkrhgS rFkk vk;kr igys ls vf/d egaxs gks tkus ls muesa deh vkrh gSA bl rjg fu;kZr c<+us rFkk vk;kr degksus ij Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVk Bhd gks tkrk gSA

2. izR;{k fu;U=k.k (Direct Control): Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVs dks Bhd djus osQ fy, O;; cnykodkjh uhfr dhnwljh fof/ izR;{k fu;U=k.kksa osQ iz;ksx }kjk oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr dks de djuk gS_ ,slh uhfr fu;kZr osQ fy, ?kjsywoLrqvksa osQ mRiknu dks c<+kus osQ lkFk&lkFk vk;kr&izfrLFkkiu oLrqvkssa osQ mRiknu dks izksRlkfgr djrh gSAmRikndksa dks fu;kZR; oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu dh vksj O;; dks cnyus osQ fy, ljdkj mUgsa mRiknu rFkk fu;kZrlfClfM;ka nss ldrh gSA ljdkj vokaNuh; vFkok egRoghu oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr ij Hkkjh vk;kr 'kqYd yxkdj]dksVk fu/kZfjr dj muosQ vk;kr dks de dj ldrh gSA lkFk gh og vko';d oLrqvksa dks fcuk 'kqYd vFkokde 'kqYd vFkok de 'kqYd vFkok mu ij mnkj dksVs }kjk muosQ vk;kr dks Loho`Qfr ns ldrh gSA mnkgj.kosQ fy, ljdkjh iwath oLrqvksa osQ fu%'kqYd vk;kr dh vuqefr ns ldrh gS tcfd foykflr oLrqvksa ij Hkkjh

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bdkbZ—19% O;; ?kVkus okyh ,oa O;; cnykodkjh uhfr;k¡

vk;kr 'kqYd yxk ldrh gSA oqQN vko';d oLrqvksa dh fu/kZfjr ek=kk esa vk;kr osQ fy, vk;kr dksVs fu/kZfjr dj fn, tkrs gSa rFkk vk;krdksa dks lEcfU/r vk;kr gsrq vk;kr ykblsUl ysus iM+rs gSaA bl rjg osQ fu;U=k.kdks tksulu okf.kfT;d fu;U=k.k (Commercial Controls) dgrk gS bu fof/;ksa ls Hkqxrku 'ks"k vlUrqyudks Bhd djus osQ fy, vk;kr dks de fd;k tkrk gSA

ljdkj Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVk dks de djus osQ fy, foÙkh; fu;U=k.k (Financial Controls) viukrh gSA blosQvUrxZr ?kjsyw eqnzk osQ mi;ksx dh LorU=krk dks oqQN mi;ksxksa dks nwljksa ls vf/d egaxk cukdj jksdk tkrk gSA;s dBksj fofue; fu;U=k.k mik; gSaA buosQ nksgjs mís'; gSa_ os vk;kr dks jksdrs gSa rFkk fons'kh eqnzk dk fofu;eu(Regulation) djrs gSaA buesa ekSfnzd izkf/dj.k }kjk fons'kh eqnzk osQ Hkqxrku rFkk izkfIr;ksa ij iw.kZ fu;U=k.k'kkfey gks ldrk gSA ljdkj cgqy fofue; njsa Hkh viuk ldrh gSA ;g vko';d oLrqvksa ij de fofue;njsa rFkk vuko';d oLrqvksa ij vf/d mQaph fofue; njsa iz;ksx dj ldrh gSA

bl rjg nksuksa] okf.kfT;d rFkk foÙkh; izR;{k fu;U=k.k vk;krksa esa deh djosQ rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk dh fons'kh eqnzkdh vko';drkvksa dks fu;fU=kr djosQ] Hkqxrku 'ks"k vlUrqyu dks Bhd djus esa lgk;rk igqapkrs gSaA

izkf/dj.k dks Li"V dhft,A

lhek,a (Limitation)μizR;{k fu;U=k.k lkekftd ykxrksa esa o`f¼ djrs gSaA tc yksxksa dks fons'kh eqnzk dk mi;ksxdjus rFkk vk;kr djus ls jksdk tkrk gS rc dY;k.k dh gkfu gksrh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr bu fu;U=k.kksa dksa ykxwdjus esa cM+h ek=kk esa iz'kklfud O;; djuk iM+rk gSA vU; ns'kksa }kjk izfr'kks/kRed mik; Hkh viuk, tk ldrsgSa tks blosQ ykHkksa dks lekIr dj ldrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr izR;{k fu;U=k.k Hkqxrku 'ks"k osQ ?kkVs dks nckdj mlosQy{k.k dk mipkj djrs gSa u fd jksx dkA tc ?kkVk iwath iyk;u ls gS rc ncko }kjk mlosQ ewy dkj.k dks Bhdugha fd;k tk ldrkA izR;{k fu;U=k.k osQoy ?kkVs dks Bhd djus dh dk;Zokgh djrs gSa tcfd ewy dkj.k dks Bhddjus esa vliQy jgrs gSaA bl rjg] izR;{k fu;U=k.k Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVs osQ LFkk;h lek/ku dh ctk; vLFkk;h lekèkkugh izLrqr djrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vf/dka'k ns'k mnkj O;kikj O;oLFkk osQ i{k esa jgrs gSa rFkk ekSfnzd&foÙkh;mik;ksa dks Hkqxrku 'ks"k ?kkVk Bhd djus osQ fy, izR;{k fu;U=k.kksa ls vf/d mi;ksxh ekurs gSaA vusd dfe;ksa osQckotwn voewY;u dks izR;{k fu;U=k.k ls Js"B ekuk tkrk gSA



1. vkarfjd C;kt njksa esa o`f¼ ls --------- dk var% izokg c<+rk gSA

2. --------- ekSfnzd uhfr ls Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa vfrjsd mRiUu gksrk gSA

3. laoqQpudkjh uhfr dk iw.kZ ifj.kke --------- esa ?kkVk gSA

4. Hkqxrku 'ks"k vlarqyu dks Bhd djus osQ fy, --------- cnyko dk;Z uhfr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

5. --------- O;; cnykodkjh uhfr;ksa ls lacaf/r gSA


• vkUrfjd ,oa cká lUrqyu cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ljdkjksa dks oqQy O;; rFkk fofue; nj dks fu;fU=kr j[kusdk lq>ko fn;k gSA

• Hkqxrku 'ks"k vlUrqyu dks Bhd djus osQ fy, vFkkZr~ cká lUrqyu dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, O;; cnykodkjhuhfr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA


uksV


• voewY;u O;; cnykodkjh uhfr ls lEcfU/r gS] D;ksafd ;g O;; dks vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ls ?kjsyw oLrqvksarFkk lsokvksa dh vksj foofrZr djrk gSA

• ljdkj vokaNuh; vFkok egRoghu oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr ij Hkkjh vk;kr 'kqYd yxkdj] dksVk fu/kZfjr djmuosQ vk;kr dks de dj ldrh gSA

• izR;{k fu;U=k.k lkekftd ykxrksa esa o`f¼ djrs gSaA tc yksxksa dks fons'kh eqnzk dk mi;ksx djus rFkk vk;krdjus ls jksdk tkrk gS rc dY;k.k dh gkfu gksrh gSA


••••• izkf/dj.kμ izkf/dkj nsuk] izkf/dkjh dk vf/dkjA

••••• foLrkjdμ foLrkj djus okykA


1. O;; ?kVkus okyh uhfr;ksa dh foospuk dhft,A

2. O;; ?kVkus okyh foÙkh; uhfr dks fp=k }kjk Li"V dhft,A

3. O;; cnykodkjh foÙk uhfr;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,A


1. iw¡th 2. laoqQpudkjh 3. Hkqxrku 'ks"k 4. O;;

5. voewY;uA





uksV


bdkbZμ20% lhek 'kqYd la?k ,oa Lora=k O;kikj laxBu osQ ---

bdkbZμ20% lhek 'kqYd la?k ,oa Lora=k O;kikj laxBu osQ

LFkSfrd ,oa xR;kRed izHkko (Static and DynamicEffects of a Custom Union and Free Trade

Organization)


mís'; (Objectives)


20.1 lhek 'kqYd la?k ,oa Lora=k O;kikj laxBu osQ LFkSfrd ,oa xR;kRed izHkko (Static andDynamic Effects of a Custom Union and Free Trade Organization)





mís'; (Objectives)


• lhek 'kqYd la?k ,oa Lora=k O;kikj laxBu osQ LFkSfrd ,oa xR;kRed izHkko dh O;oLFkk djus esaA


lhek la?k] ,d lewg osQ lnL;ksa osQ chp ,slk le>kSrk gksrk gS ftlosQ vUrxZr lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp leLrvk;kr iz'kqYd lekIr dj fn;s tkrs gSaA la?k osQ ckgj osQ ns'kksa osQ fy, lc lnL; leku iz'kqYd (vk;krdjksa) dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA lhek la?k vkSj LorU=k cktkj {ks=k esa ;g vUrj gS fd lhek la?k esa iz'kqYddk ,dleku <kapk gksrk gS vFkkZr~ xSj&lnL; ns'kksa osQ fy, iz'kqYd dk lekuhdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA tcfdLora=k cktkj {ks=k esa lnL; ns'k iz'kqYd osQ ekeys esa xSj&lnL; ns'kksa osQ fy, vyx&vyx ,oa Hksniw.kZuhfr viukrs gSaA

lhek la?k lhfer vFkok iw.kZ gks ldrs gSaA lhfer la?k esa ,d vFkok oqQN oLrqvksa osQ lEcU/ esa O;kikjle>kSrk fd;k tkrk gS tcfd iw.kZ lhek la?k esa lHkh #dkoVksa dks nwj dj fn;k tkrk gSA lnL; ns'kksa osQchp mRifÙk osQ lk/uksa dh Hkh LorU=k xfr'khyrk gksrh gSA bu ns'kksa esa ekSfnzd ,oa jktLo uhfr;ksa esa Hkh lekurkgksrh gSA bl izdkj osQ iw.kZ la?k dks vk£Fkd la?k (Economic Union) dgrs gSaA



uksV


20-1 lhek 'kqYd la?k ,oa Lora=k O;kikj laxBu osQ LFkSfrd ,oa xR;kRed izHkko (Staticand Dynamic Effects of a Custom Union and Free Trade Organization)

xSV (GATT) }kjk nh x;h ifjHkk"kk osQ vuqlkj] lhek la?k esa nks mís';ksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSμizFke] lnL;ns'kksa osQ chp esa leLr iz'kqYdksa vkSj O;kikj dks lhfer djus okys dkj.kksa dh lekfIr ,oa f}rh;] xSj&lnL;ns'kksa osQ fons'kh O;kikj ij leku iz'kqYd vkSj vU; fu;eksa dks ykxw djukA okLro esa] lhek la?k dk fl¼kUr]iz'kqYd fl¼kUr dh 'kk[kk gSA blosQ eq[; izfriknd ehM (J.E. Meade)] okbuj] okUosQ (Vanke)] fyIls(Lipsey) vkSj ysosQLVj (Lancaster) gSaA lhek la?k osQ fuekZ.k esa iz'kqYd osQ <kaps esa ifjorZu gksrk gS vkSjvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa Hksn&uhfr 'kq: gksrh gSA bl izdkj lhek la?k dk fl¼kUr vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esaHksn&iw.kZ uhfr dk fl¼kUr gSA

lhek la?k dk mís'; lnL; ns'kksa osQ vk;krksa dks iz'kqYd osQ ekeys esa fj;k;rsa nsuk gS vkSj xSj&lnL; ns'kksaosQ vk;krksa esa Hksn djuk gSA bl izdkj dh uhfr dk lnL; ns'kksa osQ mRiknu vkSj miHkksx ij egRoiw.kZ izHkkoiM+rk gSA

lhek la?k osQ ckjs esa uohure foospuk dk izkjEHk f}rh; fo'o&;q¼ osQ ckn izks- okbuj dh iqLrd ‘The

Customs Union Issue’ osQ izdk'ku osQ ckn gqvkA blosQ fodkl esa Trade Creation and Trade Diversion

osQ fopkj us Hkh ;ksxnku fn;kA okbuj ls igys lhek la?k osQ ckjs esa ;g /kj.kk izpfyr Fkh fd Lora=k O;kikjls vf/dre fo'o dY;k.k gksrk gSA ,d la?k esa iz'kqYdksa dks lekIr dj lhek la?k Lora=k O;kikj osQ izfrxfr'khy gksrk gS vkSj bl izdkj fo'o dY;k.k dks c<+krk gS Hkys gh blls fo'o dY;k.k vf/dre u gksAbl izpfyr fopkj/kjk ij viuh izfrfØ;k O;Dr djrs gq, okbuj us nks fopkjksa dks fodflr fd;kμO;kikjl`tu (Trade Creation) vkSj O;kikj fn'kk&ifjorZu (Trade Diversion) ,oa bl ckr dh tkap dh gSfd D;k ,d lhek la?k vko';d :i ls fo'o dY;k.k esa o`f¼ djrk gSA okbuj dk fo'ys"k.k miHkksx&ykHkls lEcfU/r ugha gS rFkk osQoy lhek la?k osQ mRiknu izHkko dh foospuk djrk gSA

LFkSfrd izHkko (Static Effect)μckbuj osQ vuqlkj] LFkSfrd n'kkvksa osQ vUrxZr ,d lhek la?k dk mRiknuizHkko] foHksnkRed iz'kqYd osQ O;kikj l`tu ,oa O;kikj fn'kk ifjorZu osQ izHkkoksa ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA O;kikjl`tu dk rkRi;Z la?k osQ lnL;ksa esa gksus okys u;s O;kikj ls gS rFkk O;kikj fn'kk ifjorZu dk vk'k; mlO;kikj ls gS tks xSj lnL; ns'kksa }kjk lnL; ns'kksa osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA ;s nksuksa izdkj osQ O;kikj lnL;ns'kksa esa iz'kqYd dh lekfIr oQ iQyLo:i gksrs gSaA

(A) O;kikj l`tu (Trade Creation)

O;kikj l`tu dh O;k[;k vkaf'kd lUrqyu osQ vUrxZrdh tk ldrh gSA ;fn rhu ns'k A, B rFkk C gSaμns'kA rFkk B lhek la?k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa rFkk ns'k C

xSj&lnL; ns'k gSA

js[kkfp=k esa DD vkSj SS oØ A ns'k dh ekax vkSj iw£roØ gSa tks oLrq X ls lEcfUèkr gSaA ;g Hkh ekU;rk gSfd X oLrq nksuksa B vkSj C ns'kksa esa fLFkj ykxr osQvUrxZr mRikfnr dh tkrh gSA B ns'k dh iw£r OP

dher ij iw.kZ ykspnkj gS rFkk C ns'k dh iw£r Hkh OW

dher ij iw.kZ ykspnkj gSA ns'k A dk ckgjh ns'kksa osQfy, iz'kqYd WH gSA ;g js[kkfp=k esa Li"V gSA

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A vkSj B ns'k esa la?k cuus osQ iwoZ dh fLFkfr bl izdkj gSμvk;kr osQ vHkko esa ns'k A esa X oLrq dh dher

dk fuèkkZj.k DD vkSj SS osQ dVku fcUnq ij gksxk rFkk dher QU gksxh] fdUrq ns'k A esa dher&Lrj bl fcUnq

rd ugha c<+sxk D;ksafd X dk vk;kr de mRiknu ykxr okys ns'k C ls fd;k tk ldrk gS tgka iz'kqYd WH

dk Hkqxrku dj X dh OH (OW + WH) dher ij vk;kr gks ldrk gSA ns'k B ls vk;kr ugha gksxk] D;ksafd

iz'kqYd osQ fcuk mldh dher OP, ns'k C ls vfèkd gksxhA bl izdkj lhek la?k cuus osQ iwoZ ns'k A osQ mRiknd

X oLrq dh OM′ ek=kk dh iw£r djsaxs] D;ksaf ;g ek=kk os OH ls de dher ij ns ldrs gSa rFkk 'ks"k M′Nek=kk dk ns'k C ls vk;kr fd;k tk,xk vr% la?k cuus osQ iwoZ ns'k A esa izHkkoiw.kZ iw£roØ SJH′ gksxkA

ns'k A vkSj B dk lhek la?k cuus osQ ckn bu nksuksa osQ chp iz'kqYd lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gS rFkk ns'k C ls

vk;kr osQ fy, WH iz'kqYd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vc ns'k A oLrq X dks ns'k B ls OP dher ij vk;kr

dj ldrk gS tks iz'kqYd lfgr OH ls de gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ns'k A }kjk oLrq X dks vfèkd ek=kk dk vk;kr

gksxk vkSj O;kikj dk foLrkj M′ ls MN′ gks tkrk gSA ;g O;kikj l`tu izHkko gS tks nks dkj.kksa ls gksrk

gSμmRiknu osQ }kjk ,oa mi;ksx osQ }kjkA

mRiknu osQ dkj.k O;kikj l`tu blfy, gksrk gS] D;ksafd la?k cuus osQ igys] ns'k C dh X oLrq dh dher

iz'kqYd lfgr OH Fkh rFkk ns'k A osQ mRiknd oLrq X dh OM′ ek=kk dk mRiknu djrs Fks tks vfèkd lLrk

FkkA tc ns'k A dks X oLrq OP dher ij feyus yxrh gS rks ns'k A osQ mRiknd lLrh dher esa osQoy OM

ek=kk dk gh mRiknu djrs gSa vr% KE′ ek=kk dh iw£r fons'kksa ls gksrh gSA blosQ iQyLo:i vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj

esa o`f¼ gksrh gS vkSj O;kikj&l`tu gksrk gSA

lhek la?k osQ iQyLo:i ns'k A osQ yksxksa osQ dY;k.k esa Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gSA X oLrq dh KE′ ek=kk dk mRiknu

djus dh lkèku ykxr ns'k A osQ iw£roØ osQ {ks=k KJM′M osQ cjkcj gSA tc KE′ ek=kk dk B ls vk;kr fd;k

tkrk gS rks ns'k A osQ fuokfl;ksa dks KE′M′M dk Hkqxrku djuk gksrk gSA bl izdkj ns'k A osQ yksxksa dh

okLrfodrk cpr gksrh gS tks js[kkfp=k esa KJE′ osQ cjkcj gSA ;g O;kikj l`tu osQ izHkkoksa osQ iQyLo:i vk£Fkd

dY;k.k esa gksus okyh o`f¼ gSA

O;kikj l`tu miHkksx&izHkko osQ }kjk Hkh gksrk gSA ns'k A esa X oLrq dk miHkksx ON ls c<+dj ON′ gks tkrkgS tks lhek la?k cuus ls X oLrq dh dher fxjus osQ iQyLo:i gksrk gSA vfèkd X oLrq,a miyCèk gksus osQ dkj.k

ns'k A osQ yksxksa dh mi;ksfxrk H′P′N′N gks tkrh gS ftlosQ fy, mUgsa EP′N′N dk Hkqxrku X dh vfrfjDr

NN′ bdkb;ksa osQ fy, djuk iM+rk gS vr% miHkksDrkvksa osQ dY;k.k esa EP′H osQ cjkcj o`f¼ gksrh gSA

(B) O;kikj fn'kk ifjorZu (Trade Diversion)

lhek la?k cuus osQ iwoZ ns'k A oLrq X dh M′N ek=kk ns'k C ls vk;kr djrk Fkk] fdUrq la?k cuus osQ ckn vc

ns'k A oLrq X dh MN′ ek=kk ns'k B ls vk;kr djrk gSA ;g Li"V fd;k tk pqdk gS fd X oLrq dh MN′ek=kk dk ns'k C ls vk;kr djrk Fkk rks ns'k A vk;kr&drkZ M′NFF′ osQ cjkcj Hkqxrku djrs Fks rFkk ns'k A

osQ miHkksDrkvksa dks vfrfjDr iz'kqYd dk Hkqxrku WH dh nj ls (JH′FF′ osQ cjkcj) djuk iM+rk Fkk vr% oqQy

Hkqxrku JH′NM′ osQ cjkcj gks tkrk FkkA blesa ls iz'kqYd dh ek=kk ns'k A ns'k osQ fuokfl;ksa dks oLrq X dh

mruh gh ek=kk dk vk;kr djus oQ fy, ns'k B osQ fukZrdksa dks E′EBM′ osQ cjkcj Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gS

(tcfd ns'k C dks M′NFF′ osQ cjkcj Hkqxrku djrs Fks) vr% Hkqxrku dh ek=kk E′EFF′ osQ cjkcj c<+ x;hgS tks O;kikj fn'kk ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i gksus okyh {kfr gS ftldh osQoy vkaf'kd iw£r gh dherksa dh

deh ls gks ikrh gS] iw.kZ :i ls {kfriw£r ugha gksrhA


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O;kikj l`tu vkSj foorZu dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd

vHkh geus okbuj osQ lhek la?k osQ O;kikj l`tu vkSj foorZu dk vè;;u fd;k gSA vc ge la{ksi esa mu dkjdksadk vè;;u djsaxs tks O;kikj l`tu vkSj foorZu dks izHkkfor djrs gSaμ

(1) mRiknu ykxr esa vUrjμtks ns'k lhek la?k osQ lnL; gSa muosQ chp mRiknu ykxr esa ftruk vfèkdvUrj gksrk gS muosQ chp mruh gh vfèkd ek=kk esa O;kikj dk l`tu gksxkA ;fn buesa miknu ykxr esacgqr de vUrj gksrk gS] rks O;kikj l`tu dh lEHkkouk izk;% ugha jgrhA

(2) ;krk;kr O;;μ;fn lhek la?k osQ lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp oLrqvksa dks eaxkus dk ;krk;kr O;; vfèkd gksrkgS rks bu ns'kksa esa O;kikj l`tu vfèkd ugha gksrkA

(3) lhek la?k dk vkdkjμla?k osQ vkdkj dk Hkh izHkko] O;kikj] l`tu vkSj foorZu ij iM+rk gS] D;ksafdblls mRiknu {erk izHkkfor gksrh gSA

(4) izfr;ksfxrk vkSj iwjdrk (Competitiveness and Complementarity)μbl lEcUèk esa ;g fopkj gSfd ;fn nks izfr;ksxh ns'k lhek la?k cukrs gSa rks muesa O;kikj l`tu vfèkd gksxkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ,dm|ksx&izèkku ns'k dks m|ksx&izèkku ns'k osQ lkFk lhek la?k cukuk pkfg,A blosQ foijhr] ;fn la?k osQnks ns'k mRiknu osQ {ks=k esa ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd gSa rks muesa O;kikj foorZu gksxkA

la?k dk vkdkj ftruk cM+k gksxk] lnL; ns'kksa dh mRiknu {kerk mruh gh vfèkd

gksxhA

LFkSfrd mi;ksx izHkko (Static Consumption Effect)

lhek&la?k cukus osQ ckn O;kikj esa tks foLrkj gksrk gS mldk miHkksx ij Hkh egRoiw.kZ izHkko gksrk gSA oqQN fo'ks"kekU;rkvksa osQ vUrxZr ;g Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS fd la?k cuus osQ iQyLo:i miHkksx esa o`f¼ gksrh gS vkSjlnL; ns'kksa osQ dY;k.k esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA bls eSdksoj&ekVZu ekWMy esa Li"V fd;k x;k gS ftldk ge vkxsmYys[k djsaxsA

miHkksx esa o`f¼ % esdksoj&ekVZu ekWMy (Makower-Morton Model): ;g ekWMy fuEu ekU;rkvksa ijvkèkkfjr gSμ

(i) osQoy nks ns'k A vkSj B gSa tks osQoy nks gh oLrqvksa X vkSj Y dk mRiknu dj ldrs gSaA

(ii) izR;sd ns'k dk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ jSf[kd (Linear) gS vFkkZr~ lh/h js[kk dk gSA

(iii) izkjEHk esa nksuksa ns'kksa dk dksbZ lEcU/ ugha gSA

(iv) tc nksuksa ns'k ,d&nwljs ls i`Fko~Q jgrs gSa rks muosQ mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ osQ <ky esa vUrj gksrk gSvFkkZr~ nksuksa ns'kksa esa oLrq izfrLFkkiu nj vyx&vyx gSA

(v) i`Fko~Q jgus ij fdlh Hkh ns'k esa iw.kZ fof'k"Vhdj.k ugha gksrkA

(vi) nksuksa ns'kksa esa miHkksx dk <kapk ,dleku gSA

vc ge js[kkfp=k ls bls Li"V djsaxsμ

js[kkfp=k esa AA′ lh/h js[kk ns'k A dk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ gS rFkk BB′ lh/h js[kk ns'k B dk mRiknulEHkkouk oØ gSA pwafd nksuksa mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ lekUrj ugha gSa vr% X vkSj Y nksuksa oLrqvksa dh izfrLFkkiunj esa vUrj gSA i`Fko~Q jgus ij mi;qZDr n'kkvksa osQ vUrxZr izR;sd ns'k dh ekax dh fLFkfr miHkksx fcUnq dkfu/kZj.k djrh gS tks ns'k A osQ fy, P rFkk ns'k B osQ fy, R gSA ;s nksuksa fcUnq ON lh/h js[kk ij gS tks nksuksa

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ns'kksa osQ leku miHkksx <kaps dks Li"V djrh gSA

vc ns'k A vkSj B nksuksa feydj lhek la?k (Customs Union)

cukrs gSa rFkk vc ,d mRiknd {ks=k osQ vUrxZr nksuksa dk mRiknulEHkkouk oØ CDE gks tkrk gSA CDE oØ dks AA′ rFkk BB′ dksfeykdj izkIr fd;k x;k gS vr% AC = OB vkSj B′E = OA′ gSAlhek la?k cuus osQ ckn miHkksx lUrqyu T ij gS ftl ij nksuksa ns'kksaosQ fy, X vkSj Y nksuksa oLrqvksa dh oqQy miHkksx dh ek=kk mlmiHkksx ls T;knk gS tks lhek la?k cuus osQ iwoZ FkhA bls fl¼ djusosQ fy, ge A′P osQ lekUrj B′M js[kk [khaprs gSa tks ON js[kk dksM fcUnq ij dkVrh gS] bl izdkjμ

OA′ = B′E

blfy, OP = MT

lhek la?k cuus osQ ckn oqQN miHkksx OT gSA la?k cuus osQ iwoZ oqQy miHkksx OP + OR = MT + OR Fkk vr%la?k cuus osQ ckn] iwoZ dh rqyuk esa miHkksx RM vf/d gSA

bl izdkj Li"V gS fd izkjEHk esa nh x;h ekU;rkvksa osQ vUrxZr la?k cuus osQ i'pkr~ vf/d oqQ'kyrk ls mRiknufd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk okLrfod vk; esa o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA

izks- ehM vkSj izks- fyIls }kjk izLrqr lhek la?k dh foospuk ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k gS fd lhek la?k dkfl¼kUr f}rh; Js"Bre osQ fl¼kUr dks leFkZu iznku djrk gSA okLro esa] f}rh; Js"B dk fl¼kUr mi&b"Vre(Sub-optimal) dh lc fLFkfr;ksa ij ykxw gksrk gS rFkk lhek la?k dk mnkgj.k bldk gh fo'ks"k mnkgj.k gSAfyIls us bldh O;k[;k bl izdkj dh gSμ¶tc oqQN iz'kqYdksa esa ifjorZu fd;k tkuk gS] rks dY;k.k esa ml le;vf/d o`f¼ gksxh tc bu iz'kqYdksa dks lekIr djus osQ cnys mUgsa oqQN de dj fn;k tk,A bldk dkj.k ;ggS fd nks ns'kksa osQ chp iz'kqYd lekIr djus ls fo'o mRiknu {kerk esa o`f¼ gksus dh lEHkkouk ugha gS ;fn O;kikjfn'kk ifjorZu izHkko O;kikj l`tu osQ izHkkoksa dks lekIr dj nsrk gS vFkkZr~ ghu cuk nsrk gSA ;gh f}rh; Js"Bredk fl¼kUr gSA ;fn dksbZ Js"Bre vFkkZr~ Lora=k O;kikj dks izkIr ugha dj ldrk rks oqQN iz'kqYdksa dks gVk ysukxyr gksxk rFkk oqQN iz'kqYdksa dk yxk jguk vPNk gksxkA

lhek la?k dh O;k[;k ikjEifjd dY;k.k fl¼kUr esa djuk lEHko ugha gS] D;ksafd blesa osQoy loksZÙke n'kkvksa(Optimum Conditions) dh gh O;k[;k gS] fdUrq lhek la?k osQ fl¼kUr esa bu oqQN loksZÙke n'kkvksa dkmYya?ku fd;k x;k gS rFkk blesa Js"Bre dY;k.k izkIr djus dh vis{kk Js"Bre n'kkvksa dks gh izkIr djus dkiz;Ru gSA blfy, bls f}rh; Js"Bre fl¼kUr dgk x;k gSA okbuj us lhek la?k osQ lEcU/ esa bl fl¼kUrdk izfriknu fd;k gS rFkk bls fyIls vkSj ySUosQLVj us vf/d lkekU; :i ls izLrqr fd;k gSA

lhek la?k esa Lora=k O;kikj vkSj c<+s gq, laj{k.k nksuksa osQ rRo fufgr gSaA

f}rh; Js"Bre dk lkekU; fl¼kUr

vFkZ'kkL=k osQ Nk=k bl ckr ls ifjfpr gSa fd ijsVks dk vuqowQyre ml fLFkfr dk lwpd gS tgk¡ lkekftddY;k.k vf/dre gksrk gSA bls mRiknu ,oa fofue; dh vuqowQyre n'kkvksa osQ ekè;e ls gh izkIr fd;k tkldrk gSA ;fn lkekU; lUrqyu dh izkfIr esa oqQN ck/k,a mifLFkr gksrh gSa rks ijsVks dh vuqowQyre n'kkvksa dksizkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ,slh fLFkfr esa f}rh; Js"Bre dk lkekU; fl¼kUr Li"V djrk gS fd ijsVks dh vU;

Y

C

A

B

D

O A� B� E X

RP

MT

N

Y-oLrq

X-oLrq

fp=k 20-2


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n'kk,a] ;|fi mUgsa izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS] okaNuh; ugha gSA ijsVks dh mDr n'kkvksa dks NksM+dj vUr esa tksvuqowQyre fLFkfr izkIr gksxh] mls f}rh; Js"Bre vuqowQyu dgsaxsA

mDr fl¼kUr ls fyIls ,oa ySUosQLVj us oqQN foijhr fu"d"kZ fudkys gSaA muosQ vuqlkj mu fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa dhiwoZ tkap ugha dh tk ldrh ftuesa ijsVks dh vuqowQyre dh oqQN n'kk,a iw.kZ gksrh gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls ;g lghugha gS fd og fLFkfr ftlesa vuqowQyre n'kkvksa esa ls vf/d dh (lc ugha) lUrqf"V gksrh gS ml fLFkfr lsJs"B gksxh ftlesa oqQN de n'kkvksa dh lUrqf"V gksrh gSA blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd ,slh fLFkfr esa ftlesadbZ ck/kvksa osQ dkj.k ijsVks dh vuqowQyre n'kkvksa dh lUrqf"V ugha gks ikrh] fdlh Hkh ck/k dks gVkus lsdY;k.k vFkok {kerk ij ;g izHkko gksxk fd ;k rks mlesa o`f¼ gksxh] ;k deh gksxh vFkok vifjo£rr jgsxhA

bls ,d mnkgj.k ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA dY;k.kdkjh vFkZ'kkL=k esa fofue; dh vuqowQyre n'kk og gksrhgS tgka fdUgha nks oLrqvksa esa izR;sd O;fDr osQ fy, tks nksuksa oLrqvksa dk miHkksx djrk gS] izfrLFkkiu dh lhekUrnj leku jgrh gSA blosQ fy, ;g vko';d 'krZ gS fd izR;sd miHkksDrk osQ fy, dhersa leku jguh pkfg,A;g fu"d"kZ mlh le; ekU; jgrk gS tc leL;k osQoy fn;s gq, oLrqvksa osQ laxzg dks oqQ'kyrk osQ lkFk forj.kdjus dh gSA fdUrq ;fn mRiknu esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rks dY;k.k esa o`f¼ osQ fy, vko';d n'kkvksa esa ck/kmifLFkr gks tkrh gSA bls Li"V djus osQ fy, ge ,sls nks O;fDr;ksa dh dYiuk djrs gSa ftudh #fp;ksafHkUu&fHkUu gSaA vc ljdkj oqQN vk; izkIr djuk pkgrh gSA nksuksa O;fDr;ksa us ;g fu.kZ; ys fy;k gS fd izR;sdO;fDr dks lkjdkj }kjk pkgh x;h vk; dk 50% ;ksxnku nsuk pkfg,A vk; vizR;{k djksa }kjk olwy dh tkuhgSA vk; izkIr djus dk loksZÙke rjhdk gS vleku vizR;{k dj yxkukA foykflrk dh iwjd oLrqvksa ij mPprenj ls dj yxk;k tkrk gS ,oa foykflrk dh izfrLFkkiuh; oLrqvksa ij de nj ls dj yxk;k tkrk gSA pwafd nksuksaO;fDr;ksa dh #fp fHkUu gS] izFke O;fDr osQ fy, X oLrq foykflrk dh izfrLFkkiuh; oLrq gS rFkk ;gh oLrq nwljsO;fDr osQ fy, foykflrk dh iwjd oLrq gSA Y oLrq izFke O;fDr osQ fy, foykflrk dh iwjd rFkk ;gh oLrqnwljs O;fDr osQ fy, foykflrk dh izfrLFkkiuh; oLrq gSA vk; izkIr djus dh loksZÙke fof/ gS fd tc X oLrqizFke O;fDr dks csph tk; rks ml ij uhph nj ls dj yxk;k tk; rFkk bls f}rh; O;fDr dks cspk tk; rksml ij maQph nj ls dj yxk;k tk; tcfd Y ij ml le; maQpk dj yxk;k tk; tc mls izFke O;fDr dkscspk tk; rFkk nwljs O;fDr dks bls csps tkus ij de dj yxk;k tk;A bl izdkj f}rh; Js"Bre dh vuqowQyun'kk osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd nksuksa O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, lkisf{kd dhersa fHkUu&fHkUu gksaA

lhek la?k osQ izkoSfxd izHkko (Dynamic Effect)

O;kikj l`tu vkSj O;kikj fn'kk ifjorZu lhek la?k osQ LFkSfrd izHkko gSa] fdUrq LFkSfrd izHkkoksa dk O;kogkfjdtxr esa vf/d egRo ugha gSA lhek la?k osQ iQyLo:i cktkj dk tks foLrkj gksrk gS] mlosQ izkoSfxd izHkkoLFkSfrd izHkko dh rqyuk esa vf/d egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA izkoSfxd izHkko vxz izdkj gSμ

(1) izfr;ksfxrk esa o`f¼μlhek la?k osQ iQyLo:i cktkj dk foLrkj gksrk gS ftlls izfr;ksfxrk esa o`f¼ gksrhgSA vc rd ftu m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k izkIr Fkk] mUgsa thfor j[kus osQ fy, uo&izorZu djuk gksrk gSA la?kosQ iQyLo:i vkUrfjd izfr;ksfxrk esa vf/d o`f¼ gksrh gS ftlls lhekUr iQeks± dks vius mRiknu dhfof/ esa lq/kj djuk gksrk gS ,oa lk/uksa dk vkoaVu de oqQ'ky iz;ksxksa ls vf/d oqQ'ky iz;ksxksa esa gksrkgSA ,YloFkZ osQ vuqlkj] ¶(lhek la?k osQ iQyLo:i) :f<+oknh vkSj ikjEifjd m|ksx izxfr'khy vkSjlfØ; gks tkrs gSa vkSj O;kikj esa cus jgus osQ fy, mUgsa fodflr fof/;ksa dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSA¸

O;kikj fn'kk esa ifjorZu dk D;k vk'k; gS\

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bl ckr dh iw.kZ lEHkkouk jgrh gS fd lhek la?k izfr;ksfxrk esa o`f¼ djsxk ,oa ,dkf/dkj rFkk vYikf/dkj dh izo`fÙk;ksa dks lekIr djsxkA bl ckr dk Hkh è;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd lhek la?k cuus osQ iwoZ;fn jk"Vªh; cktkjksa esa dkVsZy lfØ; Fks rks lEHko gS fd lhek la?k cuus osQ ckn vUrjkZ"Vªh; dkVsZy cutk,a rks mRiknu dks lhfer dj dherksa dks c<+k;saA vr% Li"V gS fd leku uhfr osQ vHkko esa lhek la?kksals miHkksDrk osQ fgrksa esa o`f¼ ugha gksxhA

(2) iSekus dh cprsaμcktkj osQ foLrkj ,oa mRikndrk esa ?kfu"B lEcU/ gksrk gSA lhek la?k ls cktkj dkfoLrkj gksrk gS rFkk cktkj dk foLrkj gksus ls mRikndrk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA cM+s iSekus osQ mRiknu ls vusdizdkj dh cká rFkk vkUrfjd cprsa izkIr gksrh gSaA ek'kZy osQ vuqlkj] ¶cM+s iSekus osQ mRiknu osQ eq[;ykHk gSaμoqQ'kyrk esa ferO;;rk] e'khuksa ,oa dPps eky rFkk vU; inkFkks± esa ferO;;rkA¸ oqQNvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk fopkj gS fd v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ fy, lhek la?kksa ls cM+s iSekuksa dh cprksa dh lclscM+h vk'kk gSA

(3) rduhdh fodklμlhek la?k ls rduhdh fodkl Hkh gksrk gSA cktkj osQ foLrkj ls oqQN m|ksx rksvo'; gh iSekus dh cpr izkIr djrs gSaA bu m|ksxksa esa cM+h iQes± cktkj esa viuk fgLlk c<+k ysrh gSarFkk ;s cM+h iQes± 'kks/ dk;ks± esa vf/d O;; djrh gSa ftlls rduhdh fodkl gksrk gSA

(4) fofu;ksx ,oa u;s m|ksxksa dk l`tuμ;fn lhek la?kksa ls mRiknu {kerk vuqowQy <ax ls izHkkfor gksrhgS rks oqQy okLrfod vk; vkSj cpr esa o`f¼ gksrh gS rFkk fofu;ksx dh oqQy ek=kk Hkh vf/d gksrh gSAu;s fofu;ksx osQ iQyLo:i vf/d izkoSfxd ykHk gksrs gSaA ;fn lhek la?k vk£Fkd] foÙkh; ,oa lkekftduhfr;ksa esa leUo; dj ldrk gS rks u;s fu;kZr m|ksxksa dk foLrkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(5) O;kikj 'krks± esa lq/kjμlhek la?k dk ;g Hkh izkoSfxd ykHk gS fd blosQ vUrxZr vkus okys {ks=kksa dhoLrq O;kikj 'krks± esa lq/kj gksrk gSA ;g ml le; lEHko gS tc la?k cu tkus osQ ckn lnL; ns'kksa dk]ckgjh ns'kksa ls vk;kr de gks tkrk gSA O;kikj dh 'krks± ij izkoSfxd izHkko mlh le; egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSatc fo'o cktkj esa la?k osQ lnL; ns'k eq[; fu;kZrd gksaA

(6) fodkl nj esa o`f¼μ;g Li"V fd;k tk pqdk gS fd lhek la?k cuus osQ iQyLo:i lnL; ns'kksa dkscM+s iSekus dh cká vkSj vkUrfjd cprsa izkIr gksus yxrh gSaA bldk izHkko ;g gksrk gS fd bu ns'kksa dhmRikndrk esa o`f¼ gksrh gS ftlls jk"Vªh; vk; ,oa fodkl nj esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

(7) ykxr esa dehμpwafd mRiknu esa mPp rduhd dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA izfr bdkbZ mRiknu ykxr ?kV tkrhgSA



1. --------- dk fl¼kUr iz'kqYd fl¼kar dh 'kk[kk gSA

2. --------- dk fo'ys"k.k miHkksx&ykHk ls lacaf/r ugha gSA ;g osQoy lhek la?k osQ mRiknu izHkko dh foospukdjrk gSA

3. --------- dk rkRi;Z la?k osQ lnL;ksa esa gksus okys O;kikj ls gSA

4. la?k osQ vkdkj dk Hkh izHkko] O;kikj l`tu vkSj --------- ij iM+rk gS] D;ksafd blls mRiknu {kerk izHkkforgksrh gSA

5. izR;sd ns'k dk mRiknu laHkkouk oØ --------- gSA

6. ;fn mRiknu esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rks --------- esa o`f¼ osQ fy, vko';d n'kkvksa esa ck/k mifLFkr tks tkrhgSA


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7. O;kikj l`tu vkSj O;kikj fn'kk ifjorZu lhek la?k osQ --------- gSaA

8. lhek la?k osQ iQyLo:i cktkj dk foLrkj gksrk gS ftlls --------- esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

9. lhek la?k ls --------- Hkh gksrk gSA


• xSV (GATT) }kjk nh x;h ifjHkk"kk osQ vuqlkj] lhek la?k esa nks mís';ksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSμizFke] lnL;ns'kksa osQ chp esa leLr iz'kqYdksa vkSj O;kikj dks lhfer djus okys dkj.kksa dh lekfIr ,oa f}rh;] xSj&lnL;ns'kksa osQ fons'kh O;kikj ij leku iz'kqYd vkSj vU; fu;eksa dks ykxw djukA

• lhek la?k dk mís'; lnL; ns'kksa osQ vk;krksa dks iz'kqYd osQ ekeys esa fj;k;rsa nsuk gS vkSj xSj&lnL; ns'kksaosQ vk;krksa esa Hksn djuk gSA bl izdkj dh uhfr dk lnL; ns'kksa osQ mRiknu vkSj miHkksx ij egRoiw.kZ izHkkoiM+rk gSA

• lhek la?k osQ ckjs esa uohure foospuk dk izkjEHk f}rh; fo'o&;q¼ osQ ckn izks- okbuj dh iqLrd ‘The

Customs Union Issue’ osQ izdk'ku osQ ckn gqvkA blosQ fodkl esa Trade Creation and Trade

Diversion osQ fopkj us Hkh ;ksxnku fn;kA

• ckbuj osQ vuqlkj] LFkSfrd n'kkvksa osQ vUrxZr ,d lhek la?k dk mRiknu izHkko] foHksnkRed iz'kqYdosQ O;kikj l`tu ,oa O;kikj fn'kk ifjorZu osQ izHkkoksa ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA O;kikj l`tu dk rkRi;Z la?kosQ lnL;ksa esa gksus okys u;s O;kikj ls gS rFkk O;kikj fn'kk ifjorZu dk vk'k; ml O;kikj ls gS tksxSj lnL; ns'kksa }kjk lnL; ns'kksa osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA

• tks ns'k lhek la?k osQ lnL; gSa muosQ chp mRiknu ykxr esa ftruk vfèkd vUrj gksrk gS muosQ chpmruh gh vfèkd ek=kk esa O;kikj dk l`tu gksxkA ;fn buesa miknu ykxr esa cgqr de vUrj gksrk gS]rks O;kikj l`tu dh lEHkkouk izk;% ugha jgrhA

• lhek&la?k cukus osQ ckn O;kikj esa tks foLrkj gksrk gS mldk miHkksx ij Hkh egRoiw.kZ izHkko gksrk gSAoqQN fo'ks"k ekU;rkvksa osQ vUrxZr ;g Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS fd la?k cuus osQ iQyLo:i miHkksx esao`f¼ gksrh gS vkSj lnL; ns'kksa osQ dY;k.k esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

• izks- ehM vkSj izks- fyIls }kjk izLrqr lhek la?k dh foospuk ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k gS fd lhekla?k dk fl¼kUr f}rh; Js"Bre osQ fl¼kUr dks leFkZu iznku djrk gSA okLro esa] f}rh; Js"B dkfl¼kUr mi&b"Vre (Sub-optimal) dh lc fLFkfr;ksa ij ykxw gksrk gS rFkk lhek la?k dk mnkgj.kbldk gh fo'ks"k mnkgj.k gSA

• vFkZ'kkL=k osQ Nk=k bl ckr ls ifjfpr gSa fd ijsVks dk vuqowQyre ml fLFkfr dk lwpd gS tgk¡lkekftd dY;k.k vf/dre gksrk gSA bls mRiknu ,oa fofue; dh vuqowQyre n'kkvksa osQ ekè;e lsgh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• ijsVks dk vuqowQyre ml fLFkfr dk lwpd gS tgk¡ lkekftd dY;k.k vf/dre gksrk gSA bls mRiknu,oa fofue; dh vuqowQyre n'kkvksa osQ ekè;e ls gh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• O;kikj l`tu vkSj O;kikj fn'kk ifjorZu lhek la?k osQ LFkSfrd izHkko gSa] fdUrq LFkSfrd izHkkoksa dkO;kogkfjd txr esa vf/d egRo ugha gSA lhek la?k osQ iQyLo:i cktkj dk tks foLrkj gksrk gS] mlosQizkoSfxd izHkko LFkSfrd izHkko dh rqyuk esa vf/d egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA

• lhek la?k osQ iQyLo:i cktkj dk foLrkj gksrk gS ftlls izfr;ksfxrk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA vc rd ftum|ksxksa dks laj{k.k izkIr Fkk] mUgsa thfor j[kus osQ fy, uo&izorZu djuk gksrk gSA

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• cktkj osQ foLrkj ,oa mRikndrk esa ?kfu"B lEcU/ gksrk gSA lhek la?k ls cktkj dk foLrkj gksrk gS rFkkcktkj dk foLrkj gksus ls mRikndrk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA cM+s iSekus osQ mRiknu ls vusd izdkj dh ckárFkk vkUrfjd cprsa izkIr gksrh gSaA

• ;g Li"V fd;k tk pqdk gS fd lhek la?k cuus osQ iQyLo:i lnL; ns'kksa dks cM+s iSekus dh cká vkSjvkUrfjd cprsa izkIr gksus yxrh gSaA bldk izHkko ;g gksrk gS fd bu ns'kksa dh mRikndrk esa o`f¼ gksrhgS ftlls jk"Vªh; vk; ,oa fodkl nj esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA


• b"VreμvuqowQyrk] vkn'kZA

• l`tuμfuekZ.k djukA

• lwpdμfu/kZjdA


1. lhek la?k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ blosQ mRiknu ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dks O;kikj l`tu vkSj O;kikjfn'kk ifjorZu osQ ekè;e ls Li"V dhft,\

2. f}rh; Js"Bre dk lkekU; fl¼kUr D;k gS\ bls Li"V dhft,\

3. lhek la?k ,oa Lora=k O;kikj osQ LFkSfrd miHkksx izHkko dks js[kkfp=k cukdj Li"V dhft,A

3. lhek la?k ,oa Lora=k O;kikj osQ izkoSfxd izHkkoksa dks Li"V dhft,A


1. lhek la?k 2. okbuj 3. O;kikj l`tu 4. foorZu

5. jSf[kd 6. dY;k.k 7. LFkSfrd izHkko 8. izfr;ksfxrk

9. rduhdh fodklA


1- yksdfoÙk ,oa vUrjkZ‘ªh; O;kikj% MkW- ,e-,y- f>axu_ o`nk ifCyosQ'kUl izk-fy-_ fnYyhA




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bdkbZμ21% lkoZQ@lkIVk] vkfl;ku

(SAARC/SAPTA, ASEAN)


mís'; (Objectives)


21.1 nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kh; lg;ksx la?k (lkoZQ) (The South Asian Association for Regional Co-

operation–SAARC)

21.2 lkoZQ osQ fl¼kar (Principle of SAARC)

21.3 nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ojh;rk O;kikj le>kSrk (SAPTA)

21.4 lkIVk ls lkÝVk (SAPTA to SAFTA)

21.5 vkfl;ku (ASEAN)





mís'; (Objectives)


• nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ksf=k; lg;ksx la?k (lkoZQ) osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr djus esaA

• lkoZQ osQ fl¼kar dks le>us esaA

• nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ojh;rk O;kikj le>kSrk ,oa vkfl;ku osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr djus esaA


lkoZQ dk ewy vk/kj {ks=kh; lg;ksx ij cy nsuk gSA 7 ls 8 fnlEcj 1985 dks <kdk esa nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ 7 ns'kksaosQ jk"Vªkè;{kksa dk lEesyu gqvk ftlesa lkoZQ* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA bl laxBu esa lfEefyr ns'k gSμHkkjr] ikfdLrku]ckaXykns'k] usiky] HkwVku] Jhyadk vkSj ekynhoA lkoZQ osQ lkrosa f'k[kj lEesyu esa lkIVk (South Asian

Preferential Trade Arrangement–SAPTA) ij gLrk{kj fd, x,A

1967 esa nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ ikap ns'kksa us vkilh lg;ksx dh n`f"V ls ^vkfl;ku* uked vlSfud laxBu dkfuekZ.k fd;kA vkfl;ku dh lnL; la[;k 10 gSA


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bdkbZ—21% lkoZQ@lkIVk] vkfl;ku

21-1 nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kh; lg;ksx la?k (lkoZQ) (The South Asian Associa-tion for Regional Co-Operation—SAARC)

^lkoZQ* (n{ksl) dk iwjk uke gS ^lkmFk ,f'k;u ,lksfl,'ku iQkWj jhtuy dks&vkWijs'ku* vFkkZr~ ^nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ{ks=kh; lg;ksx la?k*A 7 o 8 fnlEcj] 1985 dks <kdk esa nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ 7 ns'kksa osQ jk"Vªkè;{kksa dk lEesyugqvk rFkk ^lkoZQ* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ;s ns'k gSaμHkkjr] ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k] usiky] HkwVku]Jhyadk&vkSj ekynhoA;g nf{k.k ,f';k osQ lkr iM+kslh ns'kksa dh fo'o jktuhfr esa {ks=kh; lg;ksx dh igyh 'kq#vkr gSA

ekynho dks NksM+dj la?k osQ 'ks"k lnL; (Hkkjr] ckaXykns'k] ikfdLrku] usiky] HkwVku vkSj Jhyadk) Hkkjrh;miegk}hi osQ fgLls gSaA ;s lHkh ns'k bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] èkeZ vkSj laLÑfr osQ tfj, ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gSaA foHkktuosQ igys Hkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSj ckaXykns'k ,d gh iz'kklu vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vfHkUu vax Fks] ysfdu LorU=krkosQ ckn ;s ns'k ,d&nwljs ls nwj gks x,A lkoZQ dk eq[;ky; (lfpoky;) dkBek.Mw (usiky) esa gSA lkoZQlfpoky; dh LFkkiuk nwljs lkoZQ lEesyu (caxykSj) osQ ckn 16 tuojh] 1987 dks dh xbZ FkhA lfpoky; osQegklfop dk dk;Zdky 2 o"kZ j[kk x;k gSA

lkoZQ ok£"kd f'k[kj lEesyu

Øe le; (o"kZ) LFkku

1- 1985 (7&8 fnlacj) <kdk (ckaXykns'k)

2- 1986 (16&17 uoacj) caxykSj (Hkkjr)

3- 1987 (7&8 uoacj) dkBekaMw (usiky)

4- 1988 (29&31 fnlEcj) bLykekckn (ikfdLrku)

5- 1990 (22&23 uoacj) ekys (ekynho)

6- 1991 (21 fnlacj) dksyEcks (Jhyadk)

7- 1993 (10&11 vizSy) <kdk (ckaXykns'k)

8- 1995 (2&4 ebZ) ubZ fnYyh (Hkkjr)

9- 1997 (12&14 tqykbZ) ekys (ekynho)

10- 1998 (29&31 tqykbZ) dksyEcks (Jhyadk)

11- 2002 (5&6 tuojh) dkBekaMw (usiky)

12- 2004 (4&6 tuojh) bLykekckn (ikfdLrku)

13- 2005 (13&14 uoEcj) <kdk (ckaXykns'k) ls izLrkfor

lg;ksx {ks=kksa dk fuèkkZj.kμlkoZQ dk ewy vkèkkj {ks=kh; lg;ksx ij cy nsuk gSA vxLr 1983 esa {ks=kh; lg;ksxosQ ,sls ukS {ks=k js[kkafdr fd, x, FksμÑf"k] LokLF; lsok,a] ekSle foKku Mkd&rkj laok,a] xzkeh.k fodkl] foKkurFkk rduhdh] nwjlapkj rFkk ;krk;kr] [ksyowQn rFkk lkaLÑfrd lg;ksxA nks o"kZ ckn <kdk esa bl lwph esa oqQN vkSjfo"k; tksM+ fn, x,μvkradokn dh leL;k] eknd&nzO;ksa dh rLdjh rFkk {ks=kh; fodkl esa efgykvksa dh HkwfedkAlkoZQ osQ 7osa f'k[kj lEesyu (<kdk] vizSy 1993) esa ^lkIVk* (South Asian Preferential Trade Arrange-

ment—SAPTA) ij gLrk{kj fd, x, rFkk bls fnlEcj] 1995 esa ykxw fd;k x;kA lkIVk* lnL; ns'kksa osQ chpO;kikj ,oa vk£Fkd lg;ksx c<+kus osQ iz;kl djrk gSA ^lkIVk* osQ rRokoèkku esa lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikfjdvknku&iznku osQ fy, tks fopkj&foe'kZ gqvk gS] mldk eq[; mís'; lu~ 2005 rd nf{k.k ,f;k;kbZ eqDr O;kikj{ks=k (South Asian Free Trade Area) (SAFTA—^lkÝVk*) dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA


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lkoZQ dk pkVZj ,oa <kdk ?kks"k.kk

lkoZQ osQ pkVZj esa 10 èkkjk,a (vuqPNsn) gSa buesa lkoZQ osQ mís';ksa] fl¼kUrksa] laLFkkvksa rFkk foÙkh; O;oLFkkvksadks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] tks fuEu izdkj gSaμ

mís';μpkVZj osQ vuqPNsn 1 osQ vuqlkj lkoZQ osQ eq[; mís'; gSaμ

nf{k.k ,f'k;k {ks=k dh turk osQ dY;k.k ,oa muosQ thou&Lrj esa lqèkkj djuk_

• nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa dh lkewfgd vkRefuHkZjrk esa o`f¼ djuk_

• {ks=k osQ vk£Fkd] lkekftd rFkk lkaLÑfrd fodkl esa rsth ykuk_

• vkilh fo'okl] lw>&cw> rFkk ,d&nwljs dh leL;kvksa dk ewY;kadu djuk_

• vk£Fkd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] rduhdh vkSj oSKkfud {ks=k esa lfØ; lg;ksx ,oa ikjLifjd lgk;rk esao`f¼ djuk_

• vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ lkFk lg;ksx esa o`f¼ djuk_ rFkk

• lkekU; fgr osQ ekeyksa ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; eapksa ij vkilh lg;ksx etcwr djuk

lkoZQ o"kZ

1989 eknd inkFkZ fojksèkh vfHk;ku o"kZ

1990 ckfydk o"kZ

1991 vkJ; o"kZ

1992 i;kZoj.k o"kZ

1993 fodykax o"kZ

1994 ;qok o"kZ

1995 xjhch mUewyu o"kZ

1996 lk{kjrk o"kZ

1997 'kklu esa Hkkxhnkjh o"kZ

1991&2000 n{ksl ckfydk n'kd

2005 i;ZVu o"kZ



1. lkoZQ dk iwjk uke gSμ

(d) lkmFk ,f'k;u ,lksfl,'ku iQkWj jhtuy dks&vkWijs'ku

([k) nf{k.k&,f'k;kbZ ojh;rk O;kikj le>kSrk

(x) ,f'k;k iz'kkar vk£Fkd lg;ksx

(?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

2. lkoZQ dk eq[;ky; fLFkr gSμ

(d) eqEcbZ ([k) dydÙkk

(x) dkBek.Mw (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

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3. lfpoky; osQ egklfpo dk dk;Zdky j[kk x;k gSμ

(d) 7 o"kZ dk ([k) 5 o"kZ dk

(x) 2 o"kZ dk (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

4. lkoZQ osQ pkVZj esa /kjk,a gSaμ

(d) 10 ([k) 8

(x) 5 (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

5. lkoZQ dk ewy vk/kj gSμ

(d) {ks=kh; lg;ksx ij cy nsuk ([k) vkRefuHkZjrk esa o`f¼ djuk


21-2 lkoZQ osQ fl¼kUr (Principle of SAARC)

pkVZj osQ vuqPNsn 2 osQ vuqlkj lkoZQ osQ eq[; fl¼kUr fuEu gSaμ

• laxBu osQ <kaps osQ vUrxZr lg;ksx] lekurk] {ks=kh; v[k.Mrk] jktuhfrd LorU=krk] nwljs ns'kksa osQvkUrfjd ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi u djuk rFkk vkilh ykHk osQ fl¼kUrksa dk lEeku djuk_

• bl izdkj dk lg;ksx f}i{kh; vkSj cgqi{kh; lg;ksx dk LFkku ugha ysxk cfYd mudk iwjd gksxk_

• bl izdkj dk lg;ksx f}i{kh; vkSj cgqi{kh; mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk fojksèkh ugha gksxkA

foÙkh; izkoèkkuμlkoZQ lfpoky; osQ O;; dks iwjk djus osQ fy, lnL; ns'kksa osQ va'knku dks fuEu izdkj fuèkkZfjrfd;k x;k gSμHkkjr 32»] ikfdLrku 25»_ usiky] ckaaXykns'k ,oa Jhyadk izR;sd dk 11» vkSj HkwVku ,oa ekynhoizR;sd dk 5»A

laLFkk,aμpkVZj osQ vUrxZr ^lkoZQ* dh fuEu laLFkkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSμ

(i) f'k[kj lEesyu] (ii) efU=kifj"kn~] (iii) LFkk;h lfefr] (iv) rduhdh lfefr;ka] (v) dk;Zdkjh lfefr] (vi) lfpoky;A

yxHkx rhu o"kZ ckn 5&6 tuojh] 2002 dks dkBekaMw (usiky) esa lEiUu lkoZQ jk"Vªkè;{kksa osQ 11osa f'k[kj lEesyuesa ikfdLrku lesr lHkh lkr lnL; ns'kksa osQ jk"Vªkè;{kksa us gj izdkj osQ vkradokn dk fey&tqydj [kkRek djusdk ladYi fy;kA X;kjg i`"B osQ lkoZQ ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa blosQ vykok vkilh O;kikfjd] vk£Fkd lg;ksx] {ks=k osQfodkl osQ fy, fofHkUu ;kstukvksa dks 'kq: djus dk elkSnk 'kkfey gSA vxyk lkoZQ f'k[kj lEesyu vxys o"kZikfdLrku esa vk;ksftr fd, tkus dh ?kks"k.kk osQ lkFk gh dkBekaMw f'k[kj lEesyu dk lekiu gks x;kA

dkBekaMw ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa vkradokn dks fo'o&'kkfUr osQ fy, lcls cM+k [krjk crk;k x;kA lnL; ns'kksa us 56 lw=kh;?kks"k.kk&i=k esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkradokn dk eqdkcyk djus osQ fy, o`gr~ ;kstuk rS;kj djus ij cy fn;k gSA vk£Fkdlg;ksx ij Hkh leku :i ls cy nsrs gq, lnL; ns'kksa }kjk bl ekSosQ ij nf{k.k ,f'k;k eqDr O;kikj {ks=k (lkIVk)esa ,d fuf'pr vofèk osQ Hkhrj O;kikfjd xfrjksèkksa dks nwj djrs gq, {ks=kh; O;kikj lqxe cukdj bldk ykHk lHkhlkoZQ ns'kksa rd igqapk, tkus dh t:jr ij Hkh cy fn;k gSA

Hkkjr&ikd lhek ij ruko O;kIr gksus osQ dkj.k f'k[kj lEesyu osQ nkSjku Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ij gh gj ns'k ,oaehfM;k dh utjsa fVdh FkhaA

tuojh] 2004 osQ izFke lIrkg esa bLykekckn] ikfdLrku esa vk;ksftr SAARC f'k[kj lEesyu dks ¶,sfrgkfld¸dgk x;kA bl lEesyu esa Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku u osQoy utnhd vk, cfYd lkr ns'kksa osQ bl lEesyu esabLykekckn ?kks"kki=k tkjh fd;k x;kA blesa bu ns'kksa us la;qDr :i ls vkradokn dk eqdkcyk djus dh ckrosQ lkFk&lkFk mUeqDr O;kikj (free trade) ij Hkh egRoiw.kZ lgefr fn[kkbZA bl ?kks"k.kk&i=k dh izeq[k ckrsa blizdkj gSaμ


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• nf{k.k ,f'k;k dks ,d 'kkfUriw.kZ rFkk fLFkj {ks=k cukuk gS_

• fookn] erksa dh fHkUurk rFkk la?k"kZ dk lekèkku ckrphr }kjk 'kkfUriw.kZ rjhdksa ls djuk gS_

• lkoZHkkSfedrk] lekurk] {ks=kh; v[k.Mrk rFkk jk"Vªksa dh LorU=krk osQ vkèkkj ij vPNs iM+ksfl;ksa tSls lEcUèkdk fodkl djuk

• cy iz;ksx u djus] gLr{ksi u djus rFkk nwljksa osQ ekeyksa esa n[ky u djus ij tksj fn;k x;k_ rFkk

• SAARC osQ NksVs&NksVs ns'kksa dh fo'ks"k leL;kvksa osQ izfr ltxrkA

bl lEesyu esa ,d 10&lw=kh lkekftd pkVZj (Social Charter) ij Hkh lgefr O;Dr dh xbZ ftldk mís'; nf{k.k,f'k;k osQ yksxksa osQ dY;k.k dks izksUur djuk rFkk vk£Fkd fodkl dh xfr dks rst djuk gSA fuèkZurk muewyu]efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lqèkkj rFkk tula[;k osQ fLFkjhdj.k tSls eqíksa osQ lekèkku osQ fy, j.kuhfr rS;kj djus esalgefr O;Dr dh xbZA ;g lgefr Hkh O;Dr dh xbZ fd cqfu;knh f'k{kk] i;kZIr vkokl] lqjf{kr is;ty rFkk liQkbZrFkk ewy LokLF; dh xkj.Vh foèkku] dk;Zdkfj.kh rFkk iz'kklfud izkoèkkuksa esa feyuh pkfg,A ;g fu.kZ; Hkh fy;kx;k fd laxfBr LosPNk lsod dk;ZØe (Organised Volunteer Programme) dks iquthZfor fd;k tk, rFkk ,dns'k osQ LosPNk lsod nwljs ns'kksa esa tkdj lkekftd {ks=kksa esa dk;Z dj losaQA

D;k lkIVk le>kSrk lkoZQ ns'kksa dks lkÝVk dh vksj ys tk ldrk gS\

21-3 nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ojh;rk O;kikj le>kSrk (SAPTA)

nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ojh;rk O;kikj le>kSrk (lkIVk) dh LFkkiuk okys le>kSrs ij 11 vizSy] 1993 dks <kdk esa gq,7osa lkoZQ f'k[kj lEesyu esa gLrk{kj fd, x, FksA le>kSrs ij lHkh lkr lkoZQ ns'kksa] uker% Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] usiky]HkwVku] ckaXykns'k] Jhyadk vkSj ekynho us gLrk{kj fd, FksA lkIVk osQ rgr lkoZQ ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj vkSj vk£Fkdlg;ksx osQ lao¼Zu osQ iz;kstu ls VSfjiQ fj;k;rksa osQ vknku&iznku osQ fy, ,d <kapk iznku fd;k x;k gSA

fnlEcj] 1995 esa lkIVk djkj osQ izHkkoh gksus osQ ckn ls lnL; jk"Vªksa osQ chp VSfjiQ fj;k;rksa osQ vknku&iznkuosQ fy, rhu nkSj dh okrkZ,a vk;ksftr dh tk pqdh gSaA rhljs nkSj dh okrkZ 23 uoEcj] 1998 dks lEiUu gqbZArhljs nkSj rd] Hkkjr us oqQy 2565 VSfjiQ ykbuksa ij fj;k;rsa iznku dh gSaA Hkkjr }kjk nwljs lkoZQ lnL;ksa dksiznku dh xbZ fj;k;rksa dks izHkkoh cukus okyh lhek 'kqYd vfèklwpuk 10 vxLr] 1999 dks tkjh dh xbZ vkSjckn esa 8 flrEcj] 1999 dks 'kqf¼i=k tkjh fd;k x;kA

tqykbZ] 1998 esa dksyEcks esa lkoZQ lEesyu osQ nkSjku lHkh lkoZQ lnL; ns'kksa dks ,d is'kd'k dh xbZ Fkh fd HkkjrmuosQ lkFk f}i{kh; eqDr O;kikj djkj djuk pkgsxk rkfd bl {ks=k esa vk£Fkd lesdu dh xfr dks rst fd;k tklosQA Jhyadk ls bl ckjs esa ldkjkRed mÙkj izkIr gqvk FkkA nks okrkZ&nkSj lEiUu gksus osQ i'pkr~ eqDr O;kikjdjkj ij 28 fnlEcj] 1998 dks ubZ fnYyh ls gekjs izèkkueU=kh vkSj Jhyadk osQ jk"Vªifr us gLrk{kj fd, FksA blosQvfrfjDr lEesyu osQ nkSjku izèkkueU=kh us ;g Hkh ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd Hkqxrku lUrqyu osQ iz;kstu ls Hkkjr }kjk 2307enksa ij yxk, x, vk;kr izfrcUèkksa dks 1 vxLr] 1998 ls lkoZQ lnL; ns'kksa ls vk;krksa esa ekeys esa gVk fy;ktk,xkA bu mik;ksa ls lkoZQ lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp O;kikj rFkk vk£Fkd lg;ksx esa o`f¼ gksus dh vk'kk gSA

lkIVk dk {ks=k foLrkj VSfjiQ osQ {ks=k esa izcUèk] iSjk&VSfjiQ vkSj ukWu&VSfjiQ mik; rFkk lhèks O;kikj mik;ksard iSQyk gSA

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lkIVk osQ rgr okrkZvksa dk vfUre mís'; nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ eqDr O;kikj {ks=k vFkok lkIVk dk y{; izkIr djuk gSAtqykbZ] 1998 esa dksyEcks esa nlosa lkoZQ lEesyu esa ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd lHkh 7 lkoZQ ns'kksa ls ,d fo'ks"kKlfefr (lhvksbZ) dh LFkkiuk dh tk, rkfd nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ eqDr O;kikj {ks=k osQ fy, djkj vFkok lfUèk okrkZ,a'kq: dh tk losaQA bl djkj esa O;kikj dks eqDr djus osQ fy, ckba¯Mx vuqlwfp;ksa dk [kqyk'kk gksxk vkSj blosQ2001 rd vfUre :i fn, tkus rFkk ykxw fd, tkus dh mEehn FkhA tqykbZ] 1999 esa lkoZQ lfpoky;] dkBek.Mwesa vk;ksftr viuh igyh cSBd esa fo'ks"kK lfefr us lkIVk lfUèk dk elkSnk rS;kj djus osQ fy, fopkjkFkZ fo"k;ksadks vfUre :i fn;kA

21&22 vDVwcj] 2001 dks lkoZQ lfpoky; esa vk£Fkd lg;ksx ij lkoZQ osQ eq[; fcUnqvksa osQ ckjs esa vk;ksftr cSBdesa ;g uksV fd;k x;k Fkk fd o"kZ 2001 rd lfUèk osQ ikB dks vfUre :i nsuk lEHko ugha gksxkA rFkkfi] cSBdesa lkIVk lfUèk dks 'kh?kz gh vfUre :i fn, tkus osQ ckjs esa izcy izfrc¼rk dks nksgjk;k x;k FkkA




1. dkBekaMq ?kks"k.kk i=k esa vkradokn dks fo'o 'kkfUr osQ fy, lcls cM+k [krjk crk;k x;k gSA

2. lkoZQ lEesyu esa 11 lw=kh lkekftd pkVZj ij lgefr O;Dr dh xbZ gSA

3. lhek 'kqYd vf/lwpuk 12 vxLr 1999 dks tkjh dh xbZA

4. tuojh 2004 osQ izFke lIrkg esa bLykekckn] ikfdLrku esa vk;ksftr lkoZQ f'k[kjlEesyu dks ,sfrgkfld dgk x;kA

5. pkVZj osQ varxZr lkoZQ osQ osQoy 3 laLFkkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

21-4 lkIVk ls lkÝVk (SAPTA To SAFTA)

6 tuojh] 2004 osQ fnu SAARC ns'kksa osQ f'k[kj lEesyu esa ,d ,sfrgkfld le>kSrk osQ <kaps ij gLrk{kj gq,ftlosQ vuqlkj mEeqDr O;kikj {ks=k] ¶nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ mUeqDr O;kikj le>kSrk¸ (South Asian Free Trade

Agreement—SAFTA) dh LFkkiuk gksxhA SAFTA dh LFkkiuk SAPTA dh txg ij gksxhA bl le>kSrk lsHkkjr&ikfdLrku O;kikj dk Lo:i Hkh cny tk,xk tks vc rd vukSipkfjd FkkA vkt Hkkjr&ikd O;kikj fliZQ250 fefy;u vejhdh MkWyj dk FkkA ,slh mEehn dh tkrh gS SAFTA dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn ;g O;kikj ,d fcfy;uMkWyj dk gks ldrk gSA

SAFTA tuojh 1] 2006 ls dk;Z djus yxsxkA mUeqDr O;kikj dh lkjh izfØ;k 10 o"kks± esa iwjh gks tk,xhA O;kikjdk mnkjhdj.k nks pj.kksa esa gksxk] ;Fkkμ

• nks o"kks± esa Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku VkfjiQ dh njksa esa 20 izfr'kr dh deh djsaxs] tcfd vU;ns'k ,slk 3 o"kks± esa djsaxsA ,slk izFke pj.k esa gksxkA

• nwljs pj.k esa] vxys 5 o"kks± esa Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku vk;kr 'kqYdksa dks ?kVkdj 5 izfr'kr ;kmlls de dj nsaxsA Jhyadk ,slk 6 o"kks± esa rFkk vU; lnL; ns'k 8 o"kks± esa djsaxsA

SAFTA dh LFkkiuk WTO osQ i'pkr~ gks jgh gSA blfy, bldk :i rFkk fo"k; WTO osQ izkoèkkuksa osQ vuqowQygh gksxkA blus WTO dh laLFkkvksa rFkk O;ogkj dks cM+s iSekus ij viuk;k gSA bUgsa fookn dks lqy>kus] lqj{kk] mik;ksa]Hkqxrku 'ks"k osQ vioknksa rFkk U;wure fodflr ns'kksa (HkwVku] usiky] ekynho rFkk ckaXykns'k) osQ fy, fo'ks"k ,oaHksnkRed izkoèkkuksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

WTO dh rjg fdlh Hkh ns'k dks ;g vfèkdkj gS og tuojh 1] 2006 SAFTA dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn blls vyx


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gks ldrk gSA blosQ fy, 6 ekl dh iwoZ lwpuk nsuh iM+sxhA WTO dh rjg SAFTA esa lnL; ns'kksa osQ okf.kT; ;kO;kikj efU=k;ksa dh efU=kLrjh; ifj"kn~ gksxhA le>kSrs dks ykxw djus osQ fy, fo'ks"kKksa dh lfefr gksxhA

SAARC ns'kksa osQ okf.kT; ,oa O;kikj lekt us SAFTA dk Lokxr fd;k gSA lsok {ks=k] ;FkkμLokLF;] i;ZVu rFkkeuksjatu esa f}i{kh; O;kikj vlhfer fodkl dh lEHkkouk,a ns[kh tk jgh gSA blosQ ifjogu yd dh LFkkiuk djuhgksxh] ohlk (VSSA) tkjh djus esa <hy nsuh gksxh rFkk Fkkus esa vfuok;Z mifLFkfr dh O;oLFkk dks gVkuk gksxkA

21-5 vkfl;ku (ASEAN)

^,fl;u* ;k vkfl;ku* dk iwjk uke nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa dk la?k* (Association of South-East Asian

Nations—ASEAN) gSA ;g b.Mksusf'k;k] eysf'k;k] fiQfyihUl] lxkiqj rFkk FkkbZyS.M dk ,d izknsf'kd laxBugSA 1967 esa nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ ikap ns'kksa us {ks=kh; lg;ksx osQ mís'; ls vkfl;ku* uked vlSfud laxBu dkfuekZ.k fd;k vkSj 8 vxLr] 1967 dks cSadkd esa ,d lfUèk&i=k ij gLrk{kj dj blosQ fuekZ.k dh vkSipkfjd?kks"k.kk dhA vkfl;ku dh lnL; la[;k vc 10 gks xbZ gSA vkfl;ku osQ ekStwnk 10 lnL; jk"Vªksa esa b.Mksusf'k;k]eysf'k;k] fiQyhihUl] lxkiqj] FkkbZyS.M] czwusbZ] fo;ruke] ykvksl] E;kaekj ,oa dEcksfM;k lfEefyr gSaA 24 tqykbZ]1996 dks Hkkjr dks vkfl;ku dk iw.kZ laokn lgHkkxh cuk fy;k x;k gSA :l vkSj phu dks Hkh iw.kZ laokn lgHkkxhdk Lrj iznku fd;k x;k gSA

vkfl;ku dk osQUnzh; lfpoky; tdkrkZ (b.Mksusf'k;k) esa gS vkSj mldk vè;{k egklfpo gksrk gSAegklfpo dk in izfr ikap o"kZ osQ fy, izR;sd ns'k dks tkrk gS vkSj ns'k osQ pquko dk vkèkkj vdkjkfn ØegSA lfpoky; osQ C;wjks funs'kdksa rFkk vU; inksa dh HkrhZ rhu o"kZ ckn gksrh gSA

vkfl;ku osQ f'k[kj lEesyu lkoZQ dh Hkkafr vfèkd ugha gq, gSaA igyk f'k[kj lEesyu 1976 esa] nwljk1977 esa] rhljk ,d n'kd ckn 1987 esa] pkSFkk tuojh] 1992 esa] ikapoka fnlEcj 1995 esa FkkbZyS.M dhjktèkkuh cSadkd esa rFkk nBk fnlEcj] 1998 esa guksbZ esa lEiUu gqvkA fons'k efU=k;ksa dh cSBd izfr o"kZvo'; gksrh jgh gSA 4&6 uoEcj] 2001 esa gq, vkfl;ku f'k[kj lEesyu esa vkradokn ds fo#¼ ,dtqVrkosQ lkFk&lkFk phu osQ lkFk feydj vxys 10 o"kks ± esa fo'o dk lcls cM+k eqDr O;kikj {ks=k cuk, tkusosQ ckjs esa lgefr gqbZA lEesyu esa 10 vkfl;ku ns'kks a osQ lkFk gh phu] tkiku rFkk n- dksfj;k osQ'kklukè;{kks a us Hkh Hkkx fy;kA

vkfl;ku osQ lnL; jk"Vªksa dk ukSoka f'k[kj lEesyu 7&8 vDVwcj] 2003 dks ckyh (b.Mksusf'k;k) esa lEiUugqvkA bl lEesyu esa ikfjr ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa lu~ 2020 rd {ks=k dks ,d lk>k cktkj cukus dk y{; j[kk x;kgSA bl ?kks"k.kk&i=k dks ckyh dksudksMZ f}rh; uke fn;k x;kA 8 vDVWcj] 2003 dks Hkkjr&vkfl;ku f'k[kjlEesyu ckyh esa gqvk ftlesa vkfl;ku us Hkkjr osQ lkFk eqDr O;kikj lfUèk osQ izk:i rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkradoknls la?k"kZ osQ ?kks"k.kk&i=k ij gLrk{kj fd,A blosQ vuqlkj 2011 rd Hkkjr rFkk vkfl;ku osQ nl ns'kksa osQ chpeqDr O;kikj {ks=k LFkkfir gks tk,xkA 29&30 uoEcj] 2004 dks fo;ufr,u (ykvksl) esa vkfl;ku ns'kksa dk 10okaf'k[kj lEesyu gqvkA blosQ lkFk gh Hkkjr&vkfl;ku dh rhljh f'k[kj cSBd gqbZA bl cSBd esa Hkkjr&vkfl;kunh?]kZdkyhu le>kSrk fd;k x;kA

vkfl;ku osQ fuekZ.k dk izeq[k mís'; gS n-iw- ,f'k;k esa vk£Fkd izxfr dks Rofjr djuk vkSj mlosQ vk£FkdLFkkf;Ro dks cuk, j[kukA eksVs rkSj ij blosQ fuekZ.k dk mís'; lnL; jk"Vªksa esa jktuhfrd] lkekftd]vk£Fkd] lkaLÑfrd] O;kikfjd] oSKkfud] rduhdh] iz'kklfud vkfn {ks=kksa esa ijLij lgk;rk djuk rFkklkewfgd lg;ksx ls fofHkUu lk>h leL;kvksa dk gy <wa<+uk gS tks blosQ fuekZ.k osQ le; vkfl;ku ?kks"k.kkesa Li"V :i ls fyf[kr gSA bldk è;s; bl {ks=k esa ,d lk>k cktkj rS;kj djuk vkSj lnL; ns'kksa osQ chpO;kikj dks c<+kok nsuk gSA

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Hkkjr dh vkfl;ku esa laokn lgHkkxh osQ :i esa Hkwfedk LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA



1. SAARC ns'kksa osQ okf.kT; ,oa O;kikj lekt us --------- dk Lokxr fd;kA

2. ^vkfl;ku* dk iwjk uke --------- gSA

3. 1967 esa nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ ik¡p ns'kksa us {ks=kh; lg;ksx osQ mís'; ls --------- dk fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA

4. vkfl;ku dk osQUnzh; lfpoky; --------- esa gSA

5. vkfl;ku osQ lnL; jk"Vªksa dk ukSoka f'k[kj lEesyu 7&8 vDVwcj 2003 dks --------- esa lEiUu gqvk FkkA


• ^lkoZQ* (n{ksl) dk iwjk uke gS ^lkmFk ,f'k;u ,lksfl,'ku iQkWj jhtuy dks&vkWijs'ku* vFkkZr~ ^nf{k.k,f'k;kbZ {ks=kh; lg;ksx la?k*A

• lkoZQ dk eq[;ky; (lfpoky;) dkBek.Mw (usiky) esa gSA lkoZQ lfpoky; dh LFkkiuk nwljs lkoZQlEesyu (caxykSj) osQ ckn 16 tuojh] 1987 dks dh xbZ FkhA

• lkoZQ dk ewy vkèkkj {ks=kh; lg;ksx ij cy nsuk gSA vxLr 1983 esa {ks=kh; lg;ksx osQ ,sls ukS {ks=k js[kkafdrfd, x, FksA

• lkoZQ osQ pkVZj esa 10 èkkjk,a (vuqPNsn) gSa buesa lkoZQ osQ mís';ksa] fl¼kUrksa] laLFkkvksa rFkk foÙkh; O;oLFkkvksadks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS]

• dkBekaMw ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa vkradokn dks fo'o&'kkfUr osQ fy, lcls cM+k [krjk crk;k x;kA

• nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ojh;rk O;kikj le>kSrk (lkIVk) dh LFkkiuk okys le>kSrs ij 11 vizSy] 1993 dks <kdkesa gq, 7osa lkoZQ f'k[kj lEesyu esa gLrk{kj fd, x, FksA

• tqykbZ] 1998 esa dksyEcks esa lkoZQ lEesyu osQ nkSjku lHkh lkoZQ lnL; ns'kksa dks ,d is'kd'k dh xbZ FkhA

• lkIVk osQ rgr okrkZvksa dk vfUre mís'; nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ eqDr O;kikj {ks=k vFkok lkIVk dk y{; izkIrdjuk gSA

• ^,fl;u* ;k ^vkfl;ku* dk iwjk uke ^nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa dk la?k* (Association of South-

East Asian Nations—ASEAN) gSA

• 1967 esa nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ ikap ns'kksa us {ks=kh; lg;ksx osQ mís'; ls vkfl;ku* uked vlSfud laxBudk fuekZ.k fd;kA

• vkfl;ku osQ lnL; jk"Vªksa dk ukSoka f'k[kj lEesyu 7&8 vDVwcj] 2003 dks ckyh (b.Mksusf'k;k) esa lEiUugqvkA


••••• lao¼ZuμmUur gksuk] c<+kus okykA

• VSfjiQμ'kqYd&lwphA

••••• lesduμfeydj ,d gks tkukA


uksV



1. lkoZQ dh LFkkiuk osQ mís'; ,oa laxBu dk o.kZu dhft,A {ks=kh; O;kikj c<+kus esa bldh Hkwfedk dh foospukdhft,A

2. {ks=kh; vk£Fkd lg;ksx esa ^vkfl;ku* dh Hkwfedk dk ifj{k.k dhft,A

3. lkIVk le>kSrs dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A

4. fVIi.kh fyf[k,μ

(d) lkoZQ ([k) lkIVk (x) lkÝVkA


1. 1. (d) 2. (x) 3. (x) 4. (d)

5. (d)

2. 1. 2. × 3. × 4.

