international la · the deep sea bed regime under the 1994 agreement 191 settlement ofmaritime...

International Law

Third Edition

International Law

Third Edition

Valerie EppsProfessor of Law

Director of the International Law ConcentrationSuffolk University Law School

Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina

Copyright © 2005Valerie EppsAll Rights Reserved

ISBN 1-59460-093-7LCCN 2004117453

Carolina Academic Press700 Kent StreetDurham, North Carolina 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

In memory of Archie

Contents

Table of Cases xvii

Acknowledgments xxv

Preface xxvii

Electronic Research Resources xxix

Introduction: International Law 3

What Is It? 3

Traditional Definition 3

Chapter I Sources of International Law 5

Who Makes Up International Law? The Doctrine of Sources 5

Custom 5

The Paquete Habana 5

Dolly M. E. Filartiga and Joel Filartiga v. Americo Norberto Peña-Irala 10

Regional Custom 14

Special Custom 14

Treaties 14

North Sea Continental Shelf Cases 15

General Principles of Law 19

Judicial Decisions 20

Writers and Scholars 21

Suggested Further Readings 21

Chapter II Title to Territory 23

Terra Nullius 23

Discovery 24

Occupation 24

Island of Palmas (Miangas) Case 24

Legal Status of Eastern Greenland 32

Conquest 40

Cession 41

Prescription 41

The Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas Dispute 41

vii

Uti Possidetis 44

Accretion and Avulsion 45

The Arctic 45

The Antarctic 46

Celestial Bodies and Space 46

Problem 47


Chapter III The Law of Treaties 49

What Is a Treaty? Definition 49

Capacity to Conclude a Treaty 50

Ratification 50

Internal Ratification: U.S. Procedure 50

International Ratification 51

Reservations 51

Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 52

Problems 57

Entry into Force 58

Observance and Application of Treaties 58

Interpretation of Treaties 59

Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals 59

United States v. Stuart 71

Invalidity 76

Error 76

Fraud and Corruption 77

Coercion 77

Conflict with a Peremptory Norm (Jus Cogens) 78

Termination and Suspension 78

Material Breach 78

Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presenceof South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970) 79

Supervening Impossibility of Performance 81

Fundamental Change of Circumstances 81

Case Concerning Gabc íkovo-Nagymaros Project 81

Procedure for Termination 87

State Succession in Respect of Treaties 88

Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 88

The Effect of War on Treaties 92

viii Contents

Techt v. Hughes 92


Chapter IV Jurisdiction 97

The Territorial Principle 97

United States v. Aluminum Co. of America 99

The Nationality Principle 101

The Passive Personality Principle 101

United States v. Fawaz Yunis, a/k/a Nazeeh 102

The Protective Principle 106

The Universality Principle 106

Attorney General of the Government of Israel v. Eichmann 107

Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 114

Extradition 119

United States v. Humberto Alvarez-Machain 120

Problem 129

Immunity from Jurisdiction 129

Diplomatic Immunity 129

Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran 131

Consular Immunity 136

United States v. Sihadej Chindawongse /United States v. Boripat Siripan 137

Head of State and Other Ministers’ Immunity 139

Regina v. Bartle and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others Ex Parte Pinochet 139

Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 151

Immunity for International Organizations 158

Sovereign Immunity 159

Absolute Theory 159

The Restrictive Theory 160

Letter Addressed to Acting Attorney General Philip B. Perlman from the Department of State’s Acting Legal Adviser,Jack B. Tate, May 19, 1952 161

The Act of State Doctrine 164

Problem 165


Chapter V The Law of the Sea 167

Introduction 167

Internal Waters 168

Contents ix

Bays 168

Historic Bays 171

The Territorial Sea 171

Measuring the Territorial Sea 172

Powers of the Coastal State in the Territorial Sea and Foreign Ships’Right of Innocent Passage 172

United States v. Conroy / United States v. Walker 175

Archipelagos 180

International Straits 181

Definition of an International Strait 181

Customary Law 181

Corfu Channel Case 181

Treaty Law 182

The Contiguous Zone 183

The Exclusive Economic Zone 185

Rights Exercised in the Exclusive Economic Zone 186

Coastal States’ Rights 186

Foreign States’ Rights 186

The Continental Shelf 187

Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between States with Opposite or Adjacent Coasts 188

