international numismatic council · table of contents – sommaire composition of the committee 1...

C O N S E J O I N T E R N A C I O N A L D E N U M I S M Á T I C A I N T E R N A T I O N A L N U M I S M A T I C C O U N C I L C O N S E I L I N T E R N A T I O N A L D E N U M I S M A T I Q U E I N T E R N A T I O N A L E R N U M I S M A T I S C H E R R A T C O N S I G L I O I N T E R N A Z I O N A L E D I N U M I S M A T I C A

compte rendu 62/2015 Publié par le Secrétariat du Conseil

Layout and proofreading EN/FR: Jan MOENS (KBGN - SRNB)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS – SOMMAIRE

COMPOSITION OF THE COMMITTEE 1

STATUTS|CONSTITUTION 3

LAW AND PRACTICE REGARDING COIN FINDS

Das Eigentum an (Münz-)Schatzfunden in der Bundesrepublik

Deutschland, by Ralf Fischer zu Cramburg 15

GREAT NUMISMATISTS

Jean Svoronos (1863-1922), by Carmen Arnold-Biucchi 25

Christian Jürgensen Thomsen (1788-1865), by Jorge Steen Jensen 31

NUMISMATIC COLLECTIONS

Australian Numismatic Collections, by Kenneth Sheedy 41

The Netherlands – Vicissitudes of a Collection. How the Money Museum

became the Dutch ‘National Numismatic Collection’, by Paul Beliën 49

OBITUARIES

Nina Frolova (1936-2015), by Evgeny Zakharov 53

Hans-Jörg Kellner (1920-2015), by Bernward Ziegaus 56

Mando Oeconomidès (1929-2015), by E. Papaefthymiou 62

Leandre Villaronga (1919-2015), by Miquel Crusafont 67

VARIA

Exploring the life and work of Joseph Eckhel through the lens

of FINA, by Daniela Williams 73

MEETINGS OF THE INC

Meeting of the Committee (Taormina, March 18th-19th, 2015) 79

General Assembly (Taormina, September 20th, 2015) 95

Meeting of the new Committee (Taormina, September 23rd, 2015) 107

ACCOUNTS OF THE INC 111

MEMBERS

Institutional members 113

Honorary members 131

C O N S E J O I N T E R N A C I O N A L D E N U M I S M Á T I C A I N T E R N A T I O N A L N U M I S M A T I C C O U N C I L C O N S E I L I N T E R N A T I O N A L D E N U M I S M A T I Q U E I N T E R N A T I O N A L E R N U M I S M A T I S C H E R R A T C O N S I G L I O I N T E R N A Z I O N A L E D I N U M I S M A T I C A COMMITTEE – BUREAU

(elected September 20th, 2015 in / élu le 20 septembre 2015 à Taormina)

President – Président

HR Dr. Michael Alram

Münzkabinett, Kunsthistorisches Museum � Burgring 5, a-1010 Wien (Österreich/Austria) s +43 1 525 24 4201 e [email protected] Vice-Presidents – Vice-présidents

Prof. Maria Caccamo Caltabiano

Cattedra di numismatica greca e romana, Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia � Università degli Studi di Messina Polo Annunziata, i-98168 Messina

(Italia/Italy) s +39 090 350 3397 e [email protected]

Prof. Pere Pau Ripollès

Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia � Universitat de València Blasco Ibáñez 28, e-46010 València (España/

Spain) s +34 96386 42 42 e [email protected]

Secretary – Secrétaire

Prof. François de Callataÿ

Bibliothèque royale de Belgique – Koninklijke Bibliotheek van België � Blvd. de l’Empereur 4 – Keizerslaan 4, b-1000 Bruxelles (Belgique/

Belgium) s +32 2 519 56 03 e [email protected]

composition of the board 2

Treasurer – Trésorier

Prof. Dr. Bernhard Weisser

Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin � Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 6, d-10117 Berlin (Deutschland/Germany) s +49 30 266 42-5401 e [email protected]