5. ×3. 1. SAFTA 2. nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa dk la?k 3. vkfl;ku

4. tdkrkZ 5. ckyhA





uksV

bdkbZμ22% {ks=kokn% ;wjksih; la?k ,oa ukÝVk



(Regionalism: EU and NAFTA)


mís'; (Objectives)


22.1 {ks=kh; vk£Fkd xqV (Regional Economic Union)

22.2 ;wjksih; la?k osQ mís'; (Objectives of EU)

22.3 ;wjksih; la?k dk laxBu (Organization of EU)

22.4 ;wjksih; lk>k cktkj dh izxfr (Progress of EU Market)

22.5 vkfFkZd leqnk; cuus dk izHkko (Effect of EU Economic Forum)

22.6 Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksih; la?k (India and EU)

22.7 ;wjksih; la?k dh ubZ eqnzk% ;wjks (New Money of EU : Euro)

22.8 ukÝVk (NAFTA )





mís'; (Objectives)


• {ks=kh; xqV vFkok lewg dks le>us esaA

• ;wjksih; la?k osQ laxBu ,oa mís'; dh O;k[;k djus esaA

• ;wjksih; lk>k cktkj dh izxfr rFkk Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksih; la?k dk foospu djus esaA

• ;wjksih; la?k dh ubZ eqnzk % ;wjks rFkk ukÝVk osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh gkfly djus esaA


1950 rFkk 1960 osQ n'kdksa esa {ks=kh; vk£Fkd lewg ;k {ks=kh; vk£Fkd ,dhdj.k (Regional Economic Groping

or Regional Economic Integration) dk dkiQh rsth ls fodkl gqvkA vk£Fkd ,dhdj.k dk vFkZ gS O;fDrxrns'kksa dks lewgksa esa laxfBr djukA blosQ i'pkr~ lewg osQ ns'kksa osQ oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa osQ O;kikj ij ls izfrcUèkgVk fy;k tkrk gSA ,sls {ks=kh; ,dhdj.k dh èkkj.kk osQ ihNs fudVrk egRoiw.kZ dkj.k gSA iM+kslh ns'k fuEu dkj.kksals ,dhdj.k osQ fy, rS;kj gks tkrs gSaμ


uksV



• bu ns'kksa osQ eè; de nwfj;ka r; djuh iM+rh gSa_

• miHkksDrkvksa dh #fp esa lekurk ikbZ tk ldrh gS rFkk iM+ksfl;ksa osQ eè; forj.k iz.kkyh LFkkiuk vfèkdvklku gksrh gS_

• iM+kslh ns'kksa dk dkWeu bfrgkl gks ldrk gS] dkWeu fgr osQ izfr tkx:drk gks ldrh gS rFkk ,sls vU;dkj.kksa ls viuh uhfr;ksa osQ lefUor djus osQ fy, vfèkd bPNqd gks ldrs gSaA

22-1 {ks=kh; vk£Fkd xqV (Regional Economic Union)

{ks=kh; vk£Fkd lewg pkj izdkj osQ gks ldrs gSaμ

1- mUeqDr O;kikj {ks=k (Free Trade Area—FTA)μlnL; ns'kksa osQ eè; VkfjiQ dks lekIr dj fn;k tkrkgS] fdUrq xSj&lnL; ns'kksa osQ lkFk O;kikj osQ cká VkfjiQ cjdjkj jgrk gSA

2- lhek&'kqYd la?k (Customs Union)μla?kksa osQ vUnj lHkh vkUrfjd VkfjiQ lekIr dj fn, tkrs gSa]tcfd la?k osQ lHkh ns'k ,d gh cká VkfjiQ yxkrs gSaA

3- lk>k cktkj (Common Market)μlhek 'kqYd la?k dh lHkh fo'ks"krk,a blesa ekStwn jgrh gSaA blosQvfrfjDr Je rFkk iwath dh xfr'khyrk ij dksbZ izfrcUèk ugha jgrk gSA

4- iw.kZ vk£Fkd ,dhdj.k (Complete Economic Integration)μbl fLFkfr esa ekSfnzd ,oa jktdks"kh;uhfr;ksa dks ,d djosQ vkSj vfèkd vk£Fkd ,dhdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl Lrj osQ ,dhdj.k dk vFkZjktuhfrd ,dhdj.k Hkh gSA ;wjksih; la?k iw.kZ vk£Fkd ,dhdj.k dh vksj fuf'pr :i esa c<+ jgk gSA

{ks=kh; ,dhdj.k osQ lkekftd] vk£Fkd ,oa jktuhfrd izHkko iM+rs gSaA lkekftd izHkko dk vFkZ gS lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd,dhdj.k gSA vk£Fkd izHkko dk vFkZ ij lalkèkuksa dk vfèkd mÙke vkc.Vu] Li¼kZ esa of¼ osQ dkj.k dk;ZoqQ'kyrkesa o`f¼] vkfnA jktuhfrd izHkko gS lEizHkqrk dh FkksM+h gkfuA

fiNys ,d n'kd esa {ks=kh; vk£Fkd le>kSrksa esa rsth ls o`f¼ gqbZ gSA ebZ 2003 eas 265 ,sls le>kSrksa dh lwpukWTO dks nh xbZA WTO us vius lnL; ns'kksa dks GATT dh èkkjk 1 osQ vUrxZr MFN Dykt esa HksnHkkoghurk (non-

discrimination) osQ ekSfyd fl¼kUr osQ viokn osQ :i esa lhek&'kqYd la?k rFkk eqDr O;kikj {ks=k dh LFkkiukdh lgefr nh gSA {ks=kh; O;kikj lewgksa dk djhc 90 izfr'kr mUeqDr O;kikj osQ le>kSrs gSa rFkk osQoy 10 izfr'krlhek 'kqYd la?kA ;ksa rks 1990 osQ n'kd ls gh ,sls le>kSrksa esa rsth ls of¼ gqbZ gS] rFkkfi if'peh ;wjksi ,oa vejhdkdh vxqvkbZ esa 1980 ls blesa o`f¼ gksus yxh FkhA gky gh ls tkiku lfgr ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa us MFN vkèkkfjr O;kikjij iw.kZ fuHkZj djuk NksM+ fn;k gSA COMECON (Council of Mutual Economic Corporation) osQ èoLr gksusosQ ckn ls 1990 ls {ks=kh; lewgksa dh la[;k c<+h gSA World Trade Report 2003 osQ vuqlkj fo'o vk;kr dk 43-2 izfr'kr 2000 esa bUgha {ks=kh; lewgksa osQ ekè;e ls gqvkA

ekpZ 1957 esa jkse esa ,d lafèk ij gLrk{kj gq, ftlosQ iQyLo:i ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; (European Economic

Community) dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftlesa 6 lnL; FksμizQkal] teZuh] bVyh] csfYt;e] uhnjyS.M~l ,oa yDtsecxZA;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; (EEC) dks ;wjksih; lk>k cktkj (ECM) osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;wjksfi;uvkfFkZd leqnk; dk mís'; ,d lk>k cktkj dh LFkkiuk djuk Fkk rkfd lnL; ns'kksa esa fodkl] fLFkjrk ,oa yksxksaosQ thou&Lrj esa o`f¼ gks ldsA bu 6 ns'kksa dk lk>k cktkj LFkkfir djus dh O;oLFkk dks gh ;wjksih; lk>k cktkj(ECM) dgrs gSa ftldk izkjEHk 1 tuojh] 1958 dks gqvkA ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; ftldk orZeku uke;wjksih; la?k gS] dk eq[;ky; czqlsYl (csfYt;e) esa gSA ;wjksih; lk>kk cktkj dh LFkkiuk osQ ihNs eq[; dkj.k;g Fkk fd mDr 6 ns'kksa us ;g vuqHko fd;k fd tc rd os ,d lhek ,oa lhek la?k ugha cukrs] mudh vkfFkZdizxfr laHko ugha gSA lhek la?k cu tkus osQ iQyLo:i bu ns'kksa esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ vkokxeu dh iw.kZ Lora=krkgS] bu ns'kksa osQ chp dksbZ iz'kqYd ugha gS rFkk ckgjh ns'kksa osQ fy, budh iz'kqYd uhfr leku gSA

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1973 esa rhu u;s ns'kksaμfczVsu] MsuekoZQ ,oa vk;jyS.M dks bl leqnk; esa lfEefyr fd;k x;kA ckn esa rhu vU;ns'kksa xzhl] Lisu rFkk iqrZxky dks leqnk; dh lnL;rk feyus ls leqnk; dh lnL; la[;k 12 gks xbZA iqu% 1 tuojh]1995 dks vkfLVª;k] fiQuyS.M ,oa LohMu dks leqnk; esa lnL;rk fey tkus ls bl leqnk; dh lnL; la[;k 12ls c<+dj 15 gks xbZA ebZ] 2004 esa 10 vkSj ns'k bl la?k esa 'kkfey gksus ls orZeku esa bldh lnL; la[;k 25gSA rhu ns'k cYxkfj;k] Øks,f'k;k rFkk jksekfu;k bl la?k esa 2007 esa lfEefyr gksus tk jgs gSaA

o"kZ 1995 esa ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; dks ;wjksih; la?k osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

22-2 ;wjksih; la?k osQ mís'; (Objectives of EU)

;wjksih; lk>k cktkj dh LFkkiuk osQ ihNs ,d ,sls vkfFkZd la?k osQ fuekZ.k dk mís'; Fkk ftlls lnL; ns'kksa dh

vkfFkZd] foÙkh; vkSj lkekftd uhfr;ksa esa ,dhdj.k gks losQ rFkk ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; dk lok±xh.k fodkl gksA

bl n`f"V ls blosQ fuEu mís'; fuèkkZfjr fd, x, %

(1) lnL; jk"Vªksa osQ chp iz'kqYdks ,oa vk;kr&fu;kZr vH;a'kksa dks gVkuk]

(2) lnL; jk"Vªksa osQ ckgj osQ ns'kksa osQ fy, ,dleku iz'kqYd ,oa O;kikfjd uhfr viukuk]

(3) lnL; ns'kksa osQ fy, ,dleku Ñf"k uhfr viukdj mls fuekZ.k m|ksxksa osQ leku egÙo nsuk]

(4) lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp Je vkSj iwath osQ vkokxeu esa vkus okyh ckèkkvksa dks gVkuk]

(5) lnL; ns'kksa dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dk ,dhdj.k djuk ,oa Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh dfBukb;ksa dks gy djuk]

(6) lnL; ns'kksa osQ dkuwuksa esa bl n`f"V ls leUo; djuk fd lk>k cktkj O;ofLFkr <ax ls dk;Z dj losQ]

(7) lnL; ns'kksa esa jkstxkj c<+kus ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl dks xfr'khy cukus ls lacafèkr mi;ksa ij fopkj djuk]

,oa

(8) leqnzikjh; fuHkZj {ks=kksa dh ;wjksih; vfFkZd leqnk; osQ lkFk ,drk LFkkfir djukA

vkfFkZd la?k dh LFkkiuk osQ lkFk gh lkFk] ;wjksih; vkfFkZd la?k dk mís'; ,d jktuhfrd la?k Hkh cukuk gSA

22-3 ;wjksih; la?k dk laxBu (Organization of EU)

;wjksih; lk>k cktkj dk laxBu ,d ljdkj osQ leku gS rFkk mlosQ fofHkUu vkfFkZd ekeyksa osQ dk;ks± dk lEiknu

djus osQ fy, bldh fofHkUu 'kk[kk,a gSa tks bl izdkj gSa %

(1) ;wjksih; vkfFkZd ifj"kn~ (European Economic Council)μ;g ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; dh izeq[k

iz'kklfud laLFkk gS ftlesa izR;sd lnL; jk"Vª dk ,d lnL; gksrk gSA leqnk; osQ fy, ;g ifj"kn~ dk;Zdkjh

,ts.V osQ :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA bl ifj"kn~ dh cSBd ,d ekg esa de ls de ,d ckj gksrh gS ftlesa

izk;% lkjs fu.kZ; loZlEefr ls fy, tkrs gSaA

(2) dk;Zdkjh vk;ksx (The Executive Commission)μbldk nkf;Ro lk>k cktkj dh uhfr;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k

dj mUgsa dk;kZfUor djuk gSA bldk eq[;ky; czqlsYl esa fLFkr gSA bl vk;ksx dk eq[; dk;Z ;g ns[kuk

gS fd lnL; ns'kksa dh ljdkjsa fuèkkZfjr uhfr;ksa osQ vuqlkj O;ogkj djrh gSa ;k ughaA

(3) ;wjksih; laln (The European Parliament)μ;g lnL; ns'kksa dh laln dh ,slh laLFkk gS ftldk eq[;

dk;Z ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; ls lacafèkr ekeyksa ij viuh lgefr iznku djuk gSA bl laln osQ ,d o"kZ

esa 8 l=k gksrs gSaA

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(4) ekSfnzd lfefr (Monetary Committee)μ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; osQ Hkqxrku lUrqyu ,oa vU; foÙkh;

ekeyksa esa lykg nsus osQ fy, ,d ekSfnzd lfefr dk xBu fd;k tkrk gS ftlosQ lnL; vk;ksx osQ izfrfufèk

lnL; ns'kksa osQ osQUnzh; cSad osQ vfèkdkjh ,oa iz[;kr vFkZ'kkL=kh gksrs gSaA

(5) U;k;ky; (The Court of Justice)μvkfFkZd leqnk; osQ ekeyksa ls lacafèkr fooknksa dks fuiVkus osQ fy,

,d U;k;ky; gS tks yDtsecxZ esa fLFkr gSA bl U;k;ky; dks fo'ks"kkfèkdkj izkIr gS fd og vkfFkZd leqnk;

ls lacafèkr ekeyksa ij lnL; jk"Vªksa osQ fu.kZ; dks vekU; djrs gq, viuk fu.kZ; ns ldrk gS tks lcdks

ekU; gksrk gSA

(6) ;wjksih; vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd lfefr (European Economic and Social Committee)μ;g ,d

lykg nsus okyh laLFkk gS ftlesa lnL; ns'kksa osQ m|ksx] Ñf"k Jfedksa ,oa miHkksDrkvksa osQ izfrfufèk 'kkfey

jgrs gSaA

(7) n* ,fouku desVh (The D’avignon Committee)μlnL; ns'kksa dh fons'kh uhfr esa lekurk cuk, j[kus

osQ mís'; ls bl desVh dh fu;qfDr dh xbZ tks csfYt;e osQ fons'k eU=kky; osQ funsZ'kd n* ,fouku osQ

uke ij vkèkkfjr gSA ;g lfefr lnL; jk"Vªksa dh fons'kh uhfr ls lacafèkr ekeyksa ij lykg nsrh gSA

;wjkstksu fdls dgk x;k gS\

22-4 ;wjksih; lk>k cktkj dh izxfr (Progress of EU Market)

lk>k cktkj dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn] blosQ lnL; jk"Vªksa osQ O;kikj esa Hkkjh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA bldh izxfr dk vè;;u fuEu

'kh"kZdksa osQ vUrxZr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

(1) vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj esa o`f¼μiz'kqYd gVk, tkus osQ iQyLo:i lk>k cktkj osQ lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp]

vUr{ksZ=kh; O;kikj esa dkiQh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA

(2) fons'kh O;kikj esa o`f¼μ;wjksih; lk>k cktkj osQ ns'kksa esa fons'kh O;kikj esa dkiQh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA

(3) vkfFkZd fodkl esa o`f¼μlk>k cktkj osQ ns'kksa us vius vkfFkZd fodkl dks dkiQh xfr'khy cuk fy;k

gS rFkk buosQ oqQy ?kjsyw mRiknu esa cgqr o`f¼ gqbZ gSA

(4) vkS|ksfxd oqQ'kyrk vkSj jkstxkj esa o`f¼μlk>k cktkj cuus osQ ckn bu ns'kksa dh vkS|ksfxd oqQ'kyrk

,oa vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa rsth ls o`f¼ gqbZ gSA mRiknu c<+us ls bu ns'kksa esa jkstxkj esa Hkh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA



1. World Trade Reports 2003 osQ vuqlkj fo'o vk;kr dk 48-2» 2000 esa fdlosQ ekè;e ls gqvkμ

(d) vk;kr osQ ([k) fu;kZr osQ

(x) {ks=kh; lewg (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

2. ;wjksih; la?k dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ gSμ

(d) csfYt;e ([k) baXySaM

(x) tkusok (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

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3. dk;Zdkjh vk;ksx dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ gSμ

(d) vesfjdk ([k) czqlsYl

(x) baXyS.M (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

4. ;wjksih; laln osQ ,d o"kZ esa fdrus l=k gksrs gSaμ

(d) 4 ([k) 6

(x) 8 (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

5. lfefr lnL; jk"Vªksa dh fons'kh uhfr ls lacafèkr ekeyksa ij lykg nsrh gSμ

(d) ^n ,fouku desVh* ([k) ;wjksih; vk£Fkd ifj"kn

(x) U;k;ky; (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

22-5 vkfFkZd leqnk; cuus dk izHkko (Effect of EU Economic Forum)

;wjksihs; vkfFkZd leqnk; osQ ns'kksa }kjk ,d lhek la?k (Custom Union) cuk, tkus dk O;kid izHkko gqvk gS ftls

fuEu izdkj ls O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

(1) cktkj dk foLrkjμ;wjksih; vfFkZd leqnk; dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ izHkko ;g gqvk fd bu ns'kksa osQ cktkj

dk {ks=k foLr`r gqvk gS ftlls mRiknu osQ iSekus esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA bls cM+s iSekus dh cprsa Hkh izkIr gqbZ

gSaA

(2) LoLFk izfr;ksfxrk dk fodklμlk>k cktkj cuus ls igys] lnL; ns'kksa osQ ikl tks ,dkfèkdkjh 'kfDr;k¡

Fkha] os lekIr gks xb± rFkk ns'kksa esa LoLFk izfr;ksfxrk dk fodkl gqvk gSA

(3) vkfFkZd fodklμlk>k cktkj cuus osQ ckn bu ns'kksa us fo'ks"k dks"k dh LFkkiuk dj] mldh lgk;rk ls

de fodflr ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsdj mUgsa leku :i ls fodflr cuk fn;kA

(4) iwath ,oa Je dh xfr'khyrk esa o`f¼μ,d vkfFkZd leqnk; cu tkus osQ ckn lnL; ns'kksa esa iwath ,oa

Je dh xfr'khyrk esa of¼ gqbZ gS ftlls u osQoy mRiknu esa rsth ls fodkl gqvk gS] oju~ vkfFkZd fodkl

dh xfr Hkh rst gqbZ gSA

bl izdkj ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; cuus osQ ckn lnL; ns'kksa esa vuqowQy jktuhfrd] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd izHkko

gqvk gSA

22-6 Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksih; la?k (India and EU)

;wjksih; la?k Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkj gS vkSj gekjs oqQy O;kikj dk 21 izfr'kr blosQ lkFk gksrk

gSA Hkkjr dk bl la?k osQ lkFk 14 vjc vesfjdh MkWyj dk fu;kZr O;kikj gksrk gSA blosQ ckotwn bl la?k dks gksus

okys nqfu;kHkj ls fu;kZr esa Hkkjr dk fgLlk fliZQ ,d izfr'kr cSBrk gS vkSj bl la?k osQ O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkjksa esa Hkkjr

dk 20oka LFkku gSA Hkkjr ls ;wjksi la?k dks fu;kZr dh tkus okyh izeq[k oLrqvksa esa flysflyk, lwrh oL=k vkSj lg

mRikn] jRu vkSj vkHkw"k.k] lwrh èkkxs] diM+s blls rS;kj eky] ;a=k vkSj midj.k rFkk vkS"kfèk] iQkekZL;wfVdYl vkSj

iQkbu osQfedYl 'kkfey gSaA bl la?k ls vk;kr dh tkus okyh izeq[k oLrq,a gSaμeksrh] cgqeY;@de ewY;oku jRu]

lksuk] ;a=k] bysDVªkWfud lkeku rFkk tSfod jlk;uA

Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksih; la?k ns'kksa osQ vPNs vkfFkZd lacaèk gSaA vkilh rFkk lkewfgd nksuksa n`f"V;ksa ls ;g ckr ykxw gksrh

gSA bu lacaèkksa osQ vkèkkj gSaμ(1) Hkkxhnkjh vkSj fodkl ij Hkkjr&;wjksih; la?k le>kSrk rFkk (2) Hkkjr&;wjksih;

la?k la;qDr vk;ksxA

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Hkkjr dk ;wjksih; la?k osQ dbZ ns'kksaμvkWfLVª;k] lkbizl] psd x.kjkT;] fiQuyS.M] izQkal] gaxjh] bVyh] uhnjyS.M]

iksyS.M] iqrZxky] Lyksokd x.kjkT;] Lyksokfu;k rFkk Lisu osQ lkFk vyx ls Hkh O;kikfjd@vkfFkZd lg;ksx le>kSrk

gSA bl le>kSrksa@eapksa osQ }kjk vkilh [email protected];d lacaèkksa dh le;≤ ij leh{kk osQ volj feyrs gSaA

;wjksih; la?k dks Hkkjr }kjk o"kZ 1990&91 esa 8]951 djksM+ #-] 2000&01 esa 46]120 djksM+ #-] 2001&02 esa

45]524 djksM+ #-] 2002&03 esa 54]173 djksM+ #- rFkk 2003&04 esa 61]816 djksM+ #- ewY; dk fu;kZr O;kikj

gqvk tcfd blh vofèk esa vk;kr O;kikj Øe'k% 12]680 djksM+ #-] 45]663 djksM+ #-] 46]711 djksM+ #-]

56]434 djksM+ #- rFkk 62]248 djksM+ #- dk gqvkA o"kZ 2003&04 esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa ;wjksih; leqnk; osQ

ns'kksa dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA

;wjksih; ns'kksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr dk u;k O;kikj le>kSrk

fiNys o"kks± esa Øe'k% ;wjksih; ns'kksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr dk u osQoy O;kikj c<+k gS oju~ vU; {ks=kksa esa lg;ksx LFkkfir

gqvk gSA fnlEcj 1993 esa Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksih; leqnk; us lk>snkjh vkSj fodkl* osQ ,d u;s le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj

fd;sA blls Hkkjr dh ;wjksih; leqnk; dh rduhdh tkudkjh vkSj izkS|ksfxdh izkIr djus esa lqfoèkk gksxh rFkk fuos'k

dks izksRlkgu feysxkA bldk eq[; mís'; Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksfi;u vkfFkZd leqnk; osQ chp lg;ksx dks izksRlkfgr djuk

gS rkfd f}i{kh; lg;ksx dks etcwr fd;k tk losQA yksdrkfU=kd fl¼kUrksa ,oa ekuokfèkdkjksa ij vkèkkfjr bl

le>kSrs esa nks izeq[k {k=kksa esa lg;ksx xSV dh lokZfèkd vuqxzfgr jk"Vª* dh èkkjk ij vkèkkfjr O;kikfjd lg;ksx rFkk

xjhcksa osQ mRFkku osQ fy, fodkldkjh lg;ksx] izLrkfor gSA blesa la;qDr vk;ksx osQ xBu dk Hkh izkoèkku gS tks

le>kSrs osQ mís';ksa osQ lacaèk esa izkFkfedrk fuèkkZfjr djsxkA nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ fdlh Hkh ns'k osQ lkFk ;wjksfi;u vkfFkZd

leqnk; (European Economic Community—EEC) osQ bruk O;kid le>kSrs dk ;g igyk volj FkkA

;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; ftldk orZeku uke ;wjksih; la?k gS] dk eq[;ky; czqlsYl (csfYt;e) esa gSA

22-7 ;wjksih; la?k dh ubZ eqnzk% ;wjks (New Money of EU : Euro)

gky gh esa ;wjksih; leqnk; osQ usrkvksa }kjk ;wjksih; leqnk; osQ fy, ,d lka>h eqnzk (Common Money) osQ iz;ksxdk fu.kZ; fo'o osQ vkfFkZd ifjorZu dh fn'kk esa ,d ØkfUrdkjh iz;ksx gSA bl gsrq gkWyS.M esa vk;ksftr lEesyuesa lnL; ns'kksa osQ foÙkeaf=k;ksa }kjk ;wjksih; ekSfnzd la?k (European Monetary Union—E.M.U.) dh LFkkiuk dkfu.kZ; nks pj.kksa esa fy;k x;kA lHkh ;wjksih; lk>k cktkj osQ ns'kksa osQ fy, 1997 rd ,d eqnzk LFkkfir djus dkle; fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;kA fnlEcj 1991 esa gqbZ ekfLVª'V lafèk (Mastricht Treaty) esa ;wjksih; la?k osQ 15 jk"Vªksaus 1999 rd ;wjks (Euro) uke okyh la;qDr eqnzk 1999 ls ykxw djus dh O;oLFkk dh FkhA

;wjks djSUlh 1 tuojh] 1999 ls vfLrRo esa vk pqdh gSA udn lkSnksa osQ fy, ;wjksih; la?k osQ 12 jk"Vªksa esa ,dhÑrlka>h eqnzk ^;wjks* dk iz;ksx 1 tuojh] 2002 ls vkjEHk gks pqdk gSA

28 iQjojh] 2002 rd ns'kksa dh iqjkuh eqnzkvksa dk vfLrRo cuk, j[kus dk izLrko fd;k x;k Fkk fdUrq 1 ekpZ]2002 ls vosQyh ;wjks gh bu 12 ns'kksa esa fofèkxzkg~; eqnzk (Legal Tender) gks xbZ gSA cUn gqbZ ;wjksih; eqnzkvksa dks1 tuojh] 2012 rd cSadksa ls ;wjks esa cnyk tk losQxkA

;wjks dks viukus okys 12 jk"Vªksa ds {ks=k dks ^^;wjkstksu** (Eurozone) dgk x;k gSA ;wjkstksu esa lfEefyr jk"VªgSaμvkWfLVª;k] csfYt;e] fiQuyS.M] izQkal] teZuh] xzhl] ;wuku] vk;jyS.M] bVyh] yDtsecxZ] uhnjyS.M~l] iqrZxky,oa LisuA ;wjksih; la?k osQ 'ks"k rhu jk"VªμfczVsu] MsuekoZQ ,oa LohMu vHkh ;wjkstksu esa 'kkfey ugha gq, gSaA

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;wjksih; eqnzkvksa osQ lkFk ;wjks dh fofue; nj (31 fnlEcj] 1998 dks fuèkkZfjr)

;wjksih; eqnzk ,d ;wjks dk ewY;

teZu ekoZQ 1-96

izQkalhlh izSaQd 6-56

bVkfy;u yhjk 1936-27

Lisfu'k islsVk 166-39

Mp fxYMj 2-20

csfYt;e izSaQd 40-34

vkfLVª;u f'kfyax 13-76

iqrZxkyh ,LoqQMks 200-48

fiQfu'k ekdkZ 5-95

vk;fj'k ikm.M 0-79

yDtsecxZ izSaQd 40-34

;wjks esa Hkkxhnkjh dh izeq[k 'krs±

ekfLVª'p lafèk osQ nLrkostksa esa ;wjksi esa ekSfnzd ,oa vkfFkZd ,dhdj.k ,oa lk>h eqnkz ;wjks* osQ izpyu osQ fy, pkjizeq[k 'krks± dk mYys[k fd;k x;kμ(i) eqnzkLiQhfr dh nj ij fu;a=k.k (mÙke fu"iknu djus okys igys rhu ns'kksaesa izpfyr&eqnzkLiQhfr dh nj dk 1-5% ls vfèkd u gksuk)A (ii) fuEu C;kt nj (mÙke fu"iknu djus okys izFkerhu ns'kksa dh C;kt dh nj dh rqyuk esa 2% ls vfèkd u gksuk)A (iii) ljdkjh Í.k dk GDP osQ 60% ls vfèkdu gksukA (iv) okf"kZd ctV ?kkVk GDP osQ 3% ls vfèkd u gksukA

ekfLVª'p lafèk esa ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; (EEC) osQ ns'kksa ls mi;qZDr 'krks± dks iwjk djus dk vuqjksèk fd;k x;krkfd os ;wjksi dh lka>h eqnzk ^;wjks* esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh ntZ dj losaQA

;wjksih; la?k Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkj gS vkSj gekjs oqQy O;kikj dk 21

izfr'kr blosQ lkFk gksrk gSA

;wjks izpyu osQ fofHkUu pj.k

;wjksih; ns'kksa esa 1 tuojh] 1999 ls viukbZ tkus okyh lk>h eqnzk ;wjks* osQ lapkyu ij fu;a=k.k j[kus gsrq ;wjksih;ls.Vªy cSad dh vkSipkfjd LFkkiuk twu 1998 esa teZuh esa izSaQdiQVZ esa dj nh xbZ Fkh vkSj uhnjyS.M osQfcuM~;wtucxZ dks ;wjksih; ls.Vªy cSad dk izFke vè;{k cuk;k x;kA

;|fi [kkrs dh eqnzk esa ;wjks dk iz;ksx 1 tuojh] 1999 ls vkjEHk gks pqdk Fkk] fdUrq lkSnksa esa udn ;wjks dk iz;ksx1 tuojh] 2002 ls fd;k tk jgk gSA rhu o"kZ dk ;g vUrjky ;wjks dk laØe.k dky (Transition Period

of Euro) gS D;ksafd fo'kky vkdkj esa ;wjks osQ djsUlh uksV rFkk flDdksa dh NikbZ ,oa Vad.k esa rhu o"kZ dk vUrjkyu osQoy vko';d gh gS] cfYd O;kogkfjd Hkh gSA ;wjksfi;u ls.Vªy cSad }kjk fuxZr ;wjks osQ uksV rFkk flDosQ] ;wjksdh Nrjh esa lfEefyr ns'kksa dh ifjlhekvksa esa fufoZ?u 1 tuojh] 2002 esa udn lkSnksa (Cash Transactions) esagLrkUrfjr fd;s tk jgs gSaA

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;wjks eqnzk osQ laØe.k dky (1999&02) osQ chp lHkh 12 ns'kksa dh eqnzk,a u osQoy thfor j[kus dk fu.kZ; fd;kx;k Fkk] cfYd ;wjks osQ lkFk&lkFk fofue; dk ekè;e] ewY; dk ekid rFkk lap; dk vkèkkj cuk, j[kusij Hkh lgefr gqbZ Fkh] fdUrq ;wjks eqnzk dh NikbZ iwjh gksus ,oa pyu esa vkus osQ ckn 1 tuojh] 2002 ls ;s lHkh12 eqnzk,a fu"izHkkoh gks xbZ gSaA ;wjks* viukus okys lHkh 12 jk"Vªksa us bu flDdksa osQ ihNs viuh fof'k"V igpku eqfnzrdh gS fdUrq lHkh flDosQ lnL; jk"Vªksa esa leku :i ls Lohdkj fd, tk,axsA

;wjks eqnzk osQ 7 djsUlh uksV 5 ls 500 ;wjks rd osQ ewY; oxZ esa Nkis x;s gSa rFkk 8 flDosQ Vafdr fd, x;s gSa] ;wjksdh Nrjh rys vk;k izR;sd ns'k flDdksa osQ ,d rjiQ vius ns'k dh dksbZ fof'k"V Ñfr Nkius osQ fy, Lora=k gS]fdUrq ;wjks dk dksbZ Hkh flDdk izR;sd lnL; ns'k }kjk leku :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tk,xkA bl izdkj 1 tuojh]2002 ls ;wjks us [kkrs dh eqnzk osQ lkFk&lkFk pyu dh eqnzk dk :i Hkh ys fy;k gSA

;wjks ,oa Hkkjr (Euro and India)

orZeku esa Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k O;kikfjd fgLlsnkj ;wjksih; la?k gSA ;wjksih; la?k osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ fons'kh O;kikjesa cM+h ek=kk esa vk;kr dh oLrqvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk fu;kZr dh oLrq,a Hkh lfEefyr gSaA ;wjksih; la?k }kjk lk>h eqnzk;wjks viuk, tkus osQ ckn Hkkjr dks buok;flax* osQ fy, ,d ubZ oSdfYid lqn<+ eqnzk fey xbZ gSA blosQ vfrfjDr12 ns'kksa }kjk ;wjks viukus ij Hkkjr dks vc 12 eqnzkvksa osQ lkFk ifjorZuh;rk dh dfBukb;ksa ls NqVdkjk fey x;kgS vkSj fofue; nj dh vfuf'prrk esa deh vkus ls Hkkjr dk fons'kh O;kikj vkSj vfèkd vuqowQy gksxkA vUrjkZ"Vªh;cktkj esa ;wjks ,d lqn`<+ oSdfYid eqnzk osQ :i esa mHkj dj lkeus vkbZ gSA vk'kk gS fd fons'kh cktkj esa HkkjrosQ O;kikj dh vesfjdh MkWyj ij fuHkZjrk de gksxh vkSj ;wjksyS.M osQ lkFk fofue; fLFkjrk osQ okrkoj.k esa Hkkjrh;fu;kZr c<+saxsA blosQ vfrfjDr ;wjks osQ mn; ls vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa Hkkjrh; Í.kdrkZvksa dks de ykxr ij Í.kmiyCèk gks losaQxsA

22-8 ukÝVk (NAFTA)

ukÝVk (mÙkjh vejhdk eqDr O;kikj le>kSrk) osQ fuekZ.k esa iwoZ vejhdh jk"Vªifr fcy fDyaVu dh HkwfedkmYys[kuh; gSA ;g le>kSrk mÙkjh vejhdk egk}hi osQ rhu ns'kksa vejhdk] dukMk vkSj eSfDldks osQ ,d u,'kfDr'kkyh {ks=kh; laxBu dk tud gS tks rh[ks vUr£ojksèkksa ls xzLr la;qDr jkT; vejhdk osQ vk£Fkd ra=k dksLiwQ£r iznku djus okyk rkcht ekuk tkrk gSA ukÝVk ykxw gksus osQ ckn eSfDldks tkus okyk 65 izfr'kr vejhdkeky fcuk vk;kr 'kqyd vnk fd, eSfDldks osQ cktkjksa esa fcd losQxkA blosQ vykok vejhdk iw¡th fuos'kij Øe'k% lHkh izfrcUèk gV tk,axsA

ukÝVk osQ vUrxZr vejhdk] dukMk vkSj eSfDldks vxys 15 o"kks ± esa vius ;gk¡ O;kikj ij yxs lkjsizfrcaèkks a dks gVkdj eqDr O;kikj {ks=k cu tk,axsA ;g fo'o dk bl le; lcls cM+k eqDr cktkj {ks=kekuk tk ldrk gSA


2- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsa (Fill in the Blanks) μ

1. vk£Fkd leqnk; cu tkus ls lnL; ns'kksa esa Je ,oa iw¡th dh ------------ esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA

2. Hkkjr dk ;wjksih; la?k osQ lkFk ------------ vesfjdh MkWyj dk fu;kZr O;kikj gksrk gSA

3. flrEcj 1993 esa Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksih; leqnk; us ------------ osQ ,d u;s le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;kA

4. ------------ 1 tuojh] 1999 ls vfLrRo esa vk pqdh gSA

5. ------------ bl le; fo'o dk lcls cM+k eqDr O;kikj {ks=k ekuk x;k gSA

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• vk£Fkd ,dhdj.k dk vFkZ gS O;fDrxr ns'kksa dks lewgksa esa laxfBr djukA blosQ i'pkr~ lewg osQ ns'kksa

osQ oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa osQ O;kikj ij ls izfrcUèk gVk fy;k tkrk gSA

• {ks=kh; ,dhdj.k osQ lkekftd] vk£Fkd ,oa jktuhfrd izHkko iM+rs gSaA lkekftd izHkko dk vFkZ gS

lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd ,dhdj.k gSA vk£Fkd izHkko dk vFkZ ij lalkèkuksa dk vfèkd mÙke vkc.Vu] Li¼kZ

esa o`f¼ osQ dkj.k dk;ZoqQ'kyrk esa o`f¼] vkfnA

• ekpZ 1957 esa jkse esa ,d lafèk ij gLrk{kj gq, ftlosQ iQyLo:i ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; (European

Economic Community) dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftlesa 6 lnL; FksμizQkal] teZuh] bVyh] csfYt;e] uhnjyS.M~l

,oa yDtsecxZA ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; (EEC) dks ;wjksih; lk>k cktkj (ECM) osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk

gSA ;wjksfi;u vkfFkZd leqnk; dk mís'; ,d lk>k cktkj dh LFkkiuk djuk Fkk rkfd lnL; ns'kksa esa fodkl]

fLFkjrk ,oa yksxksa osQ thou&Lrj esa o`f¼ gks ldsA

• Hkkjr ls ;wjksi la?k dks fu;kZr dh tkus okyh izeq[k oLrqvksa esa flysflyk, lwrh oL=k vkSj lg mRikn] jRu

vkSj vkHkw"k.k] lwrh èkkxs] diM+s blls rS;kj eky] ;a=k vkSj midj.k rFkk vkS"kfèk] iQkekZL;wfVdYl vkSj

iQkbu osQfedYl 'kkfey gSaA

• Hkkjr dk ;wjksih; la?k osQ dbZ ns'kksaμvkWfLVª;k] lkbizl] psd x.kjkT;] fiQuyS.M] izQkal] gaxjh] bVyh]

uhnjyS.M] iksyS.M] iqrZxky] Lyksokd x.kjkT;] Lyksokfu;k rFkk Lisu osQ lkFk vyx ls Hkh O;kikfjd@vkfFkZd

lg;ksx le>kSrk gSA

• gky gh esa ;wjksih; leqnk; osQ usrkvksa }kjk ;wjksih; leqnk; osQ fy, ,d lka>h eqnzk (Common Money)

osQ iz;ksx dk fu.kZ; fo'o osQ vkfFkZd ifjorZu dh fn'kk esa ,d ØkfUrdkjh iz;ksx gSA

• orZeku esa Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k O;kikfjd fgLlsnkj ;wjksih; la?k gSA ;wjksih; la?k osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ fons'kh

O;kikj esa cM+h ek=kk esa vk;kr dh oLrqvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk fu;kZr dh oLrq,a Hkh lfEefyr gSaA


••••• mUeqDrμ[kqyk gqvkA

••••• laizHkqrkμfdlh jk"Vª dh Lora=k lÙkkA


1- {ks=kh; vk£Fkd lewg dks le>kb, rFkk blosQ izdkj dks Li"V dhft,A

2- ;wjksih; lk>k cktkj osQ mís';ksa ,oa izxfr dk fooj.k nhft,A

3- ;wjksih; lk>k cktkj dk laxBu Li"V dhft,A Hkkjr osQ lkFk blosQ O;kikj esa D;k izxfr gqbZ gS] le>kb,A

4- ;wjksih; lk>k cktkj osQ mís';ksa dh izxfr dk fooj.k nhft,A

5- ukÝVk ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

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1. 1. (x) 2. ([k) 3. ([k) 4. (x)

5. (d)

2. 1. xfr'khyrk 2. 14 vjc 3. lk>snkjh vkSj fodkl

4. ;wjks djsUlh 5. ukÝVkA





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bdkbZ—23% cgqi{kokn vkSj fo'o O;kikj laxBu

bdkbZμ23% cgqi{kokn vkSj fo'o O;kikj laxBu(Multilateralism and World Trade

Organization)


mís'; (Objectives)


23.1 cgqi{kokn vkSj fo'o O;kikj laxBu (Multilateralism and World Trade Organization)

23.2 fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ le>kSrs (Agreement of WTO)

23.3 fo'o O;kikj laxBu ,oa Hkkjr (WTO and India)

23.4 vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je ekun.M (International Labour Standard)

23.5 i;kZoj.k laj{k.k (Environment Conservation)





mís'; (Objectives)


• fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ ekè;e ls cgqi{kokn dh O;k[;k djus esaA

• fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ dk;ks± ,oa le>kSrksa dks le>us esaA

• varjkZ"Vªh; Je ekun.M ,oa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dk foospu djus esaA


vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks c<+kok nsus] O;kikj esa ifjek.kkRed izfrcU/ksa dks grksRlkfgr djus rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjls lEcfU/r fofHkUu leL;kvksa osQ lqy>kus gsrq ftl GATT (xSV) dh LFkkiuk 30 vDVwcj] 1947 dks dh xbZ Fkh]mldk vfLrRo 12 fnlEcj] 1995 dks lekIr gks x;kA mlosQ LFkku ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ lEcU/ esa ,d vfèkd'kfDr'kkyh laxBu ^fo'o O;kikj laxBu&WTO’ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA

xSV osQ vkBosa nkSj dh okrkZ (ftls m#Xos nkSj osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS) osQ Mady izLrkoksa dks Lohdkj djrs gq,vUrr% 15 vizSy] 1994 dks eksjDdks osQ ejkdl uxj esa xSV osQ 124 lnL; ns'kksa us bl ij gLrk{kj dj fn;s ftlosQifj.kkeLo:i 1 tuojh] 1995 dks fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh LFkkiuk gqbZA 30 fnlEcj] 1994 dks le>kSrs ij gLrk{kjdj Hkkjr bl fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk laLFkkid lnL; cu x;kA



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23-1 cgqi{kokn vkSj fo'o O;kikj laxBu (Multilateralism and World TradeOrganization)

xSV osQ LFkku ij varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ lEcU/ esa ,d vf/d izHkkoh laxBu ¶fo'o O;kikj laxBuμWTO¸ dhLFkkiuk 1 tuojh] 1995 dks gqbZA Hkkjr bl laxBu dk laLFkkid lnL; gSA yxHkx ik¡p n'kd rd fo'o O;kikjij fuxjkuh j[kus okyk laxBu xSV cgqi{kh; eqíksa dks lqy>kus esa iwjh rjg ls liQy ugha gks ldk] ftlosQifj.kkeLo:i WTO vfLrRo esa vk;kA tgk¡ xSV vLFkkbZ izÑfr dk Fkk ogha WTO LFkk;h izÑfr dk laxBu gS D;ksafdbldh LFkkiuk vUrjkZ"Vªh; lafèk osQ vuqlkj dh xbZ gSA

fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) dk dk;Z gS fo'o O;kikj le>kSrk ,oa cgqi{kh; rFkk cgqopuh; le>kSrk ,oa cgqi{kh;rFkk cgqopuh; le>kSrksa osQ fØ;kUo;u] iz'kklu ,oa ifjpkyu gsrq lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk djkukA fo'o lalkèkuksa dkvuqowQyre mi;ksx] O;kikj ,oa iz'kqYd osQ ckjs esa lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp fopkj foe'kZ gsrq eap miyCèk djkuk vkfnA

WTO dh lcls cM+h pqukSrh gS cgqi{koknA WTO osQ rhljs lEesyu esa lnL; ns'kksa us fojksèk izn'kZu fd;kAizn'kZudkfj;ksa dk vkjksi Fkk fd WTO fofHkUu eqíksa ij ukxfjd laLFkkvksa dh vuns[kh dj jgk gSA tSls ekuokfèkdkjls ysdj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k rd osQ eqíksa ijA lEesyu dh dk;Zlwph esa Je ekudksa tSls xSj O;kikfjd eqíksa osQ lekos'kdk Hkkjr lfgr dbZ fodkl'khy ns'kksa us dM+k fojksèk fd;kA ;|fi WTO ij cgqi{kh; O;oLFkk dks lqpk: :i lsfØ;kfUor djus dk Hkkjh ncko FkkA Hkkjr dk;Z lwph esa O;kikfjd eqíksa osQ vykok xSj&O;kikfjd vFkok u;s eqíksaosQ Fkksis tkus osQ fojksèk esa FkkA Hkkjr Je tSls eqíksa dks varjkZ"Vªh; Je U;k;ky; esa Hkstus osQ i{k esa FkkA bl izdkjWTO cgqi{kh; eqíksa dks ysdj vusd ckj ppkZvksa esa jgk gS vkSj lnL;ksa osQ fojksèk&izn'kZu dk leuk Hkh djrk jgkgS ysfdu lnL;ksa osQ lq>koksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, viuh uhfr;ksa dks le;≤ ij ifjo£rr dj lkeatL; LFkkfirdjrk vk jgk gSA WTO viuh uhfr;ksa dks liQyrkiwoZd fØ;kfUor djrs gq, lnL; ns'kksa osQ varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dksc<+kus esa liQy gqvk gSA

xSV osQ lHkh lnL;ksa }kjk 1 tuojh] 1995 rd WTO dh lnL;rk xzg.k u dj ikus osQ dkj.k ;g fu.kZ;fy;k x;k gS fd xSV dk vfLrRo vHkh ,d o"kZ vkSj vFkkZr~ 1995 rd cuk jgsxkA vUrr% yxHkx ikap n'kdrd fo'o O;kikj ij fuxjkuh j[kus okys bl vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dk vfLrRo 12 fnlEcj] 1995 dks lekIrgks x;kA

eq[;ky; ,oa lnL;rkμ fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk eq[;ky; xSV dh gh Hkkafr tsusok esa fLFkr gSA orZekule; esa bldh lnL; la[;k 148 gSA fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh LFkkiuk lnL; ns'kksa dh lalnksa }kjk vuqeksfnr,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; lfU/ osQ vk/kj ij dh xbZ gSA vr% xSV dh vLFkk;h izÑfr osQ foijhr WTO ,d LFkk;hlaxBu gSA

fo'o cSad] vk£Fkd lg;ksx ,oa fodkl laxBu rFkk xSV lfpoky; }kjk rS;kj fd, x, vuqekuksa osQ vuqlkj m#XosnkSj osQ iSosQt osQ ifj.kkeLo:i O;kikj ij izHkko osQ :i esa lu~ 2005 rd 745 vjc MkWyj osQ oLrq O;kikj dho`f¼ gksxhA

fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ mís';%&

(1) oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa osQ mRiknu ,oa O;kikj dks c<+kok nsukA

(2) izHkkoiw.kZ ek¡x ,oa jkstxkj esa O;kikd ,oa izHkkoh o`f¼ djukA

(3) fo'o osQ lalk/uksa dk vuqowQyre mi;ksx djukA

(4) iks"k.kh; vFkok lrr fodkl dh vo/kj.kk dks Lohdkj djukA

(5) thou&Lrj esa o`f¼ djukA

(6) i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k ,oa lqj{kk djukA

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fo'o O;kikj laxBu xSV osQ dk;Z

(1) O;kikj ,oa iz'kqYd ls lEcfU/r fdlh Hkh elys ij lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp fopkj&foe'kZ gsrq ,d eap osQ:i esa dk;Z djukA

(2) fo'o O;kikj le>kSrk ,oa cgqi{kh; rFkk cgqopuh; le>kSrksa osQ fØ;kUo;u] iz'kklu ,oa ifjpkyu gsrqlqfoèkk,¡ miyC/ djkukA

(3) O;kikj uhfr leh{kk izfØ;k ls lEcfU/r fu;eksa ,oa izko/kuksa dks ykxw djukA

(4) fooknksa osQ fuiVkjs ls lEcfU/r fu;eksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa dks iz'kkflr djukA

(5) fo'o vk£Fkd uhfr osQ fuekZ.k esa vf/d lkeatL; LFkkfir djus osQ fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzkdks"k ,oa fo'ocSad ls lg;ksx djukA

(6) fo'o lalk/uksa dk vuqowQyre mi;ksx djukA

(7) varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks c<+kok nsus] O;kikj esa ifjek.kkRed izfrcaèkksa dks grksRlkfgr djus ,oa varjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj dh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus gsrq xSV dh LFkkiuk 30 vDVwcj] 1947 dks dh xbZ FkhA

WTO dk iz'kkluμfo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ dk;Z lapkyu gsrq ,d lkekU; ifj"kn (General Council) gS ftlesaizR;sd lnL; ns'k dk ,d LFkk;h izfrfuf/ gksrk gSA bldh cSBd lkekU;r;k ekg esa ,d ckj tsusok esa gksrh gSAfnu&izfrfnu osQ iz'kkldh; dk;kss± osQ lapkyu gsrq laxBu dk lokZsPp inkf/dkjh ^egkfuns'kd* (Director

General) gksrk gS tks lkekU; ifj"kn }kjk pkj o"kZ osQ fy, pquk tkrk gSA egkfuns'kd dh lgk;rk osQ fy, fofHkUulnL; jk"Vªksa ls pkj miegkfuns'kd Hkh pqus tkrs gSaA

fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa uhfr fu/kZj.k gsrq loksZPp vf/dkj izkIr bldk ^efU=kLrjh;

lEesyu* (Ministerial Conference) gSA efU=kLrjh; lEesyu dk vk;kstu izk;% gj

nwljs o"kZ gksrk gSA

WTO dk izFke efU=kLrjh; lEesyu 9 ls 13 flrEcj] 1996 dks lxkiqj esa gqvkA lEesyu esa fopkj.kh; izeq[keqíksa esa Je ekudksa] fuos'k rFkk izfrLi/kZ dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls tksM+us osQ fo"k; lfEefyr fd, x, FksA blosQvfrfjDr] VsDlVkbYl rFkk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh osQ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj Hkh fopkj.kh; eqíksa esa 'kkfey FksA Hkkjr lfgrfodk'khy ns'k tgk¡ Je ekudksa dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls tksM+us osQ fojks/ esa Fks] ogha vesfjdk lfgr fodflrjk"Vª bUgsa tksM+us osQ i{k esa FksA Hkkjr dk dguk Fkk fd Je ekud WTO dh ugha] cfYd vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu(ILO) dh fo"k;&oLrq gSA fuos'k lEcU/h ekeyksa dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls tksM+us dk Hkh Hkkjr us fojks/ fd;kAikap fnu pys bl lEesyu osQ ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa Je ekudksa dks ILO dk fo"k; Lohdkj fd;k x;k rFkk Li"V fd;kx;k fd fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa osQ O;kikj dks izfrcfU/r djus osQ fy, Je ekudksa dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk,xkAfodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, ;g ,d cM+h miyfC/ FkhA fuos'k rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ lEcU/ esa fookn dk fVªEl(Trade Ralated Investment Measures) osQ rgr gy fd;k tk,xkA blosQ fy, ,d dk;Zdkjh ny dk xBufd;k tk,xkA blosQ vfrfjDr] dEI;wVj ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh osQ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks lu~ 2000 rd 'kqYd eqDrdj nsus dk Hkh le>kSrk gqvkA Hkkjr us bl frfFk dks vkxs c<+kus dh vihy dh gSA

WTO dk nwljk efU=kLrjh; lEesyu 18 ls 20 ebZ] 1998 dks tsusok esa lEiUu gqvkA blesa 132 ns'kksa osQ okf.kT;efU=k;ksa us Hkkx fy;kA blesa Hkkjr us {ks=kh; O;kikfjd xqVksa osQ iSQyko dk fojks/ fd;k rFkk bls fodkl'khy ns'kksaosQ lkFk HksnHkkoiw.kZ okyk crk;kA


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WTO dk rhljk efU=kLrjh; lEesyu 30 uoEcj ls 3 fnlEcj] 1999 dks vesfjdk osQ fl,Vy uxj esa lEiUugqvkA blesa 135 lnL; ns'kksa us Hkkx fy;kA bl lEesyu dks yksxksa osQ izn'kZu ,oa fojks/ dk lkeuk djuk iM+kAizn'kZudkfj;ksa dk vkjksi Fkk fd ekuokf/dkj ls ysdj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k rd osQ vusd eqíksa ij ukxfjd laLFkkvksaosQ fopkjksa dk ;g laxBu vuns[kh dj jgk gSA lEesyu dh dk;Zlwph esa Je ekudksa tSls xSj&O;kikfjd eqíksa osQlekos'k dk Hkkjr lfgr fodkl'khy ns'kksa us dM+k fojks/ fd;kA blosQ vfrfjDr cktkj igq¡p (Market Access),

Ñf"k lsokvksa osQ O;kikj lEcU/h le>kSrs vkfn fooknkLin eqíksa ij lnL; ns'kksa vke lgefr ij ugha igq¡p losQAck;ks&VsDuksykWth dks okrkZ esa 'kkfey fd, tkus osQ vesfjdk iz;kl dk Hkh fojks/ gqvkA vf/dka'k eqíksa ij vkelgefr u cu ikus osQ dkj.k lEesyu dh lekfIr ij dksbZ ?kks"k.kki=k tkjh ugha fd;k tk ldk rFkk lEesyu osQdk;Z dks LFkfxr djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ funs'kd ekbd ewj dks lnL; ns'kksa osQ lkFkfopkj&foe'kZ djosQ lEesyu osQ dk;Z dks iqu% 'kq: djus dh ckr dgh xbZA

WTO dk pkSFkk efU=kLrjh; lEesyuμfo'o O;kikj laxBu dh Hkkoh dk;Z ;kstuk dk fofu'p; djus osQ fy,9 ls 14 uoEcj] 2001 ossQ chp nksgk (drj) esa pkSFks fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk efU=kLrjh; lEesyu vk;ksftr fd;kx;kA ;|fi fuos'k lEcU/h cgqi{kh; O;oLFkk] izfrLi¼kZ uhfr] O;kikj ljyhdj.k] i;kZoj.k eqíksa lfgr okrkZvksa dkO;kikd nkSj 'kq: djus dk ncko Fkk] Hkkjr dk;Z lwph esa cgqi{kh; O;kikj iz.kkyh ij O;kikj fHkUu vFkok u, eqíksaosQ ,sls fdlh vfrHkkj dks yknus osQ fo#¼ FkkA bldk fopkj Fkk fd fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ ikl vfèknsf'kr okrkZvksa,oa vf/nsf'kr leh{kkvksa lfgr i;kZIr foLr`r dk;Zlwph Fkh vr% Hkkjr us okrkZvksa osQ fy, u, eqíksa ij fopkj djusls iwoZ orZeku djkjksa ls mRiUu fØ;kUou eqíksa dk le;c¼ vk/kj ij lek/ku fd;s tkus dh vko';drk dksjs[kkafdr fd;kA

nksgk esa vk;ksftr pkSFks efU=kLrjh; lEesyu osQ fopkj&foe'kZ esa Hkkjr us lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ;g fØ;kUo;ulEcU/h eqíksa osQ okLrfod lek/ku] Ñf"k esa o/Zeku cktkj igq¡p] tu LokLF; uhfr;ksa osQ fy, fVªIl osQ vUrxZriI;kZIr lquE;rk ,oa Li"Vrk osQ i{k esa Fkk rFkk dk;Zlwph esa Je tSls O;kikj fHkUu eqíksa dks 'kkfey fd, tkus osQl[r fo#¼ FkkA ;g ,slh dk;Z lwph dks viuk, tkus dks lqfuf'pr djus esa leFkZ jgk ftlesa u fliZQ O;kikj ij]cfYd fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fodklkRed y{;ksa ,oa izkFkfedrkvksa ij Hkh tksj fn;k x;k gSA lEesyu osQ fu"d"kZ easHkkjr }kjk O;Dr dh xbZ vusd fpUrkvksa dks è;ku esa j[kk x;k gSA nksgk ?kks"k.kk&i=k }kjk Hkkoh O;kikj okrkZvksa osQfy, dk;Z lwph fu/kZfjr fd, tkus osQ lkFk gh osQUnz fcUnq vc fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa dk;Z ;kstuk dks vkSj cnysxkAvU; fodkl ns'kksa osQ lkFk feydj Hkkjr ;g lqfuf'pr djsxk fd dk;Z ;kstuk esa muosQ fgrksa ,oa fpUrkvksa ij ;Fks"Vè;ku fn;k tk,A



1. fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk laLFkkid lnLL; ----------------- gSA

2. fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh lnL; la[;k -------------------- gSA

3. ------------ dk izFk eaf=kLrjh; lEesyu 9 lls 13 flrEcj] 1996 dks flaxkiqj esa gqvkA

4. WTO osQ rhljs eaf=kLrjh; lEesyu esa ------------------- ns'kksa us Hkkx fy;kA

23-2 fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ le>kSrs (Agreement of WTO)

fo'o O;kikj laxBu le>kSrk (WTO Agreement) xSV dh m#Xoss nkSj dh okrkZvksa osQ ifjO;;ksa ij vk/kfjr WTO

osQ ewyHkwr le>kSrs esa fuEufyf[kr dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kμ

(1) Ñf"k ls lEcfU/r le>kSrs]

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(2) O;kikj lEcfU/r ckSf¼d lEink vf/dkj]

(3) O;kikj ls lEcfU/r fofu;kstu (vFkok fuos'k) mik;]

(4) O;kikj&lsokvksa ls lEcfU/r lkekU; le>kSrk]

(5) >xM+ksa osQ fuiVku ls lEcfU/r fu;eksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa dk le>kSrk]

(6) cgq ik£'od O;kikj le>kSrs]

(7) O;kikj esa rduhdh ck/kvksa dk le>kSrk]

(8) izfrjkf'kikru ij le>kSrk]

(9) O;kikj uhfr iqujkoyksdu ra=kA

bl rjg] o"kZ 1986 esa m#Xos esa izkjEHk gq, cgqvk;keh O;kikj le>kSrs osQ vUrxZr iwoZ dh Hkkafr oLrqvksa osQ O;kikjosQ vfrfjDr vusd egRoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa_ ;Fkk Ñf"k] ckSf¼d vf/dkj] O;kikj lEcfU/r fuos'k osQ mik; rFkk O;kikjlsokvksa ls lEcfU/r mik;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kA m#Xos nkSj dh okrkZ esa fofHkUu jk"Vªksa osQ chp mi;qZDr fo"k;ksaij ,d iSosQt n`f"Vdks.k viukus ij lgefr gqbZ] rkfd ,d {ks=k esa nh xbZ lqfo/kvksa dk nwljs {ks=k esa Hkh ykHk izkIrfd;k tk losQA

1- Ñf"k ls lEcfU/r izLrko ,oa le>kSrsμ Ñf"k dks xSV dh vkBosa nkSj (vFkkZr~ m#Xos nkSj) dh okrkZ esa izFkeckj lfEefyr fd;k x;kA

Ñf"k dks fo'o O;kikj ls lEc¼ djus osQ egRo dks WTO dh efU=kLrjh; bl ?kks"k.kk esa le>k tk ldrk gS]¶bl ckr dh izcy vko';drk Fkh fd fo'o Ñf"k O;kikj esa vf/d vuq'kklu vkSj fuf'prrk ykbZ tk;s vkSjlajpukRed vf/'ks"k lfgr bl {ks=k osQ izfrcU/ksa ,oa foÑfr;ksa dks lq/kjus ,oa jksdus osQ iz;kl fd, tk;sa rkfdfo'o Ñf"k cktkj vlUrqyu] vfLFkjrk vkSj vfuf'prrk osQ ekgkSy ls mcj lossQA¸

fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk Ñf"k ls lEcfU/r le>kSrk ?kjsyw lfClMh] fu;kZr lfClMh] U;wure cktkj igq¡p dhopuc¼rk] ?kjsyw lgk;rk] LokLF;] ouLifr rFkk [kk| lgk;d dk;ks± ls lEc¼ gSA ;g le>kSrk (v) xSj&VSfjiQmik;ksa osQ LFkku ij lk/kj.k dLVe M~;wVh yxkdj] tks /hjs&/hjs de dh tk,xh ?kjsyw cktkj dks vUrjkZ"Vªh;izfr;ksfxrk osQ fy, [kksyrk gS (c) ;g ljdkjh lgk;rk dks /hjs&/hjs de djosQ vfr mRiknu dks /hjs&/hjs fu;af=krdjus dk iz;kl djrk gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i vfrjsdksa dks Hkh] tks ;k rks fu;kZr lfClMh osQ }kjk csps vFkok u"Vfd, tkrs gSaA (l) ;g fu;kZr izfrLi/kZ ij ubZ fu;ekofy;ksa dks ykxw djus vkSj lfClMh rFkk lfClMh izkIr fu;kZrdh ek=kk dks de djus osQ iz;Ruksa dks Hkh izsfjr djrk gSA

(d) Ñf"k vuqnku dh lekfIrμlfU/ esa Ñf"k osQ {ks=k esa izFke lq>ko Ñf"k esa fn, tkus okys vuqnkuksa(Subsidies) dh lekfIr dk gSA vuqnku osQ dkj.k Ñf"k mRiknksa dh dhersa ml ns'k esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; dherksa ls degksrh gSaA ,slh /kj.kk gS fd blosQ dkj.k fodflr ns'kksa osQ Ñf"k mRiknksa osQ foi.ku esa] dherksa esa vf/drk osQ dkj.kck/k igq¡prh gSA

Ñf"k esa fn, tkus okys ?kjsyw vuqnku vFkok lfClMh;k¡ nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSaμ

(i) mRiknu osQ miknkuksa ls lEcfU/r vuqnkuμbl Js.kh osQ vuqnku esa mRiknu esa iz;qDr gksus okys fofHkUumiknuksa ;Fkk % moZjdksa] lpkbZ] cht] Ñf"k ½.k vkfn ij fn, x, vuqnku 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSaA MadyizLrko osQ vuqlkj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa bl rjg dh nh tkus okyh jkf'k o"kZ 1986 ls 1988 osQ vk/kj o"kks±esa oqQN mRikn ewY; osQ 10 izfr'kr ls vf/d ugha gksuh pkfg,A WTO izLrko osQ vuqlkj bl rjg dhvuqnku jkf'k izfr'kr vkdyu djus esa xjhc Ñ"kdksa ,oa lk/u jfgr Ñ"kdksa dks nh tkus okyh vuqnkujkf'k lfEefyr ugha dh tkrh gSA

(ii) fof'k"V mRikn osQ mRiknu ls lEcfU/r vuqnkuμÑf"k osQ {ks=k esa ,d vU; izdkj dh vuqnku jkf'k oqQN


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fof'k"V iQlyksa osQ mRiknu osQ fy, nh tkrh gSA W.T.O. izLrkoksa osQ vuqlkj bl izdkj dh vuqnku jkf'kHkh fdlh fo'ks"k mRikn osQ oqQy mRikn ewY; osQ nl izfr'kr ls vf/d ugha gksuh pkfg,A oqQy mRikn ewY;vkèkkj o"kZ dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj dher osQ vk/kj ij Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA

le>kSrs esa ;g r; fd;k x;k fd fodkl'khy ns'k vius mRikn ewY; osQ 10 izfr'kr rd vk£Fkd vuqnku miyC/djk ldrs gSa] tcfd fodflr ns'kksa osQ fy, ;g lhek 5 izfr'kr osQ fuEu Lrj rd gSA ;fn fdlh ns'k osQ vuqnkubl fu/kZfjr lhek ls Å¡ps gSa rc mUgsa N% o"kks± osQ vUnj 20 izfr'kr de djuk gksxkA

([k) fu;kZr lfClfM;k¡μW.T.O. osQ lnL;ksa osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd os 6 o"kZ osQ dk;Zdky esa izR;{k fu;kZrlfClfM;ksa osQ ewY; dks de djosQ 1986&90 dh vk/kj vof/ Lrj osQ uhps 36» ij ys tk,¡ vkSj lfClMh izkIrfu;kZr dh ek=kk dks mlh vof/ osQ 21» osQ Lrj ijA fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, ;g dVkSfr;ka 10 o"kZ osQ fy, dk;Zdkyesa fodflr ns'kksa dh dVkSfr;ksa dk 2@3 gksaxhA U;wure fodflr ns'kksa osQ fy, deh ugha dh tk,xhA

(x) U;wure cktkj&igq¡p opuc¼rkμU;wure cktkj&igq¡p opuc¼rk mUgha ns'kksa ij ykxw gS tks Ñf"k lEcUèkhvk;kr esa VSfjiQ fHkUu #dkoVksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj rn~uq:i gh bu #dkoVksa dks VSfjiQ dk :i nsus rFkk buVSfjiQksa dks 6 o"kZ osQ dky esa 36» de djus dks ckè; gSaA bu ns'kksa osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd 6 o"kZ osQ fy,fons'kh Ñf"k mRiknksa dh [kir dh U;wure 3» cktkj izos'k lqfo/k fons'kh Ñf"k mRiknksa dks nsa tks 6 o"kZ osQ cknc<+dj 5» gks tk,axhA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa Ñf"k mRiknksa dk VSfjiQ 10 o"kZ osQ dky esa 24» de fd;k tk,xkA U;wurefodflr ns'kksa esa VSfjiQ esa dksbZ deh ugha fd tk,xhA