The High Seas 189

The Deep Sea Bed 190

The Deep Sea Bed Regime under the 1982 Convention 190

The Deep Sea Bed Regime under the 1994 Agreement 191

Settlement of Maritime Disputes 192

Marine Pollution 192

Jurisdiction over Vessels 194

Nationality of Vessels 194

The Genuine Link Requirement 195

Remedy Where There Is No Genuine Link 196

Prohibited Activities on the High Seas 196

United States v. Marino-Garcia / United States v. Cassalins-Guzman 198

Jurisdiction over Foreign Vessels 203

Internal Waters and Ports 203

Wildenhus’ Case 203

The Territorial Sea 204

The Right of Hot Pursuit 206

The Saiga Case 207

Fishing on the High Seas 224

x Contents

Problem 225


Chapter VI International Environmental Law 227

State Responsibility for Environmental Harm 227

Establishing the Standard for State Responsibility 228

Customary Law 228

The Corfu Channel Case (Merits) 228

Trail Smelter Case 231

Declarations and Treaty Law 233

Hazardous Waste 234

Atmosphere, Ozone and Climate 234

Nature, Flora, Fauna and Other Resources 235

Nuclear Fallout 235

Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 237

Other Regimes 240


Chapter VII International Legal Personality:States, International Organizations and Individuals 243

The Definition of a State 243

A Defined Territory 243

A Permanent Population 244

A Government 244

Capacity to Enter into Relations with Other States 245

Secession and Self-Determination 246

Reference re Secession of Quebec 246

State Responsibility 257

A State’s Capacity to Bring International Claims on Behalf of Individuals 257

Nationality of the Claimant 258

Nottebohm Case 258

International Organizations 264

Inter-Governmental Organizations 264

The United Nations 264

International Status 264

Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations 265

Structure of the United Nations 272

U.N. Principal Organs 273

The General Assembly 273

The Security Council 274

Contents xi

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 274

The Trusteeship Council 275

The International Court of Justice 275

The Secretariat 275

Non-Governmental International Organizations 276

Non-State Actors 276

International Status of Individuals 277


Chapter VIII Human Rights 279

Introduction 279

Human Rights in the United Nations System 280

The United Nations Charter 280

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 281

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 282

Rights and Freedoms under the Civil and Political Rights Covenant 283

States’ Rights to Derogate from Guaranteed Rights and Freedoms 283

Enforcement of Rights and Freedoms under the Civil and Political Rights Covenant 283

Optional Protocols to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 284

Camargo (on behalf of Guerrero) v. Colombia (1982) 285

Lovelace v. Canada (1981) 288

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 292

Rights and Freedoms under the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Covenant 292

Enforcement of Rights and Freedoms under the Economic,Social and Cultural Rights Covenant 292

The United Nations Human Rights Commission 294

The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 295

United Nations Conventions on Specific Topics of Human Rights 296

Regional Human Rights Systems 296

The European Human Rights System 296

The European Convention 296

Enforcement of the European Convention 299

The European Commission on Human Rights 299

The Committee of Ministers 299

The European Court of Human Rights 300

Soering Case 300

Other European Human Rights Conventions 309

The Inter-American System 310

xii Contents

Rights Protected by the American Convention on Human Rights 310

Enforcement Mechanisms under the American Convention onHuman Rights 311

The Commission 311

The Inter-American Court of Human Rights 312

The Velásquez Rodríguez Case 312

The African System 317

The African Charter 317

Enforcement of the African Charter 318

League of Arab States 319

Enforcement of Human Rights in National (Domestic) Courts 319

Self-Execution of Treaties 319

Sale, Acting Commissioner, Immigration and Naturalization Service, et al. v. Haitian Centers Council, Inc., et al. 320

Kadic v. Karadzic 326


Chapter IX The Peaceful Settlement of Disputes:Arbitration and International Courts 337

The Obligation to Settle Disputes 337

Arbitration 337

International Courts 339

The Permanent Court of International Justice 339

The International Court of Justice 339

The Composition of the Court 339

The Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justicein Contentious Cases 340

“[A]ll cases which the parties refer to it (i.e. the Court). . . .” 340

“[A]ll matters specially referred to in the Charterof the United Nations. . . .” 341

“[A]ll matters . . . in treaties and conventions in force.” 341

Compulsory Jurisdiction: The Optional Clause 342

Norwegian Loans Case 344

Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua 346

Jurisdiction Forum Prorogatum 356

The Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justicein Advisory Cases 356

The Power of the International Court of Justiceto Issue Interim Measures of Protection 356

Other Major International Courts 357

Contents xiii

The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 357

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 359

The International Criminal Court 359

Conclusion 360


Chapter X The Use of Force Including War 361

Introduction 361

The Modern Era 362

Coercive Measures Not Amounting to Armed Force 362

Retorsions 362

Reprisals Not Involving the Use of Armed Force 362

Pre-1945 Law on the Use of Armed Force 363

The Customary Law of Self-Defence 364

The Caroline Incident 364

Post-1945 Law 365

The United Nations Charter Law 365

The Meaning of “Force” 365

What Is a Threat of Force? 366


Must Force be Used for a Particular Object to Violate Article 2(4)? 367

Exceptions to Article 2(4) 368

Self-Defence 368

Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activitiesin and against Nicaragua 369