Of�cers – Membres du bureau

International Numismatic Congress Warsaw 2021

Prof. Aleksander Bursche

Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw � Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, pl-00-927 Warsaw (Polska/Poland) s +48 22 552 2827 e [email protected]

Editors International Numismatic e-Newsletter INeN

Dr. Ute Wartenberg Kagan

The American Numismatic Society � 75 Varick Street, Floor 11, New York, ny 10013 (usa) s +1 212 571 4470 ext. 110 e [email protected]

Prof. Andrew Meadows

University of Oxford � New College, Oxford, ox1 3bn (United Kingdom) e [email protected] Editor Website INC

Dr. Cecilia von Heijne

The Royal Coin Cabinet, National Museum of Economy � P.O. Box 5428, se-114 84 Stockholm (Sverige/Sweden) s +46 8 519 553 29 e [email protected]

u http://www.inc-cin.org

STATUTEN

des Internationalen Numismatischen Rates (INR) Angenommen am 20. September, 2015 in Taormina

NAME, SITZ UND ZWECK

Artikel 1 – Name, Sitz

Unter dem Namen ‘Internationaler Numismatischer Rat’ (‘INR’) besteht eine Vereinigung, die seit dem 20. September 2015 als gemeinnütziger Verein im Sinne von Artikel 60 ff. des schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuches konstituiert ist. Der Verein hat seinen Sitz in Winterthur, Schweiz, oder an einem anderen vom Vorstand bestimmten Ort in der Schweiz.

Artikel 2 – Zweck

Der Zweck des inr ist die Förderung der Numismatik und verwandter Diszipli-nen zur Erleichterung der Kooperation von Privatpersonen und Institutionen im Bereich der Numismatik und verwandter Forschungsdisziplinen.

Dieser Zweck soll insbesondere erreicht werden durch folgende Aktivitäten:

(a) die Information der Öffentlichkeit über das Gebiet der Numismatik und verwandter Disziplinen (z.B. durch Herausgabe eines Newsletters);

(b) die Übernahme des Patronats für Projekte, Veröffentlichungen und Konfe-renzen im Bereich der Numismatik und verwandter Disziplinen;

(c) die Organisation des Internationalen Numismatischen Kongresses und an-derer Aktivitäten im Bereiche der Numismatik und verwandter Disziplinen;

(d) Unterstützung öffentlicher und privater Bestrebungen auf dem Gebiet der Numismatik und verwandter Disziplinen.

MITGLIEDSCHAFT

Artikel 3 – Mitglieder

Folgende Organisationen können Mitglied des inr werden:

(a) Öffentliche Münzsammlungen; (b) Universitäten, nichtkommerzielle numismatische Organisationen, Institu-

tionen und Gesellschaften (regional, national, international); (c) Münzstätten. Natürliche Personen, die sich um den inr oder die Numismatik in hohem Masse verdient gemacht haben, können von der Generalversammlung auf Vorschlag des Vorstands zu Ehrenmitgliedern ernannt werden.

Artikel 4 – Beginn der Mitgliedschaft

Die Aufnahme erfolgt aufgrund eines schriftlichen Aufnahmegesuchs an den Vorstand. Der Vorstand entscheidet über die Aufnahme nach Massgabe der Statuten.

Es besteht kein Anspruch auf Aufnahme, und ein Aufnahmegesuch kann ohne Angabe eines Grundes abgewiesen werden.

4 verfassung | articles of association

Artikel 5 – Mitgliederbeitrag

Die Mitglieder haben einen jährlichen Mitgliederbeitrag zu bezahlen. Die Höhe des jährlichen Mitgliederbeitrags wird auf Vorschlag des Vorstands durch die Generalversammlung festgelegt. Ehrenmitglieder sind von der Beitragspflicht befreit.