(?k) ?kjsyw lg;ksxμmu ?kjsyw lg;ksx vFkok leFkZu (Domestic support) osQ mik;ksa esa] ftuosQ }kjk O;kikjij U;wure izHkko iM+rk gS] ftUgsa xzhu ckWDl (Green Box) uhfr;k¡ dgrs gSa] ;g dVkSrh ykxw ugha gksrhA buuhfr;ksa esa lkekU; ljdkjh lsok,¡ lfEefyr gSa] tSlsμvuqlU/ku] jksx&fu;U=k.k] vk/kj lajpuk vkSj [kk| lqj{kkosQ {ks=kA buesa os Hkqxrku Hkh lfEefyr gSa tks Ñ"kdksa dks izR;{k :i esa fn, tkrs gSa rkfd os mRiknu dks izksRlkfgrdj losaQ] tSlsμÑ"kdksa dks Ñf"k osQ iquxZBu osQ fy, vk; lgk;rk rFkk i;kZoj.k ,oa fu;fer lgk;rk dk;ZØeksaosQ v/hu izR;{k HkqxrkuA ;g ifjHkk"kk cgqr foLr`r gS vkSj blesa lHkh izdkj dh ljdkjh lfClMh;k¡ lfEefyrdh tk ldrh gSaA

(M-) LokLF; ,oa i'kq/u LokLF; osQ mik;μLokLF; ,oa i'kq/u LokLF; mik;ksa osQ vUrxZr [kk| lqj{kk rFkki'kq vkSj ouLifr LokLF; osQ mik; lfEefyr gSaA le>kSrs dh /kj.kk gS fd fofHkUu ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa dks iw.kkZfèkdkjgS fd euq";] i'kq vkSj ouLifr osQ thou vkSj LokLF; dh j{kk osQ fy, mfpr mik; djsa] ijUrq ;g Hkh vko';dgS fd os euekus <ax ls vFkok vuqfpr :i ls vU; lnL;ksa osQ chp] tgk¡ fLFkfr le:i vFkok ,d tSlh gks]HksnHkko u djsaA le>kSrk ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;Ru djrk gS fd i'kq vkSj ouLifr LokLF; osQ mik; O;kikjesa vuqfpr ck/k u MkysaA le>kSrk euq"; vkSj i'kq LokLF; dh lqj{kk osQ mfpr Lrjksa osQ fuèkkZj.k vkSj tksf[keksa osQewY;kadu dh izfØ;kvksa vkSj ekin.Mkas dk o.kZu djrk gSA

(p) [kk| Hk.Mkj.k vkSj [kk| lgk;rkμle>kSrs esa ekU; gS fd vUrfjr dky esa U;wure fodflr vkSj [kk|vk;krh fodkl'khy ns'k [kk| vk;kr esa Í.kkRed izHkkoksa dk vuqHko dj ldrs gSa] vr% blus Ñf"k fodkl osQfy, [kk| lgk;rk vkSj ewy [kk|kUuksa esa iw.kZ vuqnku vkSj lgk;rk osQ y{; j[ks gSaA ;g IMF rFkk fo'o cSad }kjkokf.kfT;d [kk| vk;kr osQ fy, vYifodflr foÙkh; lgk;rk dh lEHkkouk dks ekurk gSA Ñf"k le>kSrs osQ izkoèkkuksaosQ dk;kZUo;u osQ iqujkoyksdu gsrq ,oa Ñf"k lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA

2- O;kikj lEcU/h ckSf¼d lEink vf/dkj (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights, TRIPs):

WTO dk nwljk egRoiw.kZ le>kSrk ckSf¼d lEink osQ vf/dkjksa osQ laj{k.k ls lEcfU/r gSA blosQ vuqlkj fdlhHkh u, vkfo"dkj osQ iathÑr isVsUV ij 20 o"kks± osQ fy, lEiw.kZ fo'o osQ fo#¼ ,dkf/dkj izkIr gks tk,xkA blvof/ esa fo'o esa dgha Hkh fdlh vU; O;fDr@laLFkk dks ml isVsUV ls jf{kr mRikn dk mRiknu djus osQ fy,

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isVsUVèkkjh O;fDr@laLFkk ls vuqKk ysuh gksxh o mls fu/kZfjr jkW;YVh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA bl mRikn osQmRiknu osQ fy, isVsUV/kjh ls izkS|ksfxdh u ysdj Lo;a osQ }kjk fd, x, vuqlU/ku ,oa 'kr&izfr'kr Loiz;klksa lsmRiknu rduhd fodflr dj ysus ij Hkh 20 o"kZ rd isVsUV/kjh dh vuqKk osQ fcuk mRiknu djus dk vfèkdkjugha jgsxkA ml mRikn ij Hkkoh 'kks/ o mlosQ ifjo/Zu] lq/kj djus dk vf/dkj Hkh isVsUV/kjh O;fDr@laLFkk dksgh gksxkA

TRIPs le>kSrs osQ vUrxZr 7 izdkj dh ckSf¼d lEifÙk vkrh gSμ(1) dkWihjkbV rFkk rRlEcUèkhvfèkdkj] (2) VªsUMekoZQ] (3) HkkSxksfyd laosQr] (4) vkS|ksfxd fMtkbu] (5) isVsUV ftuesa lfEefyrgSa lw{e thok.kq vkSj ikS/ksa dh fofHkUu tkfr;k¡] (6) la?kfVr l£dV rFkk (7) O;kikfjd jgL;A

3- O;kikj ls lEcfU/r fofu;kstu mik; (Trade Ralated Investment Measures, TRIMs): fo'o O;kikjlaxBu lfU/ dh rhljh egRoiw.kZ ckr O;kikj ls lEcfU/r fofu;kstu mik;ksa dh gSA blosQ vuqlkj dksbZ jk"Vª fons'khiw¡th fofu;ksx dk fu;eu ,oa fu;U=k.k ugha dj losQxkA fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, fofue; nj esa fxjkoV jksdus]fons'kh iw¡th ls v£tr ykHk osQ iqu£ofu;kstu dks lqfuf'pr djus] fu;kZr o`f¼ djus vkSj ns'k osQ y?kq ,oa jkstxkjiz/ku m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k iznku djus ossQ fy, fons'kh iw¡th dk fu;eu djuk vko';d le>k tkrk gSA;g le>kSrk Lohdkj djrk gS fd oqQN fuos'k mik;] O;kikj esa #dkoV Mkyrs gSa vkSj mls foÑr dj nsrs gSaA vr%WTO ;g vis{kk j[krk gS fd fodflr ns'k 2 o"kZ esa] fodkl'khy ns'k 5 o"kZ esa vkSj fodflr ns'k 7 o"kZ esa lcxSj&vuq:i TRIMs dks vfuok;Z :i ls lwfpr djsaxs rFkk mls gVk nssaxsA WTO us TRIMs ij ,d lfefr dk xBufd;k gS tks bu opuc¼rkvksa osQ ikyu dks ekuhVj djsxh vkSj bldh fjiksVZ oLrqvksa esa O;kikj osQ dkmfUly dksizfro"kZ nsxhA

4- O;kikj&lsokvksa ls lEcfU/r lkekU; le>kSrk (General Agreement on Trade in Services, GATS):

fo'o O;kikj laxBu lfU/ osQ pkSFks le>kSrs osQ vUrxZr lHkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj&;ksX; lsok,¡ vkrh gSaA fons'kh lsok,¡vkSj lsok iznkrk] ?kjsyw lsokvksa vkSj lsok&iznkrkvksa osQ cjkcj le>s tk,¡xs rFkkfi ljdkjsa fof'k"V ije&fe=k jk"Vª (MFN)

dh NwV dh lwpuk nsaxh] ftldk 5 o"kZ i'pkr~ iqujkoyksdu fd;k tk,xkA bldh lhek lkekU;r% 10 o"kZ dh gksxhA;g ikjn£'krk ij cy nsrk gS] ftlesa lsokvksa osQ O;kikj lEcU/h fu;euksa dk izdk'ku lfEefyr gSA lsokvksa osQ O;kikjlEcU/h vUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrku vkSj gLrkUrj.k esa #dkoV ugha Mkyh tk,xh] flok; Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh dfBukb;ksa osQ tgk¡,slh #dkoVsa vLFkk;h] lhfer vkSj oqQN 'krks± osQ v/hu gksaxhA lsokvksa esa O;kikj dk mnkjhdj.k mÙkjksÙkj gksxkA lsokvksaosQ O;kikj esa izfrowQy izHkkoksa dh dVkSrh vFkok furkUr lekfIr rFkk ljdkjksa }kjk fof'k"V opuc¼rkvksa osQlkekU;&Lrj dks Å¡pk djuk] ;s lc izfr 5 o"kZ osQ vUrjky esa okrkZvksa osQ }kjk fd;k tk,xkAbl le>kSrs esa fof'k"V {ks=kksa ls lEcfU/r fo'ks"k 'krs± Hkh nh xbZ gSaA tgk¡ rd ewy fuokfl;ksa osQ vkokxeu dk lEcU/ gS]blosQ vuqlkj ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa dks NwV gS fd viuh lsok,¡ nsus osQ fy, mudh vLFkk;h fuokl lEcU/h fo'ks"k opuc¼rkvksaosQ fy, ijLij ckrphr djsaA ;g mu yksxksa ij ykxw ugha tks LFkk;h fuokl vFkok jkstxkj osQ bPNqd gksaA

foÙkh; lsokvksa osQ lEcU/ esa ;g ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa dks vf/dkj nsrk gS fd fuos'kdksa] tekdrkZvksa vkSjikWfylh&èkkjdksa osQ fy, mfpr mik; djsa rFkk vk£Fkd iz.kkyh dh v[k.Mrk vkSj fLFkjrk dks lqfuf'pr djsaAnwjlapkj osQ {ks=k esa ;g ns'kksa dks funsZ'k nsrk gS fd os nwjlapkj ogu rU=kksa dk LFkkiu] fuekZ.k] vf/xzg.k] iV~Vs ijnsuk] lapkyu ;k iw£r lqfuf'pr djsa vkSj turk dks miyC/ djk,aA fodkl'khy ns'k vius ?kjsyw nwjlapkj <kaps vkSjlsokvksa dh vkSj lsok&lhekvksa dh iq"Vrk rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; nwjlapkj la?k vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekudhdj.k laxBu osQ lg;ksxls nwjlapkj lsokvksa osQ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa lg;ksx dh of¼ osQ fy, mik; djsaA GATS foekuksa dh ejEer vkSjj[k&j[kko lsokvksa] ok;q ;krk;kr lsokvksa osQ foi.ku rFkk dEI;wVj vkj{k.k lsokvksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA


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5- fookn fuiVku iz.kkyhμ WTO osQ LFkkiuk le>kSrs osQ izko/kuksa osQ vUrxZr lnL; ns'kksa osQ ,dkf/dkj ,oadrZO; ls lEcfU/r fo"k; ij fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj fookn osQ fuiVku dk izko/ku fookn&fuiVku (Dispute

Settlement) fu;eksa vkSj iz.kkfy;ksa osQ le>kSrs esa fd;k x;k gSA blosQ fy, ,d fookn fu/kZj.k fuiVku laLFkk(Dispute Settlement Body-DSB) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA fookn osQ izFke pj.k esa lEcfU/r lnL;ksa osQ chpfopkj&foe'kZ dk izkoèkku gSA okrkZ vliQy gksus dh n'kk esa WTO dk MkbjsDVj tujy eè;LFkrk vkSj lekèkkuosQ fy, viuh lsok,¡ v£ir djrk gSA f'kdk;rh lnL; DSB ls 30 fnu osQ vUnj 3 fo'ks"kKksa osQ uke dh lwphosQ fy, vuqjksèk dj ldrk gsa ;g Hkh izko/ku gS fd DSB }kjk euksuhfr ,d lkr lnL;h; vihy lfefr mldkiqujkoyksdu djosQ DSB dks 60 ls 90 fnu osQ vUnj viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr djsxhA DSB bl fjiksVZ dks 30 fnu osQHkhrj vuqeksfnr djsxh vkSj bls fcuk 'krZ nksuksa ns'kksa dks ekuuk gksxkA

6- cgqikf'oZd O;kikj le>kSrsμ cgqikf'oZd O;kikj le>kSrs (Plurilateral Trade Agreements-PTA) esa'kkfey gSaμukxfjd foekuu O;kikj le>kSrk] ljdkjh [kjhn dk le>kSrk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; nqX/ksRiknu le>kSrk rFkkvUrjkZ"Vªh; xksekal le>kSrkA blesa igyk le>kSrk tsusok esa vizSy] 1979 esa gqvk tks ckn esa la'kksf/r] ifjo£¼r,oa ifjek£tr fd;k x;kA vfUre rhu le>kSrs ekjkosQ'k esa 15 vizSy] 1994 esa gq, FksA

cgqik£'od O;kikj le>kSrs (Plurilateral Trade Agreements-PTA) ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

7- O;kikj esa rduhdh ck/kvksa dk le>kSrkμ O;kikj esa rduhdh ck/kvksa dk le>kSrk (Agreement on

Technical Barriers to Trade) Vksfd;ks nkSj esa LohÑr O;kikj esa rduhdh ck/kvksa osQ le>kSrs dk foLrkj.k vkSjLi"Vhdj.k gSA bl le>kSrs esa ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gS fd rduhdh foe'kZ vkSj ekud] ijh{k.k vkSj izek.kuiz.kkfy;k¡ O;kikj osQ ekxZ esa vuko';d #dkoV u cusa] fiQj Hkh ;g le>kSrk Lohdkj djrk gS fd ns'kksa dks ekuoh;]i'kq vFkok ouLifr LokLF; rFkk i;kZoj.k dh j{kk dk vf/dkj gSA le>kSrs esa ekuohdj.k laLFkkvksa }kjk ekudksadh lajpuk] LohÑfr vkSj mi;ksx dh lafgrk (Code) lfEefyr gSSA

8- izfr&jkf'kikru ij le>kSrkμ xSV osQ vuqPNsn VI osQ vuqlkj] ;fn jkf'kikru vk;kr] vk;krdrkZ ns'k osQ?kjsyw fgrksa dks gkfu igq¡pkrk gS rks vuqcfUèkr lnL; dks ;g vf/dkj gS fd og jkf'kikru fojks/h mik;ksaa (Anti

Dumping Measures) dks viuk,A la'kksf/r le>kSrk Vksfd;ks nkSj osQ le>kSrs dk ifjo£/r :i gSA ;g jkf'kikfrrvk;kr ls ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dh {kfr dk ewY;kadu] jkf'kikru fojks/h Nkuchu izkjEHk djus vkSj dk;Z:i nsus] ?kjsywvfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk dh xbZ jkf'kikru osQ >xM+s fuiVku dh dk;Zokgh djus dh izfØ;k esa vf/d Li"Vrk] vf/d foLrrfu;e vkSj ekin.M fu/kZfjr djrk gSA u, fu;eksa osQ vUrxZr jkf'kikru fojks/h Nkuchu rqjUr cUn dj nh tk,xh;fn M¯Eix dh lhek* fu;kZr dher osQ 2» ls de gS] ;k fdlh fo'ks"k ns'k esa MEi fd, x;s vk;kr ek=kk mlmRikn osQ oqQy vk;kr ls 3» de gS c'krsZ fd ;g ,sls oqQy MEi fd, vk;kr dh 7» dh lhek osQ vUrxZr gksA

9- O;kikj&uhfr iqujkoyksdu rU=kμ O;kikj&uhfr iqujkoyksdu rU=k (Trade Policy Review Mechanism-

TPRM) cgqi{kh; O;kikj rU=k osQ lqpk# :i ls pyus osQ fy, cgqi{kh; O;kikj le>kSrksa osQ vUrxZr O;kikj uhfr;ksavkSj izfØ;kvksa dk iqujkoyksdu djrk gS] bl mís'; osQ fy, ;g O;kikj&uhfr iqujkoyksdu laLFkk (Trade Policy

Review Body-TPRB) dh LFkkiuk dk laosQr djrk gSA iw.kZ ikjn£'krk izkIr djus osQ fy, izR;sd lnL; TPRM

dks fujUrj vius }kjk tkjh O;kikj uhfr;ksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dks fjiksVZ nsrk jgsxkA TPRB cgqi{kh; O;kikj rU=k ijizHkkoiw.kZ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ okrkoj.k esa orZeku izo`fÙk;ksa dk ok£"kd vfr&fujh{k.k djsxkA

MkbjsDVj tujy }kjk le£ir ok£"kd fjiksVZ bl vfr&fujh{k.k esa lgk;d gksxh] tks WTO osQ eq[; dk;ks± dh O;k[;kdjsxh vkSj cgqi{kh; O;kikj rU=k ij izHkko Mkyus okys uhfrxr fo"k;ksa ij fo'ks"k izdk'k MkysxhA

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leh{kkμfo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ fofHkUu lEesyuksa esa cgqi{kh; O;kikj rU=k }kjk eqDr fo'o O;kikj dh mUufresa lnL;ksa }kjk fo'okl O;Dr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA le>kSrksa ls lEcfU/r dfri; eqíksa ij fodflr ,oa fodkl'khyns'kksa osQ chp xEHkhj erHksn vHkh Hkh cuk gqvk gSA Ñf"k lfClMh esa dVkSrh rFkk lxkiqj eqís ij loZlEefr vHkhHkh ugha cu ikbZ gSA vkykspdksa dh /kj.kk gS fd fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ vf/dka'k le>kSrs /uh ns'kksa osQ fgrksa osQiks"kd gSaA laxBu dh cSBdksa esa bUgh ns'kksa dk izHkqRo n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA

efU=kLrjh; lEesyuksa osQ vfrfjDr WTO dk fookn fuiVku cksMZ (DSB) viuk dk;Z lqpk# :i ls dj jgk gSAblosQ le{k dbZ fookn is'k fd, x, ftudk n`<+rkiwoZd fuiVkjk bl laLFkk }kjk fd;k x;kA bldk igyk fu.kZ;vesfjdk osQ isVªksy VSDl fo"k;d Fkk] ftlosQ iQyLo:i ok¯'kxVu us vius dkuwu dks lq/kjus dk fu'p; fd;kAfnlEcj] 1996 esa blus vesfjdk osQ fo#¼ Hkkjr osQ i{k esa Hkkjr fu£er Åuh oL=kksa dh vesfjdh cktkj esa fcØhosQ fo"k; esa fu.kZ; fn;kA uoEcj] 1996 esa blh izdkj dksLVkfjdk us vesfjdk esa lwrh deht fcØh lEcU/h eqdnekthrkA vesfjdk us] ,di{kh; n.M nsus dh ctk;] tkikuh fiQYe ekosZQV osQ fo"k; esa tkiku dks DSB esa ?klhVkAvesfjdk osQ fo#¼ rhu fu.kZ;ksa us WTO lnL;ksa esa] fo'ks"kdj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] fo'okl tkxzr fd;k gS fd DSB

,slh fooknksa esa mfpr ,oa U;k;laxr fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke gSA

vkykspdksa dh /kj.kk gS fd fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ ekè;e ls oqQN gn rd LorU=k O;kikj vkSj oS'ohdj.k dksc<+kok rks fey ldrk gS] ijUrq ;g fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk dk lUrqfyr fodkl djus esa l{ke gS] blesa lansg gSA ;gvf/d fodflr ns'kksa osQ fy, vkSj vf/d fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr djsxkA blosQ dk;Zdj.k ls ftl ubZ vk£FkdO;oLFkk dk lw=kikr gksxk mlesa fuf'pr gh uohu ,oa tfVy leL;kvksa dk mRiUu gksuk LokHkkfod gS ftlosQiQyLo:i orZeku 'krkCnh dks vokafNr nq"ifj.kkeksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQdk;Zdj.k osQ lkFk&lkFk ns'kksa osQ chp u lekIr gksus okys le>kSrksa dk nq"pØ fookn rFkk vlgefr] dk nk;jkHkh c<+rk tk jgk gSA oS'ohdj.k osQ lkFk gh lkFk {ks=kh; rFkk O;kikj xqVksa dh la[;k Hkh c<+rh tk jgh gSA bu lcdklfEefyr izHkko fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lUrqfyr fodkl dks dgk¡ rd c<+kok ns losQxk ;g fopkj.kh; fo"k; gSA fo'oO;kikj laxBu }kjk oS'ohdj.k ,oa mnkjhdj.k ij cy fn, tkus dk izHkko ;g gks jgk gS fd vYifodflr ns'kksaosQ le{k cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa osQ izHkqRo dk [krjk eaMjkus yxk gSA mi;qZDr rF;ksa osQ ifjizs{; esa ubZ vUrjkZ"Vªh;vk£Fkd O;oLFkk esa fo'o O;kikj laxBu dks jkscLV Xykscy oSQfiVfyTe dh U;k;ksfpr O;oLFkk dks c<+kok fn, tkusdh vko';drk gS u fd jkscj oSQfiVfyTe* dksA

23-3 fo'o O;kikj laxBu ,oa Hkkjr (WTO and India)

o"kZ 1995 esa fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa 'kkfey gksus osQ mijkUr Hkkjr }kjk Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh uhfr;ksa dk vuqikyudjus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fo'o fu;kZr O;kikj esa Hkkjr dk Hkkx tks 1990 esa 0-5» Fkk og c<+dj 1965 esa 0-6» rd igq¡p x;kA vk£Fkd lq/kjksa dh 12 o"kks± dh vof/ osQ nkSjku 2002 rd ;g Hkkx c<+dj 0-8 izfr'krLrj rd igq¡p x;kA

o"kZ 1990 esa Hkkjr dk oqQy fu;kZr 18]143 fefy;u vesfjdh MkWyj Fkk tks c<+dj 1995 esa 31]117 fefy;u MkWyjrFkk 1998 esa 32]700 fefy;u MkWyj gks x;kA 1999 esa Hkkjr dk fu;kZr oqQN ?kVdj 32]639 fefy;u jg x;kAmYys[kuh; gS fd o"kZ 1999&2000 esa Hkkjr dk oqQy fu;kZr 36]822 fefy;u MkWyj] 2001&01 esa 44]560 fefy;uMkWyj rFkk o"kZ 2003&04 esa 63]843 fefy;u MkWyj jgkA

mYys[kuh; gS fd o"kZ 2002&03 osQ nkSjku Hkkjr dk O;kikfjd oLrqvksa dk oqQy fu;kZr 51-7 vjc vesfjdh MkyjFkkA bl rjg Hkkjr dks 50 vjc vejhdh Mkyj fu;kZr dk egRoiw.kZ vkadM+k izkIr djus esa liQyrk izkIr gqbZAbl nkSjku ns'k osQ oqQy fu;kZr esa 18-05 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ ntZ dh xbZ tks fd fu/kZfjr 12 izfr'kr osQ y{; ls cgqrvf/d gSA #i;s esa o"kZ 2002&03 osQ nkSjku O;kikfjd oLrqvksa dk oqQy fu;kZr 2]50]130 djksM+ #i;s Fkk tcfd


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o"kZ 2001&02 esa fu;kZr 2]09]018 djksM+ #- FkkA bl izdkj blesa 19-67» dh o`f¼ gqbZA bl rjg #i, osQ fglkcls fu;kZr foxr ,d n'kd esa rhu xqus ls T;knk c<+ x;kA o"kZ 2003&04 esa Hkkjr dk fu;kZr iqu% c<+dj 2]93]367djksM+ #- gks x;kA

o"kZ 2002 osQ fy, fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh uohure~ fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr us O;kikfjd oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr esa 15»dh o`f¼ ntZ dh gS vkSj bl {ks=k esa o"kZ 2002 esa fo'o osQ 30 izeq[k fu;kZrd vkSj vk;krd ns'kksa esa Hkkjr us phu(22») osQ ckn nwljk LFkku izkIr dj fy;k gSA

blosQ lkFk gh ns'k dk vk;kr Hkh o"kZ 2001&02 esa 2]41]929 djksM+ #i, ls c<+dj 2002&03 esa 2]87]303djksM+ #- gks x;kA bl rjg blesa 18-76» dh of¼ ntZ gqbZA o"kZ 2003&04 esa Hkkjr dk vk;kr c<+dj 2]99]108djksM+ #- gks x;kA #i, osQ fglkc ls o"kZ 2002&03 esa O;kikj ?kkVk (μ) 37]173 djksM+ #- Fkk tks o"kZ 2001&02esa (μ) 32]911 djksM+ #- jgkA blh rjg o"kZ 2003&04 esa ns'k dk O;kikj ?kkVk c<+dj (μ) 65]741 djksM+#- gks x;kA

Hkkjr osQ Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa pkyw [kkrs dk ?kkVk o"kZ 1991&92 esa (») 1]178 fefy;u Mkyj Fkk] tks c<+dj1999&2000 esa (μ) 4]698 fefy;u Mkyj gks x;kA o"kZ 2000&01 esa pkyw [kkrs dk ?kkVk (μ) 3]590fefy;u Mkyj jgkA blosQ i'pkr~ fLFkfr esa rsth ls cnyko vk;k rFkk vn`'; O;kikj dh enksa dh izkfIr;ksaesa Hkkjh o`f¼ gqbZ ftlls Hkqxrku lUrqyu dk pkyw [kkrk ns'k osQ i{k esa gks x;kA o"kZ 2003&04 esa Hkkjh O;kikj?kkVs osQ ckotwn vn`'; izkfIr;ksa esa vkbZ etcwrh ls Hkqxrku lUrqyu osQ pkyw [kkrs dk 'ks"k c<+dj 10]561fefy;u Mkyj gks x;kA

mYys[kuh; gS fd o"kZ 2002 esa oqQy fo'o fu;kZr O;kikj (6]272 fcfy;u Mkyj) esa Hkkjr dk fgLlk 0-8 izfr'krjgk tcfd vesfjdk dk fgLlk 10-7» phu dk fgLlk 5-2» rFkk tkiku dk fgLlk 6-6» jgkA blh rjg blnkSjku oqQy fo'o vk;kr O;kikj (6]510 fcfy;u Mkyj) esa Hkkjr dk fgLlk 0-9»] phu dk fgLlk 4-5» rFkktkiku dk fgLlk 5-2» jgkA o"kZ 2004 esa Hkh fo'o fu;kZr O;kikj esa Hkkjr dk fgLlk 0-8» gh cuk jgk tcfdblh o"kZ blosQ fu;kZr esa 28-1» dh o`f¼ ntZ dh xbZA

Hkkjr osQ lsokvksa osQ fu;kZr O;kikj esa 1990 osQ mijkUr i;kZIr izxfr gqbZ gSA o"kZ 1990 eas fo'o lsok fu;kZrO;kikj esa Hkkjr dk fgLlk 0-5» (4-6 fcfy;u vesfjdh Mkyj) Fkk tks c<+dj 2001 esa 1-4» (20-9 fcfy;uvesfjdh Mkyj) gks x;kA

vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd fo'o O;kikj esa Hkkjr osQ Hkkx esa visf{kr o`f¼ D;ksa ugha gks ik jgh gS\ bldk izeq[kdkj.k gS fd tgk¡ fodflr ns'k fo'o O;kikj laxBu tSls jkT;ksifj laxBu (Super-statal Organisation)

osQ nckok/hu fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vius O;kikj vojks/d (Trade Barriers) dks lekIr djus vkSjoLrqvksa osQ csjksd&Vksd izokg osQ fy, etcwj djrs gSa] ogha vius fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy, laj{k.kkReduhfr;k¡ pykus osQ fy, O;kikj vojks/d [kM+s djrs gSaA bl lEcU/ esa vk£Fkd leh{kk (1994&95) esa Li"V:i ls mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd] ¶uCcs osQ n'kd esa vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa esa csjkstxkjh viuh pje lhek ij FkhA bldkj.k u osQoy bu ns'kksa esa leL;k,¡ mRiUu gqbZ gSa] cfYd vU; ns'kksa esa Hkh laj{k.kokn dk 'kksj Hk;adj cu ldrkgS vkSj blls cgqi{kh; O;kikj dks [krjk mRiUu gks ldrk gSA-------pkgs cgqr&ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa us vk£Fkd lqèkkjksaosQ vax osQ :i esa vius O;kikj dks egRoiw.kZ <ax ls mnkj cuk fn;k gS] fodflr ns'kksa us O;kikj vojks/d [kM+sfd, gSa vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ ykHk dh enksa dks cktkj izkIr djus esa [krjk mRiUu gks x;k gSA¸ bl rjg fodflrns'k fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fu;kZr O;kikj esa rjg&rjg osQ vojks/ [kM+s djus dk iz;kl djrs gSa ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:ifo'o fu;kZr O;kikj esa budk fgLlk c<+ ugha ik jgk gSA

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23-4 vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je ekun.M (International Labour Standard)

fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ lUnHkZ esa fodflr ns'kksa dk roZQ gS fd bl dk;Zesa yxs Jfedksa dk 'kks"k.k gksrk gSA mUgsa i;kZIr etnwjh ugha nh tkrh] bu ns'kksa esa pyk, tk jgs Je dY;k.k dk;ZØevR;Yi gSa] ;gk¡ Jfedksa dk thou&Lrj fuEu gSA dkj[kkuksa esa cky Je dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ekuokf/dkjksa dk guugksrk gSA ;s ns'k vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je ekun.Mksa dk ikyu ugha djrsA bl vk/kj ij fodflr ns'k fodkl'khy ns'kksa lsvk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ij izfrcU/ yxkrs gSaA

blh vk/kj ij vesfjdk] teZuh vkSj Úkal tSls ns'kksa us Hkkjr dkyhu fu;kZr dks ckf/r djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSAvkykspdksa dk er gS fd ;g lkekftd df.Mdk gkjfdu fcy (Harkin Bill) dh gh ,d dM+h gS tks la;qDrjkT; osQ Je foHkkx ij bl ckr osQ fy, vkxzg djrk gS fd ,slh oLrqvksa dh gj o"kZ igpku dh tk, tks ckyJe (Child Labour) ls cukbZ tkrh gSa vkSj mu ns'kksa dh Hkh igpku dh tk, tks budk fu;kZr djrs gSaA bl fcyosQ ikl gks tkus ij la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh ljdkj ,slh oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr ij izfrcU/ yxk nsxhA bl rjg]Hkkjr }kjk fu;kZr fd, tkus okys dkyhuksa] ghjs&tokgjkr] VSDlVkby] flys&flyk, oL=k] pk;] vkfn osQ fu;kZr ijxgjk nq"izHkko iM+sxkA

fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ ,d vU; lkekftd df.Mdk osQ v/hu fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls fd, tkus okys vk;kr ijizfrrqY; 'kqYd (Countervailing duty) yxk, tkus dk izko/ku gS rkfd bu ns'kksa esa fo|eku fuEu Je ykxr(Low labour cost) osQ izHkko dks lekIr fd;k tk losQA blosQ vFkZ dks ,d mnkgj.k }kjk le>k tk ldrk gSμ;fnHkkjr esa ,d deht dh dher 100 #- rFkk vesfjdk esa mldh dher 250 #- gS rks bl vUrj dk eq[; dkj.kJe ykxr esa vUrj gSA bl rqyukRed ykHk dks nwj djus osQ fy, Hkkjr dks la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dks fu;kZr ij'kqYd vnk djuk gksxk rkfd bl ykxr ykHk dks fu"izHkkoh cuk;k tk losQA ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd bl lkekftddf.Mdk dk mís'; ekuoh; fpUrk,¡ gSa rkfd fodkl'khy ns'k vius Jfedksa dks csgrj etnwjh nsa ftlls mudkthou&Lrj mUur gksA

fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk roZQ gS fd bl izLrko ls rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa dh izfrLi¼kZ 'kfDr lekIr gks tk,xhA blekuorkoknh roZQ osQ vk/kj ij rhljh nqfu;k osQ etnwjksa dh gkyr dks lq/kjus osQ ihNs fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh xgjhpky fNih gS ftldk okLrfod mís'; fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks izkIr Li¼kZ ykHk ls oafpr djuk gSA ;g loZfofnr gSfd VSDukWykWth dh n`f"V ls ;s ns'k cgqr fiNM+s gSaA bu ns'kksa dks fodflr ns'kksa ls VSDukWykWth izkIr djus osQ fy,Hkkjh dher pqdkuh iM+rh gSA ;fn ;g df.Mdk ykxw dj nh tkrh gS rks Hkkjrh; oLrq,¡ la;qDr jkT; vesfjdkrFkk vU; ;wjksih; leqnk; osQ ns'kksa esa vfoØ; cu tk,¡xhA bl rjg] xjhc ns'kksa dks xjhc gksus dh dhervnk djuh iM+sxhA vr% lkekftd df.Mdk dks eq[; y{; Hkkjr tSls ns'k gSa rkfd budksa izkIr izfrLi/hZ ykHkdks u"V dj fn;k tk, vkSj budh fu£er oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr dh {kerk dks viax cuk fn;k tk,A

fodflr ns'kksa ls lkekftd df.Mdk osQ xqákFkZ dks le>rs gq, Je ekun.M vkSj O;kikj esa lEcU/ dk dM+k fojks/djrs gq, Hkkjr osQ osQUnzh; okf.kT; eU=kh us Li"V ls dgk] ¶eSa ;g ckr fcYoqQy Li"V :i ls dguk pkgrk gw¡ fdtgk¡ ge vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je ekun.Mksa (International labour standards) osQ fy, iw.kZr;k opuc¼ gSa ogha ge bliz;kl dks fcYoqQy mfpr ugha ekurs tks ,sls {ks=kksa eas lEcU/ LFkkfir djus dh ps"Vk djrk gS] tgk¡ os fo|ekuugha gSaA O;kikj uhfr dks lHkh fpUrkvksa dk U;k;drkZ ugha ekuk tk ldrkA¸ bl lkekftd df.Mdk dks G- 15

osQ ns'kksa osQ izcy fojks/ dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+kA bu ns'kksa us Li"V fd;k fd bl izLrko ls budh vFkZO;oLFkkvksaij foijhr izHkko iM+sxhA blls buosQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh leL;k vkSj fodV cu tk,xhA

blh rjg] fuxqZV ,oa vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ Je efU=k;ksa osQ ik¡posa lEesyu esa tks tuojh] 1995 esa fnYyh esagqvk ^lkekftd df.Mdk* dks iw.kZr;k vLohdkj dj fn;k x;kA lEesyu esa ;g ckr Li"V :i ls dgh xbZ fd¶izLrkfor lEcU/ esa O;kikj&mnkjhdj.k osQ ykHk lekIr gks tk,¡xs vkSj csjkstxkjh ,oa osnuk dh leL;k,¡ c<+


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tk,¡xhA¸ fnYyh ?kks"k.kk us bl izLrkfor lEcU/ osQ ncko Mkyus okys i{k dh vkykspuk dh vkSj ;g mYys[kfd;kμJe ekun.Mksa osQ eqís ij fdlh izdkj dk ncko vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je la?k osQ lafo/ku dk mYya?ku gSAbl ?kks"k.kk esa bl ckr ij cy fn;k x;k gS fd ¶,di{kh; ncko osQ vk£Fkd mik;ksa dk iz;ksx djosQ fodflr ns'krhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa ls vk£Fkd vFkok jktuSfrd ykHk izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa tks Lohdk;Z ugha gSA¸

23-5 i;kZoj.k laj{k.k (Environment Conservation)

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,d vU; df.Mdk gS ftldk lgkjk ysdj fodflr ns'k fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fu;kZr O;kikj dksvo#¼ djuk pkgrs gSaA fodkl'khy ns'kksa ,oa i;kZoj.kfonksa dk roZQ gS fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa LFkkfir dy&dkj[kkuksa]rki fo|qr x`gksa ,oa vk£Fkd fodkl osQ fy, fd, tkus okys vU; fØ;kdykiksa ls i;kZoj.k dks O;kid {kfr igq¡pjgh gS] ijUrq ;s ns'k i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq dksbZ leqfpr dne ugha mBk jgs gSa ftlls fo'o i;kZoj.k dks xEHkhj{kfr igq¡p jgh gSA fodflr ns'kksa dk roZQ gS fd i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k osQ izfr ftEesokj rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ izfrmnklhu ns'kksa dks i;kZoj.k fouk'k osQ fy, gtkZuk nsuk pkfg,A fo'ks"kKksa dk er gS fd blls vf/d foHksndkjh 'krZdh dYiuk djuk lEHko ugha gS] D;ksafd fo'o ifjos'k lEcU/h i;kZoj.k osQ rhu&pkSFkkbZ dh {kfr osQ fy, foxrnks 'krkfCn;ksa esa fodflr ns'k ftEesokj gSaA ;g oLrqr% ,d foMEcuk gh gS fd fodflr ns'k bu rF;ksa osQ izdk'kesa vius }kjk fd, x, xqukgksa dh ltk fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks nsuk pkgrs gSaA

fodflr ns'kksa dk nksgjk ekin.M (Double Standards)μfodflr ns'k cgqr&lh fj;klrksa vkSj 'kqYdksa esa dVkSrhdjus osQ fy, fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks ckè; djrs gSa rFkk mu ij rjg&rjg ls izfrcU/ yxkdj muosQ fu;kZr O;kikjeas ck/k mRiUu djrs gSa rFkk oS'ohdj.k ,oa fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ izko/kuksa dks vius ykHk dks c<+us osQ fy,bLrseky djrs gSaA bl fLFkfr dks vxzor~ ns[kk tk ldrk gS %

Hkkjr dk VSDlVkby m|ksx fodflr ns'kksa ls Li¼kZ dh 'kfDr j[krk gS] ijUrq fodflr ns'k fofHkUu izdkj osQlaj{k.koknh mik;ksa }kjk oqQ'ky VSDlVkby mRiknksa dks cktkj rd igq¡pus esa #dkoVsa mRiUu djrs gSaA bu mik;ksa osQdbZ :i gSaμ;s MfEiax&fojks/h fØ;kvksa ;k ,di{kh; fu;eksa esa ifjorZu djosQ vFkok i;kZoj.k osQ eqíksadk iz;ksx dj Li¼kZ dks fujLr djrs jgrs gSaA ;s lHkh mik; fodflr ns'kksa esa ns'kh; m|ksxksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy,fd, tkrs gSa vkSj ifj.kker% ;s mik; Hkkjrh; VSSDlVkby fu;kZr osQ fuokZ/ izokg osQ izfr #dkoVsa iSnk djrs gSaAmnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc Hkkjrh; LdVZ la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa vR;Ur yksdfiz; gksus yxh rks ;g nq"izpkj fd;k tkusyxk fd ;s LdVZ Toyu'khy inkZFk ls cuk, x, gSa] ijUrq ;s vkjksi feF;k fl¼ gq, vesfjdh uhfr fu/kZjdksa dksbl ij yxk, x, izfrcU/ dks gVkuk iM+kA blh rjg] ;wjksih; la?k osQ ns'kksa us Hkkjrh; VSDlVkby fu;kZr ij M¯Eixfojks/h 'kqYd yxk fn;k ftlls bu ns'kksa esa Hkkjrh; VSDlVkby dh dher c<+ xbZA blls gekjs fu;kZr ij nq"izHkkoiM+uk LokHkkfod gSA pwafd bl {ks=k }kjk oqQy fu;kZr dk yxHkx 32 izfr'kr tqVk;k tkrk gSA] laj{k.koknh uhfr;ksadk VSDlVkby m|ksx ij xEHkhj izHkko iM+sxk vkSj blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i gekjh Ñf"k rFkk xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk ijHkh iM+sxk tks bl {ks=k ls ?kfu"B :i ls lEcfU/r gSA

fodflr ns'kksa us vius ns'kh; VSDlVkby m|ksx esa dksVk de djus osQ fy, 10 o"kks± dh yEch vof/ dk izLrkofd;k gS] ijUrq fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vius VSfjiQ] ek=kkRed izfrcU/ gVkus vkSj ckSf¼d lEink vf/dkjksa dks rqjUrykxw djus osQ fy, ncko Mkyrs jgrs gSaA Li"Vr% fodflr ns'k tgk¡ rd VSDlVkby lfU/ dk iz'u gS] nksgjk ekin.Mviuk jgs gSaA

blh rjg Je ekun.Mksa] i;kZoj.k] ekuokf/dkjksa] vkfn dk eqík mBdkj fodflr ns'k fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fu;kZrO;kikj dks ckf/r djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA fodflr ns'kksa }kjk Je ekun.Mksa dks O;kikj ls tksM+us dk iz;kl ,drjg dk NÁos'kh laj{k.kokn gh gS rkfd Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa lLrs Je dh lgk;rk ls cus eky osQ fu;kZrO;kikj ij jksd yxkbZ tk losQA bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd Hkkjr cky Je osQ iz;ksx dk leFkZd gSA ;gka ckyJe dks de djus vkSj vUrr% bldksa iw.kZr;k lekIr djus osQ fy, iz;kl fd, tk jgs gSa] ijUrq bls Hkkjr osQ

uksV



dkyhuksa] jlk;u o gLrf'kYiksa] vkfn osQ fu;kZr dks ckf/r djus osQ fy, roZQ osQ :i esa iz;ksx djuk U;k;ksfprugha gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd bl vk/kj ij Hkkjrh; fu;kZr dks ckf/r djuk Hkh la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk tSls ns'kksa dk,d ik[k.M gh gSA vesfjdk osQ bl n`f"Vdks.k dks ik[k.Mh Bgjkrs gq, ch-vkj- lckMs us fy[kk gSμ¶cgqr&lhvesfjdh dEifu;ksa us eSfDldksa] b.Mksusf'k;k vkSj oqQN vu; ns'kksa esa vius dkj[kkus nwjnjkt osQ bykdksa esa ifjo£rrdj fn,A bu dkj[kkuksa esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa cPps fu;qDr fd, x, vkSj os 12 ?k.Vs ls vf/d dk;Z djrs gSaA #xjfo'ofo|ky; }kjk gky gh esa fd, x, vè;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd 2]90]200 cky Jfed la;qDr jkT; vesfjdkesa nqdkuksa] dkj[kkuksa ,oa iQeks± esa dBksj thou O;rhr djrs gSaA ,sls nksgjs ekin.Mksa osQ lkFk ;w-,l-,- Hkkjr dks ckyJe dh NM+h osQ lkFk ltk nsuk pkgrk gSA¸ bl fu;kZr O;kikj dks vius i{k esa djus osQ fy, fodflr ns'k rjg&rjgosQ nksgjs ekin.M viukrs jgrs gSaA

mi;qZDr rF;ksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ efU=kLrjh; lEesyu esa fodflr ns'kksa }kjk i;kZoj.klaj{k.k ,oa Je ekudksa tSls xSj&O;kikfjd eqíksa dks tc Hkh 'kkfey djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS] Hkkjr lfgrfodkl'khy ns'k bldk izcy fojks/ djrs gSaA


2- lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the Correct Option)μ

1. fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WHO) dk lnL; Hkkjr dc cukμ

(d) 1995 ([k) 1996

(x) 1998 (?k) 2000A

2. Hkkjr dks 50 vjc vejhdh Mkyj fu;kZr dk egRoiw.kZ vkadM+k izkIr djus esa liQyrk feyhμ

(d) 2001&2002 ([k) 2002&2003

(x) 2003&2004 (?k) 2004&2005A

3. fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr us o"kZ 2002 esa O;kikfjd oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr eas of¼ ntZ dhμ

(d) 10» ([k) 20»

(x) 15» (?k) 20»A

4. fo'o osQ 30 fu;kZrd ns'kksa esa o"kZ 2002 esa phu osQ ckn Hkkjr dk LFkku Fkkμ

(d) igyk ([k) nwljk

(x) rhljk (?k) pkSFkkA

5- o"kZ 2004 esa fo'o fu;kZr O;kikj esa Hkkjr dk fgLlk Fkkμ

(d) 0-5» ([k) 0-6»

(x) 0-7» (?k) 0-8»A


• xSV osQ LFkku ij varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ lEcU/ esa ,d vf/d izHkkoh laxBu ¶fo'o O;kikj laxBuμWTO¸dh LFkkiuk 1 tuojh] 1995 dks gqbZA Hkkjr bl laxBu dk laLFkkid lnL; gSA

• fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ dk;Z lapkyu gsrq ,d lkekU; ifj"kn (General Council) gS ftlesa izR;sd lnL;ns'k dk ,d LFkk;h izfrfuf/ gksrk gSA bldh cSBd lkekU;r;k ekg esa ,d ckj tsusok esa gksrh gSA

• WTO dk izFke efU=kLrjh; lEesyu 9 ls 13 flrEcj] 1996 dks lxkiqj esa gqvkA lEesyu esa fopkj.kh;izeq[k eqíksa esa Je ekudksa] fuos'k rFkk izfrLi/kZ dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls tksM+us osQ fo"k; lfEefyr fd,


uksV


x, FksA blosQ vfrfjDr] VsDlVkbYl rFkk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh osQ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj Hkh fopkj.kh; eqíksa esa'kkfey FksA

• fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk Ñf"k ls lEcfU/r le>kSrk ?kjsyw lfClMh] fu;kZr lfClMh] U;wure cktkj igq¡pdh opuc¼rk] ?kjsyw lgk;rk] LokLF;] ouLifr rFkk [kk| lgk;d dk;ks± ls lEc¼ gSA ;g le>kSrk(v) xSj&VSfjiQ mik;ksa osQ LFkku ij lk/kj.k dLVe M~;wVh yxkdj] tks /hjs&/hjs de dh tk,xh ?kjsywcktkj dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; izfr;ksfxrk osQ fy, [kksyrk gS (c) ;g ljdkjh lgk;rk dks /hjs&/hjs de djosQvfr mRiknu dks /hjs&/hjs fu;af=kr djus dk iz;kl djrk gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i vfrjsdksa dks Hkh] tks;k rks fu;kZr lfClMh osQ }kjk csps vFkok u"V fd, tkrs gSaA (l) ;g fu;kZr izfrLi/kZ ij ubZfu;ekofy;ksa dks ykxw djus vkSj lfClMh rFkk lfClMh izkIr fu;kZr dh ek=kk dks de djus osQ iz;Ruksadks Hkh izsfjr djrk gSA

• WTO dk nwljk egRoiw.kZ le>kSrk ckSf¼d lEink osQ vf/dkjksa osQ laj{k.k ls lEcfU/r gSA blosQ vuqlkjfdlh Hkh u, vkfo"dkj osQ iathÑr isVsUV ij 20 o"kks± osQ fy, lEiw.kZ fo'o osQ fo#¼ ,dkf/dkj izkIr gkstk,xkA bl vof/ esa fo'o esa dgha Hkh fdlh vU; O;fDr@laLFkk dks ml isVsUV ls jf{kr mRikn dk mRiknudjus osQ fy, isVsUV/kjh O;fDr@laLFkk ls vuqKk ysuh gksxh o mls fu/kZfjr jkW;YVh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA

• fo'o O;kikj laxBu lfU/ dh rhljh egRoiw.kZ ckr O;kikj ls lEcfU/r fofu;kstu mik;ksa dh gSA blosQvuqlkj dksbZ jk"Vª fons'kh iw¡th fofu;ksx dk fu;eu ,oa fu;U=k.k ugha dj losQxkA

• fo'o O;kikj laxBu lfU/ osQ pkSFks le>kSrs osQ vUrxZr lHkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj&;ksX; lsok,¡ vkrh gSaA fons'khlsok,¡ vkSj lsok iznkrk] ?kjsyw lsokvksa vkSj lsok&iznkrkvksa osQ cjkcj le>s tk,¡xs rFkkfi ljdkjsa fof'k"Vije&fe=k jk"Vª (MFN) dh NwV dh lwpuk nsaxh

• WTO osQ LFkkiuk le>kSrs osQ izko/kuksa osQ vUrxZr lnL; ns'kksa osQ ,dkf/dkj ,oa drZO; ls lEcfU/r fo"k;ij fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj fookn osQ fuiVku dk izko/ku fookn&fuiVku (Dispute Settlement) fu;eksa vkSjiz.kkfy;ksa osQ le>kSrs esa fd;k x;k gSA blosQ fy, ,d fookn fu/kZj.k fuiVku laLFkk (Dispute Settlement

Body-DSB) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA

• cgqikf'oZd O;kikj le>kSrs (Plurilateral Trade Agreements-PTA) esa 'kkfey gSaμukxfjd foekuuO;kikj le>kSrk] ljdkjh [kjhn dk le>kSrk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; nqXèkksRiknu le>kSrk rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; xksekalle>kSrkA

• O;kikj esa rduhdh ck/kvksa dk le>kSrk (Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade) Vksfd;ks nkSjesa LohÑr O;kikj esa rduhdh ck/kvksa osQ le>kSrs dk foLrkj.k vkSj Li"Vhdj.k gSA bl le>kSrs esa ;glqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gS fd rduhdh foe'kZ vkSj ekud] ijh{k.k vkSj izek.ku iz.kkfy;k¡ O;kikj osQ ekxZesa vuko';d #dkoV u cusa] fiQj Hkh ;g le>kSrk Lohdkj djrk gS fd ns'kksa dks ekuoh;] i'kq vFkokouLifr LokLF; rFkk i;kZoj.k dh j{kk dk vf/dkj gSA

• O;kikj&uhfr iqujkoyksdu rU=k (Trade Policy Review Mechanism-TPRM) cgqi{kh; O;kikj rU=k osQlqpk# :i ls pyus osQ fy, cgqi{kh; O;kikj le>kSrksa osQ vUrxZr O;kikj uhfr;ksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dkiqujkoyksdu djrk gS] bl mís'; osQ fy, ;g O;kikj&uhfr iqujkoyksdu laLFkk (Trade Policy Review

Body-TPRB) dh LFkkiuk dk laosQr djrk gSA

• fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ fofHkUu lEesyuksa esa cgqi{kh; O;kikj rU=k }kjk eqDr fo'o O;kikj dh mUufr esalnL;ksa }kjk fo'okl O;Dr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA le>kSrksa ls lEcfU/r dfri; eqíksa ij fodflr ,oafodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ chp xEHkhj erHksn vHkh Hkh cuk gqvk gSA

uksV



• vkykspdksa dh /kj.kk gS fd fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ vf/dka'k le>kSrs /uh ns'kksa osQ fgrksa osQ iks"kd gSaAlaxBu dh cSBdksa esa bUgh ns'kksa dk izHkqRo n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA

• efU=kLrjh; lEesyuksa osQ vfrfjDr WTO dk fookn fuiVku cksMZ (DSB) viuk dk;Z lqpk# :i ls djjgk gSA blosQ le{k dbZ fookn is'k fd, x, ftudk n`<+rkiwoZd fuiVkjk bl laLFkk }kjk fd;k x;kA bldkigyk fu.kZ; vesfjdk osQ isVªksy VSDl fo"k;d Fkk] ftlosQ iQyLo:i ok¯'kxVu us vius dkuwu dks lq/kjus dk fu'p; fd;kA fnlEcj] 1996 esa blus vesfjdk osQ fo#¼ Hkkjr osQ i{k esa Hkkjr fu£er ÅuhoL=kksa dh vesfjdh cktkj esa fcØh osQ fo"k; esa fu.kZ; fn;kA uoEcj] 1996 esa blh izdkj dksLVkfjdk usvesfjdk esa lwrh deht fcØh lEcU/h eqdnek thrkA

• vkykspdksa dh /kj.kk gS fd fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ ekè;e ls oqQN gn rd LorU=k O;kikj vkSj oS'ohdj.kdks c<+kok rks fey ldrk gS] ijUrq ;g fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk dk lUrqfyr fodkl djus esa l{ke gS] blesalansg gSA

• mi;qZDr rF;ksa osQ ifjizs{; esa ubZ vUrjkZ"Vªh; vk£Fkd O;oLFkk esa fo'o O;kikj laxBu dks jkscLV XykscyoSQfiVfyTe dh U;k;ksfpr O;oLFkk dks c<+kok fn, tkus dh vko';drk gS u fd jkscj oSQfiVfyTe* dksA

• o"kZ 1995 esa fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa 'kkfey gksus osQ mijkUr Hkkjr }kjk Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh uhfr;ksa dkvuqikyu djus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fo'o fu;kZr O;kikj esa Hkkjr dk Hkkx tks 1990 esa 0-5» Fkk og c<+dj1965 esa 0-6» rd igq¡p x;kA vk£Fkd lq/kjksa dh 12 o"kks± dh vof/ osQ nkSjku 2002 rd ;g Hkkx c<+dj0-8 izfr'kr Lrj rd igq¡p x;kA

• fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ lUnHkZ esa fodflr ns'kksa dk roZQ gS fdbl dk;Z esa yxs Jfedksa dk 'kks"k.k gksrk gSA mUgsa i;kZIr etnwjh ugha nh tkrh] bu ns'kksa esa pyk, tk jgsJe dY;k.k dk;ZØe vR;Yi gSa] ;gk¡ Jfedksa dk thou&Lrj fuEu gSA dkj[kkuksa esa cky Je dk iz;ksxgksrk gSA ekuokf/dkjksa dk guu gksrk gSA ;s ns'k vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je ekun.Mksa dk ikyu ugha djrsA bl vk/kj ij fodflr ns'k fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ij izfrcU/ yxkrs gSaA

• fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ ,d vU; lkekftd df.Mdk osQ v/hu fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls fd, tkus okys vk;krij izfrrqY; 'kqYd (Countervailing duty) yxk, tkus dk izko/ku gS rkfd bu ns'kksa esa fo|eku fuEuJe ykxr (Low labour cost) osQ izHkko dks lekIr fd;k tk losQA

• blh rjg] fuxqZV ,oa vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ Je efU=k;ksa osQ ik¡posa lEesyu esa tks tuojh] 1995 esafnYyh esa gqvk ^lkekftd df.Mdk* dks iw.kZr;k vLohdkj dj fn;k x;kA

• fnYyh ?kks"k.kk us bl izLrkfor lEcU/ osQ ncko Mkyus okys i{k dh vkykspuk dh vkSj ;g mYys[kfd;kμJe ekun.Mksa osQ eqís ij fdlh izdkj dk ncko vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je la?k osQ lafo/ku dk mYya?ku gSA

• i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,d vU; df.Mdk gS ftldk lgkjk ysdj fodflr ns'k fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fu;kZr O;kikjdks vo#¼ djuk pkgrs gSaA

• fodflr ns'k cgqr&lh fj;klrksa vkSj 'kqYdksa esa dVkSrh djus osQ fy, fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks ckè; djrs gSarFkk mu ij rjg&rjg ls izfrcU/ yxkdj muosQ fu;kZr O;kikj eas ck/k mRiUu djrs gSa rFkk oS'ohdj.k,oa fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ izko/kuksa dks vius ykHk dks c<+us osQ fy, bLrseky djrs gSaA

• fodflr ns'kksa us vius ns'kh; VSDlVkby m|ksx esa dksVk de djus osQ fy, 10 o"kks± dh yEch vof/ dkizLrko fd;k gS] ijUrq fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vius VSfjiQ] ek=kkRed izfrcU/ gVkus vkSj ckSf¼d lEink vf/dkjksa dks rqjUr ykxw djus osQ fy, ncko Mkyrs jgrs gSaA Li"Vr% fodflr ns'k tgk¡ rd VSDlVkby lfU/dk iz'u gS] nksgjk ekin.M viuk jgs gSaA


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• mi;qZDr rF;ksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ efU=kLrjh; lEesyu esa fodflr ns'kksa }kjki;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,oa Je ekudksa tSls xSj&O;kikfjd eqíksa dks tc Hkh 'kkfey djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrkgS] Hkkjr lfgr fodkl'khy ns'k bldk izcy fojks/ djrs gSaA


••••• df.MdkμifjPNsn] iSjkA

••••• iqujkoyksduμfiQj ls ns[kuk] nqckjk ns[kukA


1. fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ lanHkZ esa cgqi{kokn (Multilaterlism) dk foospu dhft,A

2. fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) dh LFkkiuk dc vkSj D;ksa gqbZ\ blosQ mís';ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

3. fo'o O;kikj laxBu vkSj xSV esa D;k varj gS\ WTO vkSj xSV osQ dk;ks± dk rqyukRed o.kZu dhft,A

4. fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ le>kSrksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

5. fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk ,oa egÙo dk ewY;kadu dhft,A

6. varjkZ"Vªh; Je ekun.M vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A


1. 1. Hkkjr 2. 148 3. WTO 4. 135

2. 1. (d) 2. ([k) 3. (x) 4. ([k)

5. (?k)


1- yksdfoÙk ,oa vUrjkZ‘ªh; O;kikj% MkW- ,e-,y- f>axu_ o`nk ifCyosQ'kUl izk-fy-_ fnYyhA



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bdkbZμ24% varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfæd O;oLFkk



(International Monetary System)


mís'; (Objectives)


24.1 varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd O;oLFkk (International Monetary System)

24.2 1976 dh ubZ varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd iz.kkyh (New International Monetary System—1976)

24.3 varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd lqèkkj rFkk ^chl dh lfefr* (International Monetary Reform and theCommittee of Twenty)





mís'; (Objectives)


• vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd iz.kkyh vkSj ekSfnzd lq/kj dk foospu djus esaA

• chl dh lfefr dh O;k[;k djus gsrqA


vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd iz.kkyh esa czsVuoqM~l lEesyu us egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu fd;k x;k ftlosQ vkèkkj ij eqnzk&dks"kdh LFkkiuk dh xbZA eqnzk&dks"k us fofHkUu lnL; ns'kksa dh eqnzkvksa dk lerk ewY; (par value) LFkkfir fd;kftlosQ vUrxZr izR;sd ns'k dk nkf;Ro Fkk fd Lo.kZ ;k Mkyj esa viuh eqnzk dk ewY; cuk, j[ksA bl lerkewY; esa ifjorZu djus dk izkoèkku eqnzk&dks"k dh vuqefr ls osQoy Hkqxrku 'ks"k osQ ewyHkwr vlUrqyu dks nwjdjus osQ fy, FkkA

24-1 varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd O;oLFkk (International Monetary System)

lerk ewY; esa vejhdk dk nkf;Ro (Role of America in respect of Par Values)

pwafd lerk ewY; Lo.kZ ;k Mkyj esa ifjHkkf"kr Fkk] blfy, ;g LokHkkfod Fkk fd Mkyj dk ewY; Lo.kZ esaifjHkkf"kr gksA ifj.kkeLo:i vejhdk ij ;g nkf;Ro vk x;k fd tc rd mldk Hkqxrku 'ks"k ewyHkwr :ils vlUrqfyr ugha gks tkrk] og vius Mkyj osQ Lo.kZ ewY; dks cuk, j[ksA


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fjtoZ osQ lzksr (Sources of Reserve)

;|fi czsVuoqM~l lEesyu esa Lo.kZ dks gh fjtoZ osQ vkèkkj dk nkf;Ro lkSaik x;k Fkk] fdUrq Mkyj dh HkwfedkHkh ,d eq[; fjtoZ eqnzk dh jghA okLro esa] eqnzk&dks"k esa Lo.kZ dh ek=kk vkSj lnL; ns'kksa dh eqnzkvksa dk laxzggh fjtoZ osQ :i esa FkkA vUrjkZ"Vªh; rjyrk dh c<+rh gqbZ vko';drk dks ns[krs gq, eqnzk&dks"k esa lnL; ns'kksaosQ vH;a'kksa esa o`f¼ gks xbZA Mkyj fjtoZ dh dkiQh o`f¼ dh xbZ rFkk la;qDr jkT; vejhdk dh fLFkfr fo'oekSfnzd iz.kkyh esa ,d fo'o cSadj osQ leku gks xbZA

Mkyj dk voewY;u (Devaluation of Dollar)

ijUrq] blh fodkl esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd iz.kkyh osQ fouk'k osQ cht Hkh fNis gq, FksA izks- jkWcVZ fVªfiQu us 1960esa viuh iqLrd ‘Gold and the Dollar Crists’ esa Hkfo";ok.kh dh Fkh fd vejhdk osQ ekSfnzd Lo.kZ esa] mlosQMkyj osQ fons'kh nkf;Roksa dh rqyuk esa de o`f¼ gksus osQ dkj.k] Mkyj esa fo'okl dk ladV iSnk gks tk,xkAlR; gh 1960 esa Mkyj esa vfo'okl iSnk gqvk tks c<+rk x;k rFkk 1968 esa cktkj esa Lo.kZ dh dher dks Mkyjesa cuk, j[kus osQ iz;Ru lekIr dj fn, x,A vxLr 1971 esa vejhdk dks vius bl opu ls eqdjuk iM+kfd ;g fons'kksa esa vfèkÑr Mkyj dh ek=kk dks Lo.kZ esa ifjofrZr djsxkA 1971 osQ vUr esa Mkyj dk izFkevoewY;u rFkk iQjojh 1973 esa nwljh ckj voewY;u fd;k x;kA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk gS fd fofHkUu ns'kksadh eqnzkvksa osQ lerk ewY; dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k vkSj fLFkj fofue; njksa dk LFkku ifjorZu'khy fofue;nj (Floating Exchange Rates) us ys fy;kA

1971 osQ vUr esa Mkyj dk izFke voewY;u rFkk iQjojh 1973 esa nwljh ckj voewY;u

fd;k x;kA

Mkyj dk c<+rk gqvk fjtoZ (Increasing Reserve of Dollar)

mi;qZDr fLFkfr esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; rjyrk osQ ,d cM+s lzksr osQ :i esa Mkyj mlh le; izHkko'kkyh fl¼ gks ldrkFkk tc ;k rks vejhdk ls Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa Hkkjh ?kkVk gks vFkok og fons'kksa esa fofu;ksx djrk vFkok nksuksa ghmik;ksa dks viukrkA ;fn vejhdk ,slk u djrk rks rjyrk dh deh dks nwj djus osQ fy, 'kk;n vPNk fodYi[kkst fy;k tkrkA fdUrq] vejhdk us gj dher ij Mkyj dks ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; fjtoZ osQ :i esa dk;e j[kusdk iz;Ru fd;k ftldk izHkko] izks- fVªfiQu dh n`f"V esa fLFkjrk iznku djus okyk ugha gqvkA fnlEcj 1971esa fLeFklksfu;u laLFkk okf'kaxVu esa nl ns'kksa osQ lewg (Group of Ten) dh cSBd gqbZ ftlesa le>kSrs osQvuqlkj vejhdk us Lo.kZ osQ vfèkÑr ewY; dks 35 Mkyj izfr vkSal ls c<+kdj 38 Mkyj dj fn;kA bl izdkjMkyj osQ voewY;u us czsVuoqM~l dks <gus ls cpk fy;kA fons'kh fofue; cktkj esa mPpkopu dh n`f"V ls 1972dk o"kZ vis{kkÑr LFkkf;Ro okyk o"kZ Fkk] fdUrq 1973 osQ izkjEHk ls gh vejhdk dh fLFkfr MkokaMksy Fkh ftlosQiQyLo:i 1973 esa iQjojh esa Mkyj dk 10 izfr'kr voewY;u djuk iM+kA

rSjrh gqbZ fofue; njsa (Floating Exchange Rates)

1973 dk Mkyj voewY;u czsVuoqM~l iz.kkyh dh vkf[kjh lkal FkhA Mkyj dh 'kfDr ekpZ 1973 osQ vkxs ughapy ldhA fczVsu] vk;jyS.M] bVyh] tkiku vkSj fLoV~tjyS.M dh eqnzk,¡ fLFkj fofue; njksa dks R;kxdjifjorZu'khy fofue; njksa dk :i xzg.k dj pqdh FkhaA 11 ekpZ] 1973 esa teZuh] izQkal] csfYt;e] yDtsecxZ]uhnjyS.M~l vkSj MsuekoZQ us le>kSrk dj la;qDr :i ls viuh eqnzkvksa dks ifjorZu'khy cuk fn;kA teZuh usSDR dh rqyuk esa ekoZQ dk 3 izfr'kr vfèkewY;u dj fn;kA ukosZ ,oa LohMu Hkh Lora=k fofue; njksa esa 'kkfeygks x,A 19 ekpZ] 1973 osQ vkrs&vkrs okLro esa fLeFklksfuu le>kSrk lekIr gks x;kA

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fo'ks"k vkgj.k vfèkdkj (SDR)μfo'ks"k vkgj.k vfèkdkjksa dk iz;ksx Hkh ekSfnzd iz.kkyh dh ,dmYys[kuh; ?kVuk gS ftldk le>kSrk 1969 esa fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj SDR iz.kkyh dks fnlEcj 1971 esaykxw dj fn;k x;kA

24-2 1976 dh ubZ varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd iz.kkyh (New International MonetarySystem—1976)

chl dh lfefr (C 20) us twu 1974 dks viuh NBoha ,oa vfUre cSBd okf'kaxVu esa vk;ksftr dh rFkk viuhfjiksVZ ‘An Outline of Monetary Reform’ izdkf'kr dhA bl fjiksVZ dh tkap eqnzk&dks"k osQ izdk'kd e.My dhvUrfje lfefr us viuh cSBd tks tuojh 1976 esa dxLVu (teSdk) esa vk;ksftr dh xbZ] esa dh rFkk eqnzk&dks"kosQ fu;eksa esa u, ifjorZuksa dh ?kks"k.kk dhA dxLVu lEesyu osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fo'o Lrj ij ,d ubZ vUrjkZ"Vªh;ekSfnzd iz.kkyh dk tUe gqvk ftldh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ bl izdkj gSa%

(1) vUrfje lfefr us ;g fo'okl O;Dr fd;k fd SDRs dks eq[; vUrjkZ"Vªh; fjtoZ osQ :i esa Lohdkjfd;k tkuk pkfg,A

(2) lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ vuqlkj Lo.kZ dk vfèkÑr ewY; (1 vkSal Lo.kZ = SDRs 35 = U.S. $ 42.22)

lekIr dj fn;kA

(3) eqnzk&dks"k dk 1@6 Hkkx Lo.kZ (25 fe- vkSal) cktkj ewY; ij csp fn;k x;k rFkk bl foØ; ls tksykHk izkIr gqvk mldk iz;ksx VªLV dks"k cukus osQ fy, fd;k x;k rkfd blls mu fodkl'khy ns'kksa dhlgk;rk dh tk losQ tks Hkqxrku 'ks"k osQ ?kkVs osQ f'kdkj gSaA

(4) vU; 1@6 Lo.kZ dk va'k lnL; ns'kksa dks ykSVk fn;k x;kA

(5) 'ks"k Lo.kZ dk D;k iz;ksx fd;k tk,xk] bldk fuèkkZj.k lnL; ns'kksa osQ 85 izfr'kr cgqer ls fd;k tk,xkA

(6) SDRs dks eq[; fjtoZ osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS rFkk lnL; ns'kksa dh eqnzkvksa dk lerk ewY;SDR esa O;Dr fd;k tk,xkA vHkh ;g ewY; 5 ns'kksa dh eqnzkvksa osQ lewg }kjk O;Dr fd;k tk jgk gSA

(7) lnL; ns'kksa osQ vH;a'k esa 32-5 izfr'kr of¼ dj] oqQy vH;a'k dh jkf'k 39 fcfy;u SDR gks xbZA 1981esa bls c<+kdj 60 fcfy;u SDR rFkk 30 twu] 1992 dks lnL; ns'kksa osQ vH;a'k dh oqQy jkf'k 91-2 fcfy;uMkyj FkhA vH;a'k dh leh{kk tks 5 o"kks± esa dh tkrh Fkh] 3 o"kks± esa dh tk,xhA lfefr bl ij lgerFkh fd rsy mRiknd ns'kksa dk vH;a'k nwuk fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ orZeku vH;a'k esadeh ugha gksuh pkfg,A

(8) lfefr us ;g Hkh fu.kZ; fy;k fd vc lnL;ksa dks Lo.kZ esa vH;a'k tek ugha djuk iM+sxkA

(9) lfefr us fu.kZ; fy;k fd eqnzk&dks"k dk vH;a'k c<+kus dk mís'; dks"k dh rjyrk esa o`f¼ djuk gSvr% lHkh lnL;ksa dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd os ,slh O;oLFkk djsa rkfd mudh eqnzk,a dks"k osQ ysu&nsu esa iz;qDrdh tkus ;ksX; cuh jgsaA bl lacaèk esa eqnzk&dks"k us Lora=k :i ls iz;ksx djus ;ksX; eqnzk dh èkkj.kk(Concept of Freely Usable Currency) fodflr dh gS ftldh nks fo'ks"krk,a bl izdkj gSaμizFke] ,slheqnzk ftldk vUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, foLr`r :i ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ,oa f}rh;] ,slh eqnzkftldk cM+s&cM+s fofue; cktkjksa esa foLr`r ysu&nsu fd;k tkrk gSA ;g y{k.k oqQN gh eqnzkvksa esa feyldrk gS] fdUrq lc ns'kksa dk ;g nkf;Ro gksxk fd os viuh eqnzk dk iz;ksx&;ksX; cukus osQ fy, viuheqnzkvksa dk fofue; djsaA

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mi;qZDr iz.kkyh osQ vUrxZr tks lq>ko vUrfje lfefr us fn, Fks] mUgsa lapkyd e.My us viuh LohÑfr ns nhrFkk mUgsa fiQj lnL; ns'kksa dh LohÑfr osQ fy, Hkst fn;k x;k ftl ij 97 ns'kksa us viuh LohÑfr ns nhA vizSy1977 esa lapkyd e.My }kjk fofue; njksa ij fuxjkuh dk elkSnk LohÑr fd;k x;kA vH;a'kksa dh lkroha lkekU;leh{kk osQ vUrxZr lnL; ns'kksa }kjk dksVs esa o`f¼ dk fu.kZ; ekpZ 1978 esa Lohdkj fd;k x;kA

izfrLFkkiu ys[kk (Substitution Account)

rjyrk dh ekax dks iwjk djus osQ fy, eqnzk&dks"k dh vUrfje lfefr us dk;Zdkjh lapkyd e.My dh fjiksVZ ijfopkj fd;kA lapkyd e.My us eqnzk&dks"k esa izfrLFkkiu ys[kk (Substitution Account) dh LFkkiuk ij cyfn;k gSA bl ys[kk osQ ekè;e ls dks"k esa jk"Vªh; fjtoZ ifjlEifÙk dks SDR esa ifjofrZr djus dh lqfoèkk nh tk,xhftlls jk"Vªh; fjtoZ dk fons'kh fofue; dk vuqikr ?kVsxkA vUrfje lfefr us vius 7 ekpZ] 1978 osQ oDrO; esadgk fd] ^^izfrLFkkiu ys[ks dk mís'; SDRs dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd iz.kkyh esa ,d eq[; fjtoZ ifjlEifÙk(Reserve asset) cukus dk gksxkA** dks"k osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa us ebZ 1979 esa bl ys[ks dh LFkkiuk ij fopkj&foe'kZfd;kA mDr ys[ks osQ iQyLo:i ftl SDR dk mi;ksx izkjEHk gksxk] og dks"k osQ orZeku SDR foHkko ls fuEu nksvFkks± esa fHkUu gksxk%

(i) izfrLFkkiu ys[ks osQ SDR leLr lnL;ksa esa vkoafVr ugha fd, tk,axs] oju~ mUgha lnL;ksa dks izkIr gksaxs tksmlosQ cnys Lohdk;Z fons'kh fofue; dh ek=kk ys[ks esa tek djsaxsA (bl dfBukbZ dks ns[krs gq, bl ckresa lansg gS fd fodkl'khy ns'k bl ys[ks esa Hkkx ys losaQxsA)