Case Concerning Oil Platforms 377

Preemption 381

Reprisals Using Force 381

The Rule of Non-Intervention 382

Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua 383

Civil Wars and the Rule of Non-Intervention 390

Intervention in Particular Circumstances 391

Intervening to Protect Nationals Abroad 391

Humanitarian Intervention 391

The Security Council’s Power to Intervene 393

Article 41 Measures 393

Article 42 Measures 394

United Nations Peacekeeping Forces 395

xiv Contents

Jus In Bello 396

Regulation of the Conduct of Hostilities and Humanitarian Law 396

The Prosecutor v. Drazen Erdemovíc 399

Prosecutor v. Kajelijeli 414

Weapons Control 419

Nuclear Weapons 421



Treaty Index 445

General Assembly Resolutions Index 451

Security Council Resolutions Index 453

General Index 455

Contents xv

Air France v. Saks, 470 U.S. 392 (1985):74, 122

Air Services Agreement Case (France v.U.S.), 18 R.I.A.A. 416 (1978): 363

Aluminum Co. of America (U.S. v.), 148F.2d 415 (2d Cir. 1945): 99–100

Alvarez-Machain (U.S. v.), 504 U.S. 655(1992): 106, 120–129

Amerada Hess Shipping Corp. v. Argen-tine Republic, 830 F.2d 421 (2d Cir.1987): 329

Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case (U.K. v.Norway), 1951 I.C.J. 116: 172

Angola (U.S. v.), 514 F.Supp. 933 (S.D.Fla. 1981): 199

Application of the Convention on thePrevention and Punishment of theCrime of Genocide (Bosnia & Herze-govina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia & Mon-tenegro)), 1993 I.C.J. 3: 325, 341,1996 I.C.J. 595: 88–92

Arra (U.S. v.), 630 F.2d 836 (1st Cir.1980): 201

Asylum Case (Columbia v. Peru) 1950I.C.J. 266: 14

Arrest Warrant Case (Democratic Repub-lic of Congo v. Belgium), 2002 I.C.J.3: 114–119, 151–158, 334

Attorney General of the Government ofIsrael v. Eichmann, Judgment ofSupreme Court of Israel, May 29,1962: 106–114, 120

Australia v. France, see Nuclear TestsCases

Avena Case (Mexico v. United States),2004 I.C.J. ___: 59–70, 137

Attorney General of Canada v. JeanetteLavell, Richard Isaac et al. v. YvonneBedard [1974] S.C.R. 1349: 288

Banco National de Cuba v. Sabbatino, 376U.S. 398 (1964): 13, 164, 332

Barcardi Corp. of America v. Domenech,311 U.S. 150 (1940): 72

Belgium (Democratic Republic of Congov. ) see Arrest Warrant Case

Benitez (U.S. v.), 741 F.2d 1312 (11th Cir.1984): 104

Bolchos v. Darrel, 3 F. Cas. 810 (D.S.C.1795): 328

Bosnia-Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia, 1996I.C.J. 595: 88–92

Botswana v. Namibia, see Case Concern-ing Kasikili/Sedudu Island

Bowman (U.S. v.), 260 U.S. 94 (1922): 105Boznia & Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Ser-

bia & Montenegro) see Case Con-cerning Application of the Conven-tion on the Prevention andPunishment of the Crime of Geno-cide

Burkina Faso v. Mali, see Frontier DisputeCadena (U.S. v.) , 585 F.2d 1252 (5th Cir.

1978): 177Camargo (on behalf of Guerrero) v. Co-

lumbia (1982), 1 Human RightsCommittee Selected Decisions Underthe Optional Protocol 112(1985)Communication No. 45/1979:285–287

xvii

Table of Cases

Bold type indicates that the whole case or a large excerpt of the case appears in the text.

xviii Table of Cases

Canada v. U.S., see Gulf of Maine AreaCase

Carl Zeiss Stiflung v. VEB Carl Zeiss Jena,433 F.2d 686 (2nd Cir. 1970): 333

Caroline Incident, 2 Moore, Dig. of Int’lLaw 412 (1906): 364–365

Caro-Quintero (U.S. v.), 745 F.Supp. 599(C.D. Cal. 1990): 120

Case Concerning Application of the Con-vention on the Prevention and Pun-ishment of the Crime of Genocide(Bosnia-Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia),1996 I.C.J. 595: 88–92

Case Concerning Gabcíkovo-NagymarosProject (Hungary v. Slovakia) 1997I.C.J. 7: 81–87

Case Concerning U.S. Diplomatic andConsular Staff in Tehran (U.S. v.Iran) 1980 I.C.J. 3: 131–136, 353–354

Case Concerning Kasikili/Sedudu Island(Botswana v. Nambia), 1999 I.C.J.1045: 59

Case Concerning Military and Paramili-tary Activities in and AgainstNicaragua (Nicaragua v. U.S.), 1984I.C.J. 14 and 392: 339, 346–355, 365,369–375, 383–390

Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vi-hear (Cambodia v. Thailand) 1962I.C.J. 6: 20, 76