Artikel 6 – Austritt

Ein Austritt kann jederzeit durch schriftliche Anzeige an den Vorstand auf das Ende eines Kalenderjahres erfolgen. Die Austrittserklärung entbindet nicht von der Erfüllung der Pflicht, den Mitgliederbeitrag für das laufende Kalenderjahr zu bezahlen. Bei Austritt besteht kein persönlicher Anspruch des Mitglieds auf das Vereinsvermögen.

Artikel 7 – Ausschluss

Der Vorstand kann aus wichtigem Grund Mitglieder ausschliessen. Als wichti-ger Grund gilt insbesondere, wenn ein Mitglied

(a) die Mitgliedschaftskriterien gemäss Artikel 3 nicht mehr erfüllt; (b) es versäumt, den jährlichen Mitgliederbeitrag pünktlich zu bezahlen; (c) das ordnungsgemässe Funktionieren des inr ernsthaft stört oder bedroht;

oder (d) den Ruf und das Ansehen des inr in Verruf bringt brings.

Entscheidungen des Vorstandes über den Ausschluss eines Mitgliedes können an die Generalversammlung weitergezogen werden. Der Entscheid der General-versammlung ist endgültig.

Ein Mitglied kann zudem jederzeit aufgrund eines Beschlusses der General-versammlung, dem drei Viertel der an der Generalversammlung anwesenden oder vertretenen Mitglieder zugestimmt haben, ausgeschlossen werden. Ein solcher Beschluss muss nicht begründet werden.

Der Ausschluss durch Entscheid des Vorstandes oder der Generalversammlung entbindet das Mitglied nicht von seiner Pflicht, den Mitgliederbeitrag für das laufende Kalenderjahr zu bezahlen. Bei Ausschluss besteht kein persönlicher Anspruch des Mitglieds auf das Vereinsvermögen.

ORGANISATION

Artikel 8 – Organisation

Ordentliche Organe des inr sind die Generalversammlung, der Vorstand und die Revisionsstelle.

GENERALVERSAMMLUNG

Artikel 9 – Generalversammlung

Die Generalversammlung ist das oberste Organ des inr.

verfassung | articles of association 5

Artikel 10 – Kompetenzen der Generalversammlung

Der Generalversammlung fallen folgende Aufgaben zu:

(a) Wahl der Vorstandsmitglieder sowie der Revisionsstelle; (b) Abnahme des Jahresberichtes und der Jahresrechnung; (c) Entgegennahme des Berichts der Revisionsstelle; (d) Festlegung des Veranstaltungsortes des Internationalen Numismatischen

Kongresses; (e) Entlastung des Vorstandes; (f) Festsetzung des jährlichen Mitgliederbeitrages für jeweils die folgenden

sechs Kalenderjahre; (g) Anpassungen und Änderungen der Statuten; (h) Beschlussfassung gemäss Artikel 3 Abs. 2, Artikel 7 Abs. 3 und Artikel 26.

Artikel 11 – Ordentliche Generalversammlung

Die ordentliche Generalversammlung findet alle sechs Jahre, wenn möglich je-weils anlässlich des Internationalen Numismatischen Kongresses, statt. Datum und Ort werden vom Vorstand festgelegt und den Mitgliedern mindestens drei Monate im Voraus bekannt gegeben.

In den anderen Jahren werden die Beschlüsse zu Artikel 10 Bst. (b), (c) und (d) und etwaigen weiteren traktandierten Gegenständen durch Abstimmung auf dem Korrespondenzweg (per Brief, Telefax oder E-Mail) gefasst. Jedes Mitglied hat eine Stimme. Mitglieder, die ihren Beitrag nicht bezahlt haben, sind nicht nur Abstimmung zugelassen. Massgebend ist, vorbehältlich anderslautender Statutenbestimmungen, das einfache Mehr der innert einer vom Vorstand ge-setzten, mindestens 20-tägigen, Frist abgegebenen Stimmen.

Artikel 12 – Ausserordentliche Generalversammlung

Der Präsident/die Präsidentin oder der Vorstand können bei Bedarf jederzeit eine ausserordentliche Generalversammlung einberufen. Eine ausserordent-liche Generalversammlung muss einberufen werden, falls dies ein Fünftel der Mitglieder schriftlich verlangt.