(ii) vHkh orZeku esa lnL;ksa dks SDR izkIr djus osQ okLrfod lkèkuksa (Real Resources) dk ifjR;kx ugha djukiM+rk] fdUrq izfrLFkkiu ys[ks ls izkIr SDR esa lkèkuksa osQ R;kx dh leL;k [kM+h gksxhA lnL; ns'kksa dks ys[ksls izkIr SDR ij C;kt dk Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA

okLro esa] mi;qZDr ys[ks osQ SDR iz.kkyh ls fodflr ,oa rsy fu;kZrd ns'kksa dks vfèkd SDR zizkIr djus dk voljfeysxk rFkk de fodflr ns'k bl lqfoèkk ls oafpr jgsaxsA blosQ iQyLo:i SDR rFkk lgk;rk osQ chp dksbZ lacaèkHkh LFkkfir ugha gks losQxkA

ubZ ekSfnzd iz.kkyh (1976)% ,d ewY;kadu (Evaluation of New Monetary System)

blesa dksbZ lansg ugha gS fd 1976 dh ubZ ekSfnzd iz.kkyh esa nwjxkeh la'kksèku fd, x, gSaA fofue; dh ,d ubZiz.kkyh 'kq: dh xbZ ftlesa ifjroZu'khy fofue; njksa dks Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k ,oa Lo.kZ dks lekIr dj SDR

dks eq[; fjtoZ osQ :i esa eku fy;k x;k gSA bldh vkykspuk,a fuEu izdkj gSa %

(1) mDr la'kksèku esa ubZ vkSj izHkko'kkyh ekSfnzd iz.kkyh osQ fy, lHkh vko';d igyqvksa ij fopkj ughafd;k x;k gSA SDRs dk iz;ksx lHkh foÙkh; vkSj O;kikfjd ysu&nsu osQ fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk SDR

dk vkc.Vu ns'k dh vko';drkuqlkj vfèkd foosdiw.kZ <ax ls gksuk pkfg,A blosQ fy, vko';d gS fdSDRs dks fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh fodkl lgk;rk ls lacafèkr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

(2) 1976 dh ekSfnzd uhfr esa blosQ lacaèk esa Hkh dksbZ fu.kZ; ugha fy;k x;k fd ubZ ekSfnzd O;oLFkk esa fofue;fLFkjrk dSls izkIr dh tk;sxh rFkk bl lacaèk esa ns'kksa dh ?kjsyw ekSfnzd uhfr dh D;k Hkwfedk gSA eqnzk&dks"kus tks ^Lora=k iz;ksx djus ;ksX; eqnzk** dh èkkj.kk izLrqr dh gS] blls bl ckr dh laHkkouk gS fd Mkyjdk izHkqRo fiQj ls c<+ tk,A

(3) vkykspdksa dk er gS fd orZeku ekSfnzd iz.kkyh esa czsVuoqM~l iz.kkyh osQ leku le:i vkSj lefUor fu;eugha gSaA orZeku iz.kkyh dk Hkou] iqjkuh iz.kkyh dks èkjk'kk;h dj] fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA

(4) tgka rd rjyrk dk iz'u gS SDRs ls ;g vHkh gy ugha gqvk gS tcfd fdlh Hkh ekSfnzd iz.kkyh osQ fy,;g vko';d gS fd og rjyrk dh leL;k dks gy djsA

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(5) orZeku ekSfnzd iz.kkyh ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks ;g ckr Li"V gks xbZ gS fd mudh vkfFkZd uhfr esa fofue;nj dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS] fdUrq tgka rd Hkqxrku 'ks"k dk iz'u gS] fofue; njksa esa vfLFkjrk osQ dkj.kbuesa vfuf'prrk cuh jgrh gSA bl tksf[ke dks nwj djus osQ fy, fodkl'khy ns'k viuh eqnzkvksa dksegÙoiw.kZ eqnzkvksa ls lacafèkr fd, jgrs gSa] fdUrq nh?kZdkyhu fgrksa dh n`f"V ls ;g voLFkk mfpr ugha gSAvr% eqnzk&dks"k dks fofue; njksa esa ,sls mPpkopuksa ij dM+k fu;a=k.k yxkuk pkfg, ftlls fodkl'khyns'kksa osQ fgrksa ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gksA

(6) ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd iz.kkyh ml le; rd liQyrkiwoZd dk;Z ugha djldrh tc rd fd fo'o osQ ns'kksa esa ekSfnzd vuq'kklu vkSj lg;ksx dk vHkko jgrk gSA blosQ fy,vko';d gS fd nh?kZdkyhu jk"Vªh; fgrksa ,oa O;kid :i ls fo'o fgrksa dks n`f"V esa jgrs gq, vYidkyhujk"Vªh; fgrksa dk R;kx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A



1. vUrfje lfefr us ;g fo'okl O;Dr fd;k fd -------- dks izeq[k vUrjkZ"Vªh; fjtoZ osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;ktkuk pkfg,A

2. lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ vuqlkj Lo.kZ dk vf/Ñr ewY; -------- dj fn;k tk,A

3. 'ks"k Lo.kZ dk iz;ksx D;k fd;k tk,xk bldk fu/kZj.k lnL; ns'kksa osQ -------- cgqer ls fd;k tk,xkA

4. lfefr us ;g Hkh fu.kZ; fy;k fd vc lnL;ksa dks -------- vH;a'k tek ugha djuk iM+sxkA

5. eqnzk&dks"k dk vH;a'k c<+kus dk mís'; dks"k dh -------- esa o`f¼ djuk gSA

24-3 varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd lqèkkj rFkk ^chl dh lfefr* (International MonetaryReform and the Committee of Twenty)

lerk njksa ij vkèkkfjr czsVuoqM~l iz.kkyh dh lekfIr osQ ckn vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd iz.kkyh esa rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksaosQ vuqlkj lqèkkj dh vko';drk FkhA vr% ,sls lqèkkj osQ fy, mi;qDr lq>ko nsus gsrq 1972 esa lapkyd e.Mydh ,d vLFkkbZ lfefr (CRIMSRI, or Committee of Twenty) fu;qDr dh xbZA lfefr us flrEcj 1973 esalqèkkjksa dh igyh :ijs[kk izLrqr dhA fdUrq blosQ ckn rsy dh dherksa esa o`f¼ ls mi;qZDr lqèkkjksa ij dkiQh izHkkoiM+kA Lo.kZ dk ewY; c<+kdj 42-22 Mkyj izfr vkSal gks x;kA bu lc ckrksa dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, chl dh lfefr*us twu 1974 esa viuh vfUre fjiksVZ izLrqr dh ftlosQ lq>ko osQ vuqlkj fuEu dk;Zokgh dh xbZ %

(1) lapkyd e.My dks lykg nsus gsrq ,d vUrfje lfefr dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

(2) rSjrh gqbZ fofue; njksa dh LFkkbZ] fdUrq lek;kstu ;ksX; (Stable & Adjustable) cuk, j[kus osQ fy,]dk;Zdkjh e.My us fuèkkZjd fu;e cuk,A

(3) 1 tqykbZ] 1974 esa SDR dk ewY; fuèkkZj.k eqnzkvksa dh fiVkjh (Basket of Currencies) }kjk fd;k tkusyxk vFkkZr~ bl ;kstuk osQ vuqlkj SDR dh ,d bdkbZ 16 eqnzkvksa dh fuf'pr ek=kk osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcjr; dh xbZ] fdUrq 1981 esa mldk ewY; osQoy ikap eqnzkvksa dh fuf'pr ek=kkvksa esa fuèkkZfjr dj fn;k x;kA

(4) tks ns'k vU; ns'kksa dh eqnzk Ø; djus osQ fy, SDR dk iz;ksx djrs gSa mUgsa iwoZ osQ 15 izfr'kr osQ cnys5 izfr'kr C;kt nsuk iM+sxkA

(5) SDRs dks fodkl lgk;rk ls lac¼ djus osQ fy, lfefr us eqnzk&dks"k vkSj fo'o cSad dh ,d la;qDr lfefr^fodkl lfefr* (Development Committee) dh LFkkiuk dk lq>ko fn;k] vr% 1974 dh eqnzk&dks"kvkSj fo'o cSad dh okf"kZd cSBd esa fodkl lfefr dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

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(6) 13 twu] 1974 dks eqnzk&dks"k osQ dk;Zdkjh e.My us ,d rsy lqfoèkk dks"k (Oil Facility Fund) LFkkfirdjus dk fu.kZ; fy;k rkfd rsy dherksa esa o`f¼ ls izHkkfor ns'kksa dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk nh tk losQA bldks"k esa lkr rsy mRiknd ns'kksa (vkcqèkkch] bZjku] oqQoSr] yhfc;k] vkseku] lmQnh vjc vkSj csustq,yk)rFkk dukMk us 3 fcfy;u SDR dk ;ksxnku fn;kA

(7) 2 vDVwcj] 1974 dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd lqèkkj osQ fy, vLFkkbZ lfefr osQ LFkku ij ,d vUrfje lfefrdh fu;qfDr dh xbZ ftldk dk;Z fo'o&rjyrk rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ lkèkuksa dks izHkko'kkyh cukusosQ lacaèk esa eqnzk&dks"k dks lykg nsuk FkkA

(8) 4 flracj] 1975 dks eqnzk&dks"k us ubZ eè; vofèk Í.k nsus dh lqfoèkk (New Medium-term

Facility) dh ?kks"k.kk dh ftlesa lnL; ns'kksa dks Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh dfBukbZ dh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Í.kdh lqfoèkk dks ,d o"kZ c<+kdj rhu o"kZ dj fn;k x;kA

;g vk'kk dh tk ldrh gS fd ubZ ekSfnzd iz.kkyh liQyrkiwoZd dk;Z djsxh rFkk blesa vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk&dks"k dkegÙoiw.kZ LFkku gksxkA


2- lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the Correct Options)μ

1. chl dh lfefr (Committee of Twenty) fu;qDr dh xbZμ

(d) 1970 esa ([k) 1972 esa (x) 1974 esa (?k) 1975 esa

2. chl dh lfefr us viuh vfUre fjiksVZ fdl o"kZ izLrqr dhμ

(d) 1972 ([k) 1975 (x) 1974 (?k) 1971

3. SDR dk ewY; fu/kZj.k eqnzkvksa dh fiVkjh (Basket of Currencies) }kjk dc ls fd;k tkus yxkμ

(d) 1 July, 1974 ([k) 5 July, 1974 (x) 8 July, 1974 (?k) 10 Jyly, 1974

4. eqnzk&dks"k osQ dk;Zdkjh eaMy us fdl frfFk dks ,d rsy lqfo/k dks"k LFkkfir djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kμ

(d) 5 June, 1974 ([k) 7 June, 1974

(x) 10 June, 1974 (?k) 13 June 1974

5. vLFkkbZ lfefr osQ LFkku ij ,d vUrfje lfefr dh fu;qfDr dh xbZμ

(d) 2 October, 1974 ([k) 4 October, 1974

(x) 8 October, 1974 (?k) 10 October, 1974


• chl dh lfefr (C 20) us twu 1974 dks viuh NBoha ,oa vfUre cSBd okf'kaxVu esa vk;ksftr dh rFkkviuh fjiksVZ ‘An Outline of Monetary Reform’ izdkf'kr dhA bl fjiksVZ dh tkap eqnzk&dks"k osQizdk'kd e.My dh vUrfje lfefr us viuh cSBd tks tuojh 1976 esa dxLVu (teSdk) esa vk;ksftrdh xbZ] esa dh rFkk eqnzk&dks"k osQ fu;eksa esa u, ifjorZuksa dh ?kks"k.kk dhA

• iz.kkyh osQ vUrxZr tks lq>ko vUrfje lfefr us fn, Fks] mUgsa lapkyd e.My us viuh LohÑfr ns nhrFkk mUgsa fiQj lnL; ns'kksa dh LohÑfr osQ fy, Hkst fn;k x;k ftl ij 97 ns'kksa us viuh LohÑfr ns nhAvizSy 1977 esa lapkyd e.My }kjk fofue; njksa ij fuxjkuh dk elkSnk LohÑr fd;k x;kA

• ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd iz.kkyh ml le; rd liQyrkiwoZd dk;Z ugha djldrh tc rd fd fo'o osQ ns'kksa esa ekSfnzd vuq'kklu vkSj lg;ksx dk vHkko jgrk gSA blosQ fy,

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vko';d gS fd nh?kZdkyhu jk"Vªh; fgrksa ,oa O;kid :i ls fo'o fgrksa dks n`f"V esa jgrs gq, vYidkyhujk"Vªh; fgrksa dk R;kx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

• lerk njksa ij vkèkkfjr czsVuoqM~l iz.kkyh dh lekfIr osQ ckn vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd iz.kkyh esa rRdkyhuifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqlkj lqèkkj dh vko';drk FkhA vr% ,sls lqèkkj osQ fy, mi;qDr lq>ko nsus gsrq 1972esa lapkyd e.My dh ,d vLFkkbZ lfefr (CRIMSRI, or Committee of Twenty) fu;qDr dh xbZAlfefr us flrEcj 1973 esa lqèkkjksa dh igyh :ijs[kk izLrqr dhA fdUrq blosQ ckn rsy dh dherksa esa o`f¼ls mi;qZDr lqèkkjksa ij dkiQh izHkko iM+kA Lo.kZ dk ewY; c<+kdj 42-22 Mkyj izfr vkSal gks x;kA bu lcckrksa dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, ^chl dh lfefr* us twu 1974 esa viuh vfUre fjiksVZ izLrqr dhA


••••• voewY;uμ #i;s osQ ewY; esa deh djukA

••••• vH;a'kμ ;Fkka'k] fu;rka'kA


1. varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd O;oLFkk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ foospu dhft,A

2. 1976 dh ubZ ekSfnzd iz.kkyh dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA

3. chl dh lfefr osQ lq>koksa dk ewY;kadu dhft,A

4. varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd lq/kj dk foospu dhft,A


1. 1. SDRs 2. lekIr 3. 85 izfr'kr

4. Lo.kZ esa 5. rjyrk

2. 1. ([k) 2. (x) 3. (d) 4. (?k)

5. (d)






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varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ,oa foÙk

bdkbZμ25% fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k% izdkj ,oa eqn~ns

(FDI : Types and Issues)


mís'; (Objectives)


25.1 fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k % izdkj ,oa eqn~ns (FDI: Types and Issues)





mís'; (Objectives)


• izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k osQ izdkj ,oa eqn~nksa dks le>us esaA


izk;% ;g nkok fd;k tkrk gS fd oS'ohdj.k osQ dkj.k fons'kh fuos'k osQ vf/d izokg dh xfr gksrh gS ftlls O;kidvFkZO;oLFkk dh mRikfnrk dks c<+kus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA Hkkjr esa bl lanHkZ esa fopkj djuk mfpr gksxkA fons'khfuos'k nks :i /kj.k djrk gSμ fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k vkSj fons'kh iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'kA bl bdkbZ esa fons'kh izR;{kfuos'k dk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

25-1 fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k % izdkj ,oa eqn~ns (FDI : Types and Issues)

fuos'k nks izdkj dk gksrk gSμ(1) izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (FDI) rFkk (2) fons'kh iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k (FPI)A ,iQMhvkbZmRiknu ;k O;kikj izR;{k% bfDoVh esa fd;k x;k fuos'k gS tcfd ,iQihvkbZ ns'k osQ 'ks;j cktkj esa lwphc¼ dEifu;ksaosQ 'ks;jksa esa fons'kh laLFkkxr fuos'kdksa rFkk ,uvkjvkbZ }kjk fd, x, fuos'k dks dgrs gSaA

,iQMhvkbZ nks izdkj dk gksrk gSμ(1) xzhu fiQYM ,iQMhvkbZ (u;s fljs ls tehu [kjhndj] fcfYMax cukdj u;hLFkkiuk rFkk (2) czkmu fiQYM bosLVesaV (igys ls py jgs m|e ,oa O;olk; esa fgLlsnkjh djukA ,e,ulh T;knkrjblh izdkj dk fuos'k djuk pkgrh gSa] ftlosQ fy, mldh vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA

la'kksf/r ,iQMhvkbZ ifjHkk"kk (Revised FDI Definiation)

RBI us 2004 esa FDI dh u;h ifjHkk"kk dks Lohdkj dj o"kZ 2000&01 ls vkxs FDI izokg osQ la'kksf/r vkadM+s tkjhfd;s gSaA la'kksf/r ifjHkk"kk esa FDI: bfDoVh iwath] iqu£uosf'kr vtZuksa rFkk vU; izR;{k iwath osQ vUrxZr iwath


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izokg dh 3 Jsf.k;ka 'kkfey gSaA blls iwoZ Hkqxrku larqyu lkaf[;dh esa lwfpr FDI vkadM+ksa esa osQoy bfDoVh iwathdks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk jgk gSA oSpkfjd rkSj ij FDI rFkk iksVZ iQksfy;ks fuos'k osQ eè; eq[; vUrj LFkk;h fgrls gS ftls ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk osQ LFkkfud mn~xe esa vfuoklh izR;{k fuos'kd osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;k x;k gSAbl LFkk;h fgr esa vfuoklh osQ Lrj esa egRoiw.kZ izHkko dks xzg.k dj vfuoklh mn~xe dh nh?kZdkyhu O;olk;

og xfrfof/;ka ftuesa Lor% og xfrfof/;ka Lor% og xfrfof/;ka ftuesa izR;{k fons'khvuqefr dh O;oLFkk ugha gS vuqefr dh O;oLFkk gS fuos'k dh vuqefr ugha gS (1 vizSy] 2011)

1- pk; jksi.k esa 100» 1- Ñf"k vkSj i'kqikyu esa 100» 1- og {ks=k ftuesa ,iQMhvkbZ dk fu"ks/ gSA

2- j{kk esa 26» 2- [kuu esa 100» (i) iqQVdj O;kikj (¯lxy czkaM esa

3- ifjlEifÙk iqufuZekZ.k 3- dksy ,oa fyXukbZV 100» 100 izfr'kr osQ vykok)daiuh 49 »

4- cS¯dx lkoZtfud {ks=k 20» 4- fo|qr 100» (ii) ykVjh O;kikj

(,iQMhvkbZ$,iQvkbZvkbZ) (mRiknu] ikjs"k.k o forj.k) (iii) tqvk vkSj lV~Vckth

5- isVªksfy;e fjiQkb¯ux 49» 5- xzhufiQYM ,;jiksVZ 100» (iv) tqvk vkSj lV~Vsckth

6- ¯izV ehfM;k 26» 6- orZeku ,;jiksVZ izkstsDV 74» Lor% (v) fpV iaQM O;kikj

o Åij gkus ij ljdkjh vuqefr (vi) fuf/ daiuh

7- vuqlwfpr gokbZ lsok vkSj ?kjsyw (vii) VªkalisQjscy MsosyiesaV~l jkbV~l

iSlsatu lsok 49» ,iQMhvkbZ ,oa O;kikj

100» izfr'kr ,uvkjvkbZA (viii) os xfrfof/;ka@{ks=k tks izkbosVlsDVj fuos'k osQ fy, ugha [kqys

8- xSj vuqlwfpr gokbZ ifjogu lsok gSaA ijek.kq ÅtkZ vkSj jsyos ifjogu

74» ,iQMhvkbZ Lor% 49» ls blesa 'kkfey gS] tcfd ekl jSfiM

vf/d gksus ij ljdkj ,oa 100» VªkaliksVZ flLVe blesa 'kkfey ugha

,uvkjvkbZ Lor% ,oa 49» ls vf/d gSA

gksus ij ljdkj ls vuqefrA (ix) flxkj] ps:V~l] flxkjhykWl ,oa

9- gsfydkWIVj 100» Lor% rFkk 74» ls flxjsV dk rackowQ ;k rackowQ osQÅij gksus ij ljdkjA izfrLFkkiuA

10- cS¯dx futh {ks=k esa 74» (x) okLrfod laink O;kikj ;k,iQvkbZvkbZ 'kkfey 49» ls iQkeZ gkÅl dk fuekZ.kAvf/d gksus ij ljdkj ls vuqefrA

11- Vkmuf'ki 100 izfr'krA

12- vkS|ksfxd ikoZQ 100»A

13- chek 26»

14- ,uch,iQlh 100»

15- isVªksfy;e ,oa uSpqjy xSl 100»

16- VsfydkWe l£ol 49» rd Lor%blosQ Åij ljdkj }kjkA

17- bZ- dkelZ ,fDVfofVt 100»


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xfrfof/;ksa ls lEc¼ fd;k x;k gSA rnuqlkj 3 eq[; Jsf.k;ksa osQ lEcU/ esa ftUgsa uhps o£.kr fd;k x;k gS] Hkqxrku larqyulkaf[;dh esa FDI vkadM+ksa dks ntZ djus osQ lEcU/ esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; loksZÙke izfØ;k O;oLFkk ij è;ku osQfUnzr gSA

1- bfDoVh izokgμblesa 'kk[kkvksa esa bfDoVh] lgk;d oaQifu;ksa rFkk vU; iwath va'knku vkrs gSaA

2- iqu£uosf'kr vk;μblesa fons'kh lgk;d daifu;ksa rFkk muls lEcU/ daifu;ksa dk LFkfxr vtZu vkrs gSaA

3- vUrj daiuh Í.k ysu&nsuμblesa lEc¼ dkjiksjsV bZdkb;ksa osQ eè; vUrj&dkjiksjsV Í.k ysu&nsuvkrs gSaA

fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ eè; i;kZIr fHkUurk gS tgka rd muosQ fons'kh fuos'k izokg dh ekStwnk O;oLFkk dk lEcU/ gS] phuvkSj Hkkjr bl lEcU/ osQ vPNs mnkgj.k gSaA FDI fjiksVZ phuh O;oLFkk vis{kkÑr O;kid vk/kj okyh gSA bfDoVhiwath iqu£uosf'kr vtZuksa] vUrj dkjiksjsV Í.k] ysu&nsu osQ vykok phu esa vYikof/ rFkk nh?kkZof/ Í.kksa] ckW.M]vuqnku] foÙkh; iV~Vknk;h] fons'kh m|e iwath fuf/ }kjk fuos'k vizR;{k :i ls /kfjr m|eksa osQ vtZu] xSj&udnhbfDoVh vtZu] fu;a=k.k izhfe;e rFkk FDI osQ vUrxZr izfrLi/hZ 'kqYd dks 'kfey fd;k tkrk gSA blesa FDI izokgosQ :i esa ifj;kstuk&vk;krksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS ftls Hkkjr esa vk;krksa osQ :i esa ntZ fd;k tkrk gSAphu dh rqyuk esa ;g Li"V gS fd oqQN le; iwoZ rd Hkkjr Hkqxrku larqyu lkaf[;dh esa FDI dh fjiks²Vx tks osQoybfDoVh iwath rd lhfer gSA FDI izokgksa osQ vis{kkÑr lhfer dojst dks izn£'kr djrh gSA

Hkkjr esa izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dh izfØ;k (The Process of FDI in India)

ns'k esa Rofjr vk£Fkd fodkl osQ fy, FDI vfrvko';d gSA Hkkjr esa fuos'k osQ 2 :i gSaμ

1- RBI vkVksesfVd ekxZ ;k (eqEcbZ ekxZ) RBI Automatic Route (Bombay Route): blesa fuos'k gsrqljdkj dh vuqefr dh vko';drk ugha gksrh rFkk fuos'k osQ 30 fnu osQ vanj vkjchvkbZ dks lwfpr fd;ktkrk gSA

2- fons'kh fuos'k lao¼Zu cksMZ ekxZ ;k (fnYyh ekxZ) FIPB Route (Delhi Route): fons'kh fuos'klao¼Zu cksMZ dk 18 iQjojh] 2003 dks iquxZBu dj okf.kT; ea=kky; ls bls foÙk ea=kky; osQ vk£Fkd dk;ZfoHkkx dks gLrkarfjr fd;k x;kA

vk£Fkd dk;Z foHkkx esa FIPB izR;{k fons'kh iwath fuos'k osQ ckjs esa ljdkj dh uhfr ij vey djus osQ fy,lfpoky; osQ :i esa dk;Z dj jgk gSA FIPB lfpoky; esa izkIr lHkh izLrkoksa ij cksMZ }kjk fopkj fd;k tkrkgS vkSj 30 fnu dh fu/kZfjr le; lhek osQ Hkhrj ljdkj osQ fu.kZ; dh tkudkjh fuos'kdksa dks ns nh tkrh gSAikjn£'krk cuk;s j[kus vkSj izfØ;kvksa dks vklku cukus osQ fy, FIPB lfpoky; dks izkIr izLrko dh tkudkjhcsolkbZV ij nh tkrh gSA

vULVZ ,saM ;ax osQ 2012 bafM;k ,VSªfDVousl losZ{k.koSf'od eanh dh vka'kdkvksa osQ chp tgka fuos'k dks ysdj ¯prk gS ogha Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fy,[kq'k[kcjh Hkh gSA vuLVZ ,saM ;ax osQ 2012 bafM;k ,VSªfDVosul losZ{k.k osQ eqrkfcd fuos'kdksa osQ fy,Hkkjr ,d vkd"kZd LFkku gSA losZ{k.k esa fuos'k osQ fygkt ls oSf'od jS¯dx iznku dh xbZ gSA bl lwphesa Hkkjr dks izR;{ks fons'kh fuos'k (,iQMhvkbZ) osQ fygkt ls pkSFks ik;nku ij txg nh xbZ gSA Hkkjr dhvesfjdk] phu vkSj fczVsu ckn fuos'k osQ fy, lokZf/d eqiQhn txg ekuk x;k gSa losZ{k.k osQ eqrkfcdfuos'kdksa dks vkd£"kr djus osQ ekeys esa phu Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k izfrLi/hZ gSaA

mHkjrk eè; oxZ] ykxr izfrLi/kZ vkSj mPp xq.koÙkk okys ekuo lalk/u rd vklku igqap] ,slh izeq[kfo'ks"krk,a gSa ftdh otg ls Hkkjrh; cktkj fuos'kdksa dks vkd£"kr djrk gSA losZ{k.k osQ eqrkfcd ?kjsyw cktkjdks etcwr nsus okys rsth ls mHkjrs eè;oxZ dh la[;k o"kZ 2011 rd 16 djksM+ vkSj 2016 rd 26&70djksM+ rd igqapus dk vuqeku gSA

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?kjsyw ekax ij vk/kfjr Hkkjr dk fodkl ekWMy ns'k esa fons'kh fuos'kdksa dks vkd£"kr djus osQ ekeys esamRizsjd Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA

Hkkjr esa izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k osQ fy, lgh ikap izeq[k LFkkuksa esa csaxywj] eqcabZ] psUubZ] ubZ fnYyh vkSj iq.ks'kkfey gSA ;s 'kgj fuos'k ifj;kstukvksa dk 43 iQhlnh fgLlk viuh rjiQ [khaprsa gSa vkSj ;gka ij 34 iQhlnhukSdfj;ksa l`ftr gqbZA Hkkjr esa gksus okys oqQy ,iQMhvkbZ dk 26 iQhlnh bu 'kgjksa esa x;kA

losZ{k.k osQ eqrkfcd Hkkjr lk>h lsokvksa osQ fy, vxz.kh Hkwfedk esa jgk gS vkSj ;g dbZ fons'kh fuxeksa osQfy, rsth ls fofuekZ.k osaQnz osQ rkSj ij mHkj jgk gSA losZ{k.k esa Hkkx ysus okys 25 iQhlnh izfrHkkfx;ksa usekuk fd Hkkjr o"kZ 2020 rd nqfu;k osQ rhu cM+s fofuekZ.k osaQnzksa esa 'kkfey gksxkA

ljdkj us FDI lEcU/h izfØ;k dks vkSj mnkj cuk;k gSA fuoklh ls vfuoklh dks 'ks;j dk gLrkarj.k] bZlhch(External Commercial Borrowing) dk bfDoVh esa ifjorZu vkSj 'k;jksa osQ u;s Issue osQ }kjk fons'kh bfDoVhHkkxhnkjh esa c<+ksrjh vkSj ojh;rk 'ks;jksa osQ bfDoVh esa ifjorZu dks Hkh ljdkjh :V dh ctk; Lor% ekxZ osQ vUrxZryk;k x;k gSA] c'krsZ bl rjg dk izLrko foÙkh; gksA fuos'k Lor% eatwjh ekxZ osQ vUrxZr vkrk gks lsch (SEBI)

fofue; 1997 ykxw u gksrs gksa] vkSj izLrko vf/lwfpr {ks=kiQy lhekvksa osQ nk;js esa gksA 4 vDrwcj 2004 ls fons'khlg;ksx (FC) eatwjh dh oS/rk c<+kus dh 'krZ Hkh lekIr dj nh x;h gSA

izko/kuksa osQ vuqlkj fons'kh fuos'k@rduhdh lg;ksx osQ u;s izLrkoksa dks vc Lor% eatwjh ekxZ osQ vUrxZr izLrqrdjus dh vuqefr gksxh] c'krsZ os {ks=kxr uhfr;ksa osQ v/hu gks vkSj fuEu fn'kk funsZ'kksa osQ vuq:i gks%

1- ljdkj dh iwoZ vuqefr osQoy ,sls ekeyksa esa vko';d gksxh tgka fons'kh fuos'kd leku {ks=k ls lEc¼fdlh ekStwnk la;qDr m|e esa Hkkxhnkjh gksA

2- fons'kh fuos'kd leku* {ks=k esa la;qDr m|e fgLlsnkj gksus dh fLFkfr esa Hkh ljdkj dh iwoZ vuqefr visf{krugha gksxh] c'krsZ fuos'k lsch }kjk iathÑr m|e iwath dks"k }kjk fd;k x;k gks] vFkok tgka ekStwnk la;qDrm|e fuos'k fdlh Hkh i{k }kjk 30 izfr'kr ls de gks vFkok tgka ekStwnk m|e lg;ksx fu"iQy jgk gksA

fons'kh fuos'k dk;kZUo;u izkf/dj.k (Foreign Investment Implementation Authority-FIIA)

FDI osQ vuqeksnuksa ij rRdky vey djus] fons'kh fuos'kdksa dh vko';d vuqeksnu izkIr djus esa enn osQ fy,,d gh txg mÙkjorhZ ns[kHkky lsok,a iznku djus] ifjpkyu lEcU/h leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus vkSj fuos'kdksa dhleL;kvksa osQ gy [kkstus osQ fy, fofHkUu ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa ls lEioZQ djus gsrq okf.kT; rFkk m|ksx ea=kky; osQvkS|ksfxd uhfr rFkk lao¼Zu foHkkx esa fons'kh fuos'k dk;kZUo;u izkf/dj.k dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA

vkS|ksfxd uhfr rFkk lao¼Zu foHkkx es vkS|ksfxd lgk;rk lfpoky; izkf/dj.k osQ :i esa dk;Zdjrk gSA

,iQMhvkbZ uhfr ij ea=kky;ksa dk fojks/μ rhu izeq[k ea=kky;ksa us jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ifj"kn (,e,llh) osQ izLrkoij xaHkhj ¯prk O;Dr dh gSA bl izLrko esa ifj"kn esa lqj{kk dkj.kksa ls pq¯unk lsDVjksa dh laosnu'khy lwph cukusdks dgk gS] ftUgsa fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k (,iQMhvkbZ) osQ fy, Lor% eatwjh ls vyx j[kk tk,xkA lM+d ifjogu,oa jktekxZ] fons'k ekeys vkSj jlk;u ,oa moZjd ls lac¼ ,u,llh izLrko fons'kh fuos'k osQ izokg ij foijhrvlj Mky ldrk gSA


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gkykafd ;g prk bl rF; osQ ckotwn vkbZ gS tc lHkh izeq[k ea=kky;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh vkSj varj&ea=kky;h ijke'kZosQ ckn egRoiw.kZ {ks=kksa dh lwph vkSj uhfr esa cnyko dks vafre :i fn;k x;kA blosQ ckn j{kk] m|ksx] x`g ,oadaiuh ekeyksa tSls izeq[k ea=kky;ksa osQ lnL; uhfr esa cnyko lq>k, tkus osQ fy, ,dtqV gq, gSaA bu lHkh fopkjksadks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ,u,llh }kjk ,d elkSnk izLrko rS;kj fd;k x;k ftlesa ;s lHkh lq>ko vkSj fo'ks"k mik;'kkfey fd, x,A ysfdu vc ea=kky;ksa us bl elkSns ij ;g dgrs gq, prk trkbZ gS fd blls ,iQMhvkbZ dk izokgean gks ldrk gSaA ,u,llh us lq>ko fn;k Fkk fd bl lwph osQ varxZr ,iQMhvkbZ izLrko fons'kh fuos'k izksRlkgucksMZ (,iQvkbZihch) ls t:jh tkap osQ v/hu gksaxsA

blus ,iQMhvkbZ ij lHkh laosnu'khy izLrkoksa dh xgu tkap osQ fy, lqj{kk ,tsafl;ksa osQ izfrfuf/Ro esa ,d ubZ laLFkkdesVh vkWiQ lsozsQVjht vkWu iQkbuSaf'k;y bUosLVesaV (lh,l,iQvkbZ) osQ fuekZ.k dk Hkh lq>ko fn;k FkkA

,u,llh us laosnu'khy lwph* esa jlk;u ,oa vkS|ksfxd foLiQksVksa] isVªksfy;e fjiQkb¯ux] xSl ikbiykbu] ifjogu]ubZ gokbZ vM~Mk ifj;kstukvksa] Mªx ,oa iQkekZL;qfVdYl tSls yxHkx 14 {ks=kksa dks 'kkfey fd, tkus dk izLrko j[kkAblosQ vykok ,u,llh us ,iQMhvkbZ ls iSnk gksus okyh jk"Vªh; lqj{kk leL;kvksa osQ fuiVkjs osQ fy, ,d izeq[k ,dvyx dkuwu cuk, tkus dk Hkh lq>ko fn;k gS] rkfd ljdkj }kjk mBk, tkus okys fdlh dne osQ fy, dkuwuhenn gkfly gks losQA ,u,llh us oSQfcusV osQ ,e- panz'ks[kj us usr`Ro esa cukbZ xbZ lfpoksa dh 20 lnL;h; desVhesa ,iQMhvkbZ ls lacafèkr lqj{kk eqíksa ij ppkZ osQ fy, izLrko rS;kj fd;k FkkA ;g dne lqj{kk ,tsafl;ksa }kjk prkizdV fd, tkus osQ ckn mBk;k x;kA

,u,llh izLrko osQ ckjs esa viuh izfrfØ;k esa lM+d ,oa ifjogu ea=kky; us dgk fd gkbZos dh lqj{kk tkap dhdksbZ iz.kkyh ugha gS tks fons'kh daifu;ksa dks fn, tkrs jgs gSaA oqQN BsosQ la;qDr miØeksa osQ tfj, fn, x, gSaA ea=kky;dk ekuuk gS fd tEew&d'ehj vkSj mÙkjk[kaM ,oa fgekpy izns'k osQ lhekar bykdsa dks NksM+ dj ,slh iz.kkyh 'kk;nvuko';d gSA ea=kky; dk roZQ gS fd lqj{kk tkap vDlj yack le; ysrh gS vkSj blls lac¼ Bsdksa vkSj jk"Vªh;jktekxks± osQ fuekZ.k esa foyac gks ldrk gSA bl chp jlk;u ,oa moZjd ea=kky; osQ rgr jlk;u ,oa isVªksosQfedyfoHkkx us osQfedy (fo"kkDr jlk;u Hkh 'kkfey) dks ,iQvkbZihch osQ nk;js esa yk, tkus osQ ,u,llh osQ izLrkodks Bqdjk fn;k gSA ekStwnk le; esa bl {ks=k esa vkWVksesfVd :i ij 100 izfr'kr ,iQMhvkbZ dh vuqefr gSa foHkkxus lh,l,iQvkbZ dh LFkkiuk osQ dne dk Hkh fojks/ fd;k gSA

,iQMhvkbZ ij foÙk ea=kky; dh igyμ izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (,iQMhvkbZ) osQ ckjs esa fiNys lky vk, izsluksV ij eps fookn dks ns[krs gq, foÙk ea=kky; dk u;k lq>ko ;g gS fd ftu daifu;ksa esa 50 izfr'kr ls de fons'khfgLlsnkjh gS] muosQ fuos'k izLrkoksa dks Hkh Lor% eatwjh ugha nh tkuh pkfg,A mu fuos'k izLrkoksa dh iM+rky vkSjeatwjh Hkh fons'kh lao¼Zu cksMZ (,iQvkbZihch) osQ ftEes gksuh pkfg,A

bl izLrko ls izsl uksV 2 dks ysdj mBs fookn esa oqQN deh vkus dh mEehn gSA ns'k esa ,iQMhvkbZ ij uhfr dksfiQj ls ifjHkkf"kr djus osQ fy, gh ;s uksV yk, x, FksA bu izsl uksV esa dgk x;k Fkk fd ;fn fdlh Hkkjrh; oaQiuhesa 50 izfr'kr ls de fons'kh fgLlsnkjh gS] ysfdu mldh deku Hkkjrh; izorZdksa osQ gkFkksa esa gS rks mls Hkkjrh;daiuh gh ekuk tk,xkA bl izdkj ,slh daifu;ka ,iQvkbZihch dh eatwjh osQ cxSj gh fuos'k dj ldrh gSa] pkgs muosQ{ks=k esa fuos'k ij ikcanh gh D;ksa u yxh gksA blesa deku ;kuh fu;a=k.k Hkh fdlh daiuh esa funs'kd eaMy osQ vfèkdrjlnL; fu;qDr djus osQ vf/dkj dks ekuk x;k FkkA

ysfdu foÙk ea=kky; us u, izLrko esa dgk gS fd 50 izfr'kr ls de fons'kh fgLlsnkjh okyh daiuh dks fuos'kdh Lor% eatwjh rHkh feysxh] tc mlosQ {ks=k esa (;kuh ftl m|ksx ls og daiuh rkYyqd j[krh gS) 100 izfr'kr,iQMhvkbZ dks eatwjh gksxhA ftu {ks=kksa esa ,iQMhvkbZ dh lhek r; gS ;k ftUgsa blosQ fy, vke rkSj ij,iQvkbZihch dh eatwjh nh njdkj gksrh gS] muesa 50 izfr'kr ls de ,iQMhvkbZ osQ fy, Hkh cksMZ dh gjh >aMhpkfg, gksxhA bruk gh ugha] ,slh daifu;ksa dks fuf"k¼ {ks=kksa esa fuos'k djus ls Hkh jksd fn;k tk,xkA

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fons'kh fuos'k gqvk lgtμ fdlh Hkkjrh; daiuh esa izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (,iQMhvkbZ) osQ ekeys esa foÙkea=kky; dk bjknk m|ksx txr dks oqQN jkgr nsus dk utj vk jgk gSA ea=kky; us lykg nh gS fd fdlh Hkhdaiuh esa oqQy fons'kh fuos'k dh x.kuk djrs le; iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k dks blosQ nk;js ls ckgj j[kk tkuk pkfg,AiksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k esa fiQygky fons'kh laLFkkxr fuos'kdksa (,iQvkbZvkbZ) dh vkSj ls fd;k x;k fuos'k vkSj izoklhHkkjrh; vFkok Hkkjrh; ewy osQ O;fDr;ksa }kjk [kjhns x, 'ks;j vkSj ifjorZuh; fMcsapj vkrs gSaA

foÙk ea=kky; us vkS|ksfxd uhfr ,oa lao¼Zu foHkkx (MhvkbZihih) ls ,iQMhvkbZ esa oqQy lhek r; djus osQ fy,blh cqfu;kn ij uhfr rS;kj djus dks dgk gSA blus mu Hkkjrh; oaQifu;ksa dks [kklh jkgr feysxh] tks ,iQvkbZvkbZdh otg ls fons'kh fuos'k lhek dk mYya?ku djus osQ ekeys esa iaQl jgh FkhaA njvly fookfnr izsl uksV 2]3 o 4 osQ rgr Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa esa fons'kh fuos'k osQ ekeys esa ,iQMhvkbZ] ,iQvkbZvkbZ] izoklh Hkkjrh;ksa dkfuos'k] vesfjdk fMikWftVjh fjlhV] Xykscy fMikWftVjh fjlhV] fons'kh eqnzk esa ifjorZuh; ckWUM] ifjorZuh; rjthgh'ks;j] ifjorZuh; eqnzk fMcsapj ijks"k fons'kh fuos'k osQ nk;js esa vkrs gSaA blfy, fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa fons'kh fuos'kdh lhek r; djrs le; bu lHkh dk vkdyu fd;k tk,xkA

ysfdu izR;{k fuos'k osQ ekeys esa ;g lhek ,iQMhvkbZ rd gh jgsxhA felky osQ rkSj ij futh {ks=k osQ cSadksaesa 74 izfr'kr fons'kh fuos'k dh lhek esa ,iQMhvkbZ vkSj ,iQvkbZvkbZ nksuksa 'kkfey gksaxsA izlkj.k ,oa jsfM;ks esa20 izfr'kr dh lhek esa nksuksa gksaxsA ysfdu foÙk ea=kky; osQ eqrkfcd izR;{k vkSj ijks{k fons'kh fuos'k osQ varxZrvkus okys fuos'k esa ,d:irk viukus dh t:jr gS] ftlosQ ckn nksuksa rjg osQ fuos'k osQ fy, {ks=kokj ,dlh lhek r; dj nh tk,A

Hkkjrh; izfrHkwfr ,oa fofue; cksMZ (lsch) ,iQvkbZvkbZ osQ iathdj.k osQ fy, laoqQy laLFkk dk dke djrk gSAbu fu;eksa osQ rgr O;fDrxr ,iQvkbZvkbZ osQ rgr fuos'k daiuh dh pqdrk iwath osQ 10 izfr'kr ls vf/dugha gks ldrkA ,iQvkbZvkbZ osQ fons'k esa iathÑr lc ,dkmaV pqdrk iwath osQ 5 izfr'kr vf/d fuos'k ughadj ldrsA ;s nksukas feydj Hkkjrh; daiuh dh pqdrk iwath osQ 24 izfr'kr ls vf/d dk vf/xzg.k ugha djldrsA ysfdu daifu;ksa funs'kd eaMy dh eatwjh ls bl lhek dks {ks=k osQ fy, nh xbZ fuos'k lhek rd c<+kldrh agSaA

iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k osQ fu;eksa osQ rgr ,lsV eSustesaV daifu;k] isa'ku iaQM] E;qpqvy iaQM

vkfn ,iQvkbZvkbZ osQ varxZr gh vkrs gSaA

,iQMhvkbZ osQ fy, dkWfEizgsaflo ikWfylh MkWD;qesaV tkjhμ fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k (,iQMhvkbZ) dh izfØ;kdks vklku djus vkSj mlesa ikjn£'krk ykus osQ fy, ljdkj us ,d dkWfEizgsaflo ikWfylh MkD;qesaV tkjh fd;kgSA blesa igys tkjh 178 izsl uksV Hkh lekfgr gksaxhA ;g gj Ng eghus esa viMsV gksxkA blosQ fy, m|ksx laxBuisQMjs'ku vkWiQ psEclZ vkWiQ dkelZ ,aM baMLVªh (fiQDdh) dh enn yh tk,xhA vkS|ksfxd uhfr ,oa izksRlkgufoHkkx (MhvkbZihih) dks funsZ'k fn;k x;k gS fd gj Ng eghus esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks dk;Z:i nsA Hkkjresa tks Hkh varjkZ"Vªh; fuos'kd fuos'k dks bPNqd gksaxs] mUgsa vkS|ksfxd laxBu Hkh enn djsaxsA

foÙk ea=kh us ctV Hkk"k.k esa ,iQMhvkbZ izfØ;k esa ikjn£'krk ykus osQ fy, igys ls tkjh lHkh fu;eksa] fofu;eksavkSj fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dks lfEefyr dj dkWfEizgsaflo ikWfylh MkWD;qesaV tkjh djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh FkhA ,iQMhvkbZ]fons'kh eqnzk izca/u dkuwu osQ laca/ esa tkjh uksV] fjtoZ cSad osQ loqZQyj] fofHkUu izsl uksVksa vkfn dks ,d MkWD;qesaVesa 'kkfey fd;k tk,xkA ;g fdlh ifjorZu dk |ksrd ugha gSa cfYd blls lHkh fuos'kdksa vkSj LVkWdgksYMjksa dkslqfo/k gks tk,xhA ;gha ugha] dk;Ziz.kkyh esa Hkh ikjn£'krk vk tk,xhA


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ekWjh'kl vkSj ,iQMhvkbZ fuos'kμ baMksa&ekWjh'kl nksgjk djk/ku ls cpko laf/ dks ysdj jktLo foHkkx Hkys ghukjkt gksrk gks] Hkkjr ljdkj osQ fy, 2006&07 esa laf/ us MkWyj dh cjlkr dj nh gSaA tYnh gh if'pe ,f'k;kls /u lxkiqj osQ jkLrs Hkh Hkkjr vk,xkA o"kZ 2005&06 esa 5-5 vjc MkWyj vkSj 2004&05 esa 3-7 vjc MkWyj Hkkjrvk, FksA o"kZ 2006&07 esa ;g vkadM+k 15-7 vjc MkWyj gks x;kA blesa ls 6-3 vjc MkWyj osQoy ekjh'kl ls vk,gSaA ;wih, ljdkj osQ rhu lkyksa es vk, 25 vjc MkWyj esa ls 10 vjc MkWyj ekjh'kl osQ jkLrs vk, gSA vesfjdk]fczVsu] tkiku vkSj teZuh dk uacj blosQ ckn gh vkrk gSA

ljdkj us dkWfEizgsaflo ikWfylh MkD;qesaV D;ksa tkjh fd;k\

fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k uhfr esa ifjorZu&2011

(i) fnukad 1-4-2011 ls izHkkohμ^2011 osQ ifji=k 1* esa cgqr ls egRoiw.kZ uhfrxr ifjorZu 'kkfey gSa] ftlesa;s Hkh gSaμ(i) ewY; dh ctk; ifjorZu lw=k osQ vk/kj ij ifjorZuh; fy[krksa esa rsth dk ewY; fu/Zj.k (ii)udn fHkUu ekU;rkvksa osQ LFkku ij 'ks;jksa dks tkjh djus osQ fy, ubZ enksa dk lekos'k ftlesa iwathxroLrqvksa@e'khujh@miLdj dk vk;kr vkSj iwoZ&izpkyu@iwoZ&lekos'k O;; 'kkfey gSa (iii) ¶leku {ks=k esa¸fo|eku la;qDr m|eksa@rduhdh lg;ksx osQ ekeys esa iwoZ vuqeksnu dh 'krZ dks gVkuk (iv) Mkmu LVhefuos'kksa ls lacaf/r ekxZ funsZ'kksa dk ljyhdj.k vkSj ;kSfDrdhdj.k (v) fu;af=kr 'krks±* osQ varxZr ,slk djusosQ fu/kZj.k osQ fcuk chtksa vkSj ikS/jksi.k lkexzh dk fodkl vkSj mRiknuA

(ii) fnukad 20 ebZ] 2011 ls] ljdkj us fof'k"V 'krks± osQ v/hu lhfer nsunkjh fgLlsnkjh esa fons'kh izR;{k fuos'kdh vuqefr nhA

(iii) fnukad 1-10-2011 ls izHkkoh 2011 dk ifji=k 2* fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k dks vkSj vf/d ljy cukrk gSvkSj ftlesa ;s Hkh gS% (i) fuekZ.k fodkl {ks=k esa lkekU; 'krks± ls] f'k{kk {ks=k vkSj o`.kJe esa fuekZ.k&fodklxfrfof/;ksa ls NwV (ii) fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k osQ fy, vuqer Ñf"k laca/h xfrfof/;ksa osQ varxZr] fu;af=kr'krks± osQ v/hu e/qeD[kh ikyu* dk lekos'k (iii) vkS|ksfxd ikdks± osQ vUrxZr vkS|ksfxd xfrfof/* osQ:i esa ^tSo izkS|ksfxdh Hks"kth foKku@tho foKku osQ laca/ esa ewyHkwr rFkk vuqiz;qDr vkj ,aM Mh*] dklekos'k (iv) LFkyh; izlkj.k@,iQ,e jsfM;ksa esa fons'kh fuos'k gsrq 26» dh la'kksf/r lhek dh vf/lwpuk(v) vk;kfrr iwathxr oLrqvksa@e'khujh vkSj iwoZ&izpkyu@iwoZ&lekos'ku O;;ksa dk bfDoVh fy[krksa esa ifjorZudk mnjhdj.k (vi) 'k;jksa dh opuc¼rk* osQ lacaèk esa izko/kukas dk izkjaHk vkSj fofu£n"V 'krks± osQ v/hufcuk C;kt okys foyac foys[k [kkrksa dks [kksyukA

(iv) fnukad 8 uoEcj] 2011 ls izHkkoh (N% eghus ckn leh{kk dh tk,xh) ljdkj us fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k osQlacaèk esa fo|eku uhfr dh leh{kk dh gS vkSj fu.kZ; fy;k gS fd ljdkjh vuqeksnu ekxZ osQ tfj, Hks"kth{ks=k esa ckzmuiQhYM fuos'kksa (vFkkZr~ fo|eku oaQifu;ksa esa fuos'k) osQ fy, 100» rd fons'kh izR;{k fuos'kdh vuqefr iznku dh tk,xhA

(v) fnukad 10 tuojh] 2012 ls izHkkoh] ljdkj us fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k uhfr osQ laca/ esa foLrr uhfr dks lxyczkaM fjVsy Vsa¯Mx esa mnjhÑr fd;k gSA ftlesa ljdkjh ekxZ osQ vUrxZr 100» rd fons'kh izR;{k fuos'kdh vuqefr nsdj fofu£n"V 'krks± osQ v/hu 51» rd fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k dh vuqefr Fkh] ftlesa vfrfjDr'krZ ;g Hkh Fkh fd ftu izLrkoksa esa 51» ls T;knk fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k 'kkfey gS] muosQ lanHkZ esa csps x,mRiknksa osQ de ls de 30» ewY; dh vfuok;Z lks²lx Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksxksa@xzke ,oa oqQVhj m|ksxksa] dkjhxjksavkSj f'kYidkjksa ls dh tkuh gSA

uksV



ÏksrμMhvkbZihih

Hkkjr esa ,iQMhvkbZ okys egRoiw.kZ 10 ns'k

jSad ns'k jkf'k (djksM+ MkWyj)

1- ekWjh'kl 636-2

2- fczVsu 187-8

3- vesfjdk 85-5

4- uhnjySaM~l 64-4

5- ¯lxkiqj 57-8

6- cjeqMk 41-3

7- ;w,bZ 26-0

8- teZuh 12-0

9- Úkal 11-7

10- tkiku 8-5

jktLo foHkkx dh ijs'kkuhμ dj foHkkx ekjh'kl dh laf/ dks jktLo esa gkfu dk cM+k dkj.k ekurk jgk gSSA

ogka ls Hkkjr esa fuos'k djus ij oSQfiVy xsu VSDl esa iwjh NwV feyrh gSA ljdkj bl fu;e dks vpkud cnyHkh ugha ldrhA Hkkjr laf/ dh leh{kk djuk pkgrk gS ysfdu fj'rksa dk lEeku Hkh djuk pkgrk gSA okf.kT; vkSjm|ksx ea=kky; ekjh'kl osQ tfj, vk, ,iQMhvkbZ ij [kqf'k;ka eukus esa yxk gSA okf.kT; ea=kky; ekjh'kl ls,iQMhvkbZ ykus dks j.kuhfr dk fgLlk ekurk gSA vc mldk iQk;nk fey jgk gSA okf.kT; esa=kky; rks ekWjh'kl tSlsle>kSrs vkSj djus osQ i{k esa gSaA lxkiqj osQ lkFk Hkh lhbZlh, ij nLr[kr gq, gSaA blls Hkh Hkkjr esa T;knk ,iQMhvkbZvkus dh laHkkouk gSA lxkiqj ls vkus okys ,iQMhvkbZ dk vkdM+k Hkh 2006&07 esa c<+ x;k gSA lhbZlh, ij nLr[krgksus osQ ckn ls ¯lxkiqj ls vkus okyk ,iQMhvkbZ c<+k gSA



1. ------------ us 2004 esa FDI dh u;h ifjHkk"kk dks Lohdkj dj o"kZ 2000&01 ls vkxs FDI izokg osQ la'kksf/rvkadM+s tkjh fd;s gSaA

2. ------------ fjiksVZ phuh O;oLFkk vis{kkÑr O;kid vk/kj okyh gSA

3. ns'k esa Rofjr ------------ osQ fy, FDI vfr vko';d gSA

4. 4 vDVwcj 2004 ls ------------ (FC) eatwjh dh oS/rk c<+kus dh 'krZ Hkh lekIr dj nh xbZ gSA

5. ns'k esa FDI ij uhfr dks fiQj ls ifjHkkf"kr djus osQ fy, gS ------------ yk, x;s FksA

6. ------------ osQ eqrkfcd izR;{k vkSj ijks{k fons'kh fuos'k osQ varxZr vkus okys fuos'k esa ,d:irk viukusdh t:jr gSA

7. dfEizgsaflo ikWfylh MkD;qesaV gj ------------ esa viMsV gksxkA

8. Hkkjr esa tks Hkh varjkZ"Vªh; fuos'kd fuos'k dks bPNqd gksaxs] mUgsa ------------ Hkh enn djsaxsA

9. ------------ ljdkj osQ rhu lkyksa esa vk, 25 vjc MkWyj esa ls 10 vjc MkWyj ekWjh'kl osQ jkLrs vk, gSaA

10. ------------ ekWjh'kl dh laf/ dks jktLo esa gkfu dk cM+k dkj.k ekurk jgk gSA


uksV



• fuos'k nks izdkj dk gksrk gSμ(1) izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (FDI) rFkk (2) fons'kh iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k (FPI)A,iQMhvkbZ mRiknu ;k O;kikj izR;{k% bfDoVh esa fd;k x;k fuos'k gS tcfd ,iQihvkbZ ns'k osQ 'ks;j cktkjesa lwphc¼ dEifu;ksa osQ 'ks;jksa esa fons'kh laLFkkxr fuos'kdksa rFkk ,uvkjvkbZ }kjk fd, x, fuos'k dksdgrs gSaA

• ,iQMhvkbZ nks izdkj dk gksrk gSμ(1) xzhu fiQYM ,iQMhvkbZ (u;s fljs ls tehu [kjhndj] fcfYMax cukdju;h LFkkiuk rFkk (2) czkmu fiQYM bosLVesaV (igys ls py jgs m|e ,oa O;olk; esa fgLlsnkjh djukA,e,ulh T;knkrj blh izdkj dk fuos'k djuk pkgrh gSa] ftlosQ fy, mldh vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA

• RDI us 2004 FDI dh u;h ifjHkk"kk dks Lohdkj dj o"kZ 2000&01 ls vkxs FDI izokg osQ la'kksf/r vkadM+stkjh fd;s gSaA la'kksf/r ifjHkk"kk esa FDI: bfDoVh iwath] iqu£uosf'kr vtZuksa rFkk vU; izR;{k iwath osQvUrxZr iwath izokg dh 3 Jsf.k;ka 'kkfey gSaA

• fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ eè; i;kZIr fHkUurk gS tgka td muosQ fons'kh fuos'k izokg dh ekStwnk O;oLFkk dk lEcU/gS] phu vkSj Hkkjr bl lEcU/ osQ vPNs mnkgj.k gSaA

• ns'k esa Rofjr vk£Fkd fodkl osQ fy, FDI vfrvko';d gSA Hkkjr esa fuos'k osQ 2 :i gSaμ

1- RBI vkVksesfVd ekxZ ;k (eqEcbZ ekxZ)

2- fons'kh fuos'k lao¼Zu cksMZ ekxZ ;k (fnYyh ekxZ)

• vk£Fkd dk;Z foHkkx esa FIPB izR;{k fons'kh iwath fuos'k osQ ckjs esa ljdkj dh uhfr ij vey djus osQfy, lfpoky; osQ :i esa dk;Z dj jgk gSA FIPB lfpoky; esa izkIr lHkh izLrkoksa ij cksMZ }kjk fopkjfd;k tkrk gS vkSj 30 fnu dh fu/kZfjr le; lhek osQ Hkhrj ljdkj osQ fu.kZ; dh tkudkjh fuos'kdksa dksns nh tkrh gSA

• FDI osQ vuqeksnuksa ij rRdky vey djus] fons'kh fuos'kdksa dh vko';d vuqeksnu izkIr djus esa ennosQ fy, ,d gh txg mÙkjorhZ ns[kHkky lsok,a iznku djus] ifjpkyu lEcU/h leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus vkSjfuos'kdksa dh leL;kvksa osQ gy [kkstus osQ fy, fofHkUu ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa ls lEioZQ djus gsrq okf.kT;rFkk m|ksx ea=kky; osQ vkS|ksfxd uhfr rFkk lao¼Zu foHkkx esa fons'kh fuos'k dk;kZUo;u izkf/dj.kdh LFkkiuk dh x;hA

• ea=kky; dk roZQ gS fd lqj{kk tkap vDlj yack le; ysrh gS vkSj blls lac¼ Bsdksa vkSj jk"Vªh; jktekxks±osQ fuekZ.k esa foyac gks ldrk gSA

• ekStwnk le; esa bl {ks=k esa vkWVksesfVd :i ij 100 izfr'kr ,iQMhvkbZ dh vuqefr gSa foHkkx uslh,l,iQvkbZ dh LFkkiuk osQ dne dk Hkh fojks/ fd;k gSA

• izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (,iQMhvkbZ) osQ ckjs esa fiNys lky vk, izsl uksV ij eps fookn dks ns[krs gq, foÙkea=kky; dk u;k lq>ko ;g gS fd ftu daifu;ksa esa 50 izfr'kr ls de fons'kh fgLlsnkjh gS] muosQ fuos'kizLrkoksa dks Hkh Lor% eatwjh ugha nh tkuh pkfg,A

• ysfdu foÙk ea=kky; us u, izLrko esa dgk gS fd 50 izfr'kr ls de fons'kh fgLlsnkjh okyh daiuh dksfuos'k dh Lor% eatwjh rHkh feysxh] tc mlosQ {ks=k esa (;kuh ftl m|ksx ls og daiuh rkYyqd j[krh gS)100 izfr'kr ,iQMhvkbZ dks eatwjh gksxhA

• fdlh Hkkjrh; daiuh esa izR;{k fons'kh fuos'kj (,iQMhvkbZ) osQ ekeys esa foÙk ea=kky; dk bjknk m|ksxtxr dks oqQN jkgr nsus dk utj vk jgk gSA ea=kky; us lykg nh gS fd fdlh Hkh daiuh esa oqQy fons'khfuos'k dh x.kuk djrs le; iksVZiQksfy;ksa fuos'k dks blosQ nk;js ls ckgj j[kk tkuk pkfg,A

uksV



• fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k (,iQMhvkbZ) dh izfØ;k dks vklku djus vkSj mlesa ikjn£'krk ykus osQ fy, ljdkjus ,d dkWfEizgsaflo ikWfylh MkD;qesaV tkjh fd;k gSA blesa igys tkjh 178 izsl uksV Hkh lekfgr gksaxhA ;ggj Ng eghus esa viMsV gksxkA

• baMksa&ekWjh'kl nksgjk djk/ku ls cpko laf/ dks ysdj jktLo foHkkx Hkys gh ukjkt gksrk gks] Hkkjr ljdkjosQ fy, 2006&07 esa laf/ us MkWyj dh cjlkr dj nh gSaA tYnh gh if'pe ,f'k;k ls /u lxkiqj osQ jkLrsHkh Hkkjr vk,xkA

• dj foHkkx ekjh'kl dh laf/ dks jktLo esa gkfu dk cM+k dkj.k ekurk jgk gSSA ogka ls Hkkjr esa fuos'kdjus ij oSQfiVy xsu VSDl esa iwjh NwV feyrh gSA

• ¯lxkiqj ls vkus okys ,iQMhvkbZ dk vkdM+k Hkh 2006&07 esa c<+ x;k gSA lhbZlh, ij nLr[kr gksus osQckn ls ¯lxkiqj ls vkus okyk ,iQMhvkbZ c<+k gSA


• bfDoVhμva'k/kjkA

• izhfe;eμfdLrA

• dojstμ{ks=k&foLrkjA

25-4 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Question)

1- izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k fdls dgrs gSa\ bldh la'kksf/r ,iQMhvkbZ dh ifjHkk"kk crkb;saA

2- Hkkjr esa izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dh izfØ;k dks le>kb;s rFkk fons'kh dk;kZUo;u izkf/dj.k ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

3- ,iQMhvkbZ ij foÙk ea=kky; us D;k igy dhA foospuk dhft,A


1. RBI 4. FDI 3. vk£Fkd fodkl 4. fons'kh fuos'k

5. izsl uksV 6. foÙk ea=kky; 7. Ng eghus 8. vkS|ksfxd laxBu

9. ;wih, 10. dj foHkkxA






uksV


bdkbZμ26% varjkZ"Vªh; ½.k ladV

(International Debt Crises)


mís'; (Objectives)


26.1 varjkZ"Vªh; ½.k ladV (International Debt Crises)





mís'; (Objectives)


• varjkZ"Vªh; ½.k ladV dks tkuus esaA


1930 osQ n'kd dh egkekjh osQ ckn ls fo'o lokZf/d vk£Fkd ladV ls mcj ugha ik;k gSA o"kZ 2007 osQ eè;la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa miewyca/d osQ vkdfLed fouk'k ls fo'oO;kih foÙkh; ladV mRiUu gqvk vkSj fo'ovFkZO;oLFkk iqu% eanh esa izos'k djus yxhA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi esa izeq[k vk£Fkd laLFkk,¡ bl ladVls ckgj ugha fudy ldha rFkk LVkWd ekosZQV ,oa oLrq cktkj <g x, rFkk buesa vR;f/d fxjkoV gqbZA 2008osQ mÙkjk/Z esa lokZf/d fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk,a Hkh eanh esa vk xb± vkSj vk£Fkd eanh fodkl'khy ns'kksa vkSj varj.kls xqtjrh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa iSQyhA

bl bdkbZ osQ vUrxZr orZeku fo'oO;kih vk£Fkd ladV dh mRifÙk] Hkkjr tSlh fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ij ladVosQ izHkko dk fo'ys"k.k] mu mik;ksa dk mYys[k] ftUgsa ladV ls mHkjus osQ fy, viuk;k x;k ,oa ladV dk lkeukdjus osQ fy, visf{kr varjkZ"Vªh; lefUor dkjZokbZ osQ rRoksa vkfn dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

26-1 varjkZ"Vªh; ½.k ladV (International Debt Crises)

vk/qfud fo'oLrjh; ladV dk ewy la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa mieq[; ca/d cktkj dks ekuk tk ldrk gSA mieq[;ca/d (Sub-prime Mortgages) vkoklhu ½.k gSa] tks eq[;* ca/dksa (Prime Mortgages) osQ fu;eksa osQ vuqlkjugha gksrs vkSj blfy, laiw.kZ iqu% Hkqxrku dh de izR;kf'kr laHkkouk gksrh gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa mieq[;½.knkrk {ks=k esa ladV osQ izFke laosQr ;FkklaHko Hkqxrku ?kkVs* vFkok pwdksa dh vf/drj ek=kk ls lEcfU/r Fkk]ftuesa ½.kh viuh igys ,d&nks ekfld Hkqxrkuksa dh pwd djrk gSA mieq[; ½.k esa ladV esa foÙk O;oLFkk osQvU; Hkkxksa osQ ekè;e ls iz/ku rjaxsa HksthaA dbZ lajfpr ½.k vkSj ca/fdr cktkj mRikn Hk;adj ncko esa vk,A


uksV


bdkbZ—26% varjkZ"Vªh; ½.k ladV

lajfPkr mRiknksa esa fuos'kd gSaA iaQMksa dks Hkh Hkkjh fudklh vkSj lhekar ekaxksa dk eqdkcyk djuk iM+kA blosQ iQyLo:idbZ cSadksa dks ladVdkyhu laifÙk ½.kksa ls Hkkjh {kfr gqbZA

ladVksa dk foLrkj

lky 2009 dh nwljh Nekgh osQ nkSjku 'kq: gqvk ;wjksih; dtZ ladV okLro esa oqQN n'kdksa esa ml {ks=k }kjk dtZ osQHkqxrku osQ la?k"kZ dk gh nwljk uke gSA bl {ks=k osQ ikap ns'k&xzhl] iqrZxky] vk;jySaM] bVyh vkSj Lisu i;kZIr bdksukWfedxzksFk ikus esa vliQy jgs ftlls og ckaM/kjdksa dks iSls osQ Hkqxrku dh xkjaVh dk oknk fuHkkus esa l{ke gksrs gSA

;|fi] bu ikap ns'kksa dks rkRdkfyd rkSj ij [krjs esa ns[kk tk jgk gS ysfdu bl Í.k ladV dh vkgV vkSjblosQ izHkko fo'o Hkj esa iSQy pqdh gSaA cSad vkWiQ bXySaM osQ izeq[k us vDVwcj 2011 esa dgk Fkk fd ;g lky1930 osQ ckn dh lcls xaHkhj foÙkh; leL;k gSA oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ fy, ;g leL;k lcls vge gSa]ysfdu bls le>uk mruk vklku Hkh ugha gSaA vkb, bls le>us dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA

oSQls 'kq: gqvk ladV\

lky 2008&09 esa vesfjdk osQ vk£Fkd ladV osQ ckn vf/drj oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk dh xzkSFk izHkkfor gqbZ FkhAblls ;wjksi vkSj fo'o Hkj osQ vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks vfLFkj vk£Fkd uhfr;ksa dh iksy [kqyrs nsj ugha yxhA

xzhl tks dbZ o"kks± ls th [kksy dj [kpZ djrk vk jgk Fkk vkSj tks vk£Fkd cnyko djus esa foiQy jgk ogdetksj xzksFk ntZ djus esa lcls vkxs jgkA xzksFk esa deh vkus osQ lkFk gh dj ls izkIr gksus okys jktLo esaHkh deh vkrh gS ftlls T;knk ctVh; ?kkVk vlguh; gks tkrk gSA

ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd xzhl osQ u;s iz/kuea=kh tkWpZ ikisUnw us lky 2009 osQ yxHkx var esa ?kks"k.kk djus osQ fy,ckè; gq, fd fiNyh ljdkj ns'k dk okLrfod ?kkVk crkus esa foiQy jgh gSaA vkSj ;g ns'k bl leL;k dks T;knkfnuksa rd Nqik Hkh ugha ldrk FkkA

vc fuos'kd xzhl osQ ckaM ij vf/d C;kt dh ekax djus yxs ftlls ns'k osQ dtZ cks> dh ykxr vkSj c<+usyxhA blosQ ckn ;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u vkSj ;wjksfi;u lsaVªy cSadksa }kjk jkgr osQ bartkekr fd, tkus yxsA cktkj HkhdtZ ls Mwcs vU; ns'kksa osQ ckaM ;hYM c<+kus yxs ftlls xzhl tSls ladV dh vkgV lqukbZ nsus yxhA

xzhl dk dtZ bruk cM+k Fkk fd og xzhl dh iwjh vFkZO;oLFkk ls Hkh vf/d FkkA

ckaM ;hYM c<+us dk izHkkoμ ckaM ;hYM osQ c<+us dk dkj.k cM+k lkekU; gSA tc fuos'kd T;knk tksf[ke okysfdlh ns'k osQ ckaMksa esa fuos'k djus dh lksprk gS rks mls tksf[ke dh {kfriw£r osQ fy, fjVuZ dh vis{kk Hkh djrkgSA vf/d ;hYM dh ekax ls ladV ls tw> jgs ns'k osQ m/kjh dh ykxr Hkh c<+ tkrh gS blls ns'k dh foÙkh; leL;kvkSj xgjkrh gS fiQj fuos'kd vkSj vf/d ;hYM dh ekax djrs gSa vkSj ;g flyflyk tkjh jgrk gSA fuos'dksa dkHkjkslk ?kVus ls us osQoy ml ns'k osQ ckaM dh fcØh izHkkfor gksxh gS rks ladV esa gSa cfYd detksj vFkZO;oLFkkokys ns'k Hkh izHkkfor gksrs gSaA ,sls izHkko dks dkWUVSfu;u bisQDV dgrs gSaA

o"kZ 2008 osQ mÙkjk/Z rd T;knkrj fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk,a fodkl'khy ns'kksa rFkk varj.kk/hu vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esaiSQyrh gqbZ vk£Fkd eanh ls izHkkfor gqb±A blosQ i'pkr T;knkrj ns'k 2002&2007 dh vof/ osQ nkSjku fjdkWMZ dhxbZ izcy o`f¼ esa rhoz mRØe.k vuqHko dj jgs gSaA GDP dh o`f¼ nj o"kZ 2007 esa 106 ls fxjdj 2008 esa 83gqbZ] ftldh 2009 esa 52 rd fxjus dh laHkkouk FkhA 107 fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa blosQ 2007 esa 70 ls fxjdj 2008esa 57 vkSj 2009 esa 29 dk vuqeku yxk;k x;kA 1980 osQ n'kd osQ izkjaHk es fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa?kjsyw foÙkh; Í.k jk"Vªh; vk; osQ :i es pkj ls ik¡p xquk c<+ x;kA bl rhoz foLiQksVd fLFkfr us ikjaifjd [kjhnksvkSj j[ks jgks* cSa¯dx ekWMy ls xfr'khy ^cpus osQ fy, fuekZ.k* O;kikfjd ekWMy esa varj.k }kjk laHko cuk;kA


uksV


orZeku fo'oO;kih vk£Fkd ladV dh mRifÙk vkSj foLrkj fuEufyf[kr ls Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

1- foÙkh; {ks=k dh ljdkjh i;Zos{k.k dh foiQyrkA

2- ykHk dh va/h nkSM+ es foÙkh; izokgksa dk vR;kf/d foLrkjA

3- nh?kZdkfyd de cpr vkSj T;knk [kir }kjk foHksnhÑr fodkl dk vfLFkj ekWMyA

fo'oO;kikh vk£Fkd ladV rhu ladVksa dk varxz±fFkr tky gSμ

1- miHkksDrk Ø;'kfDr lekIr gksukμvejhdh vFkZO;oLFkk esa miHkksDrk 70 izfr'kr dk izfrfufèkRo djrsgSaA x`g ewY;ksa vkSj LVkWd dherksa }kjk vkgr&ftlus yxHkx 7 fVªfy;u MkWyj ewY; dh oS;fDrd /u dhlaifÙk cpkbZ gS] mUgksaus [kpZ djuk fu;af=kr dj fn;k gS vkSj cpr c<+kbZ gSA

2- foÙkh; ladVμÍ.k dh okilh O;kikj vkSj eagxh miHkksDrk [kjhnksa ls foÙk O;oLFkk osQ fy, Í.k dhvFkZO;oLFkk es fxjkoV vkbZ gSA

3- O;kikj ladVμfo'kky O;kikj vlarqyu osQ ifj.kkeLo:i la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ?kkVk vkSj ,f'k;kbZ vf/'ks"k gqvk] ftlus ,f'k;k dks Hkh eanh esa Mky fn;kA

ladV dh tM+sa

ladV dh tM+ksa us dbZ ifjo/Zuksa osQ ikjLifjd izHkkoksa dks foÙkh; iw¡thokn dks cqfu;knh :i ls :ikarfjr fd;k gSA;g 1929 dh egkeanh dh vof/ vFkok mlls yxHkx n'kdksa iwoZ fo|eku FkhA ikjaifjd :i ls cSad vius [kkrksaij Í.k osQoy fo'oluh; xzkgdksa dks vf/d lko/kuh osQ lkFk iznku djrs gSaA vf/dre dfBu Ñf=ke mRiknuiSnk gq, gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls muesa lokZf/d izeq[k Í.k pwd fofue; gSaA okf.kfT;d cSadksa dh mÙkksyu 'kfDr dBksjiw¡th i;kZIrrk ekunaM+ksa ls lhfer dh tkrh gSA foÙkh; iz.kkyh dk Hkwe.Myhdj.k gqvk gSA bldk ,d eqík vk£FkdvkSj jktuhfrd 'kfDr osQ eè; O;kid vlarqyu gSA

ladV dk izHkko

fo'oO;kih eanh esa fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk,a 'kh"kZ ij gSaA blh vof/ esa varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vkSj foÙkh; pSuy osQ ekè;els fuEufyf[kr ifj.kkeksa ls vusd detksfj;ka fodflr ns'kksa esa rhozrk ls iSQyh gSaμ

1- jkstxkj dh fLFkfr fo'oO;kih rjhosQ ls [kjkc gqbZ gSA gky osQ o"kks± esa Hkkjr tSlh fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksaesa fu;kZr esa o`f¼ osQ dkj.k jkstxkj osQ T;knkrj ykHk lekIr gksrs ns[ks x, gSaA