Certain Expenses of the United NationsCase, 1962 I.C.J. 151: 396

Chorzów Factory Case, 1927 P.C.I.J. (ser.A) No. 9, at 31: 20

Church v. Hubbart, 6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 187(1804): 184

Clipperton Island Case (France v. Mexico)reprinted at 26 Amer. J. Int’l L. 390(1932): 338

Columbia v. Peru, 1950 I.C.J. 266: 14Committee of U.S. Citizens Living in

Nicaragua v. Reagan, 859 F.2d 929(D.C. Cir. 1988): 105

Congo v. Belgium, see Arrest WarrantCase

Conroy (U.S. v.) & Walker (U.S. v.), 589F.2d 1258 (5th Cir. 1979): 175–179

Continental Shelf Case (Tunisia v. Libya),1982 I.C.J. 18: 171, 188

Continental Shelf Case (Libya v. Malta),1985 I.C.J. 13: 188

Corfu Channel Case (U.K. v. Albania),1949 I.C.J. 4: 181–183, 228–230, 354

Cortes (U.S. v.), 588 F.2d 106 (5th Cir.1979): 201

Curtis-Wright Export Corp. (U.S. v.), 299U.S. 304 (1936): 325

Death Penalty Cases, Res. 3/87, Case No.9647, O.A.S. Ser. L/VII. Doc. 9(1987): 312

Delimitation of the Maritime Border inthe Gulf of Maine Area (Canada v.U.S.) 1984 I.C.J. 246: 188, 340

Delimitation of the Maritime Boundarybetween Guinea and Guinea-Bissau,reprinted at 25 I.L.M. 252 (1986): 188

Delimitation of the Maritime Areas be-tween Canada and France (St. Pierreand Miquelon), reprinted at 31 I.L.M.1149 (1992): 188

Democratic Republic of Congo v. Bel-gium, see Arrest Warrant Case

Denmark v. Norway, see Legal Status ofEastern Greenland

Denmark v. Norway, see Maritime Delim-itation in the Area Between Green-land and Jan Mayen

Domingues (U.S. v.), 604 F.2d 304 (4thCir. 1979): 201

Dralle v. Republic of Czechoslovakia,Supreme Court of Austria, (1950)Int’l L. Rep. 155 (H. Lauterpacht ed.):160

Eichmann Case, see Attorney General ofthe Government of Israel v. Eich-mann

El Salvador v. Honduras, see Land, Islandand Maritime Frontier Dispute

ELSI Case (U.S. v. Italy), 1989 I.C.J. 15:340

Erdemovic, see Prosecutor v. DrazenErdemovíc

Factor v. Laubenheimer, 290 U.S. 276(1933): 72, 123

Fairfax’s Devisee v. Hunter’s Lessee, 11U.S. (7 Cranch) 603 (1813): 320

Fawaz Yunis, a/k/a Nazeeh (U.S. v.), 924F.2d 1086 (D.C. Cir. 1991): 102–105

Federal Trade Commission v. Compagniede Saint-Gabain-Pont-a-Mousson636 F.2d 1300 (D.C. Cir. 1980): 105

Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, 630 F.2d 876 (2dCir. 1980): 10–14, 21, 340

Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (Merits) (U.K.v. Iceland) 1974 I.C.J. 3: 185

Foley Bros. v. Filardo, 336 U.S. 281(1949): 105

Fong Yue Ting v. U.S., 149 U.S. 698(1893): 94

Ford v. Surget, 97 U.S. (7 Otto) 594(1878): 332

Foster v. Neilson, 27 U.S. (2 Pet.) 253(1828): 320

France v. Norway, see Norwegian LoansCase

France v. Turkey, see Lotus CaseFrontier Dispute (Burkina Faso v. Mali)

1986 I.C.J. 554: 45, 340Frisbie v. Collins, 342 U.S. 519 (1952):

121, 125Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary

v. Slovakia) 1997 I.C.J. 7: 81–88, 235Germany v. Denmark, see North Sea

Continental Shelf CasesGermany v. Netherlands, see North Sea

Continental Shelf CasesGermany v. U.S., see LaGrand CaseGoverno degli Stati Uniti di America c.

Soc. I.R.S.A. [1963] Foro Ital. 1405,47 Revista de Diritto Internazionale484 (May 13, 1963): 163

Gulf of Maine Area Case (Canada v. U.S.)1984 I.C.J. 246: 188, 340

Haitian Refugee Center v. Gracey, 809F.2d 794 (D.C. Cir. 1987): 325

Head Money Cases, 112 U.S. 580 (1884):75, 94

Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U.S. 113 (1895): 9Hungary v. Slovakia, see Gabcíkovo-

Nagymaros ProjectHumberto Alvarez-Machain (U.S. v.), see

U.S. v. Alvarez-MachainIn re Extradition of Demjanjuk, 612 F.