2- fo'o O;kikj esa Bgjko vR;kf/d prk dk fo"k; gSA ;q¼ksÙkj vk£Fkd mÂfr esa fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk bl vkèkkjij rS;kj dh xbZ gS] tks jk"Vªksa osQ eè; eqDr O;kikj laiw.kZ n{krk lq/kjrk gS vkSj /u&laifÙk dk foLrkjdjrk gSA flrEcj] 2008 ls vusd ns'k vius fu;kZr esa rhozrk ls fxjkoV lwfpr dj jgs gSaA fo'o cSad usn'kdksa osQ i'pkr izFke ckj 2009 osQ nkSjku fo'o O;kikj esa fxjkoV vkus dh laHkkouk O;Dr dh FkhA

3- foÙk cktkj o`f¼ de gksus dh mudh ijs'kkfu;ksa osQ lkFk ncko o`f¼ esa cus jgsaxs] ftls varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"kus gkfudkjd izfriqf"V ik'k* dh laKk nh gSA eanh v'kksè; Í.kksa esa o`f¼ dj jgh gS vkSj fo'oLrjh; cSadksaosQ rqyui=k fo'o Lrj ij vk£Fkd ladV fn[kk jgs gSaA

4- vfuf'prrk nwj djus esa uhfr;ka vliQy jgh gSaA foÙkh; ladV cus jgus osQ dkj.k mÂr vkSj mHkjrh gqbZvFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ifjlEifÙk osQ ewY; rhozrk ls ?kVs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr vfuf'prrk ls lacaf/r mPp Lrj us ?kjsywvkSj O;kikj O;; LFkfxr djus osQ fy, etcwj fd;k gS] miHkksDrk vkSj iw¡thxr oLrq dh ekax esa deh vkbZA

5- fo'oO;kih n`f"V ls ;g vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd mHkjrh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuoy iw¡th izokg esa rhozfxjkoV vk jgh gSaA

6- 1981&86 vkSj 1996&2002 dh nks foxr ladV dh ?kVukvksa dh rqyuk esa mHkjrs gq, cktkjksa osQ fy, fuoyfuth iwath varokZg esa ekax dh deh esa cktkj esa vkus okyh eanh vR;ar fuEu Lrjh; gSA

uksV



7- nh?kZdkyhu eanh dk rkRi;Z gksxk fd Í.k pqdkus osQ fy, dEifu;ksa dh {kerk ls vk; esa ckèkk vk ldrhgSA blls fu;kZrksUeq[kh {ks=kksa esa bdkb;ksa osQ lkFk v'kksè; Í.k dh fLFkfr iSnk gks ldrh gSA

D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,\

bl laca/ esa nks vuqfØ;k,a gSaμ

1- vR;f/d vk£Fkd ladV jksduk vkSj T;knk&ls&T;knk mRikn dh okLrfod vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk jkstxkj ekxZij j[kukA blls lacaf/r nks leL;k,a gSa] tSls gh o`f¼ esa fxjkoV cSad rqyu&i=kksa osQ vkxs vkSj {kfr djsxh]tks Í.k ladV dks T;knk [kjkc djsxh vkSj bldk urhtk vk£Fkd dk;kZdyki esa rhozrk ls fxjkoV gksxhA

2- dbZ fcfy;u MkWyjksa esa py jgs vR;f/d jktdks"kh; izksRlkguksa dh ?kks"k.kk,a gqbZ gSaA ;g nh?kZdkfyd 'kk[kkfoLrkj lfgr vYifodflr fu/kZj.k gSA

lefUor varjkZ"Vªh; dkjZokbZ dh vko';drk

foÙkh; cktkjksa dk fLFkjhdj.k vkSj fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk dh iszj.kk osQ fy, fo'o osQ jk"Vªksa esa T;knk uhfr leUo;dh t:jr gksxhA fHkÂ&fHkÂ jk"Vªksa osQ mik; ,slh lacaf/r varjkZ"Vªh; dkjZokbZ osQ ykHkksa osQ vuqowQy ugha gks ldrsAbu ykHkksa dk o.kZu fuEu izdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

1- lefUor iz;kl eqnzk vkSj ckW.M cktkjksa esa vfLFkjrk de djus esa enn djrs gSa] tks lkekU;r% vlefUoruhfr;kas osQ urhts gSaA

2- leUo; cSxj&nh&uscj* uhfr;ksa osQ fo#¼ lqj{kk gSA VSfjiQ dh /hjs&/hjs o`f¼ gqbZ gSA

3- varjk"Vªh; lg;ksx t:jh gS] D;ksafd fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, ladV dk izeq[k izHkko gS] gkykafd os ;gladV iSnk ugha djrs] ysfdu blls cqjh rjg ls vkgr gq, gSaA

4- ladV fuEurj dkcZu vFkZO;oLFkk esa :ikarj.k rhoz djus rFkk fo'oO;kih mRikndrk c<+kus osQ fy,nh?kZdkyhd t:jr lfgr lao`f¼ vkSj jkstxkj o`f¼ ls vYidkfyd izksRlkgu dh vko';drk dks tksM+usosQ vizR;kf'kr volj izLrqr djrk gSA

ubZ varjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; okLrqdyk dh vko';drk

ubZ varjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; okLrqdyk dh vko';drk de le; eas leqfpr izfr pØh; uhfr;ka ykxw djus osQ fy,vkSj eè;dky esa mfpr fu;ked lq/kj osQ fy, fo'oO;kih vk£Fkd 'kklu O;oLFkk dk okLrfod lekos'khiz.kkyh fodflr djus esa foiQyrk esa vk/qfud ladV dk eqdkcyk djus osQ lefUor] O;kid vkSj lekos'khvarjkZ"Vªh; vuqfØ;k dks grksRlkfgr djus osQ dkj.k dj fn;k gS] blfy, c<+ jgh gSA

Hkkjr ij izHkkoμ vkt osQ nkSj esa Hkkjr tSls ns'k ij vR;kf/d oSf'od vk£Fkd ladV dk vuqeku yxkuktfVy dk;Z gS] ftlus o"kZ 2008&09 osQ nkSjku 6 ls 7 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ ntZ dh gS] tc T;knkrj fodflrns'k Í.kkRed o`f¼ ls izHkkfor gks jgs gSaA oqQN {ks=k_ tSlsμfu;kZr] Hkwfe] Hkou] diM+k m|ksx] lwpukizkS|ksfxdh vkSj ifjogu midj.k Hk;adj :i ls izHkkfor gq, gSaA oqQy feykdj Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vkSjljdkj }kjk 'kh?kz vkSj fVdkÅ mik; djus osQ dkj.k izHkko lhfer gqvk gSA cktkj fLFkj gks x, gSa vkSj #i,dh fxjkoV #d xbZ gSA

iw¡th cktkjksa ls lalk/u laxzg.k osQ :i esa okf.kfT;d {ks=k dks foÙkh; lalk/uksa esa ekewyh lh fxjkoVgqbZ gSA


uksV


Hkfo"; osQ fy, uhfr dk;Zlwph

gkykafd vFkZO;oLFkk osQ Hkkoh ekxZ ls lacaf/r vusd igyw lkeus vk, gSaA visf{kr egÙo osQ nks fcUnqvksa ijuhfr&fuekZrkvksa }kjk fo'ks"k è;ku nsuk t:jh gSμ

1- jktdks"kh; fLFkfr osQ dkj.k vk£Fkd ladV eas leqfpr :i ls etcwrh ls xaHkhj :i ls fxjrh voLFkk esapyh xbZ gSA iz/kuea=kh dh vk£Fkd lykgdkj ifj"kn us vuqeku yxk;k gS fd 2008&09 esa osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksadk izHkkodkjh la;qDr jktdks"kh; ?kkVk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk yxHkx 8 izfr'kr gksxkA

2- Hkqxrku larqyu ifjn`'; varokZgksa vkSj cfgokZgksa osQ vusd dkjdksa }kjk Li"V gSA vn`'; ?kVuk,a] izs"k.kksa vkSjlsok fu;kZrksa nksuksa ?kVh gqbZ laHkkoukvksa dk eqdkcyk djrs gSa] tks fxjrh gqbZ vFkok vo#¼ oLrq fu;kZrksaosQ lkFk vk/qfud ys[kk T;knk c<+us dh ¯prk,a iSnk djrs gSaA

D;k fd;k tkuk vko';d gS\

iqu% ekax c<+kus vkSj mÙksftr djus tSlh uhfrxr t:jrsa gSaA gkykafd eqnzk uhfr dks vHkh Hkh <hyk djus dh dkiQhxqatkb'k gSA eqnzk uhfr dh izHkkfork c<+rs gq, Í.k ladV osQ dkj.k izHkkfor gksrh gS] tks uhfr rFkk Í.k osQ eè;varj iSnk djrk gS] blfy, uhfr njsa ?kVuk t:jrsa gSa] ysfdu ekax dks izksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, ;g i;kZIr ughagS] rc ftEesnkjh jktdks"kh; uhfr ij vkrh gSA fo'ks"k :i ls vkxkeh o"kks± esa vfrfjDr izksRlkgu nsuk t:jh gSAvc izfrpØh; uhfr osQ fy, jktdks"kh; xqtkab'k ugha gS] D;ksafd blls futh {ks=k esa HkhM+ gks ldrh gS rFkk gekjkÍ.k vlguh; gks ldrk gSA

orZeku vk£Fkd ladV osQ eq[; ifj.kkeksa dks crkb,A

jktdks"kh; foLrkj dks D;k :i ysuk pkfg,\

ljdkj }kjk T;knk [kpZ nks leL;k,a iSnk djrk gSμbls uhps vkus eas vf/d le; yxrk gS vkSj fØ;kUo;u {kerkesa xaHkhj leL;k,a vkrh gSaA 'kh?kz] ;qfDrlaxr vkSj udnh ncko miHkksDrkvksa ls ?kjsyw ekax [kksyus gsrq dj dVkSrhmfpr gSA vkB izfr'kr o`f¼ iqu% izkIr djus osQ fy, nh?kZdkfyd uhfr lq/kj T;knk lajpukRed lq/kj gksus pkfg,Aysfdu vYidky esa tgka fxjrh gqbZ ?kjsyw ekax Hkkjr dh o`f¼ izfØ;k izHkkfor dj ldrh gS ekSfnzd vkSj jktdks"kh;nksuksa uhfr dks <hyk djrs gq, vuqfØ;k 'kh?kz izfrpØh; gksuh pkfg,A



1. ------------ dks ladVdkyhu laifÙk Í.kksa ls Hkkjh {kfr gqbZA

2. ;wjksih; dtZ ladV lky ------------ dh nwljh Nekgh osQ nkSjku 'kq: gqvkA

3. lky 2008&09 esa --------- osQ vk£Fkd ladV osQ ckn vf/drj oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkvksa dh xzksFk izHkkfor gqbZ FkhA

4. tc fuos'kd T;knk tksf[ke okys fdlh ckaMksa fuos'k djus dh lksprk gS rks ml tksf[ke dh {kfriw£r osQfy, ------------ dh vis{kk Hkh djrk gSA

5. fo'oO;kih vk£Fkd ladV rhu ladVksa dk ------------ tky gSA

6. fo'oO;kih eanh esa ------------ vFkZO;oLFkk,a 'kh"kZ ij gSaA

7. foÙkh; ladV cus jgus osQ dkj.k mUur vkSj mHkjrh gqbZ ------------ esa ifjlEifÙk osQ ewY; rhozrk ls ?kVs gSA

8. vkt osQ nkSj esa ------------ tSls ns'k ij vR;f/d oSf'od vk£Fkd ladV dk vuqeku yxkuk tfVy dk;Z gSA

uksV




• vk/qfud fo'oLrjh; ladV dk ewy la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa mieq[; ca/d cktkj dks ekuk tk ldrkgSA mieq[; ca/d (Sub-prime Mortgages) vkoklhu ½.k gSa] tks eq[;* ca/dksa (Prime Mortgages)

osQ fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj ugha gksrs vkSj blfy, laiw.kZ iqu% Hkqxrku dh de izR;kf'kr laHkkouk gksrh gSA

• lky 2009 dh nwljh Nekgh osQ nkSjku 'kq: gqvk ;wjksih; dtZ ladV okLro esa oqQN n'kdksa esa ml {ks=k}kjk dtZ osQ Hkqxrku osQ la?k"kZ dk gh nwljk uke gSA bl {ks=k osQ ikap ns'k&xzhl] iqrZxky] vk;jySaM] bVyhvkSj Lisu i;kZIr bdksukWfed xzksFk ikus esa vliQy jgs ftlls og ckaM/kjdksa dks iSls osQ Hkqxrku dh xkjaVhdk oknk fuHkkus esa l{ke gksrs gSA

• lky 2008&09 esa vesfjdk osQ vk£Fkd ladV osQ ckn vf/drj oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk dh xzkSFk izHkkfor gqbZFkhA blls ;wjksi vkSj fo'o Hkj osQ vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks vfLFkj vk£Fkd uhfr;ksa dh iksy [kqyrs nsj ugha yxhA

• ckaM ;hYM osQ c<+us dk dkj.k cM+k lkekU; gSA tc fuos'kd T;knk tksf[ke okys fdlh ns'k osQ ckaMksa esafuos'k djus dh lksprk gS rks mls tksf[ke dh {kfriw£r osQ fy, fjVuZ dh vis{kk Hkh djrk gSA

• o"kZ 2008 osQ mÙkjk/Z rd T;knkrj fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk,a fodkl'khy ns'kksa rFkk varj.kk/hu vFkZO;oLFkkvksaesa iSQyrh gqbZ vk£Fkd eanh ls izHkkfor gqb±A blosQ i'pkr T;knkrj ns'k 2002&2007 dh vof/ osQ nkSjkufjdkWMZ dh xbZ izcy o`f¼ esa rhoz mRØe.k vuqHko dj jgs gSaA

• ladV dh tM+ksa us dbZ ifjo/Zuksa osQ ikjLifjd izHkkoksa dks foÙkh; iw¡thokn dks cqfu;knh :i ls :ikarfjrfd;k gSA ;g 1929 dh egkeanh dh vof/ vFkok mlls yxHkx n'kdksa iwoZ fo|eku FkhA

• vkt osQ nkSj esa Hkkjr tSls ns'k ij vR;kf/d oSf'od vk£Fkd ladV dk vuqeku yxkuk tfVy dk;Z gS]ftlus o"kZ 2008&09 osQ nkSjku 6 ls 7 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ ntZ dh gS] tc T;knkrj fodflr ns'k Í.kkRedo`f¼ ls izHkkfor gks jgs gSaA


• varj.kk/huμrcknys osQ varxZrA

• fjVZuμokilhA


1- varjk"Vªh; Í.k ladV ij ,d foLr`r ys[k dhft,A

2- jktdks"kh; foLrkj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ foospu dhft,A


1. dbZ cSadksa 2. varrxz±fFkr 3. 2009 4. fodflr

5. vesfjdk 6. vFkZO;oLFkkvksa 7. fjVuZ 8. Hkkjr






uksV


bdkbZμ27% fo'o O;kikj laxBu@xSV osQ dk;Z

(Functions of WTO/GATT)


mís'; (Objectives)


27.1 fo'o O;kikj laxBu@xSV osQ dk;Z (Functions of WTO/GATT)





mís'; (Objectives)


• fo'o O;kikj laxBu@xSV osQ dk;Z dh O;k[;k djus esaA


m#xos nkSj osQ xSV fopkj&foe'kZ 15 vizSy] 1994 dks ekjkosQ'k (eksjDdks) esa lekIr gks x,A ;wjksih; la?k ns'kksa osQvfrfjDr Hkkjr rFkk 123 ns'kksa osQ eaf=k;ksa us vafre ,DV ij gLrk{kj fd, ftlesa cgqi{kh; O;kikj foe'kks± dk vkBokankSj 'kfey FkkA vafre ,DV esa (1) WTO le>kSrk] ftlesa bl laLFkk dk tUe vkSj mldh dk;Z&iz.kkyh osQ fu;e]vkSj (2) eaf=kLrjh; fu.kZ; vkSj ?kks"k.kk,aμftlesa egRoiw.kZ le>kSrs] oLrqvksa] lsokvksa vkSj ckSf¼d lEifÙk esa O;kikjrFkk cgqik£'od (plurilateral) O;kikj lfEefyr gSA mlesa >xM+k fuiVku lacaèkh fu;e vkSj O;kikfjd uhfr dkiqujkoyksdu ra=k Hkh 'kkfey gSA okLro esa WTO le>kSrk m#xos le>kSrk gh gS] ftlosQ }kjk izkjfEHkd xSV vcWTO le>kSrs dk gh ,d Hkkx cu x;k gS tks 1 tuojh] 1995 ls ykxw gqvkA

27-1 fo'o O;kikj laxBu@xSV osQ dk;Z (Functions of WTO/GATT)

(WTO) xSV dk gh mÙkjkfèkdkjh gSA xSV ,d eap Fkk tgka lnL; ns'k le;≤ ij ,df=kr gksrs Fks vkSj fo'oO;kikj dh leL;kvksa ij okrkZyki djrs Fks vkSj mudks lqy>krs FksA ijUrq WTO ,d lqO;ofLFkr vkSj LFkk;h fo'oO;kikj dh laLFkk gSA bldh ,d dkuwuh fLFkfr gS vkSj ;g fo'o cSad rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k osQ led{k ghLFkku j[krk gSA blesa (1) m#xos nkSj }kjk la'kksfèkr xSV] (2) xSV osQ vUrxZr LohÑr lc le>kSrs vkSj O;oLFkk,a]rFkk (3) m#xos nkSj osQ lEiw.kZ ifj.kke lfEefyr gSaA

1 tuojh] 1995 dks WTO osQ lnL; 77 ns'k Fks] ftudh la[;k 2004 rd c<+dj 148 gks xbZA Hkkjr laLFkkidns'kksa esa ls ,d gSA


uksV


bdkbZ—27% fo'o O;kikj laxBu@xSV osQ dk;Z

xSV rFkk fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa vUrj (Difference Between GATT and WTO)

WTO xSV dk foLrkj ugha gS] ijUrq mldk mÙkjkfèkdkjh gSA mlus xSV dks iw.kZr% izfrLFkkfir dj fn;k gS vkSj bldk,d fHkUu Lo:i gSA nksuksa esa fuEu varj gSaμ

1- xSV dh dksbZ dkuwuh fLFkfr ugha FkhA WTO dh dkuwuh fLFkfr gSA bldk tue varjkZ"Vªh; lafèk osQ varxZr gqvkgS] ftldh iqf"V lnL; ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa vkSj foèkku e.Myksa us dh gSA bldh IMF rFkk fo'o cSad tSlh gh fo'ofLFkfr gSA ijUrq blosQ foijhr ;g UN dh 'kk[kk ugha gS] ;|fi bldk UN osQ lkFk ^lgdkjh lacaèk* gSA

2- xSV osQoy oqQN p;ukRed (selective) cgqi{kh; le>kSrksa osQ ckjs esa fu;eksa vkSj iz.kkfy;ksa dk lewg FkkAvyx&vyx fo"k;ksa ij vyx&vyx le>kSrs Fks tks lnL;ksa ij ckè; ugha FksA dksbZ Hkh lnL; fdlh Hkh le>kSrsesa lfEefyr gksus ls bUdkj dj ldrk FkkA osQoy os gh lnL; ftUgksaus fdlh le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd, gksa] mldkikyu u djus ij nafMr gks ldrs FksA ijUrq tks le>kSrs WTO dk vax cu pqosQ gSa og LFkk;h gSa vkSj lHkh lnL;ksaij ckè; gSaA fdlh lnL; osQ fu;e ikyu u djus ij vU; lnL; ns'k ml osQ fo#¼ dk;Zokgh dj ldrs gSaA

3- xSV >xM+k fuiVku iz.kkyh foyEcdkjh Fkh vkSj >xM+s ls lacafèkr lnL;ksa ij ckè; ugha FkhA WTO >xM+k fuiVkuiz.kkyh Lopkfyr] 'kh?kzxkeh rFkk lnL;ksa ij iw.kZr% ykxw gSA WTO osQ >xM+k fuiVku cksMZ us vius igys gh iSQlysosQ }kjk 'kfDr'kkyh vesfjdk dks mls Lohdkj djus ij ckè; dj fn;kA bl izdkj] WTO 'kfDr'kkyh gS] tcfdxSV furkUr 'kfDrghu FkkA

4- xSV ,d ,slk eap Fkk ftl ij lnL; ns'k] fo'o O;kikj leL;kvksa ij fopkj djus vkSj mUgsa lqy>kus osQ fy,n'kd esa osQoy ,d ckj feyrs FksA yEcs vkSj nh?kZdkfyd fooknksa osQ ifj.kke dbZ n'kdksa esa fudyrs FksA nwljh vksj]WTO lqLFkkfir] fu;ec¼ fo'o O;kikj laxBu gS tgka le>kSrksa ij fu.kZ; le;c¼ gksrs gSaA fnukad vofèk osQoylnL;ksa osQ ,der }kjk gh c<+kbZ tk ldrh gSA

5- m#xos nkSj esa lsokvksa dk O;kikj Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k] ijUrq ml ij oqQN le>kSrk ugha gks ldkA WTO osQvUrxZr osQoy oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa dk O;kikj gh ugha vkrk] oju~ ckSf¼d lEifÙk vfèkdkj osQ O;kikj lacaèkh fo"k;rFkk dbZ vkSj le>kSrs Hkh vkrs gSaA

6- xSV dk ,d NksVk dk;kZy; Fkk ftls ,d MkbjsDVj tujy ns[krk FkkA WTO dk ,d fo'kky dk;kZy; vkSj fojkVdeZpkjh ra=k gSA

xSV osQ fu;e osQoy oLrqvksa osQ O;kikj ij gh ykxw gksrs FksA

lajpuk (Structure)

WTO dh lajpuk vFkok laxBu ,d ea=kh; lEesyu (Ministerial Conference) }kjk lapkfyr gksrk gS ftlesalc lnL;ksa osQ izfrfufèk gksrs gSa tks de&ls&de nks o"kZ esa ,d ckj feyrs gSaA ;g ETO dh lEiw.kZ dk;Ziz.kkyhdks pykrk gS vkSj rnuq:i vko';d dne mBkrk gSA ;g fdlh Hkh cgqi{kh; le>kSrs osQ vUrxZr lHkh ekeyksaij fu.kZ; ysrk gSaA ea=kh; lEesyu WTO dh 'kh"kZLFk vfèkdkfj.kh lfefr gSA

lc lnL;ksa osQ izfrfufèk;ksa okyh lkekU; dkmfUly (General Council) WTO dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ij vkSj ea=kh;fu.kZ;ksa ij fu;fer :i ls n`f"V j[krh gSA ;g >xM+k fuiVku laLFkk (Dispute Settlement Body) vkSjO;kikj&uhfr&iqujkoyksdu laLFkk (Trade Policy Review Body) osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrh gS] ftuosQ vyx&vyxvius vè;{k gSaA lkekU; dkmfUly tsusok esa vkSlru izfr ekl feyrh gSA

lkekU; dkmfUly osQ vèkhu ;s laLFkk,a Hkh gSaμoLrqvksa osQ O;kikj dh dkmfUly (Council for Trade in Goods),


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lsokvksa osQ O;kikj dh dkmfUly (Council for Trade in Services), ckSf¼d lEifÙk vfèkdkjksa osQ O;kikj lacaèkhfo"k;ksa dh dkmfUly (Council for Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights—TRIPS)A

bu dkmfUlyksa dh viuh lgk;d laLFkk,a gSaA ;s dkmfUly vkSj mudh lgk;d laLFkk,a vius&vius dk;Z osQ fy,vko';drkuqlkj viuh cSBosaQ djrh gSaA fiQj O;kikj vkSj fodkl lfefr Hkqxrku&'ks"k #dkoVksa dh lfefr] rFkkctV] foÙk vkSj iz'kklu lfefr Hkh gSa tks WTO le>kSrs }kjk iznÙk dk;Z] cgqi{kh; O;kikj le>kSrk] rFkk lkekU;dkmfUly osQ crk, gq, dk;Z djrh gSaA

WTO lfpoky; (Secretariat) osQ 'kh"kZ ij MkbjsDVj tujy gksrk gSA ea=kh; lEesyu MkbjsDVj tujy dk p;udjrk gS vkSj mlosQ vfèkdkj] dÙkZO;] lsok dh 'krs± vkSj in dh 'krs± fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA MkbjsDVj tujy dkdk;Zdky 4 o"kZ dk gksrk gSA mlosQ fofHkUu ns'kksa ls pqus gq, 4 lgk;d gksrs gSaA

MkbjsDVj tujy] dk;kZy; osQ d£e;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gS vkSj muosQ dk;ks± rFkk lsok osQ fu;eksa dk fuèkkZj.k djrkgS tks ea=kh; lEesyu }kjk fuf'pr fu;euksa (regulations) osQ vUrxZr gh gksrs gSaA

MkbjsDVj tujy ctV] foÙk vkSj iz'kklu lfefr dks ok£"kd ctV osQ vuqeku vkSj foÙkh; fooj.k nsrk gS vkSjlkekU; dkmfUly dh vafre LohÑfr osQ fy, fliQkfj'k djrk gSA lkekU; dkmfUly nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls] ftlesaWTO osQ vkèks ls vfèkd lnL; 'kkfey gks] ok£"kd ctV osQ vuqeku vkSj foÙkh; fooj.k dks ikfjr djrh gSAva'knku dk vuqikr rFkk ctV lacaèkh fu;eu osQ fu;eksa vkSj ifjikfV;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA

WTO ,der }kjk fu.kZ; dh i¼fr dk vuqlj.k djrk gS] ftls xSV 1947 }kjk fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA tc ,der}kjk fu.kZ; lEHko ugha gksrk] rc fopkjkèkhu iz'u dk gy ¶,d ns'k ,d oksV¸ osQ vkèkkj ij 2@3 cgqer }kjkfd;k tkrk gSA ijUrq le>kSrksa osQ izkoèkkuksa dh O;k[;k esa erHksn vkSj fdlh lnL; osQ nkf;Roksa esa NwV dh n'kk esalnL;ksa dk cgqer 3@4 dk gksrk gSA rFkkfi lkekU; fu;eksa easa la'kksèku tSls MEN O;ogkj] osQoy lnL;ksa dhloZ&lEefr ls gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

mís'; (Objectives)

WTO osQ LFkkiu le>kSrs dh izLrkouk esa fuEu mís'; gSaμ

1- O;kikj vkSj foÙkh; iz;klksa osQ {ks=k esa blosQ lacaèk bl izdkj pyk, tk,axs ftlls jkstxkj lqfuf'pr gksukvkSj foLr`r okLrfod vk; vkSj izHkkoh ekax esa yxkrkj o`f¼ }kjk jgu&lgu osQ Lrj esa lqèkkj gks rFkkoLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ mRiknu vkSj O;kikj dk izlkj gksA

2- fo'o osQ lkèkuksa dk b"Vre mi;ksx lrrh; (Sustainable) dh nf"V ls djukA bldk mís'; (d) i;kZoj.kdh j{kk vkSj laj{k.k djuk] vkSj ([k) i;kZoj.k j{kk osQ lkèkuksa dk foLrkj vk£Fkd fodkl osQ fofHkUuLrjksa dh vko';drkvksa vkSj leL;kvksa osQ vuq:i gksA

3- fu'p;kRed iz;Ru djuk ftlls fodkl'khy ns'k] fo'ks"kr% fuEure fodflr ns'k vius vko';drkvksaosQ vuqlkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh o`f¼ esa viuk mfpr Hkkx ik losaQA

4- ikjLifjd vkSj ijLij ykHkdkjh O;oLFkk,a ftuosQ }kjk VSfjiQ vkSj O;kikj dh #dkoVsa rFkk varjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj lacaèkksa esa i{kikrdkjh O;ogkj dks gVkdj bu mís';ksa dh izkfIr djukA

5- xSV esa lfEefyr] Hkwrdkyhu O;kikj mnkjhdj.k osQ ifj.kke vkSj m#xos nkSj dh lHkh cgqi{kh; O;kikjokrkZvksa osQ iQyLo:i vfèkd LFkk;h vkSj O;ogk;Z cgqi{kh; laxfBr O;kikj iz.kkyh dks fodflr djukA

6- O;kikfjd uhfr;ksa] i;kZoj.k lacaèkh uhfr;ksa vkSj lrrh; fodkl ls lacaèk LFkkfir djukA

dk;Z (Functions)

WTO osQ fuEu dk;Z gSa%

1- ;g le>kSrs vkSj cgqi{kh; O;kikj le>kSrksa osQ dk;kZUo;u] izcaèku vkSj lapkyu dks ljy cukrk gSA

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2- ;g ukxfjd foekuu] ljdkjh [kjhnkjh] nqXèkksRikn O;kikj vkSj xksekal lacaèkh cgqi{kh; O;kikj le>kSrksa osQdk;kZUo;u] iz'kklu vkSj ifjpkyu osQ fy, mfpr <kaps dk izcaèk djrk gSA

3- ;g lnL;ksa osQ fy, ea=khLrjh; dkUisaQl }kjk LohÑr le>kSrksa lacaèkh] cgqi{kh; O;kikj lacaèkh okrkZvksa rFkkbuosQ }kjk fd, x, fu.kZ;ksa osQ dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, ,d eap izLrqr djrk gSA

4- ;g le>kSrs osQ >xM+k&fuiVku fu;eksa rFkk izfØ;kvksa dh O;k[;k dk izcaèk&lapkyu djrk gSA

5- ;g IMF, fo'o cSad rFkk bldh lg;ksxh 'kk[kkvksa osQ eè; fo'o O;kikj osQ fy, uhfr fuèkkZj.k esa vfèkdrjlaxfr mRiUu djrk gSA

fo'o O;kikj le>kSrk

m#xos nkSj dh cgqi{kh; okrkZvksa osQ ifj.kkeksa ij vkèkkfjr WTO osQ ewyHkwr le>kSrs esa fuEu 'kkfey gSaμ

1- oLrqvksa esa O;kikj osQ cgqi{kh; le>kSrsA

2- lsokvksa esa O;kikj dk lkekU; le>kSrk (GATS)A

3- ckSf¼d lEifÙk vfèkdkjksa osQ O;kikj lacaèkh le>kSrk (TRIPS)

4- >xM+ksa osQ fuiVkus ls lacafèkr fu;eksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dk le>kSrkA

5- cgqi{kh; O;kikj le>kSrsA

6- O;kikj uhfr iqujkoyksdu ra=kA

budk foospu uhps fd;k x;k gSA

1- oLrqvksa esa O;kikj osQ cgqi{kh; le>kSrs (Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods): oLrqvksa esaO;kikj dk lkekU; le>kSrk xSV 1994 dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA blesa oLrqvksa esa O;kikj lacaèkh fofHkUu igyqvksa osQckjs esa lc le>kSrs 'kkfey gSaA

1- xSV 1994 (GATT 1994)μxSV 1994 esa 1 tuojh] 1995 rd (tc WTO dk tUe gqvk) la'kksfèkrGATT 1947 'kkfey gSA blesa mfYyf[kr dkuwuh izi=kksa osQ izkoèkku] xSV 1994 dh ekjkosQ'k foKfIr vkSjfuEu O;k[;k,a Hkh 'kkfey gSaμ

(d) vuqPNsn II (Article II) % xSV 1994 dk 1(b)μdkuwuh vfèkdkjksa vkSj vuqcUèkksa esa rFkk fdUghavU;'kqYdksa vkSj izHkkjksa osQ izdkj vkSj Lrj] tks fj;k;rksa dh enksa esa o£.kr cafèkr VSfjiQ okyh oLrqvksaij 15 vizSy] 1995 ls ykxw gS] esa ikjn£'krk ykukA

([k) xSV dk vuqPNsn XVIIμljdkjh O;kikfjd laLFkkvksa dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh esa ikjn£'krk lqfuf'pr djusosQ fy, lnL;ksa dks ;g vko';d gS fd os ,slh laLFkkvksa dh lwpuk oLrqvksa osQ O;kikj dh lfefr(Council for Trade inGoods) dks nsa] ftldk dk;Zdkjh ny o"kZ esa de ls de ,d ckj muosQdk;ks± dk iqujkoyksdu djosQ dkmfUly dks lwfpr djsA

(x) xSV osQ Hkqxrku&'ks"k osQ izkoèkkuksa ij le>kSrkμtks lnL; Hkqxrku&'ks"k osQ fy, #dkoVsa MkyrsgSa os mUgsa U;wure fo?kVudkjh <ax ls djsaA os dher&vkèkkfjr mik;ksa dks gh izkFkfedrk nsa tSls]vk;kr vfèkHkkj] vk;kr tek ;k vU; mik; tks vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dh dherksa dks izHkkfor djrsgksaA og ubZ ifjek.kkRed #dkoVksa dks ykxw djus ls Hkh nwj jgsa] vkSj ¶'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz lkoZtfud :ils lkjf.k;ksa dh ?kks"k.kk,a djsa ftuosQ vuqlkj og Hkqxrku&'ks"k lacaèkh vk;kr&fojksèkh #dkoVksa dks nwjdjus esa iz;Ru'khy gksaxsA Hkqxrku&'ks"k vojksèkksa dh lfefr (Committee on Balance of Pay-

ments Restrictions) ijke'kks± osQ }kjk lHkh vk;kr&vojksèkh mik;ksa dk Hkqxrku&'ks"k osQ n`f"Vdks.kls iqujkoyksdu djrh gSA


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(?k) xSV 1994 dk vuqPNsn XXIVμdLVe la?kksa vkSj eqDr O;kikj {ks=kksa dk le>kSrk] ekin.M vkSjdk;Z&fofèk;ka fuf'pr djrk gS ftlosQ }kjk og eqDr O;kikj {ks=kksa vkSj u, vFkok lao£èkr dLVela?kksa dk iqujkoyksdu djrk gS vkSj mldk rhljs lnL;ksa ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dk gksrhA ;fnvuqcafèkr lnL; cafèkr VSfjiQ dh o`f¼ osQ fy, dLVe la?k cukuk pkgsa rks ,slk le>kSrk vko';d{kfriwjd lek;kstu dks Hkh Li"V djrk gSA

(p) vuqPNsn XXVIII dh O;k[;k dk le>kSrkμvuqPNsn XXVIII xSV dh lkjf.k;ksa dk la'kksèku lslacafèkr gSA tc VSfjiQ osQ caèkuksa esa ifjorZu gks ;k os gVk fn;s tk,a rks {kfriw£r dh okrkZvksa dh iz.kkyhblosQ }kjk fuèkkZfjr dh tkrh gSA

2- Ñf"k lacaèkh le>kSrk (Agreement on Agriculture)μÑf"k lacaèkh le>kSrk ?kjsyw fClMh ls] fu;kZrlfClMh (ftlesa lfClMh izkIr fu;kZr dh ek=kk lfEefyr gS)] U;wure ekosZQV&fo'k dh opuc¼rk] ?kjsywizksRlkgu] LokLF;] ouLifr vkSj [kk| lgk;d dk;ks± ls lac¼ gSA]

izFke] ;g le>kSrk xSj&VSfjiQ mik;ksa osQ LFkku ij lkèkkj.k dLVe M~;wVh yxkdj] tks èkhjs&èkhjs de gkstk;sxh] jk"Vªh; ekosZQV dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; izfrLièkkZ osQ fy, [kksyrk gSA

nwljs] ;g ljdkjh lgk;rk dks èkhjs&èkhjs de djosQ vfr&mRiknu dks fu;af=kr djus dk iz;kl djrk gS vkSjifj.kkeLo:i vfrjsdksa (surpluses) dks Hkh] tks ;k rks fu;kZr lfClMh osQ ijk csps vFkok u"V fd;s tkrs gSaA

rhljs] ;g fu;kZr izfrLièkkZ ij ubZ fu;ekofy;ksa dks ykxw djus] vkSj lfClMh rFkk lfClMh izkIr fu;kZrdh ek=kk dks de djus osQ iz;Ruksa dks Hkh izsfjr djrk gSA

(d) ?kjsyw lfClfM;ka (Domestic Subsidies)μ?kjsyw lfClMh osQ nks vax gSaμ(i) xSj&oLrq fo'ks"klfClfM;ka tks lHkh iQlyksa dks nh tkrh gSa] tks moZjd] ikuh] fctyh] cht vkSj Í.k osQ fy, gksrhgSa] vkSj (ii) fo'ks"k mRikn lacaèkh lfClfM;ka tks fo'ks"k iQlyksa osQ fy, gksrh gSa] tSls Hkkjr esa oqQNÑf"k&mRiknksa osQ fy, U;wure lgk;d ewY;A

fdlkuksa dks nh tkus okyh lfClMh] ftls oqQy lexz lgk;rk (Total AMS) Hkh dgrs gSa] dk iw.kZewY;kadu djus osQ fy, mifjfyf[kr nksuksa lfClfM;ksa dk ;ksx djuk pkfg,A fdlh o"kZ esa ;g ;ksx]vFkkZr~ pkyw oqQy AMS (Current Total AMS), fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa ml o"kZ esa oqQy Ñf"k mRiknuosQ ewY; osQ 10» ls vfèkd ugha gksuk pkfg,] ftls lfClMh dks de djus dh vfuok;Zrk ls eqDrfd;k tk,A bl lfClMh dk vkx.ku ml oLrq dh varjkZ"Vªh; dher ij fd;k tk,xkA

([k) fu;kZr lfClfM;ka (Export Subsidies)μWTO lnL;ksa osQ fy, vko';d gS fd os 6 o"kZ osQdk;kZUo;u dky esa izR;{k fu;kZr lfClfM;ksa osQ ewY; dks de djosQ 1986&90 dh vkèkj vofèkLrj osQ uhps 36» ij ys tk,a vkSj lfClMh&izkIr fu;kAr dh ek=kk dks mlh vofèk osQ 21» osQAfodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, ;g dVkSfr;ka 10 o"kZ osQ dky esa] fodflr ns'kksa dh dVkSfr;ks dk 2@3 gksaxhAU;wure fodflr ns'kksa osq fy, deh ugha dh tk;sxhA

(x) U;wure ekosZQV&izos'k opuc¼rk (Minimum Market Access Commitment)μ U;wureekosZQV&izos'k opuc¼rk mUgha ns'kksa ij ykxw gS tks Ñf"k lacaèkh vk;kr esa fHkUu izdkj dh #dkoVksadk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj rnuqlkj gh bu #dkoVksa dks VSfjiQ dk :i nsus] rFkk bu VSfjiQksa dks 6 o"kZosQ dky esa 36» de djus dks ckè; gSaA bu ns'kksa osQ fy, ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd os 6 o"kZ osQfy, fons'kh Ñf"k mRiknksa dh [kir dh U;wure 3» ekosZQV izos'k lqfoèkk fons'kh Ñf"k mRiknksa dks nsatks 6 o"kZ osQ ckn c<+dj 5» gks tk,xhA ;s 'krs± mUgha ns'kksa ij ykxw gksaxh tks vk;kr dks vfuok;Zr%VSfjiQ osQ }kjk gh fu;af=kr djrs gSaA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa Ñf"k mRiknksa dk VSfjiQ 10 o"kZ osQ dky esa24» de fd;k tk,xkA U;wure&fodflr ns'kksa esa VSfjiQ esa dksbZ deh ugha dh tk,xhA

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(?k) ?kjsyw lgk;rk (Domestic Support)μmu ?kjsyw lgk;rk osQ mik;ksa esa] ftuosQ }kjk O;kikj ijU;wure izHkko iM+rk gS] ftUgsa gfjr cdl (Gren Box) uhfr;ka dgrs gSa] ;g dVkSrh ykxw ugha gksrhAbu uhfr;ksa esa lkekU; ljdkjh lsok,a lfEefyr gSa] tSls vuqlaèkku] jksx fu;a=k.k] cqfu;knh <kapk vkSj[kk| lqj{kk osQ {ks=kA blesa mRikndksa dks vk; lgk;rk] lajpukRed lek;kstu lgk;rk] i;kZoj.kh;vkSj {ks=kh; lgk;rk izksxzkeksa osQ varxZr lgk;rk osQ :i esa lhèks Hkqxrku Hkh 'kkfey gSaA

buosQ vykok oqQN nwljh uhfr;ka Hkh gSa tks lgk;rk osQ oqQy vkSlr ekid (total average

measurement of support) dVkSrh opuc¼rk esa lfEefyr ugha gSaA os fodkl'khy ns'kksa esamRiknu lhfer izksxzkeksa osQ vUrxZr lhèks Hkqxrku] Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl dks izksRlkgu nsus osQ fy,oqQN ljdkjh lgk;rk mik; rFkk oqQN vU; lgk;rk mik; gSaA ;g fdlh ,d oLrq osQ mRiknu ewY;;k fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ oqQy Ñf"k mRiknu dk 10» gksxk vkSj fodflr ns'kksa dk 5»A

(p) LokLF; vkSj i'kq&LokLF; osQ mik; (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures)μ LokLF; vkSji'kq&LokLF; osQ mik;ksa esa [kk|&lqj{kk rFkk i'kq vkSj ouLifr LokLF; osQ mik; lfEefyr gSaA le>kSrkLohÑr djrk gS fd fofHkUu ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa dks iw.kkZfèkdkj gS fd os euq";] i'kq vkSj ouLifrosQ thou vkSj LokLF; dh j{kk osQ fy, mfpr mik; djsaA ijUrq ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd os euekus<ax ls vFkok vuqfpr :i ls vU; lnL;ksa osQ chp] tgka fLFkfr le:i vFkok ,d tslh gks] HksnHkkou djsaA le>kSrk ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;Ru djrk gS fd i'kq vkSj ouLifr LokLF; osQ mik;O;kikj esa vuqfpr ckèkk u MkysaA le>kSrk euq"; vkSj i'kq LokLF; dh lqj{kk osQ mfpr Lrjksa osQfuèkkZj.k vkSj tksf[keksa osQ ewY;kadu dh izfØ;kvksa vkSj ekin.Mksa dk o.kZu djrk gSA

(N) [kk| HkaMkj.k vkSj [kk| lgk;rk (Food Stocking and Food Aid)μle>kSrs esa ekU; gS fdvarfje dky esa U;wure fodflr vkSj [kk|&vk;krh fodkl'khy ns'k [kk| vk;kr esa Í.kkRedizHkkoksa dk vuqHko dj ldrs gSaA vr,o] blus Ñf"k fodkl osQ fy, [kk| lgk;rk vkSj ewy [kk|kUuksaesa iw.kZ vuqnku vkSj lgk;rk osQ y{; j[ks gSaA ;g IMF vkSj fo'o cSad }kjk okf.kfT;d [kk| vk;krosQ fy, vYidkyhu foÙkh; lgk;rk dh laHkkouk dks ekurk gSA

Ñf"k le>kSrs osQ izkoèkkuksa osQ dk;kZUo;u osQ iqujkoyksdu osQ fy, ,d Ñf"k lfefr Hkh cukbZ xbZ gSA

3- diM+k vkSj oL=kksa dk le>kSrk (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing)μbl le>kSrs dk mís';diM+k vkSj oL=k {ks=k dk xSV 1994 esa ,dhdj.k gSA ;g ,dhdj.k 4 pj.kksa esa gksxkμ

izFke pj.k esa 1 tuojh] 1995 dks izR;sd lnL; bl le>kSrs dh fo'ks"k lwph esa lfEefyr xSV mRiknksaesa 'kkfey fd;k x;k tks 1990 esa mlosQ vk;kr dh oqQy ek=kk dk de ls de 16» FkkA

f}rh;] pj.k esa 1 tuojh] 1998 ls os mRikn 'kkfey gq, tks 1990 osQ vk;kr ls 17» ls de u FksA

r`rh;] pj.k esa 1 tuojh] 2002 ls os mRikn 'kkfey gksaxs tks 1990 osQ vk;kr ls 18» ls de u FksA

prqFkZ pj.k esa 1 tuojh] 2005 dks laØe.kdky dh lekfIr ij 'ks"k lc mRikn bl esa 'kkfey gksaxsA'kkfey dk vFkZ gS fd vèkksoL=k (tops), lwr] diM+k] vkSj flys gq, oL=k xSV osQ lkèkkj.k fu;eksa }kjklapkfyr gksaxsA lc cgqra=kh le>kSrs (Multi-Fibre Agreements-MFA) dh 31 fnlEcj] 1994 dksLohÑr #dkoVsa u, le>kSrs esa 'kkfey dj yh xbZ gSa vkSj ml le; rd jgsaxh tc rd ;k rks #dkoVsagVk yh tk,a vFkok xSV esa 'kkfey dj yh tk,aA oqQN lnL;ksa }kjk yxkbZ xbZ xSj&cgqra=kh; #dkoVsa Hkh le>kSrsosQ ykxw gksus osQ ,d o"kZ osQ Hkhrj xSV 1994 esa 'kkfey dj yh xbZ ;k 2005 rd èkhjs&èkhjs lekIr djnh tk,axhA

tks mRikn xSV 1994 esa fdlh :i esa 'kkfey ugha gq, gSa] muosQ fy, ,d fo'ks"k laØef.kd lqj{kk ra=k(transitional safeguard mechanism) dk izkoèkku gSA ;fn vk;krdrkZ ns'k dks Kkr gks tk; fd ns'k


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esa dksbZ mRikn bruh ek=kk esa vk;kr gqvk gS ftlls mlosQ ?kjsyw m|ksx dks xaHkhj {kfr igqaph gS] rks oLrqosQ fu;kZrdÙkkZ ij dk;Zokgh dh tk ldrh gSA lqj{kkrU=k osQ varxZr ;k rks fopkj&foe'kZ }kjk ;k ikjLifjdle>kSrs }kjk] dk;Zokgh gks ldrh gS ;k ,d&i{kh; gh] ijUrq ;g diM+k ekuhV¯jx laLFkk (Textile

Monitoring Body) }kjk iqujkoyksfdr gksxhA lqj{kk caèku rhu o"kZ rd fcuk foLrkj osQ izHkkoh jgsaxs vFkoktcrd fd oLrq xSV esa 'kkfey ugha dh tkrh gSA ,dhdj.k izfØ;k osQ Hkkx osQ :i esa vaxLo:i] lclnL; diM+k vkSj oL=k osQ {ks=k esa xSV fu;eksa osQ vuq:i dk;Z djsaxs ftlls ekosZQV izos'k esa lqèkkj gks rFkkU;k;ksfpr rFkk mfpr O;kikj uhfr;ksa dk ikyu gks vkSj vk;kr&fojksèkh foHksn mRiUu u gksaA

4- O;kikj esa rduhdh ckèkkvksa dk le>kSrk (Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade)μ;gle>kSrk Vksfd;k nkSj esa LohÑr O;kikj esa rduhdh ckèkkvksa osQ le>kSrs dk foLrkj.k vkSj Li"Vhdj.k ghgSA ;g lqfuf'pr djus dh ps"Vk djrk gS fd rduhdh foe'kZ vkSj ekud (standard), ijh{k.k vkSjizek.ku (certification) iz.kkfy;ka O;kikj osQ ekxZ esa vuko';d #dkoV u cusaA rFkkfi ;g Lohdkj djrkgS fd ns'kksa dks ekuoh;] i'kq ;k ouLirh; LokLF; rFkk i;kZoj.k dh j{kk dk vfèkdkj gSA le>kSrs esekudhdj.k laLFkkvksa }kjk ekudksa dh lajpuk] LohÑfr vkSj mi;ksx dh lafgrk (code) lfEefyr gSA

5- O;kikj lacaèkh fuos'k mik;ksa osQ igyqvksa dk le>kSrk (TRIMs)μ;g 5 o"kZ esa lHkh O;ogkj rd ghlhfer gSaA oLrqr% ;g ftu mik;ksa ij ykxw gksrk gS os gSaμpqus gq, {ks=kksa esa fuos'k] fons'kh oaQifu;ksa dks jk"Vªh;oaQifu;ksa osQ cjkcj j[kus osQ fy, fons'kh fuos'k dk Lrj fu;kZr nkf;Ro (obligations) vkSj ?kjsyw dPpseky dk mi;ksxA ;g fons'kh fofue;osQ vtZuksa] fons'kh bZfDoVh fgLlsnkjh vkSj rduhdh gLrkUrj.k ls laca¼fons'kh fuos'kdksa dk dksbZ ikyu 'krZ yxkus dk fu"ksèk djrk gSA ;g vkns'k nsrk gS fd fons'kh fuos'k oaQifu;ksadks ?kjsyw oaQifu;ksa osQ cjkcj gh j[kk tk,A ;g fuos'k osQ {ks=k esa #dkoVsa yxkus dks jksdrk gSA ;g dPpseky] dy iqtks± vkSj eè;o£r;ksa osQ eqDr vk;kr dh vis{kk j[krk gSA

;g le>kSrk Lohdkj djrk gS fd oqQN fuos'k mik; O;kikj esa #dkoV Mkyrs gSa vkSj mls foÑr dj nsrsgSaA blfy, ;g vis{kk j[krk gS fd fodflr ns'k 2 o"kZ esa] fodkl'khy ns'k 5 o"kZ esa vkSj U;wure fodflrns'k 7 o"kZ esa lc xSj&vuq:i TRIMs dks vfuok;Z :i ls lwfpr djsaxs vkSj mUgsa lekIr dj nsaxsA blusTRIMs ij ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k gS tks bu opuc¼rkvksa osQ ikyu dks ekuhVj djsxh vkSj bldhfjiksVZ oLrqvksa esa O;kikj dh dkmfUly dks izfro"kZ nsxhA

6- izfr&jkf'kikru ij le>kSrk (Agreement on Anti-Dumping)μxSV osQ vuqPNsn VI osQ vuqlkj] ;fnjkf'kikru vk;kr] vk;krdrkZ ns'k osQ ?kjsyw m|ksx dks gkfu igqapkrk gS rks vuqcafèkr lnL; dks vfèkdkjgS fd os jkf'kikru&fojksèkh mik;ksa dks viuk,aA la'kksfèkr le>kSrk Vksfd;k nkSj osQ le>kSr dk ifjo£èkr :igSA ;g jkf'kikfrr vk;kr ls ?kjsyw m|ksx dh {kfr dk ewY;kadu] jkf'kikru fojksèkh Nkuchu izkjEHk djusvkSj mls dk;Z:i nsus] ?kjsyw vfkdkfj;ksa }kjk dh xbZ jkf'kikru osQ >xM+s fuiVku dh dk;Zokgh djus dhizfØ;k esa vfèkd Li"Vrk] vfèkd foLr`r fu;e vkSj ekin.M fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA u, fu;eksa osQ vUrxZrjkf'kikru fojksèkh Nkuchu rqjUr cUn dj nh tk,xh ;fn ¶M¯Eix dh lhek¸ fu;kZr dher osQ 2» ls degS] ;k fdlh fo'ks"k ns'k ls MEi fd, vk;kr dh ek=kk ml mRikn osQ oqQy vk;kr ls 3» ls de gS c'krsZfd ;g ,sls oqQy mEi fd, vk;kr dh 7» dh lhek osQ vUrxZr gksA

oLrqvksa esa O;kikj osQ cgqi{kh; le>kSrs osQ vUrxZr dLVe ewY;kadu] ynku&iwoZ fujh{k.k] Ïksr osQ fu;e]vk;kr ykblsal izfØ;k vkSj lqj{kk,a Hkh vkrh gSaA

2- lsokvksa esa O;kikj dk lkekU; le>kSrk (GATS)

bl le>kSrs osQ vUrxZr lc varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj&;ksX; lsok,a vkrh gSaA fons'kh lsok,a vkSj lsok iznkrk] ?kjsyw lsokvksavkSj lsok&iznkrkvksa osQ cjkcj le>s tk,xsa rFkkfi ljdkjsa fof'k"V ije&fe=k jk"Vª (MFN) dh NwV dh lwpuk nsaxh]

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ftldk 5 o"kZ osQ i'pkr~ iqujkoyksdu fd;k tk,xkA bldh lhek lkèkkj.kr% 10 o"kZ dh gksxhA ;g ikjn£'krk ijcy nsrk gS] ftlesa lsokvksa osQ O;kikj lacaèkh dkuwu fu;euksa dk izdk'ku lfEefyr gSA lsokvksa osQ O;kikj lEcUèkhvarjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrku vkSj gLrkarj.k esa #dkoV ugha Mkyh tk;xh] flok; Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh dfBukb;ksa osQ tgka ,slh#dkoVsa vLFkk;h] lhfer vkSj oqQN 'krks± osQ vUrxZr gksaxhA lsokvksa esa O;kikj dk mnkjhdj.k mÙkjksÙkj (progressive)gksxkA lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa izfrowQy izHkkoksa dh dVkSrh vFkok furkUr lekfIr rFkk ljdkjksa }kjk fof'k"Vopuc¼rkvksa osQ lkekU; Lrj dks Åapk djuk] ;s lc izfr 5 o"kZ osQ varjky esa okrkZvksa osQ }kjk fd;k tk,xkA

bl le>kSrs esa [kkl {ks=kksa ls lacafèkr fo'ks"k 'krs± Hkh nh xbZ gSaA tgka rd ns'kh (natural) euq";ksa osQ vkokxeu dklacaèk gS] blosQ vuqlkj ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa dks vuqefr gS fd viuh lsok,a nsus osQ fy, mudh vLFkk;h fuokl lacaèkhfo'ks"k opuc¼rkvksa osQ fy, ijLij ckrphr djsaA ;g mu euq";ksa ij ykxw ugha gksxk tks LFkk;h fuokl vFkok ukSdjhosQ bPNqd gksaA

foÙkh; lsokvksa osQ lacaèk esa ;g ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa dks vfèkdkj nsrk gS fd fuos'kdksa] tekdrkZvksa vkSj ikfylhμèkkjdksaosQ fy, mfpr mik; djsa vkSj vk£Fkd iz.kkyh dh v[k.Mrk vkSj fLFkjrk dks lqfuf'pr djsaA ;s WTO osQ izHkkohgksus osQ 6 ekl i'pkr~ ykxw gq,A

nwjlapkj osQ {ks=k esa ;g ns'kksa dks funsZ'k nsrk gS fd os nwj&lapkj ogu ra=kksa dk LFkkiu] fuekZ.k] vfèkxzg.k] iV~Vs ijnsuk] lapkyu ;k iw£r lqfuf'pr djsa vkSj turk dks miyCèk djk,aA rFkkfi ,d fodkl'khy ns'k vius ?kjsyw nwjlapkj<kaps vkSj lsokvksa dh vkSj lsok&lhekvksa dh iq"Vrk] rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; nwjlapkj la?k (International Tele-communication Union) vkSj varjk Z"Vªh; ekudhdj.k laxBu (International Organisation for

Standardisation) osQ lg;ksx ls nwjlapkj lsokvksa osQ varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa lg;ksx dh o`f¼ osQ fy, mik; djsAxSV~l foekuksa dh ejEer vkSj j[k&j[kko lsokvksa] ok;q ;krk;kr lsokvksa dk foi.ku vkSj dEI;wVj vkj{k.k lsokvksaij Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA

O;kolkf;d lsokvksa osQ {ks=k esa ns'kksa dh ljdkjsa lapkyu&nyksa dh fu;qfDr osQ fy, Hkh rRij gks xbZ gSa tks ;s dk;Zdjsaxsμ(1) lsokvksa esa O;kikj vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ chp lacaèkksa dk ijh{k.k] fjiksVZ vkSj laLrqfr;ka (recommendations)

ftuesa nh?kZdkyhu fodkl dh leL;k Hkh 'kkfey gSA (2) O;kolkf;d lsokvksa ij vko';d f'k{kk dh 'kk[kkvksaij laLrqfr;ksa osQ lkFk ijh{k.k vkSj fjiksVz djukA ,slk lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, fd O;kolkf;d lsokvksa osQ {ks=k esa;ksX;rk,a vko';drk,a vkSj izfØ;k,a rFkk rduhdh ekud vkSj ykblsafll vko';drk,a buosQ O;kikj esa vuko';dckèkk,a ugha gksrh gSaA

xSV~l esa ea=k.kk,a] >xM+k fuiVku vkSj ,d lsokvksa dh dkmfUly dh LFkkiuk dk Hkh izkoèkku gSA

3- ckSf¼d lEifÙk vfèkdkjksa osQ O;kikj lacaèkh i{k dk le>kSrk (Agreement on TradeRelated Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights-TRIS)

TRIPs le>kSrs osQ vUrxZr 7 izdkj dh ckSf¼d lEifÙk vkrh gSμ(1) dkWihjkbV rFkk rRlEcUèkh vfèkdkj] (2)VsMekoZQ] (3) HkkSxksfyd laosQr] (4) vkS|ksfxd fMtkbu] (5) isVsaV] ftuesa lfEefyr gSa lw{e thok.kq vkSj ikSèkksadh fofHkUu tkfr;ka] (6) la?kfVr l£dV vkSj (7) O;kikfjd jgL;A budk laf{kIr o.kZu bl izdkj gSμ

1- dkWihjkbV vkSj rRlEcUèkh vfèkdkj (Copyright and Related Rights)μlnL;ksa dks vko';d gS fdos lkfgfR;d vkSj dykRed jpukvksa osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, cuZ (Bern) le>kSrs dk ikyu djsaA lkfgfR;djpukvksa esa dEI;wVj izksxzke Hkh lfEefyr gSA dEI;wVj&izksxzkeksa osQ jpf;rkvksa] iQksuksxzke] èofu fjdk²MxvkSj izlkj.k laLFkkvksa dks viuh jpukvksa dks turk dks okf.kfT;d fdjk, ij nsus vFkok u nsus dk vfèkdkjfn;k tk,A ,slk gh ,dek=k vfèkdkj fiQYeksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA ;g laj{k.k èofu fjdk²Mx osQ fuekZrkvksavkSj vfHku;drkZvksa osQ fy, de ls de 50 o"kZ vkSj izlkj.k laLFkkvksa osq fy, de ls de 20 o"kZ osQle; osQ fy, gksxkA


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2- VªsMekoZQ (Trademarks)μdksbZ fpÉ ;k fpÉksa dk lewg] tks fdlh laLFkku osQ inkFkks± vFkok lsokvksa esanwljs laLFkkvksa osQ inkFkks± vFkok lsokvksa ls fHkUurk n'kkZrk gS] VsªMekoZQ osQ vUrxZr vkrk gSA ,sls lwpuk fpÉfo'ks"kr;k 'kCn] ftuesa oS;fDrd v{kj] la[;k] O;k[;kRed fooj.k vkSj jaxksa dk la;kstu rFkk ,sls fpÉkasdk lewg VsªMekoZQ jftLVsª'ku dh ifjfèk esa vkrs gSaA fdlh jftLVMZ VªsMekoZQ osQ Lokeh dks vU; lc ik£V;ksadks ,sls gh vFkok blh izdkj osQ inkFkks± vFkok lsokvksa osQ fpÉksa dk nq#i;ksx djus ls jksdus dk ,dek=kvfèkdkj gSA fdlh VsªMekoZQ osQ izkFkfed jftLVªs'ku vkSj izR;sd uohuhdj.k dh vofèk 7 o"kZ ls de dhugha gksxhA VªsMekoZQ dk jftLVªs'ku vfuf'prdky rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

3- HkkSxksfyd laosQr (Gographical Indications)μfdlh lnL; osQ {ks=k esa mRifnr oLrq dh igpku vFkok]ml {ks=k] izns'k ;k LFkku] ftlesa] mlosQ HkkSxksfyd mRiknu dh xq.koÙkk ;k izflf¼ gS] vFkok [;kfr gS]mldk HkkSxksfyd laosQr nsrk gSA lnL;ksa dks ;g vko';d gS fd os #fp j[kus okys yksxksa dks ,sls dkuwuhlkèku izkIr djk,a] ftuosQ }kjk ,slk dksbZ laosQr u fey ftlls xzkgdksa dks inkFkks± osQ mRifÙk&LFky osQ ckjsesa xyriQgeh gks vFkok ftlls vuqfpr izfr;ksfxrk laHko gksA 'kjkc vkSj fLifjV dh HkkSxksfyd igpkudk fo'ks"k laj{k.k vko';d gSA

4- vkS|ksfxd fMtkbu (Industrial Designs)μvkS|ksfxd fMtkbuksa dk laj{k.k 10 o"kZS dh vofèk osQ fy,gksrk gSA lqjf{kr fMtkbuksa osQ Lokfe;ksa dks] ,slh oLrqvksa osQ mRiku] fcØh vFkok vk;kr dks jksdus dh leFkZgksxh tks ,sls fMtkbuksa ij vkèkkfjr gksa tks okf.kfT;d dk;ks± osQ fy, lajf{kr fMtkbuksa dh udy gksaA ,slslaj{k.k de ls de 10 o"kZ osQ fy, gksaxsA

5- isVsaV (Patents)μisaVsaV] izkS|ksfxdh osQ lc {ks=kksa esa fdlh Hkh vkfo"dkj ij gks ldrk gS] pkgs og oLrqdk gks ;k izfØ;kvksa dk] c'krs± fd og uohu gks] vkfo"dkj&ijd gks vkSj ftldks vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa ykxwfd;k tk losQA isVsaV&èkkfj;ksa dks mUgsa nsus] mÙkjkfèkdkj }kjk gLrkarj.k vFkok ykblsa¯lx le>kSrk djus dkvfèkdkj gksxkA le>kSrs osQ vuqlkj isVsaV laj{k.k 20 o"kZ osQ fy, vko';d gksxkA

;fn tufgr vFkok uSfrd dkj.kksa ls fdlh vkfo"dkj dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk rks mldk isVsaVugha fd;k tk,xkA euq";ksa ;k i'kqvksa] ikSèkksa vkSj lw{ethoksa dks NksM+dj vU; izkf.k;ksa] fo'ks"kr% vthofoKkuh; vkSj lw{e tho&foKkuh; izfØ;kvksa osQ vykok ikSèkksa vkSj i'kqvksa osQ mRiknu dh jksx&funkuh;]fpfdRldh; vkSj 'kY;&fpfdRldh; izfØ;kvksa dks isaVsaV iz.kkyh ls oafpr j[kk x;k gS] rFkkfi lnL;x.kisVsVksa osQ }kjk Suigeneris izz.kkyh (i'kq&iztfudksa osQ vfèkdkj) }kjk vFkok budh fdlh fefJr iz.kkyh}kjk ikSèkksa dh tkfr;ksa osQ laj{k.k osQ mik; djsaxsA ;s izkoèkku 1 tuojh] 1995 ls 4 o"kZ osQ mijkariqujkoyksfdr fd, tkus FksA

6- la?kfVr l£dV (Integrated Circuits)μTRIPs le>kSrs esa la?kfVr l£dVksa osQ [kkdk fMtkbuksa dk 10o"kZ dh vofèk osQ fy, laj{k.k dk izkoèkku gSA ijUrq ;g [kkdk fMtkbu cukus osQ le; ls 15 o"kZ osQ i'pkrlaj{k.k lekIr gks tk;sxkA

7- O;kikfjd jgL; (Trade Secrets)μokf.kfT;d ewY; okys O;kikfjd jgL; rFkk tkudkfj;ksa dkfo'okl?kkrdrk rFkk vU; oqQdk;ks± ls laj{k.k fd;k tk,xkA vkS"kfèk;ksa rFkk Ñf"k jlk;uksa dh O;kikfjdLohÑfr osQ fy, Hksts x, ijh{k.k&iQyksa dks vuSfrd iz;ksx ls lajf{kr fd;k tk,xkA

varr% ckSf¼d lEifÙk osQ vfèkdkjksa ls lacafèkr lafonkRed ykblsUlksa osQ vizfr;ksxh dk;ks± osQ jksdus dk Hkhbl le>kSrs esa izkoèkku gSA ;g ckSf¼d lEifÙk vfèkdkjksa osQ nq#i;ksx dks jksdus osQ mís'; ls fofHkUu ns'kksadh ljdkjksa osQ eè; fopkj&foe'kZ dks Hkh izsfjr djrk gSA

;g le>kSrk TRIPs osQ dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, mfpr fofèk fuekZ.k vkSj vU; mik;ksa osQ fy, fodflr ns'kksaosQ 1 o"kZ dk laØe.kdky LohÑr djrk gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa] iwoZ&;wjksih; ns'kksa vkSj :l dks 5 o"kZ dk

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vkSj U;wure&fodflr ns'kksa dks 11 o"kZ dk laØe.kdky nsrk gSA ftu fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa oLrq isVsaV laj{k.kugha gS mUgsa 10 o"kZ fn, x, gSaA

le>kSrs dk ;g Hkh funsZ'k gS fd ,d ¶ckSf¼d lEifÙk vfèkdkjksa osQ O;kikj lacaèkh igyqvksa dh dkmfUly¸(Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) dh LFkkiuk dh tk,xh tks blle>kSrs osQ dk;kZUo;u dk rFkk ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa }kjk blosQ ikyu dks ekfuVj djsxhA

4- >xM+k fuiVku iz.kkyh (Dispute Settlement System)

WTO osQ LFkkiu le>kSrs osQ izkoèkkuksa osQ vUrxZr lnL; ns'kksa osQ vfèkdkj vkSj dÙkZO; lacafèkr vfèkdkjksa osQ fy,fopkj foe'kZ vkSj >xM+s osQ fuiVku dk izkoèkku >xM+k fuiVku fuèkkZj.k fu;eksa vkSj iz.kkfy;ksa osQ le>kSrs esa fd;kx;k gSA blosQ fy, ,d >xM+k fuiVku laLFkk (Dispute Settlement Body—DSB) LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA >xM+kfuiVku dk igyk pj.k lacafèkr lnL;ksa osQ eè; fopkj&foe'kZ gSaA ;fn ;g okrkZ liQy u gks rks WTO dk MkbjsDVjtujy eè;LFkrk vkSj lekèkku osQ fy, viuh lsok,a v£ir djrk gSA f'kdk;rh lnL; DSB ls 30 fnu osQ Hkhrj3 fo'ks"kKksa dh uke lwph osQ fy, izkFkZuk dj ldrk gSA ;g Hkh foèkku gS fd DSB }kjk euksuhr ,d 7 lnL;ksadh vihy lfefr mldk iqujkoyksdu djosQ DSB dks 60 ls 90 fnu osQ Hkhrj viuh fjiksVZ le£ir djsxhA DSB

bl fjiksVZ dks 30 fnu osQ Hkhrj vuqeksfnr djsxh vkSj ;g fcuk 'krZ nksuksa i{kksa dks ekU; gksxhA

5- cgqik£'od O;kikj le>kSrs (Plurilateral Trade Agreements—PTA)

cgqik£'od O;kikj le>kSrksa esa 'kkfey gSaμukxfjd foekuu O;kikj le>kSrk] ljdkjh [kjhn dk le>kSrk]vUrjkZ"Vªh; nqXèkksRiknu le>kSrk rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; xksekal le>kSrkA buesa igyk le>kSrk tsusok esa vizSy] 1979 esagqvk tks ckn esa la'kksfèkr] ifjo£¼r vkSj Bhd fd;k x;kA vafre rhu le>kSrs ekjkosQ'k esa 15 vizSy] 1994 dksgq, FksA

6- O;kikj&uhfr iqujkoyksdu ra=k (Trade Policy Review Mechanism—TPRM)

;g cgqi{kh; O;kikj ra=k osQ lqpk: :i ls pyus osQ fy, cgqi{kh; vkSj vusd i{kh; O;kikj le>kSrksa osQ varxZrO;kikj uhfr;ksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dk iqujkoyksdu djrk gSA bl mís'; osQ fy, ;g O;kikj uhfr iqujkoyksdu laLFkk(Trade Policy Review Body—TPRB) osQ LFkkiu dk laosQr nsrk gSA iw.kZ ikjn£'krk izkIr djus osQ fy, izR;sdlnL; TPRM dks fujarj vius }kjk tkjh O;kikj uhfr;ksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dh fjiksVZ nsrk jgsxkA TPRB cgqi{kh; O;kikjra=k ij izHkko'khy varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjh; okrkoj.k esa orZeku izo`fÙk;ksa dk ok£"kd vfr&fujh{k.k djsxkA

MkbjsDVj tujy }kjk le£ir ok£"kd fjiksVZ bl vfr&fujh{k.k esa lgk;d gksxh] tks WTO osQ eq[; dk;ks± dh O;k[;kdjsxh vkSj cgqi{kh; O;kikj ra=k ij izHkko Mkyus okys uhfr fo"k;ksa ij fo'ks"k izdk'k MkysxhA

m#xos nkSj vkSj fo'o O;kikj le>kSrs dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu (Critical Appraisal ofUruguay Round and WTO Agreement)

m#xos nkSj vuqcafèkr ns'kksa }kjk 8 yEcs o"kks± dh okrkZvksa dk ifj.kke FkkA bu okrkZvksa osQ iQyLo:i vafre ,DlosQ oSèkkfud izys[kksa esa 28 le>kSrksa dk lekos'k gSA

igys nkSjksa dh vis{kk m#xos nkSj dk {ks=k vkSj foLrkj vfèkd cM+k FkkA blesa lsok,a] Ñf"k vkSj ckSf¼d vfèkdkjvkSj fuos'kksa dks izFke ckj 'kkfey fd;k x;kA blesa WTO }kjk O;kikj uhfr;ksa] i;kZoj.k uhfr;ksa vkSj lrrh;(Sustainable) fodkl esa lacaèk ij Hkh cy fn;k x;kA m#xos nkSj dh ,d peRdkfjd miyfCèk FkhμxSV osQfopkj&foe'kZ eap osQ LFkku ij WTO dk ,d LFkk;h fo'o&O;kikj laxBu osQ :i esa LFkkiuA m#xos nkSj esa osQoybl nkSj }kjk la'kksfèkr ewy xSV gh ugha Fkk] oju~ mijo£.kr dbZ u, le>kSrs Hkh FksA ;g le>kSrs laHkor% fodkl'khyns'kksa rFkk vYi fodflr ns'kksa dks nh?kZdkyhu ykHk nsaxs] c'krsZ fd mUgsa fodflr ns'kksa ls muosQ fo'oO;kihdj.k esa


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iw.kZ lg;ksx feysA rFkkfi] bu le>kSrksa esa dbZ dfe;ka gSa tks bu fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks gkfudkjd gks ldrh gSaAge izR;sd le>kSrs dk uhps ,d laf{kIr foospu djrs gSaA

1- Ñf"k (Agriculture)

Ñf"k le>kSrk fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fdlkuksa osQ fy, gkfuizn gksxkA ;g [kk| lqj{kk dh mUufr vkSj vkRefuHkZjrkosQ fy, nh gqbZ lfClfM;ksa rFkk Ñf"k mRiknksa osQ fu;kZr esa o`f¼ osQ fy, lfClMh esa dksbZ Hksn ugha djrk] D;ksafd;g fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ mRikn osQ ewY; osQ 10» rd dh gh lfClMh dks LohÑr nsrk gSA vr,o mu ns'kksa dh ljdkjksaosQ fy, fo'ks"k Ñf"k oLrqvksa esa dher&lgk;rk nsuk yxHkx vlEHko gks tk,xkA ;gh ckr fuos'k&lfClfM;ksa dh HkhgS tks osQoy vYi vk; okys fdlkuksa rd gh lhfer gSaA bl izdkj fdlkuksa osQ oqQy vkxrksa tSls b±èku] fctyh][kkn] eky dh <qykbZ] cht vkfn ij rFkk miHkksDrk osQ tuforj.k bR;kfn osQ :i esa lfClfM;ka lekIr gh djuhiM+sxhA lfClfM;ksa esa dVkSrh vkSj fcYoqQy gVkus osQ lkFk&lkFk ;fn foosdh dher uhfr ugha viukbZ xbZ rksfodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fdlkuk dh vikj {kfr gksxhA

fiQj] eqDr ekosZQV izos'k vkSj vk;kr dh leLr #dkoVksa dks gVkus ls Hkh Ñ"kd oxZ dks gkfu igqapsxhA Ñf"k mRiknksaosQ lLrs fu;kZr ls fdlkuksa dk mRiknu BIi iM+ tk,xkA Ñf"k mRiknksa dk varjkZ"Vªh; ekosZQV dher fuèkkZj.k izfr;ksfx;ksa}kjk ugha fd;k tkrk] oju~ mUur ns'kksa osQ mu fu;eksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSa tks mu oLrqvksa dks [kjhnrs vkSj csprsgSaA blosQ iQyLo:i fons'kh Í.k esa o`f¼ gksxh vkSj Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkh fcxM+ tk,xhA

bl le>kSrs esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ Ñf"k mRiknksa ij LokLF; vkSj ouLifr LokLF; fØ;kvksa osQ iz;ksx dk Hkh izkoèkkugSA ;s Codus Alimentarious varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa }kjk LFkkfir fu;eksa ij vkèkkfjr gksaxs tks (laxBu) fdlhiztkrkaf=kd izfØ;k osQ vèkhu ugha gksrs gSaA ,slk laxBu fodflr ns'kksa osQ mRiknksa dks vlqjf{kr* ?kksf"kr dj ldrk gSA

buosQ ckotwn bl le>kSrs ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa viuh c<+rh gqbZ ?kjsyw ekax dh iw£r osQ i'pkr~ Hkh fu;kZr vfrjsdHkh o`f¼ }kjk vfèkd ykHk gksus dh laHkkouk gSA bldks vukt] #bZ vkfn dh Åaph dherksa osQ }kjk rFkk m|ku&Ñf"k]iq"i&Ñf"k] Msjh mRiknu vkSj vU; dk;ks± osQ fofoèkhdj.k }kjk] tks Ñf"k&mRiknksa dh VSfjiQ&lhek o`f¼ 100» rdgksus ls lEHko gksxk] dks Hkh ykHk gksus dh lEHkkouk gSA fiQj] fodflr ns'kksa esa Ñf"k osQ Åij mu lfClfM;ksa dhdVkSrh osQ dkj.k fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk fu;kZr vfèkd ykHkdkjh gks ldrk gSA