Supp. 544 (N.D. Ohio): 330In re Yamashita, 327 U.S. 1 (1946): 330Insurance Cos. (U.S. v.), 89 U.S. (22 Wall.)

99 (1875): 332Israeli/Palestinian Wall Case, see Legal

Consequences of the Construction ofa Wall in the Occupied PalestinianTerritory

Iran Hostages Case, see Case ConcerningU.S. Diplomatic and Consular Staffin Tehran

Iran v. U.S., see Oil Platforms CaseItaly (Gentini v. Venezuela, Mixed Claims

Commission), 1903: 20Island of Palmas (Miangas) Case

(Netherlands v. U.S.) 2 U.N. Rep.Int’l Arbitral Awards 829 (1928):24–32

Kadic v. Karadzic´, 70 F.3d 232 (2nd Cir.1995): 326–334

Kajelijeli, see Prosecutor v. Juvénal Kajeli-jeli

Ker v. Illinois, 119 U.S. 436 (1886):121–123, 125, 128

Klinghoffer v. S. NIC. Archille Lauro, 937F.2d 44 (2d Cir. 1991): 332

Kolovrat v. Oregon, 366 U.S. 187 (1961):72

La Abra Silver Mining Co. v. U.S., 175U.S. 423 (1899): 75

Lafontant v. Aristide, 844 F.Supp. 128(E.D.N.Y. 1994): 332

LaGrand Case (Germany v. U.S), 2001I.C.J. 466: 59, 356

Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dis-pute (El Salvador v. Honduras,

Table of Cases xix

Nicaragua intervening) 1990 I.C.J. 92& 1992 I.C.J. 351: 188, 340

Legal Consequences for States of theContinued Presence of South Africain Namibia (South West Africa)Notwithstanding Security CouncilResolution 276, 1971 I.C.J. 16 (Advi-sory Opinion): 79–80

Legal Consequences of the Constructionof a Wall in the Occupied PalestinianTerritory, 2004 I.C.J. ___ (AdvisoryOpinion 9 July 2004): 40

Legal Status of Eastern Greenland, (Den-mark v. Norway) 1933 P.C.I.J. (ser.A/B) No. 53 at 194 (April 5): 32–39,49

Legality of the Threat or Use of NuclearWeapons, 1996 I.C.J. 226 (AdvisoryOpinion): 237–240, 367, 375–377,423–442

Le Louis, 2 Dods 210 (1817) Eng. Rep.1464 (1923): 200

Liechtenstein v. Guatemala, see Notte-bohm Case

Lopez v. Reederei Richard Schroder, 225 F.Supp. 292 (E.D. Pa. 1963): 12

Lotus Case (France v. Turkey), 1927P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10: 108–109, 203

Lovelace v. Canada (1981) 1 HumanRights Committee Selected DecisionsUnder the Optional Protocol 83(1985) Communication No. 24/1977:288–291

Marino-Garcia (U.S. v.) & Cassalins-Guz-man (U.S. v.), 679 F.2d 1373 (11thCir. 1982): 198–202

Maritime Delimitation in the Area be-tween Greenland and Jan Mayen(Denmark v. Norway) 1993 I.C.J. 38:188

Maul v. U.S., 274 U.S. 501 (1927): 177Maximov v. U.S., 373 U.S. 49 (1963): 71,

74May-May (U.S. v.), 470 F.Supp. 384 (S.D.

Tex. 1979): 201Mexico v. United States, see Avena Case

Military and Paramilitary Activities inand Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v.U.S.), see Case Concerning Militaryand Paramilitary Activities in andAgainst Nicaragua

Mine Workers (U.S. v.), 330 U.S. 258(1947): 128

Mol Inc. v. People’s Republic ofBangladesh, 736 F.2d 1326 (9th Cir.1984): 163

Molvan v. Attorney-General for Palestine,A.C., 851 (1948): 201

Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in1943 Case, 1954 I.C.J. 19: 352

Monroy (U.S. v.), 614 F.2d 61 (5th Cir.1980): 201

Murray v. The Schooner Charming Betsy,6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 64 (1804): 105, 200

National Petrochemical Co. of Iran v.M/T Stolt Sheaf, 806 F.2d 551 (2ndCir. 1988): 332

Netherlands v. U.S., see Island of Palmas(Miangas) Case

Newball (U.S. v.), 524 F.Supp. 715(E.D.N.Y. 1981): 201

New York Indians v. U.S., 170 U.S. 1(1898): 75

New Zealand v. France, see Nuclear TestsCases

Nielsen v. Johnson, 279 U.S. 47 (1929): 74Nicaragua v. U.S., see Case Concerning

Military and Paramilitary ActivitiesIn and Against Nicaragua

North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Fed-eral Republic of Germany v. Den-mark) (Federal Republic of Germanyv. Netherlands) 1969 I.C.J. 3: 15–20,188, 383