2- diM+k vkSj oL=k (Textiles and Clothing)

laØe.kdky esa bl le>kSrs ls vfèkdrj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks ykHk gksxkA ijUrq bu ykHkksa esa foyEc gksus dhlEHkkouk gS D;ksafd MFA dh foyhuhdj.k izfØ;k esa nks dkj.kksa ls nsj gks ldrh gSμ

izFke] tc dksbZ fodflr ns'k oqQN izdkj dk diM+k vkSj oL=k MFA ls vyx djrk gS] ;g vHksnkRed MEN

osQ vkèkkj ij lHkh fu;kZrd ns'kksa ij ykxw gks tk,xkA

f}rh;] 10 o"kZ esa laØe.kdky osQ vafre fnu lc mRiknksa dk osQoy 40» gh xSV esa lfEefyr gksxkA ;g lekfIrdkycgqr yEck gS vkSj WTO ij bl laØe.kdky dks c<+kus dk ncko Mkyk tk ldrk gSA fiQj] ^mRikn&vkoj.k*(product coverage) osQ fy, foyhuhdj.k (phasing out) bruk foLr`r gSa fd og lc ¶diM+k vkSj oL=k¸ osQinkFkZ tks dksVk&iz.kkyh osQ vUrxZr ugha gSa] blesa vk tkrs gSaA bl izdkj dksVk inkFkks± dk 10 o"kZ osQ foyhuhdj.kosQ dky osQ vUr rd uke&ek=k dk foyhuhdj.k gksxkA

;g le>kSrk NksVs forjdksa vkSj #bZ&mRiknd fu;kZrdkjh fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks ykHkdkjh gksxkA

3- TRIMs

TRIMs dk le>kSrk 'kfDrghu gSA le>kSrs osQ vuqPNsn IV osQ vuqlkj mUufr'khy ns'k bu izkoèkkuksa ls vLFkk;h:i ls gV ldrs gSaA bl fopyu (deviation) dh ek=kk vkSj iz.kkyh vuqcafèkr ns'kksa dh bldh O;k[;k ij fuHkZjgSA bl iyk;u èkkjk (escape clause) osQ vUrxZr fons'kh oaQifu;ksa osQ fu;a=k.k vkSj muosQ O;kikj&larqyu mik;ksa

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osQ fu;eu osQ vfèkdkj fdlh izdkj ls de ugha fd, x, gSa] ;fn izfrowQy Hkqxrku&'ks"k Bksl dkj.k gksaA

bu lqj{kkvksa osQ vfrfjDr TRIMs le>kSrk fons'kh fuos'k dk fu;a=k.k Hkh gVk,xkA ;|fi izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dkdke ugha fy;k x;k gS] rFkkfi vk'kadk gS fd MNCs fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa mPp izkFkfedrk okys {ks=kksa ij fu;a=k.kdjus dh ps"Vk djsaxsA vkxs o£.kr TRIMs og gSa tks fons'kh LokfeRo okys m|eksa ij i{kikrh <ax ls yxk, tkrsgSa] tcfd ogh 'krs± ?kjsyw m|eksa ij ykxw ugha gSaA le>kSrk i{kikriw.kZ vk;kr #dkoVksa dk Hkh o.kZu djrk gSA

oqQy feykdj TRIMs le>kSrs ls jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh fu.kZ;kRed 'kfDr de gks xbZ gSA mnkgj.kLo:i] os ?kjsywfofuekZ.k esa ns'kh (local) va'kksa dk fooj.k ugha crk ldrha vkSj u gh viuh fu;kZfrr oLrqvksa esa vkxrksa dhizfr'krrk lhfer dj ldrh gSa] ;k fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq osQ fu;kZrA

4- xSV fu;ekoyh (GATT Rules)

ek=kkRed #dkoVksa (QRs) osQ foyhuhdj.k vkSj vfèkeku lacaèkh xSV fu;e 1994 vLi"V gSaA viuh Hkqxrku&'ks"klacaèkh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, (QRs) dk iz;ksx fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, vizHkkodkjh cuk fn;k x;k gSD;ksafd bls osQoy U;wure fodflr ns'kksa rd lhfer dj fn;k x;k gSA ORs dks lekIr dj fn;k tk;xk vkSj blosQLFkku ij dher vkèkkfjr mik; ykxw fd, tk,axsA osQoy vfodflr ns'k gh QRs dks ykxw dj losaQxs] ijUrq bldk;g :i vLFkk;h gh jgsxkA tks ns'k QRs yxk,axs] og 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz lkoZtfud :i ls bUgsa gVkus dh le;&rkfydk?kksf"kr djsaxsA ijUrq fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks fHkUu oLrqvksa ij fHkUu M~;wVh&njsa yxkus dk vfèkdkj gksxk ftlls osvuko';d oLrqvksa osQ cgqr vfèkd vk;kr dks fu#Rlkfgr dj losaQA blls mUufr'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, lEHko gksxkfd os vko';d oLrqvksa vkSj iwathxr eky osQ vk;kr dks izksRlkfgr vkSj vuko';d oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr dksfu#Rlkfgr dj losaQA

VSfjiQ vfèkeku fo'o iz.kkyh (Global System of Tarrif Preferences—GSTP) osQ vUrxZr ,d fodflr ns'knwljs ns'kksa dks VSfjiQ vfèkeku ns ldrk gSA blh izdkj lkekU;hÑr vfèkeku iz.kkyh (Generalised System of

Preferences-CSP) osQ vUrxZr ,d fodflr ns'k fdlh fodkl'khy ns'k dks VSfjiQ vfèkeku ns ldrk gSA ;g VSfjiQdVkSfr;ka mu VSfjiQ vfèkekuksa osQ vfrfjDr gksaxh tks WTO osQ vUrxZr MFN ns'kksa dks nh xbZ gSaA iQyLo:i]fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa lkèkkj.kr% oqQN {ks=kksa esa vfèkeku lhek,a iw.kZ:is.k lekIr gks tk,axh OECD dk vuqeku gSfd 2002 rd vÚhdk dks vius vfèkekuksa esa dVkSrh osQ dkj.k vkSlru 30» dh gkfu gksxhA vÚhdk] oSQjhfc;uvkSj iz'kkar lkxj ns'kksa osQ dfVcaèkh; mRiknksa osQ fu;kZr esa 51» rd dh deh gksxhA

m#xos nkSj esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa us Lo;a dks opuc¼ dj fy;k gS fd os vius vkS|ksfxd VSfjiQ dks 72» rd ¶cafèkr¸dj ysaxs rFkk Ñf"k mRiknksa dks 100» rdA lfClMh le>kSrs }kjk fodkl'khy ns'k opuc¼ gSa fd os mu lfClfM;ksadks lekIr dj nsaxs tks fu;kZr dherksa ij izHkkoh gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i] os fu;kZr&}kjk o¼ dh uhfr dk ifjR;kx dj nsaxsA

izfr&jkf'kikru osQ xSV fu;e jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa osQ foosd dks bruk LoPNUn cukrs gSa fd cgqr gh de dk;Z mudksokLro esa bu fu;eksa osQ mYya?ku dk nks"kh Bgjk losaQxsA bl izdkj oqQN rks xSV fu;eksa osQ] vkSj oqQN vk£FkdifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ dkj.k izfr&jkf'kikru M~;wfV;ksa dk iz;ksx laHkor% vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksih; la?k ns'kksa osQ O;kikj dkslhfer djus esa gh iz;qDr gksxkA

fiQj] fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, O;kikj esa xSV rduhdh #dkoVsa] tSls i;kZoj.k] LokLF;] liQkbZ vkfn xSV&VSfjiQ#dkoVksa osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA

5- xSV~l (GATS)

xSV~l fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fgrksa osQ fo#¼ tkrk gSA ;g mUgha lsokvksa osQ mnkjhdj.k ij tksj nsrk gS ftuesa fodflrns'kksa dks fuf'pr ykHk gS] tSls vk£Fkd] tyiksr lacaèkh] ifjogu vkSj lapkj lsok,a] LokLF;] f'k{kk] O;olk; vkSjehfM;k lsok,aA lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa mnkjhdj.k }kjk fodflr ns'kksa dk eq[; è;s; fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ mRiknu vkSjlsokvksa osQ iz;ksx ij fu;U=k.k dh ps"Vk djuk gh gSA


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fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ lsok&{ks=k dks fodflr ns'kksa dh iQeks± osQ fo'kky lalkèkuksa dh izfrLièkkZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxkAoqQN fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ ikl oqQ'ky vkSj voqQ'ky d£e;ksa dk rqyukRed vfèkd ykHk gS] ijUrq muosQ LorU=kvkxeu osQ fo#¼ fodflr ns'kksa us dBksj vkizokfld dkuwu cuk j[ks gSaA lsok {ks=k osQ bl igyw ij dksbZ lq>kougha fn;k x;k D;ksafd p;ukRed cqf¼thoh iyk;u ls fodflr ns'kksa dks gh ykHk gksrk gSA

6- fVªIl (TRIPs)

fVªIl le>kSrk fo'ks"kr% i{kikriw.kZ gSA ;g fuEu dkj.kksa ls fodflr ns'kksa osQ fgr esa gksxk vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksadks vfgrdjA ;g vkS"kfèk;ksa] Ñf"k ikSèk vkSj i'kq vkfn lEcaèkh isVsaV iz.kkyh osQ varxZr izHkkoh {ks=k dk foLrkj djsxkAD;ksafd fodflr ns'kksa vkSj mudh cgqns'kh; oaQifu;ksa osQ ikl vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl osQ vlhe lkèku vkSj lqfoèkk,agSa] blfy, mUgsa fuos'k djus vkSj izfØ;kvksa rFkk oLrqvksa dks isVsaV djokus dh lqfoèkk gksxhA ,slh lc fLFkfr;ksa esafodkl'khy ns'kksa dks jkW;YVh nsuh iM+sxhA ,sls lc inkFkks±] fo'ks"kr;k] vkS"kfèk;ksa rFkk e'khuksa dh dhersa c<+ tk,axhvkSj miHkksDrk ij vfèkd Hkkj iM+sxkA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa isVsaV fd, gq, dPps eky vkSj inkFkks± dk vkSj vfèkdvk;kr gksxk] vkSj fu;kZr dks vk?kkr igqapsxkA ifj.kkeLo:i] Hkqxrku&'ks"k vkSj vfèkd fcxM+sxkA

fodflr ns'k Hkh fVªIl ls izHkkfor gksaxsA ,d vuqeku osQ vuqlkj] ;fn fVªIl le>kSrs dk iw.kZr;k ikyu fd;k x;krks vkS"kfèk;ksa dh dherksa esa vkdk'kHksnh o`f¼ gksxh vkSj fo'o dh 90» vkcknh ij bldk oqQizHkko iM+sxkA

Hkkjr dh Hkkafr cgqr&ls fodkl'khy ns'k vkS"kfèk] Ñf"k&mRikn jlk;u vkfn {ks=kksa esa vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl dk;ks±esa layXu gSaA ;g lc e`rizk; gks tk,xk D;ksafd 10 o"kZ osQ laØe.kdky osQ i'pkr isVsaV dkuwuksa esa ifjorZu gksxkA

fVªIl le>kSrs dh LohÑfr ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ isVsaV dkuwuksa esa nwjxkeh ifjorZu vko';d gks tk,axsA

fVªIl le>kSrs osQ vuqlkj fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ isVsaV dkuwuksa esa ifjorZu ls cqf¼thoh iyk;u esa Hkkjh o`f¼ gksxh tksbu ns'kksa osQ fy, cgqr gkfudkjd gksxkA

isVsaV vfèkdkjksa dh vofèk dk 20 o"kZ osQ fy, c<+kuk fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, vkSj Hkh gkfudkjd gksxkA osQoyfodflr ns'kksa esa gh isVsaV vfèkdkjksa dh vofèk 20 o"kZ gSA cs'kd] fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vius ekStwnk dkuwuksa dkscnyus osQ fy, 10 o"kZ dk le; fn;k tk,xk] ysfdu fVªIl le>kSrk bl fj;k;r dks Hkh Dykfldh ikbi ykbulqj{kk èkkjk }kjk Nhu ysrk gSA bl èkkjk osQ vuqlkj lEc¼ vfèkdkjh vkS"kfèk;ksa rFkk Ñf"k inkFkks± osQ isVsaV izkFkZuk&i=k]1 tuojh] 1995 dks le>kSrs osQ izHkkoh gksus osQ i'pkr~ Hkh Lohdkj djsaxs] pkgs jk"Vªh; dkuwuksa esa oLrq isVsVksa dhLohÑfr dk izkoèkku gks ;k ughaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] vkS"kfèk;ksa osQ lacaèk esa isVsaV izkFkZuk&i=k nsus ls mlosQ ekosZQV izos'k rdlkèkkj.kr% 10 o"kZ dk le; yxrk gSA vr% ,slh oLrqvksa ij isVsaV lqj{kk dh vko';drk osQoy 2005 osQ vkxs lsgh gksxhA ;|fi isVsaV dh vofèk osQoy 20 o"kZ dh gh gksxh] ijUrq dksbZ Hkh ubZ oLrqvksa ij fuos'k ugha djsxkA

fiQj le>kSrs dk izkoèkku gS fd izkFkhZ dks fdlh nwljs ns'k esa ,dek=k ekosZQ¯Vx vfèkdkj vfèkdkfèkd 5 o"kZ osQ fy,gksxkA isVsaV LohÑr osQ fcuk Hkh ,sls uo&izorZu (innovation) lacaèkh lwpuk xksiuh; j[kh tk,xhA ;g izkoèkkufodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fgrksa osQ fo#¼ gS] D;ksafd ;g isVsaVèkkjh dks vfèkdkj nsrk gS fd og bl isVsaV oLrq vFkok izfØ;kdk fu;kZr ekosZQV esa mi;ksx ij jksd yxkosQ bl izdkj isVsaV dh gqbZ izkS|ksfxdh ,d MNC }kjk fdlh fodkl'khyns'k osQ ?kjsyw ekosZQV osQ 'kks"k.k osQ fy, iz;qDr dh tk ldrh gSA

isVsaV osQ dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, isVsaVèkkjh dks LorU=krk gksxh fd og oLrq dks fu;kZr djs] u fd mldh mRiknuμbdkbZdks nwljs ns'kksa esa yxk,A fodflr ns'kksa vkSj muosQ MNC ij dksbZ cUèku ugha gksxk fd os fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks viuhizkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks mudh dk;Z&lapkyu dh vko';drkiw£r osQ fy, LFkkukUrfjr djsaA cfYd mu ns'kksa dk mi;ksxmudh oLrqvksa osQ ekosZQV osQ :i esa fd;k tk,xkA

¶izek.k osQ nkf;Ro dk O;qRØe¸ (reversal of the burden of proof) okyh èkkjk rks U;k; osQ dkuwuksa osQ loZFkkfo#¼ gSA blosQ vuqlkj ubZ oLrqvksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa osQ mRikndksa dk mÙkjnkf;Ro gksxk fd os vius isVsaV vfèkdkjksaosQ vufrØe.k (non-infringement) dks fl¼ djsaA vr,o ;g isVsaVèkkjh dks viuh izfØ;k vkSj oLrq isaVsaV osQ

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vfrØe.k dks fl¼ djus ls eqfDr nsrk gSA ;g LosPNkpkfjrkiw.kZ gSA

fVªIl fu;e Lo&fojksèkkHkklh Hkh gSaA os fdlh fof'k"V iz.kkyh dk izkoèkku ugha djrs ftlosQ }kjk lrrh;(Sustainable) fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k j{k.k osQ è;s;ksa dks izkIr fd;k tk losQA ckSf¼d lEifÙk vfèkdkjksa vkSji;kZoj.k esa lacaèk dk iz'u blfy, mBkrk gS D;ksafd oqQN lqjf{kr izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk i;kZoj.k ij Hkys ;k cqjs :iesa] lhèkk izHkko iM+rk gSA ;FkkFkZ esa i;kZoj.k dks izHkkfor djus okyh izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk isVsaV iz.kkyh ls vyx j[kuk;k muosQ iz;ksx ij] okf.kfT;d 'kks"k.k ij] izfrcUèk izR;{kr% vko';d izrhr gksxkA fVªIl le>kSrk Li"V ugha djrkfd lnL; isVsaV lqj{kk LohÑr djrs le; i;kZoj.kh;&gkfudj rduhdksa osQ okf.kfT;d izfrcUèk yxk ldrs gSa ;kD;k ;g vufrØe.k (non-violation) :ih f'kdk;rksa dks tUe nsxkA

MkW- nhid uÕ;j osQ vuqlkj] ¶;fn uo&izorZu dks NksM+ Hkh nsa] rks Hkh fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, fVªIl le>kSrs osQizkS|ksfxfd;ksa osQ lekos'ku (absorption), izlkj.k (diffusion) vkSj vuqowQyu (adaptation) osQ vk'k; nwjxkehgSA vfrvko';d rduhosaQ vc lqyHk ykxrksa ij miyCèk ugha gks losQxhA ?kjsyw rduhd dk mn~Hko 'kk;n igysls gh izkIr gks tk,A rduhdksa dk LFkkukarj.k èkhek iM+ tk,A MNC }kjk izfrcafèkr O;kolkf;d i¼fr;ksa osQ izHkkoksaesa o`f¼ gksA fVªIl le>kSrs osQ vk'k; vkSj fu"d"kks± ls vuqeku yxrk gS fd ckSf¼d lEifÙk vfèkdkjksa osQ laj{k.kdh meM+ jgh varjkZ"Vªh; fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, vU;k;laxr vkSj izfrowQy gksxhA¸

7- >xM+k&fuiVku (Dispute Settlement)

WTO dh >xM+k fuiVku iz.kkyh osQ }kjk lnL; ns'kksa dh vkUrfjd uhfr;ksa ls lacafèkr leL;kvksa ij fu.kZ; fy;ktkrk gSA ijUrq blls ns'kksa dh izHkqlÙkk ij èkedh dk Hk; mRiUu gksrk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i] >xM+s dh n'kk esa ;fnWTO ea=kky; us ,d ukekoyh euksuhr djus dh izkFkZuk dh tkrh gS rks WTO ea=kky; dks ukekoyh euksuhrdjus dk iw.kZ vfèkdkj izkIr gSA lEc¼ lnL; bl euksu;u dks vLohdkj ugha dj ldrkA vr,o blosQ fu.kZ;ij >xM+s ls lacafèkr lnL; dksbZ vkifÙk ugha mBk ldrkA bldk vFkZ gS mlosQ izHkqRokfèkdkjksa esa gLr{ksiA

fiQj 'kfDr'kkyh fodflr ns'k >xM+k&fuiVku&izfØ;k osQ <kasx ls mYVk izfr'kksèkkRed mik; viuk ldrs gSa tksfodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, vfgrdj gks ldrs gSaA

WTO vkSj GATT fu;eksa dh jpuk ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj lacaèkksa ls vfèkdikjn£'krk] Hkfo";&lwpdrk vkSj lqj{kk dh Hkkouk dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA

fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk dk;Zdj.k (Working of WTO)

WTO dk izFke f}ok£"kd vfèkos'ku lxkiqj osQ lUVSd uxj esa 9 ls 13 fnlEcj] 1996 rd gqvkA lnL; ns'kksa us,d loZlEer ?kks"k.kk dh ftlesa cgqi{kh; O;kikj&ra=k }kjk eqDr fo'o O;kikj dh mUufr esa vius fo'okl dkiqu% leFkZu fd;kA bl ?kks"k.kk esa mUgksaus viuh opuc¼rk bu lanHkks± esa nqgjkbZμ(1) ,d mfpr] U;k;laxr vkSjvfèkd [kqyh fu;e vkèkkfjr iz.kkyh_ (2) oLrqvksa osQ O;kikj ij VSfjiQ vkSj xSj&VSfjiQ #dkoVksa dk èkhjs&èkhjsmnkjhdj.k vkSj varr% lekfIr_ (3) lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa fujarj mnkjhdj.k] (4) lc izdkj osQ laj{k.kksa dkvLohdkj] (5) varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj lacaèkksa esa i{kikriw.kZ O;ogkj dk fu"dklu_ (6) fodkl'khy vkSj vYifodkl'khyns'kksa vkSj laØe.k esa vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk cgqi{kh; iz.kkyh esa ,dhdj.k] vkSj (7) vfèkdre laHko ikjn£'krkA

eaf=k;ksa us O;kikj dh oqQN ubZ leL;kvksa ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tSls izfrLièkkZ&uhfr] Je lacaèkh ekud cgqi{kh; fuos'kle>kSrk vkSj ljdkjh [kjhnA viuh ?kks"k.kk esa mUgksaus Je lacaèkh ekudksa dk laj{k.k osQ fy, iz;ksx o£tr dj fn;kAO;kikj vkSj fuos'k osQ chp lacaèkksa dh leL;kvksa osQ fujh{k.k osQ fy,] O;kikj vkSj izfr;ksfxrk esa ikjLifjd izHkko


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lacaèkh leL;kvksa dk vè;;u ftlesa vizfr;ksfxrkRed dk;Z Hkh lfEefyr gSa] vkSj ljdkjh [kjhn izfØ;k esaikjn£'krk dk vè;;u djus osQ fy, vyx&vyx dk;Zdkjh xzqiksa dh LFkkiuk ij lger gq,A mUgksaus Lohdkj fd;kfd foÙkh; lsokvksa] leqnzh; lsokvksa] vkSj vkèkkjHkwr nwjlapkj lacaèkh fo'o&ek£dV osQ mnkjhdj.k ij okrkZvksa esa izxfrvlarks"ktud jgh gSA ;g 1997 osQ vUr rd iw.kZ gks tk,xhA

bl vfèkos'ku dk ,d gh jpukRed i{k Fkkμ28 ns'kksa }kjk LohÑr lwpuk rduhd le>kSrs dk izkjaHk] ftldk mís';gS] lwpuk rduhd ij VSfjiQksa dk lu~ 2000 rd furkUr mUewyuA ;g lgefr gqbZ fd bl ij okrkZ tsusok esa 1tuojh] 1997 esa izkjEHk gksxh vkSj le>kSrk tqykbZ] 1997 rd ykxw gks tk,xkA VSfjiQ dVkSfr;ksa dk nwljk pj.ktuojh] 1998 esa 'kq# gksxk] rhljk tuojh] 1999 esa] vkSj 'kwU; rd vafre dVkSrh 2000 osQ vkjEHk esaA bl le>kSrsosQ vUrxZr cgqr&lh oLrq,a vk,axh tSls dEI;wVj vkSj lkWÝVos;j] lsehoaQMDVj] iQkboj vkSfIVd osQcy] iQksVks&izfrfyfidvkSj oSQiSflVjA

GATT vkSj W.T.O. esa varj Li"V djsaA

ftl izdkj igyh ea=kh; eh¯Vx us fu.kZ; fy,] mldh rhoz vkykspuk dh xbZ] D;ksafd vfèkdrj fodkl'khy ns'kksadks fu.kZ;dkjh izfØ;k ls nwj j[kk x;k FkkA fu.kZ; izfØ;k fn[kkoV&ek=k FkhA vfèkdrj ns'kksa dks vukSipkfjdfopkj&foe'kZ esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy, Hkh fu;af=kr ugha fd;k x;k tSlkfd lwpuk rduhd le>kSrs osQ fy, fd;k x;kFkkA ;g le>kSrk] tks fodflr ns'kksa osQ fy, vR;fèkd ykHkdkjh gS] tcjnLrh xfBr fd;k x;k gS] tcfd m#xosnkSj osQ le>kSrs osQ mu Hkkxksa ij] tks fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, fo'ks"kr% ykHkizn Fks] tSls diM+k vkSj Ñf"k osQ le>kSrs]ftu ij bl vfèkos'ku esa fopkj&foe'kZ gh ugha gqvkA

vkykspd dgrs gSa fd lxkiqj vfèkos'ku osQ fu.kZ;ksa us Li"V dj fn;k fd WTO osQoy ,d ¶èkuifr;ksa dk Dyc¸gh gS] tgka nks o"kZ iqjkuk WTO fodflr ns'kksa }kjk fodkl'khy ns'kksa rFkk U;wure fodflr ns'kksa ij izHkqRo dklkèku&ek=k Fkk] tSlk fd xSV FkkA

ea=kh; eh¯Vx osQ vfrfjDr WTO dk >xM+k fuiVku cksMZ (DSB) viuk dk;Z lqpk: :i ls dj jgk gSA vHkh rdblosQ lEeq[k 100 >xM+s yk, x, gSaA bldk igyk fu.kZ; vesfjdk osQ iSVªksy VSDl fo"k;d Fkk] ftlosQ iQyLo:iok¯'kxVu us vius dkuwu dks lqèkkjus dk fu'p; fd;kA fnlEcj 1996 esa blus vesfjdk osQ fo#¼ Hkkjr osQ i{kesa Hkkjr&fu£er Åuh oL=kksa dh vesfjdh ekosZQV esa fcØh osQ fo"k; esa fu.kZ; fn;kA uoEcj 1996 esa dksLVkfjdk usblh izdkj vesfjdk ls lwrh deht dh fcØh lacaèkh eqdnek thrkA vesfjdk us] ,d&i{kh; n.M nsus dh ctk;]tkikuh fiQYe ekosZQV osQ fo"k; esa tkiku dks DSB esa ?klhVk gSA vesfjdk osQ fo#¼ rhu fu.kZ;ksa us WTO lnL;ksaesa] fo'ks"kdj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] fo'okl tkx`r fd;k gS fd DSB ,sls >xM+ksa esa mfpr vkSj U;k;laxr fu.kZ; ysusesa l{ke gSA



1. --------- ,d lqO;ofLFkr ,oa LFkk;h O;kikj dh laLFkk gSA

2. --------- ,d ,slk eap Fkk ftl ij lnL; ns'k fo'o O;kikj leL;kvksa ij fopkj djus vkSj mUgsa lqy>kusosQ fy, n'kd esa osQoy ,d ckj feyrs FksA

3. --------- lEesyu WTO dh 'kh"kZLFk vfèkdkfj.kh lfefr gSA

4. WTO --------- osQ 'kh"kZ ij MkbjsDVj tujy gksrk gSA

5. oLrqvksa esa O;kikj dk lkekU; le>kSrk xSV --------- dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA

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6. --------- le>kSrs osQ vUrxZr 7 izdkj dh ckSf¼d lEifÙk vkrh gSA

7. --------- vuqcafèkr ns'kksa }kjk 8 yEcs o"kks± dh okrkZvksa dk ifj.kke FkkA

8. WTO dk izFke f}ok£"kd vfèkos'ku --------- osQ lUVSd uxj ea 9 ls 13 fnlEcj 1996 rd gqvkA


• (WTO) xSV dk gh mÙkjkfèkdkjh gSA xSV ,d eap Fkk tgka lnL; ns'k le;≤ ij ,df=kr gksrs Fks vkSjfo'o O;kikj dh leL;kvksa ij okrkZyki djrs Fks vkSj mudks lqy>krs FksA ijUrq WTO ,d lqO;ofLFkrvkSj LFkk;h fo'o O;kikj dh laLFkk gSA bldh ,d dkuwuh fLFkfr gS vkSj ;g fo'o cSad rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh;eqnzk dks"k osQ led{k gh LFkku j[krk gSA

• 1 tuojh] 1995 dks WTO osQ lnL; 77 ns'k Fks] ftudh la[;k 2004 rd c<+dj 148 gks xbZA HkkjrlaLFkkid ns'kksa esa ls ,d gSA

• xSV osQoy oqQN p;ukRed (selective) cgqi{kh; le>kSrksa osQ ckjs esa fu;eksa vkSj iz.kkfy;ksa dk lewg FkkAvyx&vyx fo"k;ksa ij vyx&vyx le>kSrs Fks tks lnL;ksa ij ckè; ugha FksA dksbZ Hkh lnL; fdlh Hkhle>kSrs esa lfEefyr gksus ls bUdkj dj ldrk FkkA osQoy os gh lnL; ftUgksaus fdlh le>kSrs ij gLrk{kjfd, gksa] mldk ikyu u djus ij nafMr gks ldrs FksA ijUrq tks le>kSrs WTO dk vax cu pqosQ gSa ogLFkk;h gSa vkSj lHkh lnL;ksa ij ckè; gSaA

• WTO dh lajpuk vFkok laxBu ,d ea=kh; lEesyu (Ministerial Conference) }kjk lapkfyr gksrk gSftlesa lc lnL;ksa osQ izfrfufèk gksrs gSa tks de&ls&de nks o"kZ esa ,d ckj feyrs gSaA ;g ETO dh lEiw.kZdk;Ziz.kkyh dks pykrk gS vkSj rnuq:i vko';d dne mBkrk gSA

• WTO ,der }kjk fu.kZ; dh i¼fr dk vuqlj.k djrk gS] ftls xSV 1947 }kjk fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gSAtc ,der }kjk fu.kZ; lEHko ugha gksrk] rc fopkjkèkhu iz'u dk gy ¶,d ns'k ,d oksV¸ osQ vkèkkjij 2@3 cgqer }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

• O;kikj vkSj foÙkh; iz;klksa osQ {ks=k esa blosQ lacaèk bl izdkj pyk, tk,axs ftlls jkstxkj lqfuf'pr gksukvkSj foLr`r okLrfod vk; vkSj izHkkoh ekax esa yxkrkj o`f¼ }kjk jgu&lgu osQ Lrj esa lqèkkj gks rFkkoLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ mRiknu vkSj O;kikj dk izlkj gksA

• oLrqvksa esa O;kikj dk lkekU; le>kSrk xSV 1994 dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA blesa oLrqvksa esa O;kikj lacaèkhfofHkUu igyqvksa osQ ckjs esa lc le>kSrs 'kkfey gSaA

• U;wure ekosZQV&izos'k opuc¼rk mUgha ns'kksa ij ykxw gS tks Ñf"k lacaèkh vk;kr esa fHkUu izdkj dh #dkoVksadk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj rnuqlkj gh bu #dkoVksa dks VSfjiQ dk :i nsus] rFkk bu VSfjiQksa dks 6 o"kZ osQ dkyesa 36» de djus dks ckè; gSaA bu ns'kksa osQ fy, ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd os 6 o"kZ osQ fy, fons'kh Ñf"kmRiknksa dh [kir dh U;wure 3» ekosZQV izos'k lqfoèkk fons'kh Ñf"k mRiknksa dks nsa tks 6 o"kZ osQ ckn c<+dj5» gks tk,xhA

• nwjlapkj osQ {ks=k esa ;g ns'kksa dks funsZ'k nsrk gS fd os nwj&lapkj ogu ra=kksa dk LFkkiu] fuekZ.k] vfèkxzg.k]iV~Vs ij nsuk] lapkyu ;k iw£r lqfuf'pr djsa vkSj turk dks miyCèk djk,aA rFkkfi ,d fodkl'khy ns'kvius ?kjsyw nwjlapkj <kaps vkSj lsokvksa dh vkSj lsok&lhekvksa dh iq"Vrk] rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; nwjlapkj la?k(International Tele-communication Union) vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ekudhdj.k laxBu (International

Organisation for Standardisation) osQ lg;ksx ls nwjlapkj lsokvksa osQ varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa lg;ksx dho`f¼ osQ fy, mik; djsA


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• WTO osQ LFkkiu le>kSrs osQ izkoèkkuksa osQ vUrxZr lnL; ns'kksa osQ vfèkdkj vkSj dÙkZO; lacafèkr vfèkdkjksaosQ fy, fopkj foe'kZ vkSj >xM+s osQ fuiVku dk izkoèkku >xM+k fuiVku fuèkkZj.k fu;eksa vkSj iz.kkfy;ksaosQ le>kSrs esa fd;k x;k gSA

• m#xos nkSj vuqcafèkr ns'kksa }kjk 8 yEcs o"kks± dh okrkZvksa dk ifj.kke FkkA bu okrkZvksa osQ iQyLo:i vafre,Dl osQ oSèkkfud izys[kksa esa 28 le>kSrksa dk lekos'k gSA

• Ñf"k le>kSrk fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fdlkuksa osQ fy, gkfuizn gksxkA ;g [kk| lqj{kk dh mUufr vkSjvkRefuHkZjrk osQ fy, nh gqbZ lfClfM;ksa rFkk Ñf"k mRiknksa osQ fu;kZr esa o`f¼ osQ fy, lfClMh esa dksbZHksn ugha djrk] D;ksafd ;g fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ mRikn osQ ewY; osQ 10» rd dh gh lfClMh dks LohÑrnsrk gSA

• dek=kkRed #dkoVksa (QRs) osQ foyhuhdj.k vkSj vfèkeku lacaèkh xSV fu;e 1994 vLi"V gSaA viuhHkqxrku&'ks"k lacaèkh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, (QRs) dk iz;ksx fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, vizHkkodkjhcuk fn;k x;k gS D;ksafd bls osQoy U;wure fodflr ns'kksa rd lhfer dj fn;k x;k gSA

• fVªIl le>kSrk fo'ks"kr% i{kikriw.kZ gSA ;g fuEu dkj.kksa ls fodflr ns'kksa osQ fgr esa gksxk vkSj fodkl'khyns'kksa dks vfgrdjA ;g vkS"kfèk;ksa] Ñf"k ikSèk vkSj i'kq vkfn lEcaèkh isVsaV iz.kkyh osQ varxZr izHkkoh {ks=kdk foLrkj djsxkA

• fVªIl fu;e Lo&fojksèkkHkklh Hkh gSaA os fdlh fof'k"V iz.kkyh dk izkoèkku ugha djrs ftlosQ }kjk lrrh;(Sustainable) fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k j{k.k osQ è;s;ksa dks izkIr fd;k tk losQA ckSf¼d lEifÙk vfèkdkjksavkSj i;kZoj.k esa lacaèk dk iz'u blfy, mBkrk gS D;ksafd oqQN lqjf{kr izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk i;kZoj.k ij Hkys;k cqjs :i esa] lhèkk izHkko iM+rk gSA

• WTO dk izFke f}ok£"kd vfèkos'ku lxkiqj osQ lUVSd uxj esa 9 ls 13 fnlEcj] 1996 rd gqvkA lnL;ns'kksa us ,d loZlEer ?kks"k.kk dh ftlesa cgqi{kh; O;kikj&ra=k }kjk eqDr fo'o O;kikj dh mUufr esa viusfo'okl dk iqu% leFkZu fd;kA

• vkykspd dgrs gSa fd lxkiqj vfèkos'ku osQ fu.kZ;ksa us Li"V dj fn;k fd WTO osQoy ,d ¶èkuifr;ksadk Dyc¸ gh gS] tgka nks o"kZ iqjkuk WTO fodflr ns'kksa }kjk fodkl'khy ns'kksa rFkk U;wure fodflrns'kksa ij izHkqRo dk lkèku&ek=k Fkk] tSlk fd xSV FkkA


• furkUrμvR;ar vko';dA

• iqujkoyksduμiqu% ifj{k.k djukA

• vfèkekuμLVkWdA


1- fo'o O;kikj laxBu D;k gS\ blosQ mís';ksa ,oa dk;ks± dk o.kZu djsaA

2- xSV fdl izdkj fo'o O;kikj laxBu ls fHkUu gSA bldk foLr`r foospu djsaA

3- xSV osQ m#jos nkSj osQ ifj.kkeksa lfgr WTO le>kSrs dk o.kZu djsaA

uksV




1. WTO 2. xSV 3. ea=kh; 4. lfpoky;

5. 1994 6. TRIPs 7. m#jos nkSj 8. ¯lxkiqjA






uksV


bdkbZμ28% vadVkM] vkbZ-,e-,iQ- fo'o cSad rFkk

,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad (UNCTAD, I.M.F. World Bankand Asian Development Bank)


mís'; (Objectives)


28.1 vadVkM] vkbZ-,e-,iQ-] fo'o cSad rFkk ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad (UNCTAD, I.M.F., World Bankand Asian Development Bank)





mís'; (Objectives)


• vadVkM vkbZ-,e-,iQ-] fo'o cSad rFkk ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad dh O;k[;k djus esaA


xSV ls fodflr ns'k vfèkd ykHkkfUor gq, rFkk v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa dks mlls fujk'kk gqbZ vr% ;g vuqHko fd;kx;k fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vkSj lg;ksx osQ fy, ,slh fdlh laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg, tks v¼Z&fodflrns'kksa ls O;kikj ?kkVs dks nwj dj losQA blh osQ iQyLo:i vadVkM dk tUe gqvkA vadVkM fo'o O;kikj osQ foLrkjvkSj fo'ks"k :i ls v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa thou&Lrj esa o`f¼ djus dk ,d egRoiw.kZ iz;kl gSA

la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh egklHkk us 1961 dh n'kkCnh dks la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl n'kkCnh* dh laKk nh rFkk egklfpols ,slh lEHkkoukvksa dk irk yxkus osQ fy, dgk x;k ftlls O;kikj vkSj fodkl ls lEcfUèkr leL;kvksa ij ,dvUrjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu vk;ksftr fd;k tk losQA tqykbZ 1962 esa dkfgjk (Cairo) esa tks O;kikj efU=k;ksa dk lEesyugqvk] mlesa Hkh O;kikj vkSj fodkl ij fo'o lEesyu vk;ksftr djus dh vko';drk ij cy fn;k x;kA bl leFkZuosQ iQyLo:i la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh vk£Fkd ,oa lkekftd ifj"kn~ us ekpZ&twu 1964 esa la;qDr jk"Vª O;kikj vkSjfodkl lEesyu vk;ksftr djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k vkSj bl izFke lEesyu osQ lkFk gh vadVkM dk tUe gqvkAvadVkM dks LFkkfir djus dk Js; MkW- jkmy izsfc'k dks gSA izFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ mijkar Lo.kZeku VwVus osQ dkj.kvarjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ,oa Hkqxrku osQ {ks=kesa dkiQh dfBukb;k¡ gksus yxhaA iQyLo:i] 27 fnlacj 1945 dks ok¯'kxVuesa varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

vYifodflr ns'kksa dks fodkl djus gsrq fo'o cSad dk fuekZ.k gqvkA twu 1946 ls dk;Z djuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA26 uoacj] 1966 dh ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA


uksV


bdkbZμ28% vadVkM] vkbZ-,e-,iQ- fo'o cSad---

28-1 vadVkM] vkbZ-,e-,iQ-] fo'o cSad rFkk ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad (UNCTAD,I.M.F., World Bank and Asian Development Bank)

vadVkM la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh egklHkk dk ,d LFkk;h vax gS] fdUrq mldh Lo;a dh lgk;d laLFkk,¡ gSa rFkk LorU=klfpoky; gSA bldh ,d LFkk;h dk;Zdkfj.kh gS ftls O;kikj ,oa fodkl e.My (Trade and Development

Board) dgrs gSaA vadVkM lEesyuksa dh vofèk osQ chp esa e.My dk;Z'khy jgrk gS rFkk bldh lky esa nks cSBosaQgksrh gSaA blosQ 55 lnL; gksrs gSa ftudk pquko lEesyu esa leku HkkSxksfyd forj.k osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk gSAbl e.My dh pkj lgk;d laLFkk,¡ gSa tks bl izdkj gSaμ

(i) oLrqvksa dh desVh] (ii) fuekZ.k m|ksxksa dh desVh] (iii) ukS&ifjogu desVh] ,oa (iv) vn`'; oLrqvksa ,oa O;kikjls lEcfUèkr foÙkh; O;oLFkk dh desVhA

vadVkM dk eq[;ky; tsusok (fLoV~tjyS.M) esa fLFkr gSA pkj o"kZ osQ vUrjky ij lkekU;r% vadVkM dh cSBdvk;ksftr gksrh gSA vadVkM dh lHkh lHkkvksa esa IMF dks LFkk;h izfrfufèkRo izkIr gSA blh dkj.k UNCTAD }kjkikfjr izLrkoksa dks IMF viuh uhfr fuekZ.k esa LFkku nsrk gSA

vadVkM osQ lq>ko jpukRed ek=k gksrs gSa ftUgsa viukus osQ fy, fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dks ckè; ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

vadVkM osQ izeq[k mís'; ,oa dk;Z (Main Objectives and Functions of UNCTAD)

vadVkM dh LFkkiuk blh mís'; ls dh x;h gS fd v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ O;kikj lEcUèkh ekeyksa esa mudh lgk;rkdj] bu ns'kksa esa vk£Fkd fodkl dks xfr'khy cuk;k tk losQA vadVkM osQ eq[; dk;Z fuEu izdkj gSaμ

(1) iwjs fo'o esa fodflr ,oa v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa osQ chp vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks izksRlkgu nsuk vkSj vk£Fkdfodkl dks xfr'khy cukukA

(2) vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ,oa mlls lEcfUèkr ekeyksa rFkk vk£Fkd fodkl ls lEcfUèkr leL;kvksa osQ fy, fl¼kUr,oa uhfr;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k djukA

(3) mi;qZDr fl¼kUr ,oa uhfr;ksa dks dk;kZfUor djus osQ fy, izLrko rS;kj djukA

(4) la;qDr jk"Vª la?k esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls lEcfUèkr tks vU; laLFkk,¡ gSa] mudk vadVkM ls leUo; LFkkfirdjuk ,oa mudh izxfr dh leh{kk djukA

(5) fo'o osQ ns'kksa osQ chp lq[kn O;kikfjd lEcUèk LFkkfir djus gsrq ,d osQUnz osQ :i esa dk;Z djukA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk&dks"k dh LFkkiuk (Establishment of I.M.F.)

izFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ ckn] Lo.kZeku VwVus osQ dkj.k vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ,oa Hkqxrku osQ {ks=k esa dkiQh dfBukb;k¡ gksusyxhaA f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ us Hkh fons'kh fofue; vkSj O;kikj osQ {ks=k esa vO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr iSnk dj nhA lalkj osQns'kksa osQ lkeus xEHkhj izfrowQy Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh leL;k fo|eku FkhA vr% lc ns'kksa us ;g vuqHko fd;k fdbl leL;k osQ nh?kZdkyhu ,oa LFkk;h gy osQ fy, ikjLifjd le>kSrksa osQ ekè;e ls vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd lg;ksx dhLFkkiuk dh tk;A iQyLo:i 1944 esa vesfjdk osQ cszVuoqM~l uked LFkku esa ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd lEesyucqyk;k x;k ftlesa 44 ns'kksa osQ izfrfuf/;ksa us Hkkx fy;k vkSj i;kZIr fopkj&foe'kZ osQ ckn ,d ,sls ekè;e dh [kkstdh ftlls vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj vkSj Hkqxrku esa ljyrk gks losQA bl izdkj ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd laxBu osQ :iesa vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF) dh LFkkiuk 27 fnlEcj] 1945 dks ok¯'kxVu esa gqbZ] fdUrq okLrfod :i esavUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF) us viuk dk;Z 1 ekpZ] 1947 ls vkjEHk fd;kA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk&dks"k osQ mís'; (Aims of International Monetary Fund)

eqnzk&dks"k osQ le>kSrk&i=k osQ vuqlkj blosQ fuEufyf[kr mís'; gSaμ


uksV


(1) vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd lg;ksx dh LFkkiuk (Creation of International Monetary Co-

operation)μeqnzk&dks"k dk izFke mís'; lnL; ns'kksa esa eqnzk uhfr lEcU/h lg;ksx LFkkfir djuk gSA blosQfy, dks"k }kjk fo'ks"kKksa dk ,d ny j[kk tkrk gS tks vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku osQ fy,le;≤ ij lq>ko nsrk gSA

(2) lUrqfyr vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks c<+kok (Promotion of Balanced Growth of International

Trade)μf}rh; ;q¼dky esa lc ns'kksa }kjk vk;kr&fu;kZr ij izfrcU/ yxk fn, x, FksA vusd vkfFkZd ,oajktuhfrd dkj.kksa ls Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh ek=kk esa cgqr deh gks xbZA dks"k osQ vuqlkj eqnzk&dks"kdk dksbZ Hkh lnL; dks"k dh vuqefr fy, fcuk vUrjkZ"Vªh; ysu&nsu vFkok Hkqxrkuksa ij dksbZ cU/u ugha yxk ldrkA bl izdkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dk mís'; vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk lUrqfyr fodkldjuk gSA

(3) fofue; LFkkf;Ro (Exchange Stability)μeqnzk&dks"k dk rhljk mís'; fofue; njksa esa LFkkf;Ro ykukgSA lnL; cuus osQ le; gh izR;sd ns'k dh fofue; nj SDR esa fu/kZfjr dj nh tkrh gSA (15 vxLr]1971 ls iwoZ izR;sd lnL; ns'k dh eqnzk dh fofue;&nj Lo.kZ vkSj Mkyj esa fu/kZfjr dh tkrh Fkh) vkSjizR;sd lnL; ml nj dks cuk, j[kus dh ps"Vk djrk gSA ;fn fdlh ns'k dh fofue;&nj fxjus dh vk'kadkmRiUu gks tkrh gS rks eqnzk&dks"k u osQoy mls mfpr lykg }kjk fLFkfr dks laHkkyus esa enn djrk gS cfYdmls vko';d eqnzk m/kj Hkh nsrk gSA

(4) cgqeq[kh Hkqxrku (Multilateral Payments)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj rFkk ysu&nsu esa lcls cM+h ckèkk ;ggS fd fofHkUu ns'kksa dh eqnzk,¡ vkil esa ifjorZu'khy ugha gSaA eqnzk&dks"k dh LFkkiuk osQ yxHkx 60 o"kZi'pkr~ Hkh vusd ns'kksa us fons'kh fofue; osQ ysu&nsu ij fu;U=k.k yxk j[ks gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fdcgqr&ls ns'kksa esa vk/kjHkwr (Fundamental) vkfFkZd dfBukb;k¡ gSaA

nwljh vksj] oqQN ns'k ,sls gSa ftudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vPNh gS vkSj mudh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa dksbZ vk/kjHkwr dehugha gSA LoHkkor% ,sls ns'kksa }kjk fons'kh fofue; osQ ysu&nsu ij fu;U=k.k j[kuk vuqfpr gSA

eqnzk&dks"k us mi;qZDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj gh viuk prqFkZ mís'; ;g j[kk gS fd og fofue; fu;U=k.kksadks /hjs&/hjs gVokdj ,slh vUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrku O;oLFkk LFkkfir djus dk iz;Ru djsxk ftlesa izR;sd ns'kvYidky ,d&nwljs dh eqnzk esa Hkqxrku Lohdkj djus dks rS;kj gks tk,¡A bl izdkj] vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"kdk mís'; cgqi{kh; Hkqxrkuksa (Multilateral Payments) dh O;oLFkk LFkkfir djosQ fofue; izfrcU/ksa dks lekIrdjuk vFkok de djuk gSA

(5) vkfFkZd lgk;rk (Financial Assistance)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k lnL; ns'kksa osQ izfrowQy HkqxrkulUrqyu dks Bhd djus osQ fy, vkfFkZd lg;ksx iznku djrk gSA ;g lg;ksx vYidkyhu Í.k nsdj (tksfdlh Hkh eqnzk esa izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSa) fd;k tkrk gS ftlls lEcfU/r ns'kksa dks u osQoy vkfFkZd lgk;rkgh feyrh gS cfYd vkfFkZd O;oLFkk Bhd djus osQ fy, ijke'kZ ,oa rduhdh lgk;rk Hkh feyrhgSA bl izdkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dk mís'; lnL; ns'kksa osQ izfrowQy Hkqxrku lUrqyu dks Bhddjus osQ fy, vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku djuk gSA

(6) vlUrqyu dh vof/ rFkk ek=kk (Duration and Degree of Disequilibrium)μoqQN ns'kksa dhvkèkkjHkwr vFkZO;oLFkk rks n`<+ gksrh gS] ijUrq fo'ks"k dkj.kksa ls mudk Hkqxrku lUrqyu fcxM+ tkrk gSA ;glUrqyu u rks rRdky Bhd djuk mfpr gh gS u lEHko ghA vr% eqnzk&dks"k leqfpr lgk;rk }kjk bls'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz Bhd djus dk iz;Ru djuk gSA mlosQ iz;Ruksa ls lUrqyu dh vof/ vkSj ek=kk esa deh gks tkrhgS ftlls ml ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij cgqr Hkkj ugha iM+us ikrkA bl izdkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"kdk mís'; lnL; ns'kksa osQ izfrowQy Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh vof/ ,oa lEc¼ ?kkVs osQ ifj.kke dksU;wure djus dk iz;kl djuk gSA

uksV



eqnzk&dks"k dh lnL;rk (Membership of the I.M.F.)

eqnzk&dks"k dh lnL;rk dksbZ Hkh ns'k izkIr dj ldrk gS] ijUrq lnL; ns'k dks blosQ le>kSrk&i=k dh lc /kjkvksadk ikyu djus dk opu nsuk iM+rk gSA tks ns'k dks"k dk lnL; u jguk pkgs og lwpuk ek=k ls ,slk dj ldrkgSA ;fn dksbZ lnL; eqnzk&dks"k osQ le>kSrk&i=k dh fdlh /kjk dh vogsyuk djrk gS rks mls lnL;rk ls i`Fko~Qfd;k tk ldrk gSA 1 ekpZ] 1947 dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k osQ osQoy 40 lnL; Fks ftudh la[;k orZeku esa c<+dj184 gks xbZ gSA

eqnzk&dks"k dk <k¡pk ,oa izcU/ O;oLFkk (Structure and Management of I.M.F.)

dks"k osQ le>kSrk&i=k dh /kjk XII esa dks"k osQ <k¡ps dk mYys[k gSA blesa Li"V :i ls dgk x;k gS fd dks"k esaiz'kkld e.My (Board of Governors)] ,d dk;Zdkjh e.My] ,d izcU/ lapkyd rFkk LVkiQ gksxkA bldklaf{kIr foospu bl izdkj gSμ

1- iz'kkld e.My (Board of Governors)μ;g dks"k dh loksZPp vf/dkj izkIr bdkbZ gSA blesa dks"k osQlnL; ns'kksa esa ls izR;sd lnL; ns'k dk ,d iz'kkld (xouZj) rFkk ,d oSdfYid iz'kkld gksrk gSA iz'kklde.My dk eq[; dk;Z dks"k dh uhfr;k¡ fu/kZfjr djuk] lnL; ns'kksa osQ vH;a'k esa la'kksèku djuk] u, lnL;ns'kksa dks izos'k nsuk] lnL; ns'kksa dh eqnzk dh lerk njsa fu/kZfjr djuk] bR;kfn gSA iz'kkld e.My dh o"kZesa ,d ckj cSBd gksrh gSA bl e.My us viuh cgqr&lh 'kfDr;k¡ dk;Zdkjh funs'kd e.My (Board of

Execute Directors) dks lkSai nh gSaA

2- dk;Zdkjh vFkok vf/'kklh funs'kd e.My (Board of Executive Directors)μ;g fu.kZ; ysus okyh,d LFkkbZ laLFkk gS rFkk dks"k osQ lHkh dk;Z blosQ }kjk laikfnr fd, tkrs gSaA funs'kd e.My iz'kklfud,oa uhfr lEcU/h ekeyksa esa fu.kZ; ysrk gS] dks"k dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ tkjh djrk gS] lnL; ns'kksa osQ lkFkegRoiw.kZ eqíksa ij okrkZ djrk gS rFkk lnL; ns'kksa dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; {ks=k esa foLr`r fjiksVks± dk izdk'kudjrk gSA orZeku esa blesa 22 dk;Zdkjh funs'kd gSa ftlesa ls 6 dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gS (5 funs'kd lclsvf/d dksVk okys ns'kksaμvesfjdk] fczVsu] teZuh] Úkal ,oa tkiku }kjk fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSa) rFkk 1 dhfu;qfDr lÅnh vjc ns'k }kjk (lcls vf/d lk[k okys nks ns'kksa esa ls ,d gksus osQ dkj.k) dh tkrh gSA'ks"k 16 dk;Zdkjh funs'kd] vU; ns'kksa }kjk pqus tkrs gSa rFkk budh vof/ nks o"kZ dh gksrh gSA funs'kde.My ,d izcU/ funs'kd dk pquko djrk gS tks funs'kd e.My dk vè;{k gksrk gSA blosQ lkFk ghog dks"k&dk;kZy; dk izeq[k Hkh gksrk gS rFkk funs'kd e.My osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj dks"k dk lkekU; dk;Z laikfnrdjrk gSA ,d lgk;d izcU/ funs'kd dh Hkh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gSA orZeku esa funs'kd e.My osQ vè;{kekbosQy osQeMsll~ (Michel Camdesus) gSaA ;g funs'kd e.My lIrkg esa dbZ fnu cSBosaQ djrk gS rFkkdks"k izcU/ ,oa LVkiQ }kjk rS;kj fd, x, izLrkoksa ij iw.kZ fopkj&foe'kZ dj fu.kZ; ysrk gSA

3- varfje lfefr (Interim Committee)μ;g ,d lykgdkjh laLFkk gS ftlesa iz'kkld e.My osQ 22lnL; gksrs gSaA ;s xouZj@ea=kh ;k led{k Js.kh osQ gks ldrs gSa rFkk mUgha {ks=kksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djrs gSa tksfuns'kd e.My osQ gksrs gSaA bldh o"kZ esa nks cSBosaQ gksrh gSaA varfje lfefr] iz'kkld e.My dks vUrjkZ"Vªh;ekSfnzd iz.kkyh] lnL; ns'kksa osQ vH;a'k] le>kSrk&/kjk esa la'kks/u] bR;kfn ekeyksa esa lykg nsrh gSA varfjelfefr funs'kd e.My dks Hkh bu eqíksa ij lykg nsrh gSA

4- fodkl lfefr (Development Committee)μ;g vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk&dks"k ,oa fo'o cSad dh la;qDrlfefr gS tks fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks okLrfod lalk/uksa osQ gLrkUrj.k ij fopkj djrh gSA bl lfefr esa22 lnL; gksrs gSa tks dks"k ,oa cSad osQ iz'kkld gksrs gSa rFkk bldh cSBd varfje lfefr osQ lkFk gh lkFkgksrh gS rFkk ;g lfefr dks"k ,oa cSad dks] fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks nh tkus okyh lgk;rk osQ eqís ij lykgnsrh gSA


uksV


eqnzk&dks"k osQ dk;Z (Functions of I.M.F.)

vius mís';ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, eqnzk&dks"k fuEukafdr dk;Z lEikfnr djrk gSμ

(1) vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku djuk (Giving of Economic Aid)

eqnzk&dks"k dk eq[; mís'; leLr ns'kksa osQ Hkqxrku vlUrqyu dks lUrqfyr djus esa lgk;rk djuk gSA tc fdlhns'k dk O;kikj vFkok Hkqxrku lUrqyu foi{k esa gksrk gS rks eqnzk&dks"k }kjk oqQN le; osQ fy, vko';d eqnzk dhO;oLFkk dj nh tkrh gSA

eqnzk&dks"k dh rqyuk nedy ls (I.M.F. like a Fire Brigade)μeqnzk&dks"k osQoy vLFkkbZ vlUrqyu dks Bhddjus osQ fy, jde nsrk gS] vr% lgk;rk dh vof/ vf/d ls vf/d 3 ls 5 o"kZ rd gksrh gSA eqnzk&dks"k osQHkwriwoZ izcU/ funs'kd isj tsdksclu osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶eqnzk&dks"k vkx cq>kus okys batu dh rjg gS ftldk iz;ksxosQoy ladV&dky esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A¸ okLro esa tc fdlh ns'k osQ fofue;&dks"k lekIr gks tk,¡ ;k fdlhvLFkkbZ dfBukbZ osQ dkj.k og fons'kh Hkqxrku djus esa vleFkZ gks rc mls eqnzk&dks"k ls lgk;rk ek¡xuh pkfg,]D;ksafd eqnzk&dks"k ,d xfr'khy dks"k gS (The I.M.F. is a revolving fund) vkSj bldh iw¡th ,d txg vVdkdj ugha j[kh tk ldrhA eqnzk&dks"k dh lgk;rk okLro esa volj iznku djus osQ fy, gS ftlosQ lgkjs ls ns'kksa dksviuh O;kikfjd fLFkfr lq/kjus dk le; fey tkrk gSA

eqnzk&dks"k fuEu :iksa esa vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsrk gSμ

(i) ladVdkyhu lgk;rk (Emergency Help)μftl ns'k esa jktuhfrd vFkok vkfFkZd ladV osQ dkj.kfLFkfr fcxM+ tkrh gS mls lq/kjus osQ fy, eqnzk&dks"k vYidkyhu lgk;rk ns nsrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]Hkkjr dks 1983 esa 5-6 vjc SDR dh ladVdkyhu lgk;rk nh xbZA

(ii) lkef;d fofue; dfBukbZ (Seasonal Exchange Difficulty)μftu ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk fons'khO;kikj ij gh fuHkZj gS vkSj muosQ fu;kZr] o"kZ osQ oqQN eghuksa esa gh gksrs gSa] mUgsa Hkh eqnzk&dks"k vkfFkZdlgk;rk nsrk gSA

(iii) pkyw Hkqxrku dk lUrqyu (Balancing Payment on Current Account)μoqQN ns'kksa esa vkfFkZdfu;kstu osQ dkj.k Hkqxrku esa izfrowQyrk jgrh gS] mls Bhd djus osQ fy, Hkh eqnzk&dks"k ls lgk;rk feytkrh gSA

(iv) LFkkf;Ro Í.k (Stabilisation Loans)μtks ns'k vkfFkZd fLFkfr dh nqcZyrk osQ dkj.k viuh fofue; njfLFkj j[kus esa dfBukbZ dk vuqHko djrs gSa mu ns'kksa dks Hkh eqnzk&dks"k vkfFkZd ,oa rduhdh lgk;rk nsrkgSA

lgk;rk 'kqYd (Charges)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk&dks"k ftl ns'k dks Í.k nsrk gS ml ns'k dh eqnzk osQ Hk.Mkj eqnzk&dks"kosQ ikl c<+ tkrs gSaA mnkgj.kr%] Hkkjr ;fn eqnzk&dks"k ls 1 djksM+ #i, osQ ewY; osQ Mkyj m/kj ysrk gS] rks eqnzk&dks"kosQ ikl Mkyj Hk.Mkj de gks tk,¡xs vkSj #i, osQ Hk.Mkj c<+ tk,¡xsA blls Li"V gS fd eqnzk&dks"k osQ ikl (mlosQ[kkrs esa) ftl ns'k dh eqnzk mlosQ vH;a'k ls vf/d gks tkrh gS] og ns'k eqnzk&dks"k dk Í.kh gks tkrkgSA dks"k ml ns'k osQ vH;a'k ls vf/d eqnzk dh ek=kk ij 'kqYd ysrk gSA eqnzk&dks"k 3 ekl rd dh lgk;rk ijdksbZ 'kqYd ugha ysrk] ijUrq mlls vf/d vof/ ij ,d o"kZ rd osQ fy, 0-5 izfr'kr 'kqYd olwy djrk gSA

(2) Í.k rFkk Í.k opu (Loans and Stand-by Agreement)

Í.k rFkk Í.k opu dh fØ;k,¡ vYidkyhu vUrjkZ"Vªh; lk[k osQ vUrxZr vkrh gSaA lnL; ns'kksa dh Hkqxrku lUrqyudh izfrowQyrk Bhd djus osQ fy, eqnzk dks"k nks izdkj ls vYidkyhu vUrjkZ"Vªh; lk[k dh O;oLFkk djrk gSAeqnzk&dks"k ,d rks vius lnL;ksa dks izR;{k :i esa fons'kh eqnzk csprk gS] nwljs mudks vko';drk iM+us ij fons'kheqnzk cspus dk opu nsrk gSA eqnzk cspus osQ opu dh vof/ izk;% ,d o"kZ dh gksrh gS] ijUrq mlesa ikjLifjd le>kSrs}kjk o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA ;g lgk;rk lEcfU/r ns'k osQ osQUnzh; cSad osQ ekè;e ls nh tkrh gSA bl O;oLFkk osQ

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vUrxZr lnL; ns'k dks og vf/dkj nsrk gS fd og fuf'pr vof/ osQ Hkhrj vko';drk crykdj dks"k ls fons'khfofue; izkIr dj ldrk gSA

(3) izkfof/d lgk;rk (Technical Assistance)

dks"k }kjk ok¯'kxVu fLFkr iz/ku dk;kZy; rFkk vU; ns'kksa esa vius izfrfuf/ Hkstdj vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa osQ lEcU/ esalgk;rk nsus dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA ;g lgk;rk lkekU; Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh leL;k ls ysdj vkfFkZd ,oa foÙkh;{ks=k dh fdlh Hkh fo'ks"k leL;k osQ ckjs esa gks ldrh gSA dks"k osQ fo'ks"kKksa }kjk dbZ ns'kksa dks eqnzk] dj] fofue;rFkk fodkl uhfr;ksa osQ lEcU/ eas lgk;rk nh xbZ gSA oqQN ns'kksa osQ osQUnzh; cSadksa dh LFkkiuk rFkk muosQ fofHkUufoHkkxksa dh O;oLFkk eqnzk&dks"k osQ lg;ksx ls dh tk ldh gSA bu dk;ks± osQ fy, eqnzk&dks"k osQ fo'ks"kKksa dks ,dlIrkg ls ysdj ,d o"kZ rd lEcfU/r ns'kksa esa jguk iM+k gSA vÚhdk osQ oqQN ,sls ns'kksa esa Hkh] tks eqnzk&dks"k osQlnL; ugha gSa] osQUnzh; cSadksa dks eqnzk rFkk cSad uhfr fuekZ.k djus esa lg;ksx fn;k x;k gSA

(4) izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe (Training Programmes)

lu~ 1951 ls eqnzk&dks"k lnL; ns'kksa osQ izfrfuf/;ksa dks izf'k{k.k nsus dh O;oLFkk dj jgk gSA izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esavUrjkZ"Vªh; Hkqxrku] vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj foÙkh; O;oLFkk rFkk vad&ladyu vkSj fo'ys"k.k ls lEcfUèkrizf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA izf'k{k.k vof/ izk;% 6 ls 12 ekl rd gksrh gSA izf'k{k.k izk;% osQUnzh; cSadksa rFkk ljdkjosQ foÙk foHkkx osQ mPp inkf/dkfj;ksa osQ fy, gksrs gSa vkSj muesa ekSf[kd Hkk"k.kksa rFkk okn&fooknksa osQ vfrfjDrleqfpr ek=kk esa O;kogkfjd izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA

dks"k izf'k{k.kky; (I.M.F. Training Institute)μdks"k dh izf'k{k.k fØ;kvksa dk foLrkj ,oa fodkl djus osQfy, ebZ 1963 esa ,d izf'k{k.kky; LFkkfir fd;k x;kA ;g fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa foÙkh; uhfr fo'ys"k.k lEcUèkhizf'k{k.k dk;ZØe lapkfyr djrk gSA

(5) i;kZoj.k osQ izfr tkx:drk (The Fund and the Environment)

;g eqnzk&dks"k dk uohure dk;Z gS fd mlus vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa osQ i;kZoj.k ij iM+us okys izHkko ij è;ku nsuk izkjEHkfd;k gSA bls n`f"V esa j[kdj dks"k us 1991 esa egRoiw.kZ funsZ'k tkjh fd, ,oa ,sls dk;ks± osQ fy, Í.k nsus ls bUdkjfd;k tkus yxk ftudk i;kZoj.k ij nq"izHkko iM+rk gSA bl lEcU/ esa dks"k us vU; vUrjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ls HkhlEioZQ LFkkfir fd;k gS tks i;kZoj.k osQ {ks=k esa 'kks/ dj jgh gSaA

(6) fo'o cSad ls lg;ksx LFkkfir djuk (Fund-Bank Collaboration)

eqnzk&dks"k ,oa fo'o cSad nksuksa gh vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa fLFkjrk (stability) c<+kus gsrq iz;kl djrs gSaA ;|fi nksuksaosQ pkVZj osQ vuqlkj mudh fLFkfr fHkUu gS] fdUrq nksuksa ,d&nwljs osQ lg;ksx ls dk;Z djrs gSaA eqnzk&dks"k ,sls dk;ks±osQ nqgjko ls cpus dk iz;kl djrk gS tks fo'o cSad }kjk fd, tkrs gSaA bl lEcU/ esa nksuksa laLFkkvksa us 1986 lsfuns'kd fl¼kUr cuk, gSa ftldh le;≤ ij leh{kk dh tkrh gSA

eqnzk&dks"k vU; lHkh vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa ls lg;ksx j[krk gS vkSj blosQ izfrfuf/ mudh okf"kZd lHkkvksa esa Hkkxysrs jgrs gSa ftlls dks"k lalkj esa gksus okys lc vkfFkZd ifjorZuksa osQ lEioZQ esa jgrk gSA

(7) fons'kh fofue; fu;U=k.k lEcU/h lykg (Advice on Exchange Controls)

eqnzk&dks"k vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks fons'kh fofue; lEcU/h mfpr lykg nsus dh O;oLFkk gSA fons'khfofue; lEcU/h lykg nsrs le; izk;% eqnzk rFkk foÙk uhfr;ksa lEcU/h fopkj&foe'kZ gksrk gS vkSj muesa lq/kj djusdk volj feyrk gSA

(8) lajpukRed lek;kstu lqfo/k (Structural Adjustment Facility)

vYi vk; okys lnL; ns'kksa dks fj;k;rh nj ij vfrfjDr Hkqxrku lUrqyu lqfo/k iznku djus dh nf"V ls eqnzk&dks"kus ekpZ 1986 esa lajpukRed lek;kstu lqfo/k LFkkfir dhA fnlEcj 1987 esa bl lqfo/k dk foLrkj fd;k x;kvkSj xjhc ns'kksa dks 6 fcfy;u SDR osQ rqY; fj;k;rh lgk;rk iznku djus dk izko/ku j[kk x;kA bl lgk;rk dk


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mís'; bu ns'kksa dh Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj dj muesa fodkl dh xfr rst djuk gSA Hkkjr lfgr 62ns'k orZeku esa ;g lgk;rk ikus osQ ik=k gSaA

(9) eqnzk&dks"k dh fjiksVZ dk izdk'ku (The Publications of I.M.F. Report)

vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk&dks"k }kjk viuh okf"kZd fjiksVZ] fons'kh fofue; fu;U=k.k lEcU/h okf"kZd fjiksVZ] Hkqxrku lUrqyu(okf"kZd)] vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙk lEioZQ (ekfld)] O;kikj dh fn'kk (ekfld)] foÙk ,oa fodkl (=kSekfld) rFkkvUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; lekpkj losZ{k.k (lkIrkfgd) izdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSa ftuesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa] vè;kidksa rFkk'kks/drkZvksa ,oa ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa osQ fy, vR;Ur ewY;oku lkexzh feyrh gSA eqnzk&dks"k osQ LVkiQ isilZ esa vR;UrmPpLrjh; ys[k izdkf'kr gksrs gSaA

fo'o cSad dh LFkkiuk (Stablishment of World Bank)

1944 esa vk;ksftr czsVuoqM~l vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd lEesyu esa ftu nks laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dk fu'p; fd;kx;k Fkk muesa vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF) rks lnL; ns'kksa osQ vLFkkbZ Hkqxrku vlUrqyu dks Bhd djus osQ fy,cuk;k x;k Fkk] ijUrq ;q¼tfur vO;oLFkk dks nwj djus rFkk vfodflr vkSj vYi&fodflr ns'kksa dks fodkl djusgsrq nh?kZdkyhu iw¡th dh iw£r osQ fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; iqu£uekZ.k vkSj fodkl cSad (IBRD) vFkok fo'o cSad dhLFkkiuk dh xbZA fo'o cSad us twu 1946 ls dk;Z djuk vkjaHk dj fn;k FkkA

fo'o cSad ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k ,d&nwljs dh iwjd laLFkk,¡ gSaA

fo'o cSad lewg (World Bank Group)

fo'o cSad lewg esa fo'o cSad rFkk mldh lg;ksxh laLFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; fodkl la?k (IDA) osQ lkFk gh nks laLFkkvksadk lekos'k gksrk gS % vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe (IFC) ,oa cgqi{kh; fofu;ksx xkj.Vh vfHkdj.k (Multilateral

Investment Guarantee Agency–MIGA)|

bl izdkj ^fo'o cSad lewg* (World Band Group) esa fuEufyf[kr laLFkkvksa dk lekos'k gS %

(i) vUrjkZ"Vªh; iqu£uekZ.k ,oa fodkl caSd (LFkkiuk o"kZ 1945)

(ii) vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe (LFkkiuk o"kZ 1956)

(iii) vUrjkZ"Vªh; fodkl la?k (LFkkiuk o"kZ 1960)

(iv) cgqi{kh; fofu;ksx xkj.Vh vfHkdj.kμMIGA (LFkkiuk o"kZ 1988)

fo'o cSad lewg ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

fo'o cSad osQ mís'; (Aims of World Bank)

fo'o cSad dh LFkkiuk 1945 esa] fo'o osQ fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa vk£Fkd fodkl dks xfr'khy cukus osQ mís'; lsdh xbZ FkhA blosQ izeq[k mís'; fuEu izdkj gS %

(1) iqu£uekZ.k vkSj fodkl (Reconstruction and Development)μfo'o cSad dk izFke mís'; ;q¼&ihfM+rns'kksa osQ iqu£uekZ.k (Reconstruction) rFkk fiNM+s gq, ns'kksa osQ vk£Fkd fodkl esa lgk;rk nsuk FkkA bl dk;Z dkslEiÂ djus osQ fy, mlus lnL; ns'kksa dks mRiknd dk;ks± osQ fy, iw¡th yxkus esa izksRlkgu fn;kA

(2) iw¡th fofu;ksx (Capital Investment)μmRiknu rFkk fodkl osQ fy, ftu {ks=kksa esa iw¡th dh vko';drk gksrhgS fo'o cSad muesa futh m|ksxifr;ksa (private enterprise) dks iw¡th yxkus dh lykg nsrk gS vkSj vko';drk gksusij Lo;a Hkh muosQ lk>s esa iw¡th fofu;ksx djrk gSA ;fn fdlh {ks=k esa iw¡th mfpr 'krks± ij miyC/ u gks rks fo'o cSadLo;a ml {ks=k eas iw¡th yxkrk gS rkfd /u dh deh osQ dkj.k vko';d fodkl dk;ks± esa ck/k mRiÂ u gksA

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(3) Hkqxrku lUrqyu (Balance of Payments)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; cSad fodflr ns'kksa dks vYi&fodflr ns'kksa eas iw¡thyxkus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djrk gS rkfd mu ns'kksa esa mRiknu esa o`f¼ gks] Jfedksa dk jgu&lgu vkSj thou Lrjlq/j losQ rFkk lEcfU/r ns'kksa dk Hkqxrku lUrqyu Hkh O;ofLFkr gksrk jgsA bu lc dk;ks± dk mís'; nh?kZdky esavUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks lkE; ,oa lUrqfyr voLFkk esa j[kuk gSA