Northern Securities Co. v. U.S., 193 U.S.197 (1904): 128

Northwestern Bands of Shoshone Indiansv. U.S., 324 U.S. 335 (1945): 75

Norwegian Loans Case (France v. Nor-way) 1957 I.C.J. 9: 344–346

xx Table of Cases

Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v.Guatemala), 1955 I.C.J. 4: 165, 196,258–263

Nuclear Tests Cases (Australia v. France),1974 I.C.J. 253: 49, 236–237, 436

(New Zealand v. France), 1974 I.C.J. 457:236–237

Request for an Examination of the Situa-tion in Accordance with Paragraph 63of the Court’s Judgment of 20 De-cember 1974 in the Nuclear Tests(New Zealand v. France), 1995 I.C.J.288: 236–237

Nuclear Weapons Case, see Legality of theThreat or Use of Nuclear Weapons

Oil Platforms Case (Islamic Republic ofIran v. United States) 2003 I.C.J. __:377–380

Pacific & Arctic R. & Navigation Co. (U.S.v.), 228 U.S. 87 (1913): 100

Palestinian /Israeli Wall Case, see LegalConsequences of the Construction ofa Wall in the Occupied PalestinianTerritory

Paquete Habana, 175 U.S. 677 (1900):5–10, 178, 320

Petrulla (U.S. v.), 457 F.Supp. 1367 (M.D.Fla. 1978): 201

Pfizer Inc. v. Indiana, 434 U.S. 308 (1978):332

Phillips v. Eyre [1871] L.R. 6 Q.B. 1: 108Pinochet Case, see Regina v. Bartle and

the Commissioner for the Metropolisand others Ex Parte Pinochet

Portugal v. India, see Right of PassageCase

Powell (U.S. v.), 379 U.S. 48 (1964): 71, 73Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic´, Decision on

the Defense Motion for IntercutoryAppeal on Jurisdiction, 1995 I.C.T.Y.No. IT-94-1-AR 72 reprinted at 35I.L.M. 32 (1996): 357Opinion and Judgment, Case No. IT-94-1-T, reprinted at 36 I.L.M. 908(1997): 358

Quebec Secession, see Reference re Seces-sion of Quebec

Prosecutor v. Drazen Erdemovíc, 1997I.C.T.Y. No. IT-96-22: 359, 399–414

Prosecutor v. Juvénal Kajelijeli 2003I.C.T.R. No. 98-44A: 359, 414–419

Queen v. Griffiths [1891] 2 Q.B., 145: 108Rainbow Navigation, Inc. v. Department

of Navy, 686 F.Supp. 354 (D.D.C.1988): 74

Rauscher (U.S. v.), 119 U.S. 407 (1886):121, 124–127

Reference re Secession of Quebec, 2S.C.R. 217 (1998): 246–256

Regina v. Bartle and the Commissionerfor the Metropolis and others ExParte Pinochet, House of Lords,U.K., (1999) 2 All E. R. 97: 139–151

Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1 (1957): 176Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the

Service of the United Nations 1949I.C.J. 174 (Advisory Opinion):265–272

Reservations to the Genocide Conven-tion, 1951 I.C.J. 15 (Advisory Opin-ion): 51–57

Right of Passage Case, (Portugal v. India)1960 I.C.J. 6: 14

Rights of Minorities in Polish Upper Sile-sia (Germany v. Poland), 1928 P.C.I.J.(ser. A) No. 15: 356

Rocca v. Thompson, 233 U.S. 317 (1912):74

Rubies (U.S. v.), 612 F.2d 397 (9th Cir.1979): 201

Saiga Case (Saint Vincent and theGrenadines v. Guinea), 1999 ITLOSNo.2: 207–223

Sale, Acting Commissioner, Immigrationand Naturalization Service, et al. v.Haitian Centers Council, Inc., et al.,509 U.S. 155 (1993): 320–326

Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon, 11 U.S.(7 Cranch) 116 (1812): 159

Secession, Quebec, see Reference re Seces-sion of Quebec

Table of Cases xxi

Sihadej Chindawongse a/k/a Rajburi(U.S. v.) & Boripat Siripan (U.S. v.),771 F.2d 840 (4th Cir. 1985): 137–139

Sisal Sales Corp. (U.S. v.), 274 U.S. 268(1927): 100

Smith (U.S. v.), 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 153(1820): 12

Society for Propagation of the Gospel inForeign Parts v. Town of New Haven,21 U.S. (8 Wheat) 464 (1823): 93

Soering Case, 161 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A)(1989): 300–309

Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 124 S. Ct. 2739(2004): 334

Stuart (U.S. v.), 489 U.S. 353 (1989):71–76

St. Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea,see Saiga Case

Sumitomo Shoji America, Inc. v. Ava-gliano, 457 U.S. 176 (1982): 71–72, 74

Tabion v. Mufti, 73 F.3d 535 (4th Cir.1996): 130

Tadic Case, see Prosecutor v. Dusko TadicTecht v. Hughes, 229 N.Y. 222 (1920):

92–94Tel-Oren v. Libyan Arab Republic, 726

F.2d 774 (D.C. Cir. 1984): 328–329Temple Case (Cambodia v. Thailand)

1962 I.C.J. 6: 20, 76Texas v. White, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 700

(1868): 332The Apollon, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 362

(1824): 127The Caroline Incident, 2 Moore, Dig. of

Int’l Law 412 (1906): 364–365The Lotus Case (France v. Turkey), 1927

P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10: 108–109, 203The Marianna Flora, 24 U.S. (11Wheat.) 1

(1826): 200The Nottebohm Case, see Nottebohm

CaseThe Paquete Habana, 175 U.S. 677

(1900): 5–10, 178, 320

The Schooner Charming Betsy (Murrayv.), 6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 64 (1804): 105,200

Thomsen v. Cayser, 243 U.S. 66 (1917):100

Thorington v. Smith, 75 U.S. (8 Wall.) 1(1868): 332–333

Trail Smelter Case (U.S. v. Canada), 3U.N. Rep. Int’l Arbitral Awards 1938(1941): 231–232

Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. FranklinMint Corp. 466 U.S. 243 (1984): 72

U.K. v. Albania, see Corfu Channel CaseU.K. v. Iceland, see Fisheries Jurisdiction

CaseU.S. v. Alvarez-Machain, 504 U.S. 665

(1992): 106, 120–129U.S. v. Aluminum Co. of America, 148

F.2d 415 (2d Cir. 1945): 99–100U.S. v. Angola, 514 F.Supp. 933 (S.D. Fla.

1981): 199U.S. v. Arra, 630 F.2d 836 (1st Cir. 1980):

201U.S. v. Benitez, 741 F.2d 1312 (11th Cir.

1984): 104U.S. v. Bowman, 260 U.S. 94 (1922): 105U.S. v. Cadena, 585 F.2d 1252 (5th Cir.

1978): 177U.S. v. Canada, see Trail Smelter CaseU.S. v. Caro-Quintero, 745 F.Supp. 599

(C.D. Cal. 1990): 120U.S. v. Conroy & U.S. v. Walker, 589 F.2d

1258 (5th Cir. 1979): 175–179U.S. v. Cortes, 588 F.2d 106 (5th Cir.

1979): 201U.S. v. Curtis-Wright Export Corp., 299

U.S. 304 (1936): 325U.S. v. Domingues, 604 F.2d 304 (4th Cir.

1979): 201U.S. v. Fawaz Yunis, a/k/a Nazeeh, 924

F.2d 1086 (D.C. Cir. 1991): 102–105U.S. v. Humberto Alvarez-Machain, 504

U.S. 655 (1992): 106, 120–129U.S. v. Insurance Cos., 89 U.S. (22 Wall.)

99 (1875): 332

xxii Table of Cases

U.S. v. Marino-Garcia & U.S. v. Cassalins-Guzman, 679 F.2d 1373 (11th Cir.1982): 198–202

U.S. v. May-May, 470 F.Supp. 384 (S.D.Tex. 1979): 201

U.S. v. Mine Workers, 330 U.S. 258(1947): 128

U.S. v. Monroy, 614 F.2d 61 (5th Cir.1980): 201

U.S. v. Newball, 524 F.Supp. 715 (E.D.N.Y.1981): 201

U.S. v. Pacific & Arctic R. & NavigationCo., 228 U.S. 87 (1913): 100

U.S. v. Petrulla, 457 F.Supp. 1367 (M.D.Fla. 1978): 201

U.S. v. Powell, 379 U.S. 48 (1964): 71, 73U.S. v. Rauscher, 119 U.S. 407 (1886): 121,

124–125U.S. v. Rubies, 612 F.2d 397 (9th Cir.

1979): 201U.S. v. Sihadej Chindawongse a/k/a Ra-

jburi & U.S. v. Boripat Siripan, 771F.2d 840 (4th Cir. 1985): 137–139

U.S. v. Sisal Sales Corp., 274 U.S. 268(1927): 100

U.S. v. Smith, 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 153(1820): 12

U.S. v. Stuart, 489 U.S. 353 (1989): 71–76U.S. v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 939 F.2d 1341

(9th Cir. 1991): 120, 122–124, 126U.S. v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 494 U.S. 259

(1990): 176

U.S. v. Warren, 578 F.2d 1058 (5th Cir.1978): 176

U.S. v. Williams, 617 F.2d 1063 (5th Cir.1980): 200

Valentine v. U.S. ex rel. Neidecker, 299U.S. 5 (1936): 122

Velásquez Rodríguez Case, Inter-Ameri-can Ct. H.R., reprinted at 28 I.L.M.294 (1989): 312–317