(4) iw¡th dh O;oLFkk (Arrangement of Capital)μvUrjkZ"Vªh; cSad lnL; ns'kksa esa Lo;a iw¡th yxkrk gS rFkknwljs ns'kksa osQ iw¡thifr;ksa ls iw¡th yxokrk gSA bu nksuksa oxks± dh iw¡th dk bl <ax ls lkeatL; (Co-ordination)

gksuk vko';d gS fd vko';d {ks=kksa esa iw¡th igys fu;ksftr dh tk;s vkSj fons'kksa ls izkIr e'khusa vFkok vU;izkfofèkd lkeku dk Js"Bre iz;ksx gks losQ] fo'o cSad fodkl dk;Z esa iw¡th dh izkFkfedrk osQ lEcU/ esa ekxZn'kZddk dk;Z djrk gSA

(5) 'kkfUrdkyhu vFkZO;oLFkk (Peace-time Change-over)μfo'o cSad dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og lnL; ns'kksaesa ysu&nsu vFkok Í.k lEcU/h tks Hkh dk;Z djs mlls fdlh ns'k dh O;kikfjd O;oLFkk dks gkfu igq¡pus dh vk'kadkugha gksuh pkfg,A ;q¼&ihfM+r ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks 'kkfUrdkyhu vFkZO;oLFkk esa ifjo£rr djus esa fo'o cSaddks vR;Ur xEHkhj ,oa egRoiw.kZ nkf;Ro lkSaik x;k gSA

mi;qZDr rF;ksa ls Li"V gS fd fo'o cSad dk eq[; mís'; os lc dk;Z djuk gS tks lnL; ns'kksa osQ vk£Fkdfodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ns losaQA

fo'o cSad dk laxBu ,oa izcU/ (Organisation and Mangement of The World Bank)fo'o cSad dh lnL;rkμ lalkj dk dksbZ Hkh ns'k fo'o cSad dk lnL; gks ldrk gS] fdUrq fo'o cSad dh lnL;rkizkIr djus osQ fy, igys vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF) dk lnL; cuuk vfuok;Z gSA eqnzk&dks"k dh lnL;rk NksM+rsgh ml ns'k dh fo'o cSad dh lnL;rk vius vki lekIr gks tkrh gSA ;fn cSad dh oqQy er 'kfDr osQ 75 izfr'krer ls ml ns'k dks lnL; cuk, j[kus dk izLrko ikl dj fn;k tk;s rks og ns'k eqnzk&dks"k dk lnL; u jgrs gq,Hkh fo'o cSad dk lnL; cuk jg ldrk gSA tc dksbZ ns'k fo'o cSad dh lnL;rk R;kx nsrk gS rks ogk¡ dh ljdkjrc rd cSad dh fdlh Hkh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrh gS tc rd fd ml ns'k esa fn;k x;kÍ.k pqdrk ugha gks tkrkA orZeku esa fo'o cSad osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 184 gSA

fo'o cSad dh iw¡thμ LFkkiuk osQ le; fo'o cSad dh vf/Ñr iawth 10 vjc Mkyj j[kh xbZ Fkh tks 1 yk[kMkyj osQ 1 yk[k va'kksa esa foHkkftr FkhA cSad dh iw¡th esa rhu&pkSFkkbZ cgqer ls o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA vizSy 1988esa cSad iz'kklu e.My us cSad dh vf/Ñr iw¡th esa 6-2 yk[k 'ks;jksa dh o`f¼ dh ftlls vf/Ñr iw¡th 30 twu]1988 dks c<+dj 91]436 fe- Mkyj gks xbZA 30 twu] 1989 dks ;g vf/Ñr iw¡th c<+dj 1]15]668 fefy;u Mkyj(115-7 fcfy;u vejhdu Mkyj) rFkk twu 1992 esa cSad dh vf/Ñr iw¡th c<+dj 152-24 fcfy;u vejhduMkyj gks xbZA 30 twu] 1996 dks fo'o cSad dh vf/Ñr iw¡th 188 fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj Fkh ftlesa ls180-6 fcfy;u Mkyj dh iw¡th (vf/Ñr iw¡th dk 96») lnL; ns'kksa dks va'kksa osQ :i esa tkjh dh xbZA

fo'o cSad le>kSrk&i=k osQ vuqlkj lnL; ns'kksa }kjk [kjhns tkus okys va'kksa dh la[;k izR;sd lnL; dh lgefr lsfuf'pr dh tkrh gSA fo'o cSad osQ va'kksa dh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku lnL; jk"Vªksa }kjk fuEukafdr izdkj fd;k tkrk gSμ

(1) va'knku dk 2» Hkqxrku Lo.kZ] vejhdh Mkyj Fkk ;k SDR esa djus dh vfuok;Zrk]

(2) izR;sd lnL; ns'k viuh va'k iw¡th dk 18» Hkqxrku vius ns'k dh gh eqnzk esa djus osQ fy, LorU=k]

(3) 'ks"k 80» Hkqxrku fo'o cSad }kjk ek¡xs tkus ij gh lnL; ns'k }kjk cSad esa tek djus dh ckè;rkA

fo'o cSad dk laxBuμ fo'o cSad dk izcU/ djus osQ fy, iz'kkld e.My] iz'kkldh; lapkyd e.My] ,dvè;{k rFkk vU; vfèkdkjh gksrs gSaA

(1) iz'kkld e.My (Board of Governors)μcSad osQ iz'kkld e.My esa izR;sd lnL; ns'k }kjk ,d xouZjrFkk ,d LFkkukiÂ xouZj fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSSA budh vof/ 5 o"kZ gksrh gS] fdUrq blosQ iwoZ Hkh bUgsa cnyk


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tk ldrk gSA xouZj e.My dh izfro"kZ ,d lk/kj.k lHkk gksrh gS tks eqnzk&dks"k dh lHkk osQ lkFk gh gksrh gSALFkkukiÂ xouZj (Alternate governor) cSad dh lHkkvksa esa Hkkx ys ldrk gS] ijUrq osQoy xouZj dh vuqifLFkfresa gh er nsus dk vf/dkjh gksrk gSA iz'kkld e.My vius lnL;ksa esa ls ,d dks vè;{k pqu ysrk gS tks ok£"kdlHkk esa vè;{krk djrk gSA

(2) iz'kkldh; lapkyd e.My (Board of Executive Directors)μfo'o cSad osQ nSfud dk;ks± dk lapkyudjus osQ fy, ,d dk;Zdkjh lapkyd e.My gksrk gS ftlesa 22 lnL; gksrs gSaA buesa 5 lnL; lcls cM+s vH;a'kokys ns'kksa }kjk fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSaA 'ks"k 17 lapkyd vU; lnL;ksa }kjk pqus tkrs gSaA izR;sd lapkyd dk dk;Zdky2 o"kZ dk gksrk gSA lapkyd e.My }kjk ,d vè;{k fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS tks lapkyd e.My osQ funsZ'ku esadk;Z djrk gS] iz'kkldh; lapkyd e.My dk vè;{k gh fo'o cSad dk vè;{k (President) gksrk gSA ;g vè;{kcSad osQ dk;Zdkjh LVkiQ (Operating Staff) dk izeq[k gksrk gS rFkk lapkyd e.My osQ funsZ'ku esa cSad osQ lkekU;dk;ks± dk laiknu djrk gSA

orZeku esa lcls cM+s vH;a'k okys 5 ns'k vesfjdk] tkiku] teZuh] Úkal vkSj fczVsu gSaA 'ks"k ns'k 17 fuokZpu {ks=kksaesa caVs gSa rFkk izR;sd ls ,d dk;Zdkjh lapkyd dk pquko gksrk gSA lnL; ns'k Lo;a ;g fu.kZ; djrs gSa fd os fdllewg esa jgsaxsA dk;Zdkjh lapkyd lkIrkfgd cSBdksa esa Í.k izLrko] ctV ,oa uhfrxr ekeyksa ij fopkj djrs gSaA

vè;{k }kjk cSad osQ vU; vf/dkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gS vkSj og mlosQ dk;Z dk funsZ'ku ,oa fujh{k.kdjrk gSA

(3) lykgdkj ifj"kn~ (Advisory Council)μcSad }kjk de ls de lkr lnL;ksa dh ,d lykgdkj ifj"kn~dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gS ftlesa cSa¯dx] O;kikj] m|ksx] Je rFkk Ñf"k {ks=k osQ fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA bl ifj"kn~ esa cSadvU; vUrjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa osQ fo'ks"kKksa dk lg;ksx Hkh izkIr djus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA ifj"kn~ dh lk/kj.kr;k o"kZesa ,d cSBd gksrh gS] ijUrq vko';drk iM+us ij vf/d cSBosaQ cqykbZ tk ldrh gSaA bldh cSBd cqykus lEcUèkhlkjk [kpZ (lnL;ksa dk ;k=kk&O;;] HkÙkk] vkfn lfgr) cSad mBkrk gSA

(4) Í.k lfefr;k¡ (Loan Committees)μlnL;ksa }kjk ek¡xs x, Í.kksa dh mi;qDrrk dh tk¡p djus osQ fy,le;≤ ij fo'o cSad Í.k lfefr;k¡ fu;qDr djrk jgrk gSA bu lfefr;ksa esa fo'o cSad osQ ,d ;k nks lnL;gksrs gSa tks lEcfU/r m|ksx vFkok ;kstuk (ftlosQ fy, Í.k dh ek¡x dh xbZ gS) osQ fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA ,d fo'ks"kKdh fu;qfDr ml ns'k dk izfrfuf/ xouZj djrk gS ftlus Í.k dh ek¡x dh gSA ;g lfefr;k¡ ;Fkkle; viuh fjiksVZizLrqr djrh gSa ftuosQ vk/kj ij cSad Í.k nsus lEcU/h fu'p; djrk gSA

(5) fof'k"V mís';ksa osQ fy, fu£er fofHkÂ lfefr;k¡ (Various Committees)μiz'kkldh; e.My }kjk]fofHkÂ dk;ks± dks laikfnr djus osQ fy,] vU; lfefr;k¡ Hkh xfBr dh xbZ gSa ftuesa izeq[k gSaμ

fodkl lfefr (Development Committee), la;qDr vaosQ{k.k lfefr (Joint Audit Committee), ykxrvkSj ctV lfefr (Committee on Cost and Budget), dk£ed uhfr lfefr (Committee on Personnel

Policy Issue), lapkydksa dh iz'kkldh; ekeyksa dh lfefr (Committee on Directors’ Administrative

Matters) rFkk e.My dk;Zuhfr dh rnFkZ lfefr (Adhoc Committee on Board Procedures), bR;kfnA

fo'o cSad osQ dk;Z (Functions Of World Bank)

(I) Í.k nsuk (Giving of Loans)

cSad osQ le>kSrk i=k esa Li"V mYys[k gS fd cSad dks osQoy mRiknd dk;ks± osQ fy, Í.k nsuk pkfg, rFkk bl Í.kosQ iQyLo:i fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa vk£Fkd fodkl izksRlkfgr gksuk pkfg,] izR;sd Í.k ;k rks ns'k dh ljdkj dksfn;k tkrk gS vFkok lEcfU/r ns'k dh ljdkj }kjk Í.k dh xkj.Vh nh tkuh pkfg,A Í.k dh foLr`r dk;Ziz.kkyhbl izdkj gS %

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fo'o cSad dh Í.k nsus dh dk;Ziz.kkyhμlkekU; :i ls cSad nh?kZdkyhu vkSj eè;dkyhu vof/ dhifj;kstukvksa ,oa fofu;ksx osQ fy, Í.k nsrk gSA cSad fuEu rhu izdkj ls Í.k nsus dh O;oLFkk djrk gS %

(i) vius Lo;a osQ dks"kksa ls Í.k nsrk gS]

(ii) eqnzk cktkj ls Í.k ysdj lnL; ns'kksa dks Í.k nsrk gS]

(iii) cSad mu Í.kksa dh iw.kZ vFkok vkaf'kd :i ls xkj.Vh nsrk gS tks fofu;ksx ,tsfUl;ksa vFkok futh fofu;kstdksa}kjk fn, tkrs gSaA

Í.k nsus dh fof/

Í.k nsrs le; fo'o cSad fuEu pkj voLFkkvksa ls Øe'k% xqtjrk gS %

izFke voLFkk esa Í.k ek¡x djus okys ns'k dh Hkqxrku {kerk dh tkap dh tkrh gSA fo'ks"k :i ls ;g ns[kk tkrkgS fd vkosnd ns'k esa Í.k osQ mfpr iz;ksx dh {kerk gS rFkk Í.k dh okilh ,oa C;kt osQ Hkqxrku esa dksbZ dfBukbZugha gksxhA

f}rh; voLFkk esa fo'o cSad osQ fo'ks"kK ml ns'k esa tkdj ml ifj;kstuk dh tkap djrs gSa ftlosQ fy, Í.k ek¡xktk jgk gSA

rhljh voLFkk esa Í.k dh 'krks± dks r; fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ fo'o cSad oqQy fofu;ksx dk fdruk izfr'kr Í.knsxk] Í.k dh vof/ rFkk C;kt dh nj D;k gksxhA

pkSFkh rFkk vfUre voLFkk esa cSad Í.kksa osQ iz;ksx ij n`f"V j[krk gS rFkk vko';drkuqlkj funsZ'k Hkh nsrk gSA

Í.k nsus lEcU/h 'krs± vFkok egÙoiw.kZ ckrsa

Í.k nsrs le; vFkok Í.k dh xkj.Vh nsrss le; fo'o cSad fuEu 'krks± dk è;ku j[krk gS %

(1) ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd Í.k ysus okyk ns'k fdl lhek rd vius nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djsxkA Hkqxrku {kerkdh tkap dh tkrh gSA

(2) Í.k dh xkj.Vh nsrs le; fo'o cSad vius tksf[ke osQ fy, mfpr {kfriw£r Í.kh ns'k ls ysrk gSA

(3) cSad }kjk Í.k mlh le; LohÑr fd;k tkrk gS tc cSad bl ckr ls lUrq"V gks tkrk gS fd Í.k dh ek¡xdjus okys ns'k dks mfpr 'krks± ij vU; Ïksrksa ls Í.k ugha fey ldrk gSA

(4) fo'o cSad fdlh ifj;kstuk osQ fons'kh fofu;ksx Hkkx dh iw£r osQ fy, gh Í.k nsrk gSA

(5) oqQN vioknksa dks NksM+dj fo'o cSad iqu£uekZ.k vkSj fodkl dh fo'ks"k ifj;kstuk osQ fy, gh Í.k nsrk gSA

(6) fo'o cSad Í.kksa dk Hkqxrku ,deq'r u djosQ Í.kh ns'k osQ uke cSad ls [kkrk [kksy nsrk gS ftlesa lsÍ.kh ns'k vko';drkuqlkj jkf'k fudky ldrk gSA

(7) cSad }kjk Í.k cqfu;knh m|ksxksa vkSj lkoZtfud mi;ksfxrkvksa lEcU/h ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, fn, tkrs gSaA

C;kt dh njμfo'o cSad }kjk tks Í.k fn, tkrs gSa ml ij C;kt dh nj izfr 6 ekg osQ fy, fu/kZfjr dh tkrhgSA ftl C;kt dh nj ij fo'o cSad Í.k ysrk gS] mldh rqyuk esa og Í.k ysus okys ns'kksa ls 0-5 izfr'kr C;ktdh nj vf/d ysrk gSA

Í.k dh lhekμcSad fdlh Hkh ifj;kstuk esa gksus okys iwjs O;; dh jkf'k Í.k osQ :i esa ugha nsrk oju~ cSad }kjkLohÑr ;kstuk osQ lEiw.kZ O;; dk og Hkkx Í.k osQ :i esa fn;k tkrk gS tks fons'kksa ls eky [kjhnus osQ fy, O;;fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq ;g Hkkx oqQy ykxr osQ 50 izfr'kr ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A Í.kh ns'k dks Í.k dk Hkqxrkuml eqnzk esa djuk gksrk gS ftlesa og Í.k fy;k x;k FkkA

(II) xkj.Vh nsuk (Giving of Guarantee)

fo'o cSad dk nwljk dk;Z gS xkj.Vh nsukA cSad lnL; ns'kksa osQ fy, vU; foÙkh; laLFkkvksa (cSadksa] vkfn) ls Í.kdh O;oLFkk djok ldrk gS vkSj muosQ }kjk fn, tkus okys Í.kksa osQ le; ij Hkqxrku dh xkj.Vh djrk gSA cSad


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izR;sd xkj.Vh ij deh'ku ysrk gSA cSad osQ le>kSrk&i=k osQ vuqlkj vius dk;Zdky osQ igys nl o"kks± esa mlosQfy, izR;sd xkj.Vh osQ fy, de ls de 1 izfr'kr vkSj vf/d ls vf/d 1-5 izfr'kr xkj.Vh deh'kuysuk vko';d FkkA ;g deh'ku fcuk pqdkbZ gqbZ Í.k jkf'k ij fy, tkus dh O;oLFkk gSA nl o"kZ dh vof/osQ ckn cSad dks bl deh'ku dh jkf'k esa ifjorZu djus dk vf/dkj fn;k x;k FkkA fo'o cSad us vkjEHk ls ghbl deh'ku dh nj 1 izfr'kr j[kh vkSj mlesa ifjorZu djus dh vko';drk ugha le>h xbZA

cSad 1949 ls gh Í.kksa rFkk Í.ki=kksa dh xkj.Vh djrk jgkA xkj.Vh dk;Z fiNys oqQN o"kks± esa loZFkk lekIr gks x;kgS D;ksafd 1986 osQ i'pkr~ ,d Hkh Í.k dh xkj.Vh ugha nh xbZA blosQ nks dkj.k gSaμ,d rks fo'o cSad osQnks lg;ksxh] vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; fodkl la?k us vfodflr ns'kksa osQ m|ksxksa dks i;kZIrek=kk esa nh?kZdkyhu Í.k iw¡th nsuh vkjEHk dj nh gS] nwljs vUrjkZ"Vªh; vk£Fkd lg;ksx c<+ tkus ls cM+sns'k fo'o cSad dh xkj.Vh osQ fcuk gh fons'kksa esa Í.k nsus yxs gSaA

(III) izkfof/d lgk;rk (Technical Assistance)

cSad dk rhljk dk;Z gS izkfof/d lgk;rk dh O;oLFkk djukA bl dk;Z dh iw£r osQ fy, cSad us ;g fuf'pr fd;kgS fd vfodflr lnL; ns'kksa osQ foLr`r vk£Fkd losZ{k.k fd, tk,a ftlls mu ns'kksa osQ izkÑfrd lk/u] vk£Fkd,oa vkS|ksfxd lEHkkouk,a] ifjogu osQ lk/u] vkfn dh ,d lkFk gh iw.kZ tkudkjh gks tk;sA lEiw.kZ vk£Fkd losZ{k.kosQ vfrfjDr cSad vius fo'ks"kKksa dks fofHkÂ fu;kstu dk;ks± esa lgk;rk nsus ossQ fy, lnL; ns'kksa esa Hkstrk jgrk gSA;g fo'ks"kK vk£Fkd] oSKkfud] izkfof/d vFkok vU; dk;ks± esa lgk;rk nsrs gSaA cSad }kjk vU; vUrjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa}kjk fd, tkus okys vk£Fkd losZ{k.kksa rFkk vuqlU/kuksa esa lg;ksx iznku fd;k tkrk gSA vusd vÚhdh ,oa vU;ns'kksa osQ vk£Fkd losZ{k.k izdkf'kr fd, tk pqosQ gSaA

(IV) izf'k{k.k O;oLFkk (Training)

fu;ksftr vk£Fkd fodkl vkt dk ;qx/eZ cu x;k gS vkSj izR;sd ns'k osQ fofHkÂ {ks=kksa esa ;kstukvksa dk lapkyudjus osQ fy, izf'kf{kr vf/dkfj;ksa dh vko';drk gSA fo'o cSad us bl vko';drk dks è;ku esa j[kdj 1 tuojh]1949 dks lnL; ns'kksa osQ ofj"B vf/dkfj;ksa osQ fy, ,d&o"khZ; izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vkjEHk fd;kA 1950 ls dfu"BdeZpkfj;ksa osQ fy, Hkh yksd foÙk rFkk fglkc&fdrkc Bhd <ax ls j[kus osQ fy, izf'k{k.k dk;Z vkjEHk fd, x,A

vk£Fkd fodkl fo|ky;μmi;qZDr nks izf'k{k.k ;kstukvksa osQ vfrfjDr fo'o cSad us 1955 esa ,d vk£Fkd fodkllaLFkku (The Economic Development Institute) dh LFkkiuk dh ftlls lnL; ns'kksa osQ ofj"B deZpkfj;ksa dksfu;fer :i ls fodkl dk;ks± ls lEcfU/r {ks=kksa esa xgu izf'kf{kr fd;k tk losQA

(V) vUrjkZ"Vªh; fooknksa dk fuiVkjk (Settlement of International Disputes)

,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; fu"i{k laxBu gksus osQ ukrs fo'o cSad ,d ,slh laLFkk cu xbZ gS ftls vUrjkZ"Vªh; vk£Fkd leL;k,alqy>kus osQ fy, eè;LFk cuk;k tk ldrk gSA bl fn'kk esa cSad osQ nks dk;Z vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSa %

(1) Hkkjr&ikd ugjh ikuh fookn (Indo-Pak River Water Dispute)μHkkjr dk foHkktu gksus ls Hkkjr vkSjikfdLrku esa iatkc dh ufn;ksa osQ ty&foHkktu lEcU/h fookn mRiÂ gks x;k Fkk tks Øe'k% xEHkhj :i /kj.kdj x;kA vUrr% fo'o cSad dh bl fookn esa eè;LFkrk ls 1951 esa nksuksa ns'kksa osQ vf/dkfj;ksa osQ chp okrkZ vkjEHkgqbZ vkSj 1954 esa cSad us nksuksa ns'kksa osQ lkeus flU/q ?kkVh osQ ty&foHkktu lEcU/h ;kstuk izLrqr dhA fopkjdjrs&djrs vUr esa 19 tuojh] 1960 dks bl fookn dk fuiVkjk gks x;k vkSj nksuksa osQ chp ,d egRoiw.kZ leL;kdk vUr gks x;kA

(2) Lost ugj fookn (Swez Canal Dispute)μfo'o cSad }kjk vUrjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx vFkok 'kkfUr dh fn'kk esafd;k x;k nwljk dk;Z Lost ugj fookn ls lEcfU/r gSA 1956 osQ vfUre fnuksa esa tc feL=k }kjk Lost ugj dkjk"Vªh;dj.k djus dh ?kks"k.kk dj nh xbZ rks jktuhfrd fuiVkjk rks gks x;k] ijUrq Lost ugj dEiuh esa fczVsu osQva'kksa dk gtkZuk nsus osQ iz'u ij fookn mRiÂ gks x;kA yxkrkj N% ekg rd fopkj&foe'kZ osQ i'pkr~ cSad nksuksa

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ns'kksa eas le>kSrk djkus esa liQy gks x;kA cSad us feL=k (vc la;qDr vjc x.kjkT;) }kjk {kfriw£r dh fdLrsa izkIrdj fczVsu dks gLrkUrfjr djus dk Hkkj ysdj leL;k dks vfUre :i ls lekIr dj fn;kA lalkj osQ vk£Fkd dY;k.kdk chM+k mBkus okyh ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk }kjk bl izdkj osQ jktuhfrd my>uksa Hkjs fooknksa dk fuiVkjk 'kkfUriw.kZckrphr }kjk djus dk ;g fo'o bfrgkl esa vuks[kk mnkgj.k gSA

,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad dh LFkkiuk (Establishment of Asian Development Bank),f'k;k fo'o esa lcls cM+k egk}hi gS ftlesa fo'o dh oqQy fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh tula[;k dk 65 izfr'kr Hkkxfuokl djrk gS fdUrq mUgsa 37 izfr'kr gh ½.k izkIr gks ikrk gSA bl egk}hi dh rhu&pkSFkkbZ tula[;k vHkkovkSj fu/Zurk ls ihfM+r gSA jktuhfrd n`f"V ls Hkh bl egk}hi osQ vusd ns'k lfn;ksa rd ijk/hu jgs vkSj mudkdkiQh neu vkSj 'kks"k.k gqvkA ,f'k;k osQ fofHkUu ns'kksa }kjk pyk, x, vk£Fkd iqu£uekZ.k osQ dk;ZØeksa osQ fy,nh?kZdkyhu fodkl foÙk dh vko';drk FkhA ;|fi bl mís'; osQ fy, fo'o cSad rFkk mldh lEc¼ bdkb;ksa}kjk foÙkh; lqfo/k,¡ nh xb±] ijUrq ;s vi;kZIr FkhaA vr% ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k fd ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dh foÙkh;lgk;rk osQ fy, vyx ls ,d laLFkk LFkkfir dh tk,A flrEcj 1963 esa ,f'k;k ,oa lqnwj&iwoZ osQ fy, vk£Fkdvk;ksx (Economic Commission for Asia and Far-East—ECAFE) tks orZeku esa ,f'k;k ,oa iz'kkUr {ks=kvk£Fkd ,oa lkekftd vk;ksx (Economic & Social Commission for Asia & Pacific)—ESCAP osQ ukels tkuk tkrk gS] }kjk ,d fo'ks"k lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kA lfefr us ,d cSad dh LFkkiuk dk lq>ko fn;kAbl lq>ko dks vk;ksx us fnlEcj 1963 esa euhyk esa vk;ksftr viuh eU=khLrjh; cSBd esa vuqeksfnr dj fn;kAvk;ksx esa izLrkfor cSad dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djus osQ fy, vDVwcj 1964 esa ,d vè;;u ny dk xBu fd;kx;kA vizSy 1965 esa vk;ksx dh cSBdksa esa ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad dh LFkkiuk dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kArnuqlkj cSad dh LFkkiuk 26 uoEcj] 1966 dks gqbZ rFkk 19 fnlEcj] 1966 ls blus dk;Z izkjEHk fd;kAbldk eq[;ky; euhyk esa gSA

,f'k;k fo'o dk lcls cM+k egk}hi gS] ftlesa fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh 65% tula[;k fuokl

djrh gSA bl egk}hi dh rhu&pkSFkkbZ tula[;k vHkko vkSj fu/Zurk ls ihfM+r gSA

,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad osQ mís'; (Objectives of the ADB)fodkl cSad dk eq[; mís'; ,f'k;k ,oa lqnwj&iwoZ osQ ns'kksa esa vk£Fkd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djuk gSAblosQ lkFk gh ,f'k;k osQ fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa O;fDrxr o la;qDr :i ls vk£Fkd fodkl dh izfØ;k dks xfr'khycukuk gSA ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad osQ eq[; mís'; bl izdkj gSaμ

(1) ,f'k;k ,oa lqnwj&iwoZ osQ ns'kksa esa vk£Fkd fodkl osQ fy, lkoZtfud rFkk futh iw¡th osQ fofue; dksizksRlkfgr djukA

(2) miyC/ lk/uksa dks lnL; ns'kksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, muosQ jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; o mi{ks=kh; fodkl dk;ZØeksadks è;ku esa j[krs gq,] iz;ksx esa ykukA

(3) lnL; ns'kksa dh fodkl uhfr;ksa ,oa ;kstukvksa esa leUo; LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk nsuk ftlls ns'k viuslk/uksa dk vf/d vPNh rjg ls iz;ksx dj losaQ vkSj fons'kh O;kikj dk lUrqfyr fodkl fd;k tk losQA

(4) lnL; ns'kksa dh fodkl ifj;kstukvksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa dk fuekZ.k] foÙk izcU/ ,oa muosQ fØ;kUo;u esarduhdh lgk;rk nsukA

(5) la;qDr jk"Vª la?k rFkk mlls lEc¼ laLFkkvksa ,oa vU; jk"Vªh;] futh rFkk lkoZtfud laLFkkvksa osQ lkFklg;ksx djuk] tks bl {ks=k esa fodkl lEcU/h fofu;ksx ls lEcfU/r gSaA

(6) ,sls lHkh dk;ks± dks djuk rFkk ,slh lsok,a iznku djuk tks mlosQ mís';ksa dh iw£r esa lgk;d gksaA


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mi;qZDr mís';ksa ls Li"V gS fd ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad dh LFkkiuk ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa osQ vk£Fkd fodkl dks c<+kok nsusosQ fy, dh xbZ gSA cSad osQ pkVZj esa Li"V mYys[k gS fd ¶;g cSad ,f'k;k ,oa lqnwj&iwoZ ns'kksa esa ijLij lg;ksxvkSj fodkl dks ewrZ :i nsxk ,oa fodklksUeq[k lnL; ns'kksa dh lkewfgd ,oa oS;fDrd vk£Fkd fodklizfØ;k dks xfr'khy cukus esa ;ksx nsxkA¸ bl cSad osQ mn~?kkVu osQ volj ij tkiku osQ rRdkyhu iz/kueU=khus Bhd gh dgk Fkk fd ¶;g cSad bl {ks=k osQ jk"Vªksa dh yEcs le; ls pyh vk jgh vkdka{kkvksa dks lUrq"V djusdk izrhd gSA blls ,f'k;k esa LokoyEcu rFkk lg;ksx dh Hkkouk vk,xhA¸

lnL;rkμcSad osQ osQoy os gh ns'k lnL; gks ldrs gSa tks (i) ECAFE osQ lnL; rFkk lgk;d lnL;] rFkk (ii)vU; {ks=kh; ns'k ;k xSj&{ks=kh; fodflr ns'k tks fd la;qDr jk"Vª la?k rFkk mldh fof'k"V ,tsfUl;ksa osQ lnL; gSaAcSad dh lnL;rk osQoy ,f'k;k egk}hi osQ ns'kksa osQ fy, gh lhfer ugha gS] oju~ ,f'k;k egk}hi osQ ckgj osQ ns'kksadks Hkh lnL; cuk;k x;k gS rkfd vf/d lk/u izkIr fd, tk losaQ ,oa fodflr ns'kksa ls lEioZQ cuk jg losQAbl mís'; ls vejhdk] fczVsu] vkfLVª;k] csfYt;e] dukMk] MsuekoZQ] teZuh] bVyh] LohMu] ukosZ] vkfn ns'kksa dksHkh cSad dk lnL; cuk;k x;kA izkjEHk esa cSad osQ lnL; ns'kksa dh la[;k 32 Fkh tks orZeku esa c<+dj 61 gks xbZgSA buesa 16 ns'k bl {ks=k ls ckgj osQ fodflr ns'k gSa] 'ks"k ,f'k;k egk}hi osQ ns'k gSaA fdlh Hkh ns'k dks mlh le;cSad dk lnL; cuk;k tkrk gS tcfd iz'kkldksa dh nks&frgkbZ la[;k tks rhu&pkSFkkbZ erksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djrs gSa]ml ns'k dks lnL; cukus dk leFkZu djsaA

cSad dk izcU/ (Management of Bank)

cSad osQ izcU/ dk nkf;Ro iz'kkld e.My (Board of Governors) ij jgrk gSA izR;sd lnL; ns'k }kjk cSad esa

nks izfrfuf/ Hksts tkrs gSa ftuesa ls ,d dks iz'kkld rFkk nwljs dks oSdfYid xouZj dgk tkrk gSA bl rjg ls Hksts

x, lHkh izfrfuf/ iz'kkld e.My dk xBu djrs gSaA bl iz'kkld e.My }kjk 12 lapkydksa dk pquko fd;k tkrk

gS ftUgsa feykdj lapkyd e.My (Board of Directors) curk gSA iz'kkld e.My }kjk gh cSad dk vè;{k (12

osQ vykok) pquk tkrk gSA vè;{k] ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa dk gh O;fDr gks ldrk gSA oqQy 12 lapkydksa esa ls 8 lapkyd

bdkisQ {ks=k osQ gksrs gSaA buesa ls izR;sd dk dk;Zdky nks o"kZ dk gksrk gS] tcfd vè;{k dh fu;qfDr 5 o"kZ osQ fy,

dh tkrh gSA vè;{k dh vuqifLFkfr esa mikè;{k dk;Z laHkkyrk gSA

oqQN ekeyksa dks NksM+dj ftudk izko/ku pkVZj esa gS vU; lHkh ckrksa ij cgqer }kjk fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSaA tgka

rd erkf/dkj dk iz'u gS] oqQy erksa osQ 20 izfr'kr er lnL; ns'kksa esa leku :i ls caVs gq, gSa vkSj 'ks"k 80

izfr'kr er lnL; ns'kksa osQ va'kksa osQ vk/kj ij caVs gq, gSaA

orZeku le; esa cSad osQ foÙkh; Ïksrksa esa nks izdkj osQ lalk/u lfEefyr gSaμ

(i) lk/kj.k iw¡th lalk/u (Ordinary Capital Resources–OCR)μblesa lnL;ksa ls izkIr vfHknÙk iw¡th]

cSad dks ½.k ls izkIr jkf'k] dtZ dh vnk;xh vkSj mlls izkIr vk; dh jkf'k rFkk vU; izkfIr;ka 'kkfey

jgrh gSa tks fo'ks"k dks"k esa 'kkfey ugha gksrhaA

(ii) fo'ks"k dks"k lalk/u (Special Fund Resources–SFR)μbuesa rqyukRed :i ls fodflr ns'kksa dk

;ksxnku 'kkfey gksrk gSA blesa fo'ks"k dks"k fofu;ksx ls izkIr vk; rFkk OCR ls fo'ks"k :i ls izkIr dks"k

Hkh 'kkfey jgrs gSaA bu dks"kksa dk iz;ksx fj;k;rh ½.k (Concessional Loan) nsus gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA

orZeku esa nks fo'ks"k dks"k gSaμ,f'k;kbZ fodkl dks"k (Asian Development Fund–ADF) ,oa

rduhdh lgk;rk fo'ks"k dks"k (Technical Assistance Special Fund–TASF)A

cSad dh dk;Z iz.kkyh (Working System of Bank)

1- ½.k iznku djukμ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dk izeq[k vax ½.k lqfo/k iznku djuk gSA cSad ½.k

izfØ;k osQ nks Hkkx gSaμlk/kj.k izfØ;k ,oa fo'ks"k izfØ;kA lk/kj.k izfØ;k osQ vUrxZr ½.k cSad osQ lk/kj.k iw¡thxr

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lk/uksa ls fn;k tkrk gSA ;g ½.k fo'ks"k ifj;kstukvksa dh ykxr esa 'kkfey fons'kh eqnzk vFkok LFkkuh; eqnzk dh

ekax dh iw£r osQ fy, fn, tkrs gSaA cSad ,slh laLFkkvksa osQ Hkh ½.k ns ldrk gS tks mi;qDr ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy,

/u m/kj nsrh gSaA cgqr NksVh ;kstukvksa osQ fy, cSad izR;{k ½.k ugha nsrk] oju~ ns'k osQ fodkl&cSad vFkok vU;

laLFkkvksa osQ ekè;e ls nsrk gS tks ,slh ifj;kstukvksa dk fujh{k.k djrh gSaA

fo'ks"k ½.k izfØ;k osQ vUrxZr ½.kksa dh iw£r fo'ks"k dks"kksa ls dh tkrh gSA ,sls ½.k cSad pkVZj osQvuqlkj m¡Qph fodkl dh izkFkfedrkvksa okyh ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, nh?kZdky osQ fy, fn, tkrs gSaA bllgk;rk ij C;kt lk/kj.k ½.k izfØ;kvksa dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gS rFkk bu ½.kksa dk iquHkqZxrkuvf/d le; ckn 'kq: gksrk gSA

cSad viuh iznÙk iw¡th dk 10 izfr'kr fo'ks"k dks"k esa j[k ldrk gS ftls lqyHk ½.kksa osQ fy, ns ldrk gSA bufo'ks"k dks"kksa esa /u dks"kksa esa /u iz'kkld&e.My osQ nks&frgkbZ erksa ls gh tek gks ldrk gSA

2- rduhdh lgk;rkμcSad lnL; ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa] mudh ,tsfUl;ksa ,oa mu {ks=kksa dh futh iQeks± ,oa laLFkkvksadks rduhdh lgk;rk Hkh nsrk gS tks fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSaμ

(i) jk"Vªh; vFkok {ks=kh; fodkl ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, izLrko rS;kj djuk] foÙk dk vuqeku yxkuk vkSj buifj;kstukvksa dks dk;Z:i nsukA

(ii) Ñf"k] m|ksx ,oa lkoZtfud {ks=kksa esa ubZ bdkb;ksa osQ fuekZ.k esa lgk;rk nsuk ,oa fo|eku bdkb;ksa dksrduhdh lgk;rk nsukA

rduhdh lgk;rk osQ fy, cSad lEcfU/r ns'kksa dh LohÑfr ij fo'ks"kKksa osQ ny Hkstrk gSA rduhdh lgk;rk ½.kvFkok vuqnku osQ :i esa Hkst nh tkrh gSA vuqnku osQ :i esa nh xbZ lgk;rk dk iquHkqZxrku ugha gksrkA

3- cSad osQ dk;ks± osQ lkekU; fl¼kUrμcSad dk dk;Z fuEufyf[kr lkekU; fl¼kUrksa osQ vuqlkj pyk;k tkrk gSμ

(i) cSad mu fuf'pr ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, gh foÙk dh O;oLFkk djrk gS tks jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; rFkk v¼Z&{ks=kh;fodkl ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr vkrh gSaA

(ii) ifj;kstuk dk Hkqxrku djrs le; ;g è;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd ifj;kstuk lUrqfyr fodkl rFkk NksVs ns'kksadh vko';drk dks iwjk djus esa lgk;d gksA

(iii) cSad ,sls ns'kksa esa fLFkr ,oa ifj;kstuk osQ fy, foÙk iznku ugha djrk ftlosQ fy, foÙk O;oLFkk djus ijml ns'k dh ljdkj dks vkifÙk gksA

(iv) cSad bl ckr ij Hkh è;ku nsrk gS fd ½.k ysus okyk ns'k vius ½.k lEcU/h nkf;Ro dks iwjk djus esal{ke gS ;k ughaA

(v) cSad bl ckr dks Hkh n`f"V esa j[krk gS fd lEcfU/r ns'k vkSj dkSu&ls Ïksrksa ls foÙkh; lgk;rk izkIr djldrk gS\ ;fn mfpr 'krks± ij ml ns'k dks vU; Ïksrksa ls ½.k fey ldrk gS rks cSad] ,sls ns'k dks lgk;rkugha nsrkA

(vi) lkoZtfud vFkok futh {ks=k osQ fy, foÙk dh O;oLFkk djrs le;] fodkl cSad fiNM+s vkSj vYi&fodflrns'kksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gSA

,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad osQ izeq[k fØ;k&dyki (Main Features of Asian DevelopmentBank)

;g ns[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd viuh LFkkiuk ls ysdj cSad foxr o"kks± esa vius mís';ksa dks iwjk djus esa dgka rdliQy gqvk gS bldk vè;;u ge fuEu 'kh"kZdksa esa djsaxsμ


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1- fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks ½.kμ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad us viuh LFkkiuk osQ o"kZ ls gh fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks fofHkUuifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, ½.k vkcafVr fd;s gSaA cSad }kjk ½.k izk;% ljdkj dks gh fn, x, gSaA ,f'k;kbZ fodklcSad }kjk izeq[k :i ls ½.k ifjogu] lapkj] mQtkZ] Ñf"k] Ñf"k ifjogu m|ksx dks iznku fd, x,A

2- rduhdh lgk;rkμ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad vius lnL; ns'kksa osQ fy, nh?kZdkyhu fodkl ½.k osQ vfrfjDrrduhdh lgk;rk Hkh miyC/ djkrk gSA ;g vius lnL; ns'kksa dh izkFkZuk ij fof'k"V izdkj dh ifj;kstukvksaosQ fy, fo'ks"kKksa dh ijke'kZ lsok,a tqVkrk gSA blosQ fy, cSad dk vusd vUrjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ls lEcU/jgrk gSA

3- xkj.Vh dh lqfo/kμ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad lnL; ns'kksa }kjk fofHkUu ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, vU; Ïksrksa lsfy, tkus okys ½.kksa rFkk bu ns'kksa }kjk csps tkus okys ck.Mksa osQ lUnHkZ esa xkj.Vh Hkh iznku djrk gSA blosQiQyLo:i lnL; ns'kksa osQ fy, u osQoy ½.k izkIr djuk vklku gksrk gS cfYd ½.k dh ykxr Hkh degks tkrh gSA

4- futh m|e dks ½.kμ1986 ls cSad us fcuk ljdkjh xkj.Vh osQ futh m|fe;ksa rFkk foÙkh; laLFkkvksa dks½.k nsuk izkjEHk dj fn;k gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa futh {ks=k dh fofHkUu ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, foxr o"kks±esa cSad }kjk cM+s ½.k iznku fd, x, gSaA

5- cSad }kjk ½.k ysuk ,oa C;kt dh njμcSad ½.k ysdj lk/kj.k iw¡th lalk/u dh o`f¼ djrk gS rFkkbu vfrfjDr iw¡th lalk/uksa ls xjhc lnL; ns'kksa dh lgk;rk djrk gSA

vkykspukRed ewY;kadu % lq>ko ,oa leL;k,¡

blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad us fucZy rFkk nfjnzrk ls xzLr ,f'k;k egk}hi osQ fodklksUeq[k ns'kksadks mudh vko';drkvksa osQ vuq:i ½.k dh lqfo/k iznku dj vk£Fkd mRFkku dh fn'kk esa LrqR; iz;Ru fd;k gSA

,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad osQ mi;qZDr iz;Ruksa osQ ckotwn Hkh oqQN vkykspdksa us bl cSad dh vko';drk ij iz'u&fpÉyxk;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd fo'o cSad dh ,f'k;kbZ 'kk[kk dks etcwr dj gh ,f'k;kbZ cSad osQ mís'; iw.kZ fd,tk ldrs gSa] fdUrq vkykspdksa dks ;g è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, fd ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dh fodkl vko';drk,¡ bruh izcygSa fd fo'o cSad ,oa ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa osQ fy, foLr`r dk;Z{ks=k gS vkSj fiQj {ks=kh; vko';drkvksa dh iw£r ,f'k;u cSadljh[ks {ks=kh; cSad ls vPNh rjg ls dh tk ldrh gSA

oqQN vkykspdksa us ;g Hkh O;Dr fd;k gS fd oqQN xSj&{ks=kh; ns'kksa tSls vejhdk dh iw¡th ,oa erkf/dkj vf/dgksus ls cSad dh ,f'k;kbZ izo`fÙk* (Asian Character) lekIr gks ldrh gS] fdUrq ;g vkykspuk fujk/kj gS] D;ksafdblosQ fy, cSad osQ fu;e vuqowQy cuk fy, x, gSaA

fo'o osQ fodkl dks"kksa esa deh vkSj miyC/ dks"kksa osQ fy, rhoz izfr;ksfxrk dk ;g ifj.kke gksxk fd cSad osQ ikllk/uksa dk vHkko gks tk,xk] blosQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd cSad dks {ks=kh; O;kikj dks izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,ftlls dks"kksa osQ fy, cSad dh fons'kksa ij fuHkZjrk de gks tk,xhA

fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad dh LFkkiuk ls] bl {ks=k osQ vk£Fkd fodkl dh yEcsle; ls pyh vk jgh vko';drk dh iw£r gqbZ gS] fdUrq {ks=k osQ fiNM+s ns'kksa dh ekax dks ns[krs gq,] cSad osQ lk/u vi;kZIr gSa vr% ;g vko';d gS fd fodflr ns'kksa }kjk] cSad dks vf/d lgk;rk nh tkuh pkfg, rkfd cSad}kjk fj;k;rh nj ij lnL; ns'kksa dks vf/d vk£Fkd lgk;rk nh tk losQA


lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the Correct Options)μ

1. vadVkM dk eq[;ky; dgka fLFkr gSμ

(d) tsusok esa ([k) okf'kaxVu esa (x) dkfgjk esa (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

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2. varjkZ‘ªh; eqæk dks"k us viuk dk;Z dc vkjEHk fd;kμ

(d) 1 ekpZ] 1942 ls ([k) 1 ekpZ 1945 ls (x) 1 ekpZ 1947 ls (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

3. fo'o cSad dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZμ

(d) 1944 ([k) 1945 (x) 1947 (?k) 1950A

4. fo'o cSad dh lnL;rk izkIr djus osQ fy, fdl laxBu dh lnL;rk vfuok;Z gSμ

(d) WTO ([k) ADB (x) IMF (?k) UNCTADA

5. eqnzk&dks"k dk lnL; u gksrs gq, Hkh oqQy er 'kfDr osQ fdrus izfr'kr dh vko';drk fo'o cSad dhlnL;rk cuk, j[kus osQ fy, t:jh gSμ

(d) 75% ([k) 70% (x) 65% (?k) 78%A

6. orZeku esa fo'o cSad dh lnL; la[;k fdruh gSμ

(d) 180 ([k) 182 (x) 183 (?k) 184A

7. fo'o cSad esa izR;sd lnL; ns'k viuh va'k iw¡th dk fdrus izfr'kr Hkqxrku vius ns'k dh gh eqnzk esa djusosQ fy, Lora=k gSμ

(d) 18% ([k) 20% (x) 24% (?k) 25%A

8. fo'o cSad osQ dk;Z gSaμ

(d) ½.k nsuk ([k) xkjaVh nsuk (x) d vkSj [k nksuksa (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

9. ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad dk eq[;ky; dgka gSμ

(d) euhyk esa ([k) tsusok esa (x) dkfgjk esa (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

10. ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad osQ eq[; fØ;k&dyki gSaμ

(d) rduhdh lgk;rk ([k) xkjaVh dh lqfo/k (x) d vkSj [k nksuksa (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA


• la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh egklHkk us 1961 dh n'kkCnh dks ^la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl n'kkCnh* dh laKk nh rFkkegklfpo ls ,slh lEHkkoukvksa dk irk yxkus osQ fy, dgk x;k ftlls O;kikj vkSj fodkl ls lEcfUèkrleL;kvksa ij ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu vk;ksftr fd;k tk losQA tqykbZ 1962 esa dkfgjk (Cairo) esa tksO;kikj efU=k;ksa dk lEesyu gqvk] mlesa Hkh O;kikj vkSj fodkl ij fo'o lEesyu vk;ksftr djus dhvko';drk ij cy fn;k x;kA bl leFkZu osQ iQyLo:i la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh vk£Fkd ,oa lkekftd ifj"kn~us ekpZ&twu 1964 esa la;qDr jk"Vª O;kikj vkSj fodkl lEesyu vk;ksftr djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k vkSj blizFke lEesyu osQ lkFk gh vadVkM dk tUe gqvkA

• vadVkM la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh egklHkk dk ,d LFkk;h vax gS] fdUrq mldh Lo;a dh lgk;d laLFkk,¡ gSarFkk LorU=k lfpoky; gSA bldh ,d LFkk;h dk;Zdkfj.kh gS ftls O;kikj ,oa fodkl e.My (Trade andDevelopment Board) dgrs gSaA vadVkM lEesyuksa dh vofèk osQ chp esa e.My dk;Z'khy jgrk gS rFkkbldh lky esa nks cSBosaQ gksrh gSaA blosQ 55 lnL; gksrs gSa ftudk pquko lEesyu esa leku HkkSxksfyd forj.kosQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA

• vadVkM dk eq[;ky; tsusok (fLoV~tjyS.M) esa fLFkr gSA pkj o"kZ osQ vUrjky ij lkekU;r% vadVkM dhcSBd vk;ksftr gksrh gSA

• ekSfnzd laxBu osQ :i esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF) dh LFkkiuk 27 fnlEcj] 1945 dks ok¯'kxVu esagqbZ] fdUrq okLrfod :i esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF) us viuk dk;Z 1 ekpZ] 1947 ls vkjEHk fd;kA

• 1 ekpZ] 1947 dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k osQ osQoy 40 lnL; Fks ftudh la[;k orZeku esa c<+dj 184 gksxbZ gSA


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• orZeku esa blesa 22 dk;Zdkjh funs'kd gSa ftlesa ls 6 dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gS (5 funs'kd lcls vf/ddksVk okys ns'kksaμvesfjdk] fczVsu] teZuh] Úkal ,oa tkiku }kjk fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSa) rFkk 1 dh fu;qfDrlÅnh vjc ns'k }kjk (lcls vf/d lk[k okys nks ns'kksa esa ls ,d gksus osQ dkj.k) dh tkrh gSA 'ks"k 16dk;Zdkjh funs'kd] vU; ns'kksa }kjk pqus tkrs gSa rFkk budh vof/ nks o"kZ dh gksrh gSA funs'kd e.My ,dizcU/ funs'kd dk pquko djrk gS tks funs'kd e.My dk vè;{k gksrk gSA blosQ lkFk gh og dks"k&dk;kZy;dk izeq[k Hkh gksrk gS rFkk funs'kd e.My osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj dks"k dk lkekU; dk;Z laikfnr djrk gSA

• eqnzk&dks"k osQ HkwriwoZ izcU/ funs'kd isj tsdksclu osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶eqnzk&dks"k vkx cq>kus okys batu dh rjggS ftldk iz;ksx osQoy ladV&dky esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A¸

• cSad osQ iz'kkld e.My esa izR;sd lnL; ns'k }kjk ,d xouZj rFkk ,d LFkkukiÂ xouZj fu;qDr fd;k tkrkgSSA budh vof/ 5 o"kZ gksrh gS] fdUrq blosQ iwoZ Hkh bUgsa cnyk tk ldrk gSA

• orZeku esa lcls cM+s vH;a'k okys 5 ns'k vesfjdk] tkiku] teZuh] Úkal vkSj fczVsu gSaA 'ks"k ns'k 17 fuokZpu{ks=kksa esa caVs gSa rFkk izR;sd ls ,d dk;Zdkjh lapkyd dk pquko gksrk gSA lnL; ns'k Lo;a ;g fu.kZ; djrsgSa fd os fdl lewg esa jgsaxsA dk;Zdkjh lapkyd lkIrkfgd cSBdksa esa Í.k izLrko] ctV ,oa uhfrxr ekeyksaij fopkj djrs gSaA

• cSad }kjk de ls de lkr lnL;ksa dh ,d lykgdkj ifj"kn~ dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gS ftlesa cSa dx] O;kikj]m|ksx] Je rFkk Ñf"k {ks=k osQ fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA bl ifj"kn~ esa cSad vU; vUrjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa osQ fo'ks"kKksadk lg;ksx Hkh izkIr djus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA

28-3 'kCndks'k (Keyword)

• vH;a'kμ fu;rka'k (fu;r va'k)


1. vadVkM laxBu osQ D;k dk;Z gSa \ blosQ mís';ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2. varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk&dks"k dh LFkkiuk dc vkSj dgk¡ gqbZ \ bldh lnL;rk osQ fy, vko';d 'krks± dk mYys[k dhft,A

3. varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk&dks"k osQ mís';ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

4. fo'o cSad osQ lkaxBfud <k¡ps ,oa izca/u dh O;k[;k djrs gq, blosQ dk;ks± dk foospu dhft,A

5. ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ \ blosQ mís';ksa dks Li"V djrs gq, bldh dk;Ziz.kkyh dkfo'ys"k.k dhft,A


1. (d) 2. ([k) 3. (x) 4. (d)

5. (?k) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (x)

9. (d) 10. (x)





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bdkbZ—29% Hkkjr dh O;kikj uhfr % rkRdkfyd fodkl

bdkbZμ29% Hkkjr dh O;kikj uhfr % rkRdkfyd fodkl

(India’s Trade Policy : Recent Development)


mís'; (Objectives)


29.1 Hkkjr dh O;kikj uhfr% rkRdkfyd fodkl (India’s Trade Policy: Recent Development)





mís'; (Objectives)


• Hkkjr dh O;kikj uhfr dk foospu djus esaA


LorU=krk osQ ckn izk;% Hkkjr dk O;kikj lUrqyu izfrowQy jgk gS vkSj bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk gS fd gekjk

Hkqxrku&'ks"k Hkh izfrowQy gks x;kA bls Bhd djus osQ fy, ;|fi vkSj Hkh mik; vko';d gSa ij O;kikj&'ks"k esa lqèkkj

djuk Hkh cgqr t:jh gSA blosQ fy, vko';d gS fd ns'k dh ,d mfpr O;kikj uhfr gks ftldk mís'; vk;krksa

vkSj fu;kZrksa esa bl izdkj leUo; djuk gksuk pkfg, fd ns'k dk vk£Fkd fodkl gks vkSj vkRe&fuHkZj cu losQA

blesa nks er ugha gS fd fdlh Hkh ns'k dh vk£Fkd izxfr izR;{k :i ls vFkZ&O;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa gqbZ izxfr

ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA tgk¡ rd vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dh izxfr dk lEcU/ gS] og dkiQh gn rd ns'k esa mRikfnr vkSj

vk;kfrr vko';d midj.kksa rFkk vU; phtksa dh lkekftd izkfIr ij gh fuHkZj jgrh gSA blosQ lkFk ;g Hkh

vko';d gS fd ns'k osQ fu;kZr esa o`f¼ dh tk;sA

29-1 Hkkjr dh O;kikj uhfr% rkRdkfyd fodkl (India’s Trade Policy: RecentDevelopment)

mís';μizkjEHk ls gh gekjh O;kikj uhfr osQ fuEu mís'; jgs gSaμ

(i) osQoy vko';d oLrqvksa dk gh vk;kr djukA

(ii) vk;kr&izfrLFkkfir oLrqvksa osQ m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk djuk ,oa muosQ fy, vko';d dPps eky dh ns'k esa

O;oLFkk djukA

(iii) fu;kZr izksRlkfgr djus okys m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsukA



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(iv) fu;kZr {ks=k esa vfrjsd dk l`tu dj fu;kZrksa dh o`f¼ djukA ,oa

(v) ?kjsyw cktkj esa mfpr dherksa ij oLrqvksa dk leku ,oa U;k;iw.kZ forj.k djukA

la{ksi esa] O;kikj&uhfr dk mís'; vk;krksa dks lhfer djuk ,oa fu;kZrksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk jgk gSA

fofHkUu voLFkk,¡ (Different Conditions)μHkkjr dh O;kikj uhfr dks ge vè;;u dh lqfo/k osQ fy, fuEu

izeq[k Hkkxksa esa ckaV ldrs gSaμ

(1) 1947&48 ls 1951&52 rd dh O;kikj uhfrA (2) 1952&53 ls 1956&57 rd dh O;kikj uhfrA (3) 1956&57

ls ysdj twu 1966 rd dh O;kikj uhfrA (4) voewY;u osQ ckn (twu 1966) ls 1975&76 rd dh O;kikj uhfrA

(5) 1985&88 ls 1988&91 rd dh O;kikj uhfrA (6) vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1992&97) dh O;kikj uhfrA

(7) uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1997&2002) dh O;kikj uhfrA (8) nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (2002&07) dh O;kikj

uhfr rFkk (9) fons'k O;kikj uhfr (2004&09)A

(1) 1947&48 ls 1951&52 rd dh O;kikj uhfrμbl dky esa Hkkjr vk;krksa osQ lEcU/ esa mnkj uhfr cuk

ldrk Fkk ij fczVsu us LV²yx&'ks"k osQ iz;ksx ij dbZ izdkj osQ dBksj fu;U=k.k yxk fn;s Fks vr% Hkkjr dks ;q¼dkyhu

fu;U=k.k tkjh j[kuk iM+kA Mkyj&{ks=k osQ lkFk gekjk Hkqxrku&'ks"k dkiQh izfrowQy Fkk vr% bl {ks=k esa vk;krksa dks

izfrcfU/r fd;k x;k ,oa fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ dh x;hA blh dkj.k Hkkjr dks 1949 esa #i;s dk voewY;u djuk iM+kA

oqQy feykdj bl dky esa Hkkjr dks fons'kh O;kikj uhfr osQ {ks=k esa dBksj vk;kr fu;U=k.k uhfr dk lgkjk ysuk

iM+kA lkFk gh ns'k esa oLrqvksa dh deh dks ns[krs gq, oqQN va'kksa esa fu;kZrksa dks Hkh fu;fU=kr djuk iM+kA

(2) 1952&53 ls 1956&57 rd dh O;kikj uhfrμbl vof/ esa fons'kh O;kikj uhfr dks mnkj cuk;k x;kA

f}i{kh; vkSj {ks=kh; le>kSrs cuk;s j[kus osQ vfrfjDr bl dky esa vk;krksa o fu;kZrksa dk lroZQ fu;eu vko';d

le>k x;kA fiQj Hkh vk;kr ykblsUl mnkjrkiwoZd fn;s x;s rFkk fu;kZr c<+kus osQ fy, dbZ izdkj dh fj;k;rsa nh

x;ha tSls fu;kZr fu;U=k.kksa esa <hy] fu;kZr dj esa NwV] fu;kZr&vH;a'kksa dh lekfIr rFkk fu;kZr osQ fy, izksRlkguA

vk;krksa dks mnkj cukus osQ iQyLo:i vk;krksa esa rks o`f¼ gqbZ ij fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ ugha gks ldhA bldk ifj.kke

;g gqvk fd gekjs fons'kh fofue; fjtoZ esa deh vk;h tks 1955&56 esa 828 djksM+ ls ?kVdj 1957&58 esa

457 djksM+ ` jg x;kA vr% O;kikj uhfr esa iqu% ifjorZu djuk iM+kA

(3) 1956&57 ls twu 1966 rd dh O;kikj uhfrμbl vof/ esa f}rh; vkSj r`rh; ;kstuk dky dk lekos'kgksrk gSA bl dky esa fu;ksftr vk£Fkd fodkl osQ mís';ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, O;kikj uhfr dk iqu£u/kZj.k djukiM+kA

f}rh; ;kstukdky (1956&61) esa fons'kh fofue; ladV dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, vk;krksa ij dBksj fu;U=k.k yxk;sx;sA mnkj ykblsfUlax uhfr osQ LFkku ij okLrfod iz;ksxdrkZvksa dh izkFkfedrk dh iz.kkyh viuk;h x;hA vuko';doLrqvksa osQ vk;kr dks iw.kZ :i ls fuf"k¼ dj fn;k x;kA vk;kr uhfr dh ;g fo'ks"krk Fkh fd vk;krksa dks ?kjsywmRiknu osQ lkFk lEcfU/r fd;k x;kA

bl ;kstuk esa fo'kky iSekus ij fu;kZrksa dks c<+kus osQ mik; fd;s x;s rFkk blosQ fy, jktdh; O;kikj fuxe] fu;kZrizksRlkgu lfefr] oLrq cksMZ ,oa fu;kZr tksf[ke chek fuxe] vkfn dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA fdLe fu;U=k.k dh iz.kkyhHkh vkjEHk dh x;hA ifjogu osQ {ks=k esa Hkh izkFkfedrk nh x;hA ljdkj us yxHkx 200 oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr ij lsfu;U=k.k gVk fy;sA Hkkjrh; oLrqvksa osQ fons'kh cktkj osQ foLrkj osQ fy, dbZ izdkj dh iz'kqYd fj;k;rsa Hkh nh x;haA

rhljh ;kstuk vof/ esa vk;krksa dks vkSj vf/d fu;fU=kr dj fn;k x;k ij ns'k esa ;q¼ dh fLFkfr gksus osQ dkj.kj{kk lkexzh osQ vk;krksa dks izkFkfedrk nh x;hA e'khuksa vkSj egRoiw.kZ midj.kksa dks vk;kr djus osQ lEcU/ esaljdkj us p;ukRed vk;kr fu;U=k.k uhfr dk lgkjk fy;kA

fu;kZrksa dks c<+kus osQ fy, ljdkj dh vksj ls vkSj Hkh lqfo/k,¡ nh x;ha rFkk bl lEcU/ esa laLFkkxr lqfo/k,¡ iznku

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dh x;ha ,oa oqQN laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;h_ tSlsμvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj laLFkku] vk;kr&izfrLFkkiu lfefr] fu;kZrfujh{k.k ijke'kZnkrk lfefr ,oa [kfut rFkk /krq O;kikj fuxe] bR;kfnA bl ckr ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k fd ijEijkxroLrqvksa osQ lkFk gh lkFk u;h oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZrksa dks Hkh izksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

(4) twu 1966 ls 1975&76 rd dh O;kikj uhfrμ1975&76 esa ljdkj us iqu%fu;kZr mRiknu esa o`f¼ djusosQ fy, vk;krksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls vuqj{k.k vk;krksa dks mnkj cukus dh uhfr viuk;h gSA

(5) 1985&88 rFkk 1988&91 dh O;kikj uhfrμ1985&88 vof/ osQ nkSjku ykxw dh xbZ O;kikj uhfr esavk;kr izfrLFkkiu }kjk vk;krksa esa deh djus osQ mís'; dks izkFkfedrk nh xbZA blosQ vfrfjDr fu;kZr izksRlkgu]fu;kZr izfØ;k dk ljyhdj.k rFkk fu;kZr oLrqvksa dh mRiknu rduhd osQ vk/qfudhdj.k dks ojh;rk nh xbZA

1988&91 dh ubZ O;kikj uhfr esa vk;krksa dks bl izdkj fu;fer djus dk mís'; viuk;k x;k ftlls vFkZO;oLFkkdh vko';d t:jrsa iwjh gks losaQ] fodkl izksRlkfgr gks losQ vkSj fu;kZr esa o`f¼ gks losQA 1988&91 osQ nkSjkuØec¼ <ax ls fu;kZr izksRlkfgr djus osQ mís'; ls xq.kkRed lq/kjkRed fu;kZr lEo¼Zu uhfr viukbZ xbZA fu;kZrykblsfUlax uhfr dks ljy cuk;k x;kA bl uhfr esa vizR;{k fu;kZrdksa dh Hkwfedk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k vFkkZr~fu;kZr gsrq dPps eky rFkk lk/uksa dh iwfrZ djus okyksa dks vuqekfur fu;kZrd (Deemed Exporters) dk ntkZfn;k x;kA

(6) vkBoha ;kstuk (1992&97) dh O;kikj uhfrμvizSy 1992 esa ,d iapo"khZ; vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr dh?kks"k.kk dh xbZ ftldk eq[; mís'; vk;kr&fu;kZr dh LorU=krk gSA ubZ uhfr esa ykblsal iz.kkyh dks yxHkx lekIrdj fn;s tkus ls iwathxr lk/uksa vkSj dPps eky osQ vk;kr ij ykblsal dh NwV nh xbZA ubZ uhfr esa vkB oLrqvksadk vk;kr ljdkjh ,tsalh osQ ekè;e ls djus dk izko/ku fd;k x;k ftuesa isVªksfy;e] moZjd] [kk| rsy] vukt]vkfn 'kkfey gSaA lkFk gh vusd oLrqvksa_ tSls v[kckjh dkxt] vykSg /krq,a] moZjd] fuekZ.k gsrq eè;orhZ oLrq,ao Mhty dks lj.khÑr lwph (Canalised List) ls gVk fn;k x;kA

ubZ uhfr esa gksVy] i;ZVu m|ksx rFkk [ksy laLFkkvksa osQ fy, vk;kr dh fo'ks"k O;oLFkk dh xbZ FkhA iwathxreky dh fdlh Hkh oLrq dks izfrcfU/r lwph esa ugha j[kk x;kA vfxze ykblsal ;kstuk dks mnkj cuk fn;k x;krFkk 'kqYd&eqDr ;kstuk dk foLrkj fd;k x;kA 'kr&izfr'kr fu;kZr m|ksxksa o fu;kZr izlaLdj.k {ks=k ;kstuk dksvf/d mnkj cuk;k x;kA izfrcfU/r fu;kZrksa dh lwph dks NksVk fd;k x;kA nl oLrqvksa dks lkj.khÑr lwph esaj[kk x;k vFkkZr~ mudk fu;kZr ljdkjh ,tsUlh osQ ekè;e ls fd;s tkus dk izko/ku fd;k x;kA ubZ vk;kr&fu;kZruhfr esa fu;kZr lnuksa rFkk fu;kZr lao¼Zu ifj"knksa osQ egRo dks Lohdkj fd;k x;kA ubZ uhfr esa iwathxr lkèku]dPpk eky] midj.kksa rFkk iqtks± ij eqDr vk;kr dh uhfr ykxw gksxh rFkk buosQ vk;kr&fu;kZr ls lHkh izfrcU/gVk fy, x,A vusd f}rh; iwathxr lk/uksa ij ykblsal dh iwjh NwV iznku dh xbZ ftuesa xkjesaV] gksft;jh] peM+sdk lkeku] jcj] oSQuokl ,oa twrs] bR;kfn 'kkfey gSaA

fu;kZrksa dks c<+kus osQ fy, 1954 esa ^fu;kZr lEo¼Zu ifj"kn* dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA

fu;kZr&vk;kr uhfr 1992&97 % u;s la'kks/u (EXIM Policy 1992-97 : New Changes)

ubZ uhfr ykxw gksus osQ ,d o"kZ ckn u;s vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq,] vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr esa vusdegRoiw.kZ ifjorZu fd;s x;s rFkk 1 vizSy] 1993 ls uhfr dks vf/d fu;kZrksUeq[kh cuk fn;k x;kA eq[; ifjorZubl izdkj Fksμ

(1) fu;kZr dks fuf"k¼ lwph esa ls 144 enksa dks gVk fn;k x;k vkSj buosQ fy, fu;kZr gsrq ykblsal dh vfuok;Zrkdks lekIr dj fn;k x;kA


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(2) Ñf"k] i'kq ikyu] eNyh ikyu] eqxhZ ikyu] m|ku ,oa js'ke {ks=k dh bdkb;ksa dks fu;kZrksUeq[kh bdkb;ksa,oa fu;kZr izlaLdj.k {ks=k fo'ks"k ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr fu%'kqYd vk;kr dh vuqefr nh xbZ c'krsZ fd os viusmRiknu dk 50 izfr'kr fu;kZr djsaA 'ks"k 50% mRiknu ?kjsyw cktkj esa cspus dh vuqefr bl vk;kr&fu;kZruhfr esa ns nh xbZA

(3) ubZ uhfr esa iwathxr lkekuksa dh ifjHkk"kk dks bl rjg foLrr fd;k x;k gS fd mlesa Ñf"k rFkk mlls lEc¼{ks=k osQ iwathxr lkeku dk lekos'k gks losQ rFkk ;s bdkb;k¡ midj.kksa dks fj;k;rh nj ij vk;kr djusgsrq ^fu;kZr izksRlkgu iwathxr lkeku* (EPCG) dk ykHk izkIr dj losaQA

(4) fj;k;rh nj ij iwathxr midj.kksa dk vk;kr djus gsrq EPCG ;kstuk dks lsok&{ks=k ij Hkh ykxw fd;k x;kA

(5) 1993&94 osQ ctV esa iz'kqYd nj esa dkiQh deh fd;s tkus ls 25% dh fj;k;rh nj ij vk;kr ;kstuk cUndj nh xbZ rFkk 15% dh fj;k;rh nj EPCG ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr vU; {ks=kksa dks miyC/ djokus dk izkoèkkufd;k x;kA

(6) fu;kZr x`g] O;kikj x`g ,oa LVkj O;kikj x`g esa 'kkfey djus gsrq okLrfod fons'kh fofue; osQ vk/kj dkslekIr djosQ HkkSfrd fu;kZr ewY; dks vk/kj cuk;k x;kA

(7) fu;kZrksUeq[kh bdkb;ksa rFkk fu;kZr izlaLdj.k {ks=k bdkb;ksa osQ ewY; fu/kZj.k osQ vk/kj dks la'kksf/r dj blesals ?kjsyw vkxrksa osQ ewY; dks vyx dj fn;k x;kA

(8) jkT;ksa dks vkS|ksfxd ikdks± dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;rk djus gsrq osQUnz }kjk izk;ksftr ;kstuk cukus dh ?kks"k.kkdh xbZA

mijksDr la'kks/uksa ls vkBoha ;kstuk dh vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr dks vf/d fu;kZrksUeq[kh cuk;k x;kA bl uhfr esa Ñf"k,oa lEcfU/r {ks=kksa dks vf/d egRo fn;k x;kA m|ksx ,oa O;kikj {ks=k esa bu la'kks/uksa dk Lokxr fd;k x;kA

twu 1966 esa Hkkjrh; #i;s dk voewY;u fd;k x;k ftlls fons'kh O;kikj uhfr esa ,d u;h fn'kk dklw=kikr gqvkA voewY;u osQ lkFk gh ljdkj us ns'k osQ 59 m|ksxksa osQ fy, vk;kr uhfr dks mnkj cukfn;kA

vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr dk iqu% mnkjhdj.k (Re-Liberalisation of Import-Export Policy)

30 ekpZ] 1994 dks vkBoha ;kstuk (1992&97) dh vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr dks vkSj vf/d mnkj cukus dh ?kks"k.kkdh xbZ ftls rRdky izHkko ls ykxw fd;k x;kA bl uhfr esa fu;kZrksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ mís'; ls fu;kZrdksa dh ,dubZ Js.kh lqij LVkj Vªs¯Mx gkml* dh jpuk dh xbZA lqij LVkj Vªs¯Mx gkml dh ekU;rk mUgha fu;kZr x`gksa dksnsus dk izko/ku fd;k x;k ftudk foxr rhu o"kks± esa vkSlr fu;kZr 750 djksM+ #i;s dk jgk gks vFkok foxr o"kZesa fu;kZr ,d gtkj djksM+ #i;s dk jgk gksA

ewY; vk/kfjr vfxze ykblsal ;kstuk (Value Based Advance Licensing Scheme—VABAL) ftls nq#i;ksxosQ dkj.k cUn dj fn;k x;k Fkk] dks fujh{k.k osQ lkFk bl la'kks/u esa tkjh j[kus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA

fu;kZr lao¼Zu iwathxr lkeku (EPCG) ;kstuk dks ljy cukdj blosQ vUrxZr fu;kZr nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus osQmís'; ls r`rh; i{k fu;kZr dh vuqefr iznku dh xbZA blh ;kstuk osQ rgr ykblsal iznku djus dh O;oLFkk dkfoosQUnzhdj.k fd;k x;kA vHkh rd ;s ykblsal fons'kh O;kikj osQ egkfuns'kd }kjk tkjh fd;s tkrs FksA bl la'kksèkuesa 25 yk[k #i;s rd osQ vk;kr ykblsal {ks=kh; dk;kZy; }kjk tkjh djus dk izko/ku fd;k x;kA

u;s la'kks/uksa osQ vuqlkj vk;krksa dh Í.kkRed lwph esa vkSj dVkSrh dh xbZ rFkk bysDVªkWfud m|ksx osQ fofuekZ.kesa iz;ksx dh tkus okyh oqQN oLrqvksa dks blesa ls gVk fn;k x;kA fo'ks"k vk;kr ykblsal osQ vUrxZr vk;kr dh

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tkus okyh oLrqvksa dh lwph dks O;kikj djus osQ lkFk gh Lo.kZ o pkanh dks Hkh fj;k;rh vk;kr 'kqYd Hkqxrku djosQvk;kr djus dh NwV nh xbZA buosQ vk;kr ij mlh nj ls fons'kh eqnzk esa vk;kr 'kqYd dk Hkqxrku djus dk izkoèkkufd;k x;k tks nj ;kf=k;ksa }kjk buosQ vk;kr osQ fy, izHkkoh gSA bu vk;kr ykblsalksa osQ vUrxZr LokLF;] [ksyowQn]lapkj o dk;kZy; midj.k rFkk oqQN miHkksDrk fVdkÅ oLrqvksa (tks y?kq m|ksxksa osQ fy, vkjf{kr ugha gSa) osQ vk;krdh vuqefr nh xbZA

la'kksf/r uhfr osQ vuqlkj 'kqYd NwV ;kstuk dks ljyhÑr fd;k x;k rFkk fu;kZr dh tkus okyh 3]383 oLrqvksa osQfy, buiqV&vkmViqV ekud rS;kj fd;s x;s tcfd ekpZ 1993 esa ;s 2]200 oLrqvksa osQ fy, gh FksA

u;s vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dks izHkko'khy cukus osQ mís'; ls vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr dks vf/d mnkj cuk;k x;k vkSj fu;kZrksadks izksRlkfgr djosQ Hkqxrku lUrqyu dks vuqowQy cukus osQ iz;kl fd;s x;sA

uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ fy, Hkkjr dh ubZ vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr (1997&2002) [India’sImport-Export Policy (1997-2002) for Ninth fifth Year Planning]

vkBoha ;kstuk esa mnkjhdj.k ,oa Hkwe.Myhdj.k osQ nkSj esa ?kksf"kr fu;kZr&vk;kr uhfr osQ ekSfyd mís';ksa dks tkjhj[krs gq, uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk vof/ 1997&2002 osQ fy, ubZ vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr (EXIM Policy) dh ?kks"k.kk31 ekpZ] 1997 dks dh xbZ rFkk bl uhfr dks 1 vizSy] 1997 ls vkxkeh 5 o"kks± osQ fy, ykxw fd;k x;kA

bl uhfr dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ Fkhaμ

(i) fu;kZr dh izfØ;kxr tfVyrkvksa dks de djrs gq, uhfr dks fu;kZrdksa osQ fgrksa dk laj{kd cuk;k x;kA

(ii) vHkh rd izfrcfU/r lwph esa 'kkfey 542 oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr dks vf/d mnkj cuk;k x;kA bu oLrqvksaesa vf/dka'k miHkksDrk oLrq,¡ gSaA

(iii) izfrcfU/r lwph esa lfEefyr dkuZÝySDl] twl] ykbVlZ] dyS.Mj] iksLVlZ] oSD;we ÝykLd] vkfn vusdmiHkksDrk oLrqvksa dks OGL ([kqys lkekU; ykblsal) Js.kh esa yk;k x;kA lkFk gh vusd miHkksDrk oLrqvksalkcqu] 'kgn] vpkj] okVj owQyj] xqfM+;ksaa (Dolls), [ksy osQ lkeku] vkfn dks fo'ks"k vk;kr ykblsal (SIL)

dh Js.kh esa esa yk;k x;kA

(iv) ewY; vk/kfjr vfxze ykblsal iz.kkyh (Vabal) dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k tcfd ek=kk vk/kfjr vfxzeykblsal ;kstuk (QBAL) dks tkjh j[kk x;kA

(v) ikl&cqd ;kstuk esa la'kks/u djosQ Duty Entitlement Passbook Scheme (DEPS) ykxw dh xbZ ftlosQvUrxZr fu;kZr oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa vko';d dPps eky@oLrqvksa ij fu;kZrdksa dks vfxze dj nsus lsNwV iznku dj nh xbZA

(vi) EPCG ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr iwathxr oLrqvksa ij vk;kr 'kqYd 15% ls ?kVkdj 10% fd;k x;kA

(vii) Ñf"k ,oa lEcfU/r {ks=kksa osQ fy, 'kwU; vk;kr 'kqYd okyh EPCG ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr FkSzlgksYM lhek(Threshold Limit) 20 djksM+ #i;s ls ?kVkdj 5 djksM+ #i;s dj nh xbZA

(viii) 'kwU; vk;kr 'kqYd okyh EPCG ;kstuk dk ykHk lsok {ks=k rd Hkh foLr`r fd;k x;kA

(ix) Ñf"k {ks=k dks izksRlkgu nsus osQ fy, Vªs¯Mx gkml ,oa fu;kZr ?kjkuksa vkfn dh ik=krk fu/kZfjr djrs le;Ñf"k fu;kZr dks nks xquk Hkkj (Double Weightage) nsus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbzZA

(x) 'kqYd jfgr ykblsal dh oS/rk vof/ dks 12 ekl ls c<+kdj 18 ekl fd;k x;kA

(xi) ikap oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr ij i;kZoj.kh; lqj{kk] lkefjd egRo] lkoZtfud LokLF;] rFkk lqj{kk lEcU/hdkj.kksa ls izfrcU/ yxk;k x;kA

(xii) vkHkw"k.kkas osQ fu;kZr gsrq Lo.kZ dk LVkWd j[kus okyh ukekafdr bdkb;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ dj nh xbZA


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(xiii) [kfut rsy ,oa xSl {ks=kksa dks Hkh fo|qr {ks=k dh Hkkafr vkHkkflr fu;kZr (Deemed Export) dk ykHk iznkudj fn;k x;kA

(xiv) lkWÝVos;j m|ksx fu;kZr gsrq MsVk dE;wfuosQ'ku usVooZQ osQ iz;ksx dh vuqefr ns nh xbZA

1997&2002 vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr esa la'kks/u (Amendment in Import-Export Policy1997-2002)

uoha ;kstukof/ osQ fy, ?kksf"kr vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr esa o"kZ 1998&99] 1999&2000] 2000&2001 rFkk 2001&2002osQ fy, la'kks/u izLrqr fd;s tk pqosQ gSaμ

(A) 13 viSzy] 1998 dks izLrqr la'kks/u (vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr 1998&99)

okf.kT;eU=kh us la'kksf/r vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk 13 viSzy] 1998 dks dhA bl la'kksf/r uhfr us iwoZ ?kksf"kr1997&2002 dh uhfr dk LFkku rkRdkfyd izHkko ls ys fy;kA

bl la'kksf/r uhfr dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ Fkhaμ

1- 340 vU; oLrqvksa dks izfrcfU/r lwph ls gVkdj [kqys lkekU; ykblsal (OGL) Js.kh osQ vUrxZr yk;k x;kA

2- fu;kZr lao¼Zu dks c<+kok nsus osQ mís'; ls vU; izfrcU/ksa esa <hy nh xbZ gS] izfØ;kxr tfVyrk,¡ de dhxbZ gSa] gLrkUrj.k ykxr dks de fd;k x;k gS vkSj vusd ;kstukvksa }kjk fu;kZr {ks=k dks vkd"kZd cuk;kx;kA

3- EPCG (Export Promotion Capital Goods) osQ vUrxZr fofHkUu {ks=kksa dh FkzslgksYM lhek,¡ (Thresh-old Limits) de dj nh xbZ % (i) Ñf"k ,oa lEcfU/r {ks=k #- 5 djksM+ ls 1 djksM+] (ii) bysDVªkWfuDl]VsDlVkbYl] peM+k] jRu ,oa vkHkw"k.k] [ksy lkeku] [kk| izlaLdj.k {ks=k #- 20 djksM+ ls 1 djksM+] (iii)lkWÝVos;j {ks=k #- 10 yk[k #i;sA

4- fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ osQ fy, 500 'kh"kZ dEifu;ksa ls lh/h ckrphr djus dk ljdkj us fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA

5- miHkksx gsrq fd;s x;s fryguksa osQ lHkh fu;kZrksa dks ek=kkRed :i ls ,oa ykblas lx vfuok;Zrk ls eqDr djfn;k x;kA

6- o"kZ 1998&99 esa fu;kZrksa esa 15% o`f¼ dk y{; j[kk x;kA

(B) 31 ekpZ] 1999 dks ?kksf"kr la'kks/u (vk;kr fu;kZr uhfr 1999&2000)

1- Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks ;Fkkor~ j[krs gq, fo'o O;kikj ls tqM+us dh izfrc¼rk dh iqu% ?kks"k.kkA

2- vk;kr ls ek=kkRed izfrcU/ksa dks lekIr djus dh ?kks"k.kkA

3- 894 oLrqvksa dks izfrcfU/r lwph ls fudkydj [kqyh lkekU; ykblsUl (O.G.L.) lwph esa LFkkukUrfjr djusdh ?kks"k.kkA

4- 414 oLrqvksa dks fo'ks"k vk;kr ykblsUl lwph esa Mkyus dh ?kks"k.kk (izfrcfU/r lwph esa vc osQoy 667oLrq,¡ 'ks"k)A

5- fu;kZr c<+kus osQ fy, vfxze ykblsUl tkjh djus dh ?kks"k.kkA

6- Ñf"k oLrqvksa vkSj la'kksf/r eky osQ fu;kZr ls izfrcU/ksa dks gVkus dh ?kks"k.kkA

7- fu;kZrdksa dh lqfo/k osQ fy, vkosnuksa dks dEI;wVjhÑr djuk ,oa bysDVªkfud i=k&O;ogkj ykxw djus dh?kks"k.kkA

8- Je lEcU/h dkuwuksa dks O;ogkjiw.kZ cukus dh ?kks"k.kkA

9- cqfu;knh lqfo/kvksa esa lq/kj ykus dh ?kks"k.kkA

10- fu;kZr O;kikj dks c<+kus osQ fy, eqDr O;kikj iz.kkyh vkjEHk djus dh ?kks"k.kkA

11- fu;kZr lEo¼Zu esa jkT;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus dh ?kks"k.kkA

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12- fu;kZrdksa dh dfBukbZ dks nwj djus osQ fy, eè;LFk osQ :i esa ^vksEcM~leSu* (yksdiky) dh fu;qfDrdh ?kks"k.kkA

13- ysunsu ykxr de djus ij tksjA

14- tqykbZ 1999 ls ns'k osQ lHkh fu;kZr izlaLdj.k {ks=kksa (EPZ) dks eqDr O;kikj {ks=k (FTZ) esa cnyus dh?kks"k.kkA

15- 'kqYd eqDr EPCG Ldhe esa dbZ vkSj {ks=k lfEefyr djus dh ?kks"k.kkA

16- mRiknu dk 50 izfr'kr fu;kZr djus okyksa dks xzhu dkMZ nsus dh ?kks"k.kkA

17- fu;kZr iwoZ DEPB ozsQfMV ,uVkbVyesUV 10 izfr'kr ?kksf"krA

18- fu;kZr x`g] O;kikj x`g] LVkj O;kikj x`g ,oa lqij LVkj O;kikj x`gksa osQ fy, xksYMsu LVsVl izek.k&i=ktkjh djus dh ?kks"k.kkA

19- EPZ/EOU osQ fy, 20 izfr'kr fons'kh eqnzk vtZu dh 'krZ ?kksf"krA

20- osQfedy] IykfLVd osQ fy, EPCG osQ rgr U;wure lhek dks 20 djksM+ #i, ls ?kVkdj 1 djksM+ #i,djus dh ?kks"k.kkA

21- lsok {ks=k dks izksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, fo'ks"k iSosQt dh ?kks"k.kkA

22- i;ZVu] fof/ ,oa esfMdy lsokvksa dks ,DliksVZ gkml dk ntkZ nsus dh ?kks"k.kkA

(C) 31 ekpZ] 2000 dks ?kksf"kr la'kks/u (vk;kr fu;kZr uhfr 2000&2001)

1- fu;kZr esa 20% o`f¼ dk y{;A

2- phu dh rtZ ij fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=kksa (Special Economic Zones—SEZ) dh LFkkiukA

3- M~;wVh ,uVkbVyes.V iklcqd ;kstuk lu~ 2002 rd cuk;s j[kus dh ?kks"k.kkA

4- WTO osQ lkFk opuc¼rk dk ikyu djrs gq, 714 oLrqvksa dks ek=kkRed izfrcfU/r lwph ls gVkus dh?kks"k.kkA

5- ?kjsyw m|ksx dks 'kqYd laj{k.k vkSj (Anti-Dumping) rFkk lfClMh fojks/ iz.kkyh osQ rgr lqj{kk tkjhj[kus dh ?kks"k.kkA

6- xqtjkr osQ ih;ki[k vkSj rfeyukMq osQ rwrhdksfju esa fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k (SEZ) LFkkfir djus dh ?kks"k.kkA

7- eqEcbZ] dkaMyk] fo'kk[kkiÙkue~ vkSj dksfPp fLFkr orZeku fu;kZr izlaLdj.k tksu dks fo'ks"k vkfFkZd tksuesa cnyus dh ?kks"k.kkA

8- fo'ks"k vk;kr ykblasl dks 1 vizSy 2001 rd lekIr djus dh ?kks"k.kkA

9- jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys fu;kZr dks izksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, 250 djksM+ #i, dh jkf'k dk dks"kLFkkfir djus dh ?kks"k.kkA

10- ljdkj us izkFkfedrk okys m|ksxksa esa fons'kh bfDoVh dh vf/dre lhek 40% ls c<+kdj 51% djus dh?kks"k.kkA

vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr 2002&07 (Import-Export Policy–2002-07)

Hkkjr ljdkj us 31 ekpZ] 2002 dks nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dky (2002&2007) osQ fy, vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr ?kksf"krdh gSA bl uhfr dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEu izdkj gSaμ

1- fu;kZr ij yxs ek=kkRed izfrcU/ksa esa <hyμoqQN oLrqvksa dks NksM+ dj fu;kZr ij yxs lHkh ek=kkRedizfrcU/ gVk fy, x, gSaA

2- Ñf"k fu;kZr ij tksjμbl uhfr osQ fofHkUu dk;Z mRiknksa osQ fu;kZr ij ifjogu lgk;rk nsus osQ vfrfjDr]


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ml ij yxs fofHkUu izdkj osQ izfrcU/ mBk fy, x, gSaA tSls :l dks fu;kZr fd, tkus okys eD[ku] xsgw¡ o xsgw¡ls cus inkFkZ] eksVs vukt] ew¡xiQyh dk rsy rFkk dktw ij iathdj.k vkSj iS dx dk izfrcU/ mBk fy;k x;k gSA

3- oqQVhj ,oa gLrf'kYi dks izksRlkguμoqQVhj ,oa gLrf'kYi dks izksRlkgu nsus osQ mís'; ls oqQN LFkkuksa ijLFkkfir m|ksxksa dks fo'ks"k fj;k;rsa nh xbZ gSa_ tSls fr#iqj ls gkStjh] ikuhir ls Åuh dEcy vkSj yqf/;kuk lscus gq, Åuh diM+ksa osQ fu;kZr dks dkiQh izksRlkgu fn;k x;k gSA

4- bysDVªkWfud gkMZos;j m|ksxμbl m|ksx dks izksRlkgu nsus osQ fy, bl uhfr esa izkS|ksfxdh ikoZQ Ldhe dksla'kksf/r fd;k x;k gSA

5- Hkkjrh; nwrkoklksa esa O;kolkf;d osQUnzksa dh LFkkiukμbl uhfr esa dgk x;k gS fd lHkh egRoiw.kZ nwrkoklksaesa O;kolkf;d osQUnzksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sxh ftlls fd os ml ns'k ls fons'kh O;kikj c<+k losaQA

6- fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=kksa (S.E.Z.) dh LFkkiukμfofHkUu jkT;ksa esa fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k LFkkfir fd, tk;saxsA tgk¡vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj dh lHkh lqfo/k,¡ miyC/ gksaxh vkSj buls fu;kZr fd, x, ekyksa ij dksbZ 'kqYd ugha fy;ktk;sxkA bl {ks=k esa fdlh oLrq osQ vk;kr osQ fy, dksbZ ykblsUl ysuk vko';d ugha gksxkA ,sls dPps eky]iwathxr eky] Lis;j ikV~lZ tks ns'k osQ Hkhrj ls gh Ø; fd, tk;saxs mu ij osQUnzh; mRiknu 'kqYd ugha yxsxkA

7- vÚhdh {ks=kksa ij tksjμbl uhfr esa vÚhdh {ks=kksa dks fu;kZr c<+kus ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA blosQ fy, cuk,x, dk;ZØe osQ izFke pj.k esa ukbthfj;k] nf{k.k vÚhdk] ekjh'kl] osQU;k] bFkksfi;k] ratkfu;k vkSj ?kkuklfgr ns'kksa esa fu;kZr c<+kus ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA bu ns'kksa esa ikap djksM+ #i, rd dk fu;kZr djus okyksadks ,DliksVZ gkml dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA

8- vkHkw"k.k m|ksx dks izksRlkguμvkHkw"k.k m|ksx dks izksRlkgu nsus osQ fy, xSj rjk'ks x, ghjksa ij lhek 'kqYd?kVkdj 'kwU; dj fn;k x;k gS rFkk buosQ fy, ykblsUl iz.kkyh Hkh lekIr dj nh xbZ gSA

9- vU; izeq[k fo'ks"krk,aμ(i) cSadksa dks fons'kh dkjksckj 'kk[kk,¡ [kksyus dh vuqefr nh xbZ gSA (ii) gLrf'kYi{ks=k osQ fu;kZr ij 'kqYd lekIr dj fn;k x;k gSA (iii) twV vkSj I;kt dks NksM+dj lHkh Ñf"k ;ksX; chtksa osQfu;kZr ij yxh jksd lekIr dj nh xbZ gSA (iv) u, dkjksckfj;ksa dks fcuk tkap o cSad xkjUVh osQ ykblsUl iznkudjus dh O;oLFkk gSA

vuqekfur fu;kZrd (Deemed Exporters) ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

Hkkjr dh uohu fons'k O;kikj uhfr (2004&09) [India’s New Foreign Trade Policy(2004-09)]

Hkkjr ljdkj us 31 vxLr] 2004 dks o"kZ 2002&07 dh fons'kh O;kikj uhfr osQ LFkku ij o"kZ 2004&09 osQ fy,uohu fons'k O;kikj uhfr ?kksf"kr dh gSA bl uhfr dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEu izdkj gSaμ

Ñf"k

fu;kZr dks c<+kus osQ fy, Ñf"k {ks=k osQ fy, ,d fo'ks"k Ñf"k mit ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ gSA iQy&lCth] iwQy] y?kqou mRiknksa o buosQ ewY; lEof¼Zr mRiknksa osQ fu;kZr osQ fy, fo'ks"k Ñf"k mit ;kstuk dk izko/ku fd;k x;kgSA blesa fu;kZr lEo¼Zu osQ fy, iwathxr oLrq osQ vk;kr esa NwV dh bZihlhth ;kstuk osQ rgr e'khuksa osQ 'kqYdeqDr vk;kr dh lqfo/k nh xbZ gSA Ñf"k fu;kZr {ks=k dh bdkb;ksa osQ fy, bZihlhth ;kstuk osQ vk;kfrr e'khuksadks dgha Hkh yxkus dh NwV nh xbZ gSA jkT;ksa dks fu;kZr m|ksxksa osQ fy, cqfu;knh lqfo/kvksa osQ fodkl osQ fy,,,lvkbZMhbZ ;kstuk osQ /ujkf'k dks ,bZtsM esa yxkus dh vuqefr nh xbZ gSA fu;kZr osQ fy, xq.koÙkk osQ mRikn

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iSnk djus osQ mís'; ls cht] dUn vkSj jksikbZ dh lkexzh dh vk;kr O;oLFkk mnkj cukbZ xbZ gSA tM+h] cwfV;ksavkSj vkS"kf/d mRiknksa dk fu;kZr c<+kus osQ fy, ikS/ksa osQ va'kksa mlosQ O;qRiknksa] lr osQ vk;kr esa <hy nh xbZ gSA

f'kYidkjh

ljdkj }kjk gLrf'kYi bdkb;ksa osQ fy, fd, x, iz;klksa esa ,d fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k dh LFkkiuk dk izLrkogSA mRiknu esa yxus okyh NksVh&eksVh phtksa dk vk;kr lLrk djus osQ fy, fu;kZr eky osQ oqQy ewY; osQ ik¡pizfr'kr osQ cjkcj lkeku osQ 'kqYd ij eqDr vk;kr djus dh NwVA ,slh oLrqvksa ij dkm.Vj os yx 'kqYd lhohMhugha yxsxkA NksVs fu;kZrdksa osQ fy, bu NksVh&eksVh oLrqvksa dk vk;kr gLrf'kYi fu;kZr lao¼Zu ifj"kn djlosQxhA

peM+k mRikn

peM+k vkSj twrs pIiy osQ fu;kZr eky osQ ,iQvksch ewY; osQ 3 izfr'kr osQ cjkcj drju vkSj vU; NksVs&eksVslkeku dk 'kqYd vk;kr eqDr dj fn;k x;k gSA oqQN fpfUgr oLrqvksa osQ ekeys esa vk;kr&fu;kZr ewY; dks5 izfr'kr rd fd;k tk ldrk gSA peM+k m|ksx osQ fy, dpjk 'kks/u la;U=kksa dh e'khuksa ij 'kqYd ekiQ djfn;k x;k gSA

jRu o vkHkw"k.k

jRu vkHkw"k.k fu;kZrdksa osQ fy, fu;kZr ewY; osQ 2 izfr'kr osQ cjkcj mRiknu esa lgk;d /krqvksa ij dj eqDrvk;kr dh NwV nh xbZ gSA lksuk ;k IysfVue ij ;g NwV ugha gSA fu;kZr ewY; osQ 2 izfr'kr osQ cjkcj osQ vkHkw"k.kksadks ykSVk, x, vkHkw"k.k dh en osQ vUrxZr 'kqYd eqDr vk;kr dh NwV nh xbZ gSA ,d yk[k #i, rd osQuewus osQ vkHkw"k.kksa dk vk;kr 'kqYd eqDr dj fn;k x;k gSA jhIysfu'k ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr 18 oSQjsV ;k mllsÅij dh 'kq¼rk dk lksuk vk;kr djus dh NwVA

lqfo/k,¡

fu;kZfrr lkeku vkSj lsokvksa dks lsok dj ls eqDr djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gSA blesa ?kjsyw 'kqYd {ks=k MhVh,ls fu;kZr gksus okys lkeku vkSj lsokvksa dks Hkh NwV feysxhA blosQ vykok fu;kZr dkjksckj dk vPNk fjdkMZj[kus okys fu;kZrdksa ftuesa de ls de 5 djksM+ #i, dk fu;kZr djus okys fu;kZrd 'kkfey gksaxs dks cSadxkjUVh dh vfuok;Zrk ls Hkh NwV nh tk,xh rkfd muosQ dkjksckj ykxr esa deh vk,A ,sls fu;kZrdksa dks cSadxkjUVh dh NwV lHkh fu;kZr izksRlkgu ;kstukvksa osQ rgr miyC/ gksxhA

vU; fo'ks"krk,¡

(i) fo'o O;kikj esa Hkkjr dh Hkkxhnkjh dks vxys ik¡p o"kks± esa nks xquk djus vFkkZr~ fo'o O;kikj dk 1-5 izfr'krfgLlk ikus dk y{; j[kk x;k gSA blosQ fy, fu;kZr O;kikj esa izfro"kZ 20&21 izfr'kr dh of¼ djuh gksxhA

(ii) Ñf"k vkSj lsok {ks=k ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k x;k gSA

(iii) fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k] ck;ks&VsDuksykWth ikdks± vkSj lsok {ks=k dks fo'ks"k c<+kok nsus osQ fy, lsok fu;kZr lao¼Zuifj"kn dh LFkkiuk dh tk,xhA

(iv) fu;kZrdksa osQ lkFk fopkj&foe'kZ djus osQ ckn nh M~;wVh ,uVkbVsyesaV ikl cqd Ldhe dh txg ubZ LdheykbZ tk,xh] rc rd ;g ;kstuk tkjh jgsxkA

(v) xzkeh.k vkSj v¼Z&'kgjh bykdksa esa ,sls fo'ks"k {ks=kksa dh igpku dh xbZ gS ftuls fu;kZr esa o`f¼ gksus osQlkFk gh yksxksa dks jkstxkj Hkh fey losaQxsA blosQ fy, j.kuhfrd ;kstuk Hkh rS;kj dh xbZ gSA

(vi) fu;kZr o`f¼ dh U;wure lhek 250 djksM+ #i, okys u, dLcksa dks vf/lwfpr fd;k tk,xkA


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fons'k O;kikj (2004&09) dh okf"kZd iwjd uhfr 2005&06 (Anual ComplimentaryPolicy 2005-06 of Foreign Trade (2004-09)]

(i) osQUnz ljdkj }kjk 8 vizSy] 2005 dks fons'k O;kikj (2004&09) dh okf"kZd iwjd uhfr 2005&06 tkjhdh xbZ] ftldh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaμ

(ii) o"kZ 2005&06 osQ fu;kZr y{; dks c<+kdj 92 djksM+ #i, dj fn;k x;k gSA o"kZ 2004&05 esa Hkkjr dkfu;kZr c<+dj 80 vjc MkWyj rFkk vk;kr c<+dj 105 vjc MkWyj gks x;kA

(iii) o"kZ 2004&05 esa fu;kZr osQ dkj.k nl yk[k yksxksa dks jkstxkj feysA blosQ vfrfjDr 14 yk[k yksxksa dksvizR;{k :i ls jkstxkj feysA

(iv) Ñf"k fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus osQ mís'; ls lHkh Ñf"k o ikS/ tlksa osQ fu;kZr ij vf/Hkkj dks lekIr djukizLrkfor gSA

(v) Hkkjrh; pk; dh czk.M bfDoVh dks dk;e j[kus osQ fy, DokfyVh osQ fu/kZfjr fu;eksa dk ikyu djukvfuok;Z gksxkA

(vi) fo'ks"k Ñf"k mit ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr Ms;jh mRiknksa vkSj muosQ ewY; o£¼r mRiknksa osQ fy, Hkh [kkl lqfoèkk,¡nh xbZ gSaA

(vii) lqukeh osQ dkj.k leqnzh mRikn {ks=k osQ vk/qfudhdj.k osQ fy, ,d u;k iSosQt cuk;k x;k gSA blls Vquk fiQ¯'kxdks c<+kok feysxkA Vquk fiQ¯'kx osQ fy, eksuh fiQykesUV ykax ykbu iz.kkyh dk vk;kr fd;k tk losQxkA

(viii) 'kh?kz gh u"V gksus okys lkekuksa osQ owQM+s dks gVkus dh izfØ;k dks ljy cuk fn;k x;k gSA

(ix) vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa jkT;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+kus osQ fy, vUrjkZT;h; O;kikj ifj"kn cukus dh ;kstuk rS;kjdh xbZ gSA

(x) M~;wVh ,UVk;fVyesUV iklcqd Ldhe fiQygky tkjh jgsxhA

(xi) fofuekZ.k {ks=k esa Li/kZRedrk c<+kus osQ mik; fd, x, gSaA blls Hkkjrh; dEifu;k¡ vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Li/kZRed cu losaQxh vkSj lkFk gh Hkkjrh; miHkksDrkvksa dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj osQ mRikn vkSj lsok,¡ ns losaQxhAblls jkstxkj osQ volj Hkh iSnk gksaxsA

(xii) owyekoZQ vkSj flYdekoZQ dh rtZ ij gS.Mywe osQ fy, Hkh ,d VªsMekoZQ cukus dk fu.kZ; fd;k gSA

(xiii) fu;kZr esa ;qokvksa vkSj efgyk m|fe;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+kus osQ fy, lHkh fu;kZr lao¼Zu ifj"knksa esa ,d vyxfoHkkx cukus dk fu.kZ; fd;k x;k gSA

(xiv) jRu vkSj vkHkw"k.k {ks=k osQ fy, M~;wVh izQh uewus dks c<+kdj vc 3 yk[k #i;k dj fn;k x;k gSA

(xv) vk;kr&fu;kZr uked ,d ljy iQkeZ 'kq: fd;k x;k gS ftlls dkxth dkjZokbZ dk cks> 60 izfr'kr ?kVtk,xkA

(xvi) rhu ykblsUlksa osQ LFkku ij vc ,d okf"kZd ,Mokal ykblsUl 'kq: fd;k tk jgk gSA



1. fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fu;kZrdksa dh ,d ubZ Js.kh ^lqij LVkj Vªs¯Mx gkmQl* dh LFkkiuk dh xbZμ

(d) nwljh ;kstuk ([k) pkSFkh ;kstuk (x) lkroha ;kstuk (?k) vkBoha ;kstukA

2. lqij LVkj Vªs Mx gkmQl dh ekU;rk gkfly djus osQ fy, fu;kZr x`gksa dk vkSlr fu;kZr y{; fdrus djksM+#i;s j[kk x;kμ

(d) 730 djksM+ ([k) 740 djksM+ (x) 750 djksM+ (?k) 765 djksM+A

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3. uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fu;kZr lao¼Zu iw¡thxr lkeku (EPCG) ;kstuk osQ varxZr iw¡thxr oLrqvksa ijvk;kr 'kqYd 15% ls ?kVkdj fdrus izfr'kr dj fn;k x;kμ

(d) 5% ([k) 7% (x) 8% (?k) 10%

4. uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa 'kqYd jfgr ykblsal dh oS/rk vof/ dks 12 eghus ls c<+kdj dj fn;k x;kμ

(d) 14 eghus ([k) 16 eghus (x) 18 eghus (?k) 20 eghusA

5. [kfut rsy ,oa xSl {ks=k dks Hkh fo|qr {ks=k dh Hkkafr vkHkkflr fu;fr (Deemed Export) dk ykHk fdliapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fn;k x;kμ

(d) ik¡poha ([k) lkroha (x) ukSoha (?k) nlohaA


• mís';μizkjEHk ls gh gekjh O;kikj uhfr osQ fuEu mís'; jgs gSaμ

(i) osQoy vko';d oLrqvksa dk gh vk;kr djukA

(ii) vk;kr&izfrLFkkfir oLrqvksa osQ m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk djuk ,oa muosQ fy, vko';d dPps eky dh

ns'k esa O;oLFkk djukA

(iii) fu;kZr izksRlkfgr djus okys m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsukA

(iv) fu;kZr {ks=k esa vfrjsd dk l`tu dj fu;kZrksa dh o`f¼ djukA ,oa

(v) ?kjsyw cktkj esa mfpr dherksa ij oLrqvksa dk leku ,oa U;k;iw.kZ forj.k djukA

la{ksi esa] O;kikj&uhfr dk mís'; vk;krksa dks lhfer djuk ,oa fu;kZrksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk jgk gSA

• f}rh; ;kstukdky (1956&61) esa fons'kh fofue; ladV dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, vk;krksa ij dBksj fu;U=k.kyxk;s x;sA mnkj ykblsfUlax uhfr osQ LFkku ij okLrfod iz;ksxdrkZvksa dh izkFkfedrk dh iz.kkyh viuk;hx;hA vuko';d oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr dks iw.kZ :i ls fuf"k¼ dj fn;k x;kA vk;kr uhfr dh ;g fo'ks"krkFkh fd vk;krksa dks ?kjsyw mRiknu osQ lkFk lEcfU/r fd;k x;kA

• rhljh ;kstuk vof/ esa vk;krksa dks vkSj vf/d fu;fU=kr dj fn;k x;k ij ns'k esa ;q¼ dh fLFkfr gksusosQ dkj.k j{kk lkexzh osQ vk;krksa dks izkFkfedrk nh x;hA e'khuksa vkSj egRoiw.kZ midj.kksa dks vk;kr djusosQ lEcU/ esa ljdkj us p;ukRed vk;kr fu;U=k.k uhfr dk lgkjk fy;kA

• vizSy 1992 esa ,d iapo"khZ; vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ ftldk eq[; mís'; vk;kr&fu;kZrdh LorU=krk gSA ubZ uhfr esa ykblsal iz.kkyh dks yxHkx lekIr dj fn;s tkus ls iwathxr lk/uksa vkSj dPpseky osQ vk;kr ij ykblsal dh NwV nh xbZA ubZ uhfr esa vkB oLrqvksa dk vk;kr ljdkjh ,tsalh osQ ekè;els djus dk izko/ku fd;k x;k ftuesa isVªksfy;e] moZjd] [kk| rsy] vukt] vkfn 'kkfey gSaA

• 30 ekpZ] 1994 dks vkBoha ;kstuk (1992&97) dh vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr dks vkSj vf/d mnkj cukus dh?kks"k.kk dh xbZ ftls rRdky izHkko ls ykxw fd;k x;kA bl uhfr esa fu;kZrksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ mís'; lsfu;kZrdksa dh ,d ubZ Js.kh lqij LVkj Vªs Mx gkml* dh jpuk dh xbZA lqij LVkj Vªs Mx gkml dh ekU;rkmUgha fu;kZr x`gksa dks nsus dk izko/ku fd;k x;k ftudk foxr rhu o"kks± esa vkSlr fu;kZr 750 djksM+ #i;sdk jgk gks vFkok foxr o"kZ esa fu;kZr ,d gtkj djksM+ #i;s dk jgk gksA

• vkBoha ;kstuk esa mnkjhdj.k ,oa Hkwe.Myhdj.k osQ nkSj esa ?kksf"kr fu;kZr&vk;kr uhfr osQ ekSfyd mís';ksadks tkjh j[krs gq, uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk vof/ 1997&2002 osQ fy, ubZ vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr (EXIM

Policy) dh ?kks"k.kk 31 ekpZ] 1997 dks dh xbZ rFkk bl uhfr dks 1 vizSy] 1997 ls vkxkeh 5 o"kks± osQfy, ykxw fd;k x;kA


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• Hkkjr ljdkj us 31 vxLr] 2004 dks o"kZ 2002&07 dh fons'kh O;kikj uhfr osQ LFkku ij o"kZ 2004&09osQ fy, uohu fons'k O;kikj uhfr ?kksf"kr dh gSA

• fu;kZr dks c<+kus osQ fy, Ñf"k {ks=k osQ fy, ,d fo'ks"k Ñf"k mit ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ gSA iQy&lCth] iwQy]y?kq ou mRiknksa o buosQ ewY; lEof¼Zr mRiknksa osQ fu;kZr osQ fy, fo'ks"k Ñf"k mit ;kstuk dk izkoèkkufd;k x;k gSA blesa fu;kZr lEo¼Zu osQ fy, iwathxr oLrq osQ vk;kr esa NwV dh bZihlhth ;kstuk osQ rgre'khuksa osQ 'kqYd eqDr vk;kr dh lqfo/k nh xbZ gSA Ñf"k fu;kZr {ks=k dh bdkb;ksa osQ fy, bZihlhth ;kstukosQ vk;kfrr e'khuksa dks dgha Hkh yxkus dh NwV nh xbZ gSA

• ljdkj }kjk gLrf'kYi bdkb;ksa osQ fy, fd, x, iz;klksa esa ,d fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k dh LFkkiuk dkizLrko gSA

• fu;kZfrr lkeku vkSj lsokvksa dks lsok dj ls eqDr djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gSA blesa ?kjsyw 'kqYd {ks=k MhVh,ls fu;kZr gksus okys lkeku vkSj lsokvksa dks Hkh NwV feysxhA blosQ vykok fu;kZr dkjksckj dk vPNk fjdkMZj[kus okys fu;kZrdksa ftuesa de ls de 5 djksM+ #i, dk fu;kZr djus okys fu;kZrd 'kkfey gksaxs dks cSadxkjUVh dh vfuok;Zrk ls Hkh NwV nh tk,xh rkfd muosQ dkjksckj ykxr esa deh vk,A ,sls fu;kZrdksa dkscSad xkjUVh dh NwV lHkh fu;kZr izksRlkgu ;kstukvksa osQ rgr miyC/ gksxhA


••••• lfClMhμljdkj }kjk fdlh Hkh lsok ij nh tkus okyh NwVA

••••• fu;kZrμO;kikj osQ fy, nwljs ns'k dks csph tkus okyh oLrqA

••••• vk;krμfons'k ls e¡xkbZ tkus okyh oLrqA


1- fofHkUu iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa ljdkj }kjk viuk;h x;h fons'k O;kikj uhfr dh foospuk dhft,A

2- D;k Hkkjr ljdkj viuh fons'k O;kikj uhfr ls fu;kZr lao¼Zu esa liQy gks ik;h gS\ o.kZu dhft,A

3- Hkkjr dh uohu fons'k O;kikj uhfr D;k gS\ fo'ys'k.kkRed foospu djsaA

4- orZeku lanHkZ esa vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr dk leh{kkRed o.kZu djsaA

5- lst (SEZ) D;k gS\ laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ksaA


1. (?k) 2. (x) 3. (?k) 4. (x)

5. (x)





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bdkbZ—30% Hkkjr dk Hkqxrku&lUrqyu


bdkbZμ30% Hkkjr dk Hkqxrku&lUrqyu

(India’s Balance of Payment)


mís'; (Objectives)


30.1 Hkkjr dk Hkqxrku&larqyu (India's Balance of Payment)





mís'; (Objectives)


• Hkkjr osQ Hkqxrku&larqyu dk foospu djus esaA


Hkqxrku 'ks"k ,d fooj.k gS ftlesa fd ,d fuf'pr le;kofèk (izk;% ,d o"kZ) esa nwljs ns'k osQ lkFk fd, x,lHkh ysu&nsuksa dk fooj.k] vn`'; enksa ls izkIr ,oa muosQ fy, fd, x, Hkqxrku rFkk ,d i{kh; izkfIr;ka tSlsnku vkfn 'kkfey gksrs gSaA bl izdkj Hkqxrku esa O;kikj 'ks"k Hkh 'kkfey gSA Lora=krk ls iwoZ Hkkjr dk Hkqxrku'ks"k lnSo mlosQ i{k esa gh jgrk Fkk ysfdu 1948 esa igyh ckj Hkkjr dk Hkqxrku 100 djksM+ #i;s ls mlosQizfrowQy Fkk rFkk 1949 esa ;g 149 djksM+ #i;s izfrowQy FkkA bldk eq[; dkj.k Hkkjh ek=kk esa [kk|kUuksa dkvk;kr] dPps eky] e'khusa o vU; Hkkjh iwathxr eky dk vk;kr FkkA 1949 esa Hkkjrh; #i;s dk voewY;udjus osQ i'pkr~ fLFkfr esa lqèkkj gqvkA Hkkjr osQ fu;kZr c<+s o vk;kr de gq,A bldk dkj.k dksfj;k ;q¼ osQdkj.k Hkkjrh; eky dh fons'kksa esa ekax djus osQ dkj.k fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ gqbZ ftlosQ dkj.k 1950&51 esa Hkkjrdk Hkqxrku 'ks"k 38-9 djksM+ #i;s mlosQ i{k esa FkkA

30-1 Hkkjr dk Hkqxrku&lUrqyu (India's Balance of Payment)

Hkqxrku&lUrqyu ls vFkZ ns'k osQ leLr vk;krksa ,oa fu;kZrksa rFkk vU; lsokvksa osQ ewY;ksa osQ lEiw.kZ fooj.k ls gS tks,d fuf'pr vofèk osQ fy, cuk;k tkrk gSA blesa ns'k dh fons'kh eqnzk dh ysunkfj;ksa dk C;kSjk gksrk gSA

Hkqxrku&lUrqyu dh vusd ifjHkk"kk,¡ gSa ftuesa ls izeq[k ifjHkk"kk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaμ

(1) izks- csuge (Benham) osQ er esa] ^fdlh ns'k dk Hkqxrku&lUrqyu mldk 'ks"k fo'o osQ lkFk ,dle; dh vofèk esa fd;s tkus okys ekSfnzd ysu&nsu dk fooj.k gS] tcfd ,d ns'k dkO;kikj&lUrqyu ,d fuf'pr vofèk esa blosQ vk;krksa ,oa fu;kZrksa osQ chp lacaèk gSA**


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(2) izks- ØkWls (Krause) osQ 'kCnksa esa] ^fdlh ns'k dk Hkqxrku&lUrqyu muosQ fuokfl;ksa rFkk 'ks"k fo'oosQ fuokfl;ksa osQ chp nh gqbZ lkèkkj.k :i ls ,d o"kZ dh vofèk esa iw.kZ fd;s x;s leLr vkfFkZdysu&nsu dk ,d O;ofLFkr fooj.k ;k ys[kk gSA**

(3) izks- gScjyj (Heberler) osQ vuqlkj] ^^Hkqxrku&lUrqyu ls vFkZ fdlh nh gqbZ vofèk esa fons'kh eqnzk dh[kjhnh o csph x;h ek=kk ls gSA**

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd Hkqxrku&lUrqyu ls vFkZ ,d ns'k osQ fuokfl;ksa dk vU; ns'kosQ fuokfl;ksa ls gq, ml ekSfnzd ysu&nsu ls gS tks fd ,d fuf'pr vofèk esa gq, gSaA

Hkqxrku&lUrqyu ,oa O;kikj&lUrqyu esa vUrj (Difference Between Balance of Payment& Balance of Trade)

Hkqxrku&lUrqyu o O;kikj&lUrqyu esa fuEu vUrj ik;k tkrk gS %

(1) Hkqxrku&lUrqyu o O;kikj&lUrqyu esa vUrj gSA O;kikj&lUrqyu esa vk;kr&fu;kZr dk fooj.k jgrk gS]tcfd Hkqxrku&lUrqyu esa vk;kr&fu;kZr osQ fooj.k osQ lkFk&lkFk lsokvksa] iw¡th o Lo.kZ] vkfn osQ vk;kro fu;kZr dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA vk;kr&fu;kZr n`'; (Visible) o vn`'; (Invisible) nks izdkjdk gksrk gSA n'; esa osQoy eky o oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr&fu;kZr dks j[kk tkrk gS] tcfd vn'; esa mu lsokvksa]Lo.kZ] iwath] vkfn dk vk;kr&fu;kZr j[kk tkrk gS ftldk ;|fi Hkqxrku rks gksrk gS] ysfdu mldk dksbZys[kk cUnjxkgksa ij ugha gksrk gSA bl izdkj O;kikj&lUrqyu esa n`'; enksa dks j[kk tkrk gS] tcfdHkqxrku&lUrqyu esa n`'; o vn`'; nksuksa dksA

(2) O;kikj&lUrqyu dh rqyuk esa Hkqxrku&lUrqyu 'kCn vfèkd O;kid gSA O;kikj&lUrqyu Hkqxrku&lUrqyudk ,d vax gSA

(3) fdlh ns'k dk O;kikj&lUrqyu i{k esa u gksuk dksbZ vfèkd fpark dk fo"k; ugha gS] ysfdu ;fnHkqxrku&lUrqyu ns'k osQ i{k esa ugha gS rks ;g fpUrk dk fo"k; gS] D;ksafd blosQ ifj.kke nzqrxkeh gksrs gSaA

(4) lkekU;r;k O;kikj&lUrqyu vuqowQy ;k izfrowQy gks ldrk gS] ysfdu Hkqxrku&lUrqyu lnk gh lUrqfyrjgrk gSA

O;kikj&lUrqyu esa n`'; enksa dks j[kk tkrk gS] tcfd Hkqxrku&lUrqyu esa n`'; o vn`';

nksuksa dksA

Hkqxrku&lUrqyu dh ensa (Items of Balance of Payment)

Hkqxrku&lUrqyu ,d izdkj dk fooj.k ;k [kkrk gS ftlosQ nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA ,d Hkkx esa fu;kZr ls izkIr vk; ovU; izkIr vk; fy[kh tkrh gS] tcfd nwljs Hkkx esa vk;kr osQ Hkqxrku rFkk vU; lsokvksa] vkfn osQ vk;kr osQ Hkqxrkudks fy[kk tkrk gSA bl izkfIr;ksa o Hkqxrkuksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSμ

(1) pkyw [kkrk (Current Account) o (2) iwathxr [kkrk (Capital Account)A

(1) pkyw [kkrs esa] (i) O;kikj&lUrqyu (Trade Balance); (ii) vn`'; ensa (Invisible) tSls lsokvksa dkvk;kr&fu;kZr] fons'kh ;k=kk] ifjogu] chek o fofu;ksxksa] vkfn ls vk; o (iii) xSj&ekSfnzd Lo.kZ dhxfr'khyrk (Non-monetary Gold Movement) 'kkfey dh tkrh gSA

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Hkqxrku&lUrqyu dk fooj.k

ysunkjh ;k lekdyu (Receipts or Credits) nsunkjh ;k fodyu (Payments or Debits)(n`'; ,oa vn`'; ensa) (n`'; ,oa vn`'; ensa)

1- oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr dk ewY; 1- oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr dk ewY;

2- lsokvksa osQ fu;kZr ls izkIr vk; 2- lsokvksa osQ vk;kr osQ fy, fd;k x;k Hkqxrku

3- fons'kh Í.kksa ij izkIr vk; o ewyèku dh okilh 3- fons'kksa ls izkIr èku ij C;kt dk Hkqxrku o

ewyèku dh okilh

4- fons'kh fofu;ksxksa dh okilh rFkk mu ij izkIr 4- fonsf'k;ksa }kjk fd;s x;s fofu;ksxksa dh okilh rFkk

ykHkka'k mu ij ykHkka'k dh okilh

5- fons'kh ljdkjksa }kjk O;; 5- ns'k dh ljdkj }kjk fons'kksa esa O;;

6- fons'kh i;ZVdksa ,oa Nk=kksa }kjk O;; 6- ns'k osQ i;ZVdksa ,oa Nk=kksa }kjk fons'kksa esa O;;

7- tula[;k osQ vkokl ls izkIr gksus okyk èku 7- tula[;k osQ izokl ls fonsf'k;ksa dks fd;s tkus

okys Hkqxrku

8- fons'kksa ls izkIr naM] eqvkotk] migkj] nku o ;q¼ 8- fons'kksa dks fn;k tkus okyk naM] eqvkotk] migkj]

lacaèkh O;; nku o ;q¼ lacaèkh O;;

(2) iwathxr [kkrs esa (i) futh izkfIr;k¡ o futh Hkqxrku] (ii) ljdkjh izkfIr;k¡ o ljdkjh Hkqxrku] (iii) fons'khÍ.kksa osQ C;kt o ewyèku dk Hkqxrku] (iv) vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (I.M.F.) ls #i;ksa dh [kjhn o (v) cSa dxiwath dh 'kq¼ jkf'k;k¡ 'kkfey dh tkrh gSaA

Hkqxrku larqyu osQ laca/ esa pkyw [kkrs ,oa iw¡thxr [kkrs ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

Hkqxrku&'ks"k esa ?kkVk o vfrjsd (Deficit and Surplus in Balance of Payments)

lkèkkj.k Hkqxrku&'ks"k lUrqfyr jgrk gS] ysfdu tc pkyw [kkrs dh ckdh o iwathxr lkSnksa dh 'kq¼ jkf'k;ksa dh

ckdh dks tksM+dj tks jkf'k vkrh gS og Hkqxrku&lUrqyu [kkrs osQ oqQy ?kkVs ;k cpr dks n'kkZrh gSA tc oqQy

izkfIr;k¡ de o oqQy Hkqxrku vfèkd gksa rks bls ?kkVk dgrs gSa ftldh iwfrZ dbZ lkèkuksa ls dh tkrh gS ftldk

fooj.k uhps fn;k x;k gSA blosQ foijhr] ;fn oqQy izkfIr;k¡ vfèkd o Hkqxrku de gSa rks bls cpr ;k vfrjsd

(Surplus) dgrs gSaA

Hkkjr dks vfFkZd fu;kstu osQ izkjEHk ls gh Hkqxrku&lUrqyu osQ ?kkVs ls tw>uk iM+k gSA ;s ?kkVs ,d ;kstuk ls nwljh

;kstuk esa c<+rs gh pys x;s gSaA

Hkkjr osQ Hkqxrku larqyu dh n'kkμ;kstukdky esa Hkkjr osQ Hkqxrku larqyu dh n'kk dks fuEuor izLrqr fd;k

tk ldrk gSA

izFke ;kstukofèk (1951&56)μbl ;kstuk esa Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh fLFkfr larks"ktud FkhA fons'kh O;kikj ?kkVk ;|fi

542 djksM+ #i;s dk Fkk] fdUrq vn`'; ensa èkukRed jgus osQ dkj.k pkyw [kkrs osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa ;g ?kkVk ek=k

42 djksM+ #i;s dk FkkA

f}rh; ;kstukofèk (1956&61)μbl ;kstukofèk esa fu;kZrksa esa okaNuh; of¼ u gksus osQ dkj.k O;kikj dk oqQy ?kkVk

2]338 djksM+ #i;s Fkk] fdUrq vn`'; enksa ls 614 djksM+ #i;s dh vk; gksus ls Hkqxrku 'ks"k dk ?kkVk 1-725

djksM+ #i;s FkkA

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rhljh ;kstukofèk (1961&66)μbl ;kstukofèk esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa vk;kr fd;s tkus osQ dkj.k oqQy ?kkVk 2]384djksM+ #i;s FkkA blh vofèk esa 'kq¼ vn`'; enksa ls 432 djksM+ #i;s dh vk; gksus osQ dkj.k Hkqxrku 'ks"k dkoqQy ?kkVk 1]952 djksM+ #i;s FkkA

okf"kZd ;kstukofèk (1966&69)μbl vof/ esa Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh izfrowQyrk tkjh jgh vkSj O;kikj dk oqQy ?kkVk2]067 djksM+ #i;s FkkA bl vof/ esa vn'; enksa ls 52 djksM+ #i;s dk vfrjsd izkIr gqvk ftlosQ dkj.k Hkqxrku'ks"k dk oqQy ?kkVk 2]015 djksM+ #i;s jg x;kA

pkSFkh ;kstukof/ (1869&74)μbl ;kstukof/ osQ o"kZ 1972&73 esa Hkkjr dk O;kikj 'ks"k vuqowQy (vFkkZr~/ukRed) FkkA bl vof/ esa ljdkj us vk;kr izfrLFkkiu ,oa fu;kZr lao¼Zu osQ fy, vusd dne mBk,A

ik¡poha ;kstukof/ (1974&79)μbl ;kstukof/ osQ o"kZ 1976&77 esa iqu% ns'k dk O;kikj 'ks"k vuqowQy jgkAbl ;kstuk osQ vkjfEHkd nks o"kks± esa fu;kZr esa dkiQh o`f¼ gqbZ vkSj 1974&75 esa fu;kZr 3]329 djksM+ #i;s Fkktks 1975&76 esa c<+dj 4]036 djksM+ #i;s gks x;kA o"kZ 1977&78 esa ns'k dk oqQy fu;kZr 5]408 djksM+ #i;sFkkA bl vof/ esa izoklh Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk izsf"kr /ujkf'k ls Hkkjr osQ Hkqxrku 'ks"k dks dkiQh lgkjk feyk ftllsHkkjr us ;kstukdky osQ vfUre nks o"kks± esa IMF dks 551 djksM+ #i;s dk Hkqxrku dj fn;kA

NBh ;kstukof/ (1980&85)μbl vof/ esa cM+h ek=kk esa [kfut rsy] yksgk] bLikr] e'khu vkfn dk vk;krfd;s tkus osQ dkj.k Hkkjr dk vk;kr fcy 12]549 djksM+ #i;s ls c<+dj 1984&85 esa 17]134 djksM+ #i;sgks x;kA iwjh ;kstukof/ esa O;kikj dk oqQy ?kkVk 28]580 djksM+ #i;s Fkk] fdUrq blh vof/ esa vn`'; enksa(vuqnku NksM+dj) ls okLrfod izkfIr 16]500 djksM+ #i;s jgh ftlls Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa 'kq¼ ?kkVk 11]667 djksM+#i;s jgkA

lkroha ;kstukof/ (1985&90)μbl ;kstukof/ esa vk;krksa esa Hkkjh o`f¼ gqbZA o"kZ 1985&86 dk vk;kr fcytks 19]658 djksM+ #i;s Fkk] 1989&90 esa c<+dj 35]328 djksM+ #i;s gks x;kA bl vof/ esa ;|fi fu;kZrksa esaHkh lqèkkj gqvk ysfdu Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh fLFkfr esa okaNuh; lq/kj ugha fd;k tk ldkA

vkBoha ;kstukof/ (1992&97)μbl ;kstukof/ esa Hkqxrku 'ks"k osQ pkyw [kkrs dk ?kkVk 1992&93 osQ Lrj12]763 djksM+ #i;s ls c<+dj 1996&97 esa 15]839 djksM+ #i;s gks x;kA bl vof/ esa ns'k esa vk£Fkd lq/kjdk;ZØe Üka`[kyk ykxw dh xbZ vkSj 1993&94 osQ ctV izLrko esa Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh izfrowQyrk dh leL;k osQlek/ku osQ fy, nksgjh fofue; nj iz.kkyh (Double Exchange Rate System) dks lekIr djosQ mlosQ LFkkuij ,dy fofue; nj ykxw djosQ #i;s dks pkyw [kkrs ij iw.kZ ifjorZuh; cuk fn;k x;kA

ljdkj Hkkjrh; #i;s dh iwath [kkrs esa iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk osQ fy, Hkh iz;kljr gSA bl fn'kk esa mik; lq>kus osQfy, RBI us 28 iQjojh] 1997 dks ,l-,l- rkjkiksj dh vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k ftlus viuhfjiksVZ ebZ 1997 esa izLrqr dj nhA lfefr us 1999&2000 rd rhu pj.kksa esa #i;s dks iwath [kkrs esa iw.kZ ifjorZuh;djus dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA

ukSoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1997&2002) osQ nkSjku bl ;kstuk esa Hkqxrku 'ks"k dk ?kkVk Øe'k% c<+rk x;kA1997&98 esa ;g ?kkVk 24]078 djksM+ #i;s dk Fkk tks 1999&2000 esa c<+dj 55]675 djksM+ #i;s gks x;kA o"kZ2000&01 esa ;g oqQN lq/j dj 27-302 djksM+ #i;s gks x;kA ysfdu 2001&02 esa ;g fiQj c<+dj 36]182 djksM+#i;s gks x;kA ukSoha ;kstuk osQ vfUre o"kZ esa fo'ks"k vk£Fkd {ks=k (SEZ) cukdj fu;kZrksa dks c<+kdj Hkqxrku 'ks"kdks vuqowQy cukus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA

nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (2002&07) osQ nwljs o"kZ 2003&04 esa Hkkjr dk fons'kh O;kikj 6]52]475 djksM+ #-rd igq¡p x;kA (fu;kZr ewY; 2]93]367 djksM+ #i;s $ vk;kr ewY; 3]59]108 djksM+ #i;s #i,) bl izdkjbl o"kZ Hkkjr dk O;kikj ?kkVk 37]173 djksM+ #i;s jgkA

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Hkqxrku&vlUrqyu osQ dkj.k (Causes of Unfavourable Payment)

Hkkjr osQ Hkqxrku vlUrqyu osQ vusd dkj.k gSa] ftuesa izeq[k dkj.k fuEu gSaμ

(1) isVªksfy;e inkFkks± osQ vk;kr esa o`f¼μrsy mRiknd ns'k vius isVªksfy;e inkFkks± osQ ewY; fiNys oqQNo"kks± ls izfro"kZ c<+krs jgs gSaA lkFk gh ns'k esa isVªksfy;e inkFkks± dh [kir Hkh c<+h gS ftlls Hkkjh ek=kk esabudk vk;kr fd;k x;k gSA

(2) e'khuksa osQ vk;kr esa o`f¼μvk£Fkd ;kstuk osQ dkj.k ns'k esa vkS|ksxhdj.k o Ñf"k fodkl dh xfr rstgks x;h ftlosQ iQyLo:i e'khuksa dks Hkkjh ek=kk esa vk;kr djuk iM+kA

(3) vk'kk osQ vuq:i fu;kZrksa esa o`f¼ u gksukμHkkjr osQ Hkqxrku&lUrqyu dk ,d dkj.k fu;kZRkksa dk vk'kkosQ vuq:i u c<+uk gSA 1950&51 esa Hkkjr osQ fu;kZr 606 djksM+ #i;s osQ Fks tks 2003&04 esa c<+dj2]93]367 djksM+ #i;s osQ gks x;s gSa] tcfd vk;kr blh dky esa 608 djksM+ #i;s ls c<+dj 3]59]108djksM+ #i;s osQ gks x;s gSaA

(4) vUrjkZ"Vªh; ½.k ,oa fofu;ksxμHkkjr us fodkl dk;Z osQ fy, Hkkjh ek=kk esa ½.k fy;s gSa ftlosQ C;kto ewy/u okilh osQ fy, Hkh fons'kh fofue; O;; djuk iM+rk gSA blls Hkh Hkqxrku lUrqyu ladV iSnkgks x;k gSA

(5) c<+rh gqbZ tula[;kμHkkjr dh tula[;k cjkcj c<+ jgh gS ftlls vk;krksa esa o`f¼ gks jgh gS rFkk ?kjsywmiHkksx c<+us ls fu;kZr {kerk esa deh vk;h gSA blls Hkh Hkqxrku lUrqyu ladV dh fLFkfr cu x;h gSA

(6) ljdkjh O;;μns'k dk vius fons'kh nwrkoklksa] ;kf=k;ksa] fo|k£Fk;ksa] vkfn ij O;; cjkcj c<+ jgk gS] bllsHkh Hkqxrku lUrqyu ladV c<+k gSA

Hkqxrku vlUrqyu dks nwj djus osQ mik; (Measures to remove the UnfavourablePayment)

Hkkjr osQ Hkqxrku vlUrqyu dks nwj djus osQ fy, fuEu lq>ko fn;s x;s gSaμ

(1) fu;kZr dks izksRlkguμljdkj dks fu;kZr dks izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg, ftlls fu;kZr c<+ losaQA blosQ fy,(i) fu;kZr djksa esa deh dh tkuh pkfg, ;k fu;kZr dh NwV nh tkuh pkfg,_ (ii) ns'k osQ m|ksxksa dks vk£Fkdlgk;rk nh tkuh pkfg,_ fons'kksa esa oLrqvksa osQ fy, izpkj o foKkiu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

(2) vk;kr esa dehμHkkjr dks vius vk;krksa esa deh djuh pkfg,A blosQ fy, (i) vk;kr djksa esa o`f¼ dhtkuh pkfg, ftlls vk;kfrr oLrq,¡ eg¡xh iM+sa vkSj mudh ek¡x de gks_ (ii) lkFk gh ykblsal odksVk&iz.kkyh dk Hkjiwj lg;ksx fy;k tkuk pkfg,A

(3) vk;kr izfrLFkkiuμftu oLrqvksa dks ns'k esa vk;kr fd;k tkrk gS muosQ izfrLFkkiu dh O;oLFkk dh tkuhpkfg,A blosQ fy, ?kjsyw mRiknu dks c<+k;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk u;s&u;s m|ksx LFkkfir dj vk;kr ij vk/kfjr oLrq,¡ de&ls&de vk;kr dh tkuh pkfg,A blls vk;kr de gksaxs vkSj Hkqxrku&lUrqyu ij nckode gksxkA

(4) fons'kh ½.kμHkqxrku vlUrqyu dh leL;k dks nwj djus osQ fy, fons'kh ½.kksa dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkldrk gS] ysfdu ;g fo"k; fooknxzLr gSA oqQN yksx bldks vPNk crkrs gSa rks oqQN ughaA okLro esa ;goqQN le; osQ fy, leL;k dk lek/ku rks dj nsrk gS] ysfdu ckn esa Hkqxrkuksa dks djrs le; dfBukbZgksrh gSA

(5) fofue; fu;U=k.kμHkqxrku vlUrqyu dks Bhd djus osQ fy, fofue; fu;U=k.k Hkh ,d jkLrk gS ftllsvk;kr ?kVrs gSa o fu;kZr c<+rs gSaA

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;fn fdlh ns'k osQ vk;krksa dk ewY; de vkSj fu;kZrksa dk vfèkd gksrk gS rks ,slk vUrj vuqowQyO;kikj&lUrqyu (Favourable Balance of Trade) dgykrk gS] ysfdu tc vk;krksa dk ewY; vfèkdvkSj fu;kZrksa dk de gksrk gS rks ,slk vUrj izfrowQy O;kikj&lUrqyu (Unfavourable Balance ofTrade) dgykrk gSA

Hkqxrku lUrqyu leL;k osQ lek/ku gsrq ljdkj }kjk mBk;s x;s dne (Steps taken by thegovernment to solve the problem of balance of payment)

uCcs osQ n'kd esa Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh leL;k osQ lek/ku osQ fy, vusd fof'k"V mik; viuk,gSaμ

1- mnkjhÑr fofue; nj izcU/ iz.kkyh (Liberalised Exchange Rate Management System–

LERMS)μo"kZ 1992&93 osQ ctV izLrko esa ljdkj us mnkjhÑr fofue; nj izcU/ iz.kkyh (LERMS)

dh ?kks"k.kk dh ftlosQ eq[; igyw Fksμ(i) fu;kZr ,oa vkod izs"k.k (Inward Remittances) ls izkIr fons'kh

eqnzk dk 40% Hkkx RBI }kjk ?kksf"kr ljdkjh nj ij rFkk 'ks"k 60% Hkkx [kqys cktkj esa fu/kZfjr fofue;

nj ij ifjorZu djus dh NwV ns nh xbZA (ii) iwath [kkrs ij fofue; fu;U=k.k ;Fkkor~ tkjh j[kk x;kA (iii)

Mkyj vkSj ikS.M dk vfxze foØ; lekIr dj fn;k x;k rFkk RBI dks eqDr cktkj esa gLr{ksi dk vf/

dkj fn;k x;kA (iv) fu;kZrdksa ,oa vkod izs"k.k izkIrdrkZvksa dks oqQy izkfIr dk 15% fons'kh djsalh [kkrs

esa j[kus dh vuqefr nh xbZA (v) fu;kZr izlaLdj.k {ks=k] 'kr&izfr'kr fu;kZrksUeq[kh bdkb;k¡] bysDVªkWfudh

lkWÝVos;j ,oa gkMZos;j izkS|ksfxdh ikdks± dh bdkb;ksa dks cktkj nj ij 'kr&izfr'kr ifjorZuh;rk dh

vuqefr nh xbZA

2- #i;s dh iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk (Full Convertibility of Rupee)μLERMS dh liQyrk ls mRlkfgr

gksdj Hkkjr ljdkj us 1993&94 osQ ctV izLrkoksa esa ,dy fofue; nj ykxw dj nh vkSj pkyw [kkrs ij

#i;s dks iw.kZ ifjorZuh; cuk fn;kA eqnzk dh ifjorZuh;rk dk vFkZ ,slh O;oLFkk ls yxk;k

tkrk gS ftlesa ns'k dh eqnzk eqDr :i ls izeq[k fons'kh eqnzkvksa esa rFkk izeq[k fons'kh eqnzk,¡ eqDr :i ls

LFkkuh; eqnzk esa ifjorZu'khy gksrh gSaA #i;s dks iw.kZ ifjorZuh; cukdj Hkkjr ljdkj us pkyw [kkrs esa lEiw.kZ

fons'kh eqnzk izkfIr;ksa dks cktkj nj ij #i;s esa ifjo£rr djus dh lqfo/k iznku dj nhA RBI us 19 vxLr]

1994 dks #i;s dks pkyw [kkrs esa iw.kZ ifjorZuh; ?kksf"kr djrs gq, o"kZ 1996&97 ls lEiw.kZ v£tr vk;

dk izR;korZu dh NwV iznku djus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA

3- vk;kr ykblsal iz.kkyh dk mnkjhdj.k (Liberalisation of Import Licensing)μljdkj us uCcs osQ

n'kd esa viukbZ xbZ mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr osQ vUrxZr vk;kr ykblsal O;oLFkk dks vkSj mnkj cuk fn;k

vkSj [kqys lkekU; ykblsal (OGL) osQ vUrxZr vf/dka'k oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr osQ fy, NwV iznku dj nhA

4- vfxze ykblsa lx esa lq/kj (Improvements in Advanced Licensing)μHkqxrku lUrqyu dh izfrowQyrk

dks nwj djus osQ fy, ewY; vk/kfjr ,d vfxze ykblsa¯lx iz.kkyh ykxw dh xbZ ftlesa fu£n"V fu;kZrksa osQ

ewY; osQ ,d fuf'pr izfr'kr rd dPps eky rFkk la?kVdksa osQ dj eqDr vk;kr dh vuqefr iznku djus

dk izko/ku fd;k x;k gSA vfxze ykblsa lx iz.kkyh dh ;g lqfo/k fu;kZr x`gksa] O;kikfjd x`gksa] LVkj Vªs Mx

x`gksa rFkk lqij LVkj Vªs¯Mx x`gksa dks Hkh iznku dh xbZ gSA

5- fu;kZrksUeq[k bdkb;ksa dks lqfo/k (Facilities to Export oriented units)μljdkj us fu;kZrksUeq[k

bdkb;ksa dh mRiknu {kerk c<+kus osQ fy, o"kZ 1981 ls 'kr&izfr'kr fu;kZr djus okyh bdkb;ksa osQ fy,

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izksRlkgu ewyd vusd ;kstuk,¡@lqfo/k,¡ vkjEHk dh gSaA fons'kh cktkjksa esa bu bdkb;ksa dks vf/d izfr;ksxh

cukus osQ fy, ljdkj us e'khu] midj.k] dPpk eky vkfn osQ 'kqYd eqDr vk;kr dh vuqefr iznku

dh gSA

6- fu;kZr lao¼Zu iwathxr lkeku ;kstuk (Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme–EPCGS)μ

ljdkj us fu;kZrdksa dks fj;k;rh vk;kr 'kqYd ij i¡wthxr lkeku vk;kr djus dh lqfo/k osQ :i esa fu;kZr

lao¼Zu iw¡thxr lkeku ;kstuk (EPCG ;kstuk) vkjEHk dh gS ftlosQ vUrxZr fu;kZrd EPCG ykblsal osQ

lkFk osQoy 15 izfr'kr vk;kr 'kqYd pqdkdj iw¡thxr lkeku dk vk;kr dj ldrs gSa] fdUrq bl ;kstuk

esa ;g izko/ku gS fd ,sls fu;kZrdksa dks vius vk;krksa osQ CIF ewY; dk pkj xquk fu;kZr vxys 5 o"kks± esa

djuk vfuok;Z gSA

7- fu;kZrdksa dh fu;kZr {kerk esa o`f¼ osQ mís'; ls ljdkj us fu;kZr x`gksa] fu;kZr O;kikj x`g rFkk LVkj

Vsª¯Mx x`g dh ;kstuk,¡ ykxw dh gSaA blh Ük`a[kyk esa 1 vizSy] 1994 esa ,d ubZ Js.kh lqij LVkj Vªs¯Mx

x`g* vkjEHk dh gSA

8- fu;kZr lao¼Zu esa jkT;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+kus osQ mís'; ls okf.kT; eU=kky; us jkT;ksa esa 11 fu;kZr lao¼Zu

vkS|ksfxd ikoZQ (Export Promotion Industrial Parks–EPIPs) LFkkfir djus dh LohÑfr iznku

dh gSA



1. fdl ;kstukof/ osQ nkSjku ljdkj us vk;kr izfrLFkkiu ,oa fu;kZr lao¼Zu osQ fy, vusd dne mBk,A

(?k) nwljh ([k) pkSFkh (x) lkroha (?k) nlohaA

2. ik¡poha ;kstukof/ esa Hkqxrku&'ks"k dh fLFkfr vPNh gksus osQ dkj.k Hkkjr us IMF dks fdrus djksM+ #i;sdk Hkqxrku fd;kμ

(d) 550 djksM+ #i;s ([k) 551 djksM+ #i;s (x) 552 djksM+ #i;s (?k) 555 djksM+ #i;sA

3. fdl ;kstukof/ esa ljdkj us pkyw [kkrs ij iw.kZ ifjorZuh; fofue; nj iz.kkyh ykxw dh&

(d) pkSFkh ([k) NBoha (x) vkBoha (?k) nlohaA

4. iw¡th [kkrs esa iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk ij fopkj djus osQ fy, fdldh vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr xfBr dh xbZμ

(d) lh- jaxjktu ([k) ih- fpnEcje

(x) ,l- ,l- rkjkiksj (?k) MkW- eueksgu ¯lgA

5. iw¡th [kkrs esa iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk ij xfBr ,l- ,l- rkjkiksj lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ dc izLrqr dhμ

(d) iQjojh 1997 ([k) ekpZ 1997

(x) vizSy 1997 (?k) ebZ 1997

6. Hkqxrku vlUrqyu osQ dkj.k gSaμ

(d) c<+rh gqbZ tulla[;k ([k) ljdkjh O;;

(x) d vkSj [k nksuksa (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

7. uCcs osQ n'kd esa Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkqxrku&larqyu dh leL;k osQ lek/ku osQ fy, dne mBk;s gSa μ

(d) mnkjhÑr fofue; nj izca/ iz.kkyh ([k) vfxze ykblsaflax esa lq/kj

(x) d vkSj [k nksuksa (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

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• Hkqxrku&lUrqyu ls vFkZ ns'k osQ leLr vk;krksa ,oa fu;kZrksa rFkk vU; lsokvksa osQ ewY;ksa osQ lEiw.kZ fooj.kls gS tks ,d fuf'pr vofèk osQ fy, cuk;k tkrk gSA blesa ns'k dh fons'kh eqnzk dh ysunkfj;ksa dk C;kSjkgksrk gSA

• O;kikj&lUrqyu esa vk;kr&fu;kZr dk fooj.k jgrk gS] tcfd Hkqxrku&lUrqyu esa vk;kr&fu;kZr osQ fooj.kosQ lkFk&lkFk lsokvksa] iw¡th o Lo.kZ] vkfn osQ vk;kr o fu;kZr dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA vk;kr&fu;kZrn`'; (Visible) o vn`'; (Invisible) nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA n`'; esa osQoy eky o oLrqvksa osQvk;kr&fu;kZr dks j[kk tkrk gS] tcfd vn`'; esa mu lsokvksa] Lo.kZ] iwath] vkfn dk vk;kr&fu;kZr j[kktkrk gS ftldk ;|fi Hkqxrku rks gksrk gS] ysfdu mldk dksbZ ys[kk cUnjxkgksa ij ugha gksrk gSA

• O;kikj&lUrqyu dh rqyuk esa Hkqxrku&lUrqyu 'kCn vfèkd O;kid gSA O;kikj&lUrqyu Hkqxrku&lUrqyudk ,d vax gSA

• fdlh ns'k dk O;kikj&lUrqyu i{k esa u gksuk dksbZ vfèkd fpark dk fo"k; ugha gS] ysfdu ;fn Hkqxrku&lUrqyu ns'k osQ i{k esa ugha gS rks ;g fpUrk dk fo"k; gS] D;ksafd blosQ ifj.kke nzqrxkeh gksrs gSaA

• Hkqxrku&lUrqyu ,d izdkj dk fooj.k ;k [kkrk gS ftlosQ nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA ,d Hkkx esa fu;kZr ls izkIrvk; o vU; izkIr vk; fy[kh tkrh gS] tcfd nwljs Hkkx esa vk;kr osQ Hkqxrku rFkk vU; lsokvksa] vkfnosQ vk;kr osQ Hkqxrku dks fy[kk tkrk gSA

• lkèkkj.k Hkqxrku&'ks"k lUrqfyr jgrk gS] ysfdu tc pkyw [kkrs dh ckdh o iwathxr lkSnksa dh 'kq¼ jkf'k;ksadh ckdh dks tksM+dj tks jkf'k vkrh gS og Hkqxrku&lUrqyu [kkrs osQ oqQy ?kkVs ;k cpr dks n'kkZrh gSAtc oqQy izkfIr;k¡ de o oqQy Hkqxrku vfèkd gksa rks bls ?kkVk dgrs gSa ftldh iwfrZ dbZ lkèkuksa ls dhtkrh gS ftldk fooj.k uhps fn;k x;k gSA blosQ foijhr] ;fn oqQy izkfIr;k¡ vfèkd o Hkqxrku de gSa rksbls cpr ;k vfrjsd (Surplus) dgrs gSaA

• ljdkj Hkkjrh; #i;s dh iwath [kkrs esa iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk osQ fy, Hkh iz;kljr gSA bl fn'kk esa mik; lq>kusosQ fy, RBI us 28 iQjojh] 1997 dks ,l-,l- rkjkiksj dh vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k ftlusviuh fjiksVZ ebZ 1997 esa izLrqr dj nhA lfefr us 1999&2000 rd rhu pj.kksa esa #i;s dks iwath [kkrsesa iw.kZ ifjorZuh; djus dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA

• fu;kZrdksa dh fu;kZr {kerk esa o`f¼ osQ mís'; ls ljdkj us fu;kZr x`gksa] fu;kZr O;kikj x`g rFkk LVkjVsª¯Mx x`g dh ;kstuk,¡ ykxw dh gSaA blh Ük`a[kyk esa 1 vizSy] 1994 esa ,d ubZ Js.kh lqij LVkj VªsfMaxx`g* vkjEHk dh gSA


••••• vfr;ksxμvfr'k;rk

••••• fofu;ksxμiz;ksx] fu;qfDr] dk;ZHkkjA


1. Hkqxrku larqyu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ foospu dhft,A

2. Hkqxrku larqyu ,oa O;kikj larqyu esa D;k vUrj gS\ Li"V dhft,A

3. Hkkjr esa Hkqxrku vlarqyu osQ D;k dkj.k gSa\ vlarqyu dks nwj djus osQ mik;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

uksV



4. #i;s dh iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk (pkyw ,oa iw¡th [kkrs) ls vki D;k le>rs gSa vkSj ;g dc ls ykxw gqvk\ O;k[;kdhft,A

5. Hkqxrku&'ks"k vlarqyu dks Bhd djus osQ fy, ljdkj }kjk D;k mik; viuk;s tk jgs gSa\ o.kZu dhft,A


1. ([k) 2. ([k) 3. (x) 4. (x)

5. (d) 4. (x) 7. (x)





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