Verdugo-Urquidez (U.S. v.), 939 F.2d 1341(9th Cir. 1991): 120, 122–124, 126

Verdugo-Urquidez (U.S. v.), 494 U.S. 259(1990): 176

Victory Transport, Inc. v. Comisaria Gen-eral de Abastecimiento y Transportes,336 F.2d 354 (2d Cir. 1964): 163

Ware v. Hylton, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 198(1796): 12, 320

Warren (U.S. v.), 578 F.2d 1058 (5th Cir.1978): 176

Western Sahara Case, 1975 I.C.J. 12 (Ad-visory Option): 24

Weinberger v. Rossi, 456 U.S. 25 (1982):200

Wildenhus’ Case, 120 U.S. 1 (1887):203–204

Williams (U.S. v.), 617 F.2d 1063 (5th Cir.1980): 200

Wirth Ltd. v. S/S/ Acadia Forest, 537 F.2d1272 (5th Cir. 1976): 177–178

Xuncaz v. Gramajo, 886 F. Supp. 162 (D.Mass 1915): 334

Table of Cases xxiii

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the President and Trustees of Suffolk University who grantedme a sabbatical leave, without which this book would never have been completed. TheLegal Studies Department at Brandeis University kindly allowed me to test out the textin an undergraduate international law course. My students at Suffolk University LawSchool have been a source of much inspiration and proved a spur to develop better ma-terials for teaching. My research assistants, Tracy Devlin, Kristine Hung, Frank Manis-calco, Halim Moris, and Maureen Pomeroy have all been diligent, prompt, and cre-atively cheerful. Joan Comer typed, retyped, and then repeated that process many times,always with speed and much grace and Patricia McLaughlin provided excellent secretar-ial assistance throughout the original project. To them all I owe a great debt. The secondedition would not have been completed without the efficiency, grace and calming influ-ence of Mishell Fortes who corrected, changed and inserted all the additions to the newedition. In working on the third edition I was aided by Rita Mercardo, my research as-sistant, and by the ever patient and tireless Mishell Fortes.

xxv

International Law

Third Edition

Preface

The purpose of this book is to introduce students, with no previous legal training, tothe study of public international law. Within North America law is normally taught atthe graduate level in a professional law school. Yet there is a long and honorable tradi-tion of teaching international law at the undergraduate or postgraduate level, particu-larly within the larger framework of international relations, generally in departments ofgovernment or political science.

The need for a book specifically designed for students with little legal knowledge be-came apparent to me when I was asked to teach such a course at Brandeis University. Ireviewed the available literature and, apart from the standard, narrative form introduc-tions to international law, there was little available. There are, of course, a number ofwell known case books, widely used in the professional law schools, which I have usedfor many years teaching in law schools, but all of them were both too detailed for intro-ductory courses and assumed a fairly large legal background. Almost invariably interna-tional law is taught as an upper level course in law schools and the authors of texts forsuch courses can reasonably count on students having a fairly comprehensive grasp ofall the core subjects of law.

I concluded that teaching a course to nonlegal specialists required a somewhat differ-ent approach and somewhat different materials and so I set about to construct my ownbook. The result appears in the pages that follow. It should be added that these materialsdo not assume that such students are less able than law students to grasp difficult issuesnor does it assume that they cannot deal with a variety of complex instruments thatbear on a particular problem. Rather the book focusses on the central problems of in-ternational law, assumes no prior legal knowledge except that gathered by living in a so-ciety organized under a legal system, and encourages students to work through a num-ber of problems that present a variety of international issues. The overriding aspirationof this book is that students will acquire a general understanding of the mechanismsand concepts of the international legal system and that they will find encouragement topursue their own study of the area in greater depth.

Valerie EppsProfessor of LawDirector of the International Law ConcentrationSuffolk University Law SchoolBoston, Massachusetts. U.S.A.

xxvii

Electronic Research Resources forInternational Law

There are an ever expanding number of sites for conducting international law re-search electronically. It is fair to say that the availability of international law materialselectronically has revolutionized research in international law. There are a number ofguides to such research. The citations to, or web site addresses of two excellent guidesare listed below:

www.asil.org ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law (3d rev isededition, 2003) by Marci Hoffman & Jill Watson.

Using In tern et Re s o u rces for Forei gn and In tern a ti onal Legal Re s e a rch , by Ma rci Hof f-man & Ji ll Wa t s on (2001), ava i l a ble at: w w w. ll . geor getown . edu / i n t l / pre s en t a ti on s / dcb a r.htm.

The United Nations web site, www.un.org will connect you to the internet sites for theInternational Court of Justice, The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yu-goslavia, The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, The International CriminalCourt, The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the United Nations TreatyCollection, the United Nations Documentation Research Guide and a large amount ofinformation on Peace and Security, Economic and Social Development, Human Rightsand Humanitarian Affairs.

xxix

international la · the deep sea bed regime under the 1994 agreement 191 settlement ofmaritime...

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