Artikel 13 – Einberufung, Traktanden

Vorbehältlich anderslautender Statutenbestimmungen haben Einladungen zur Generalversammlung spätestens zwanzig Tage im Voraus schriftlich per Brief, Telefax oder E-Mail an alle Mitglieder zu erfolgen.

Die Einladung hat die Traktandenliste zu enthalten.

Anträge von Mitgliedern zuhanden der Traktandenliste werden nur berück-sichtigt, wenn sie mindestens sechs Wochen vor der Generalversammlung schriftlich (per Einschreiben) und mit kurzer Begründung versehen dem Prä-sidenten/der Präsidentin zugestellt werden.

Artikel 14 – Versammlungsleitung, Protokoll

Die Versammlung wird vom Präsidenten/der Präsidentin oder, bei dessen/deren Verhinderung, von einem Vizepräsidenten/einer Vizepräsidentin und, bei Ab-


wesenheit beider Vizepräsidenten/Vizepräsidentinnen, von einem/einer Tages-vorsitzenden geleitet, der/die von der Mehrheit der anwesenden oder vertre-tenen Mitglieder gewählt worden ist.

Über alle Generalversammlungen ist ein Protokoll zu führen und im Compte Rendu zu veröffentlichen.

Artikel 15 – Beschlussfassung

Jedes Mitglied hat eine Stimme.

Jedes Mitglied kann mittels schriftlicher Vollmacht eine natürliche Person (Delegierter/Delegierte) bezeichnen, die das bestreffende Mitglied an der Ge-neralversammlung und den Abstimmungen und Wahlen vertritt. Ein Delegier-ter/eine Delegierte darf nicht mehr als drei Mitglieder vertreten. Mitglieder, die ihren Beitrag nicht bezahlt haben, sind nicht nur Abstimmung, Wahl und/ oder Antragstellung zugelassen. Ehrenmitglieder können an Abstimmungen und Wahlen nur persönlich teilnehmen.

Vorbehältlich anderslautender Statutenbestimmungen, entscheidet bei Abstim-mungen das einfache Mehr der anwesenden oder vertretenen Mitglieder.

Bei Wahlen entscheidet das absolute Mehr der anwesenden oder vertretenen Mitglieder. Ist ein zweiter Wahlgang erforderlich, entscheidet das einfache relative Mehr der abgegebenen Stimmen.

Bei Stimmengleichheit entscheidet der/die Vorsitzende durch Stichentscheid.

Abstimmungen und Wahlen erfolgen offen. Auf Antrag eines Mitglieds und mit Zustimmung der Generalversammlung findet eine geheime Abstimmung oder Wahl statt.

VORSTAND

Artikel 16 – Vorstand

Der Vorstand besteht aus maximal neun Mitgliedern und umfasst wenn möglich Vertreter aus allen in Artikel 3 genannten Bereichen.

Die Vorstandsmitglieder werden durch die Generalversammlung für eine Amts-zeit von sechs Jahren gewählt. Einmalige Wiederwahl ist möglich. Ein neues Vorstandsmitglied, das ein zurückgetretenes Vorstandsmitglied während des-sen laufenden Amtszeit ersetzt, tritt in dessen Amtsperiode ein. Der Vorstand ergänzt sich insoweit selbst. Das neue Mitglied ist von der nächsten General-versammlung in seinem Amt zu bestätigen.

Der Vorstand konstituiert sich selbst und bezeichnet aus seiner Mitte den Prä-sidenten/die Präsidentin, zwei Vizepräsidenten/Vizepräsidentinnen, den Sekre-tär/die Sekretärin und den Quästor/die Quästorin. Der Vorstand bestimmt die Vertreter des inr und deren Zeichnungsberechtigung.

Wenn der Präsident/die Präsidentin an der Amtsführung verhindert ist, über-nimmt ein Vizepräsident/eine Vizepräsidentin seine/ihre Aufgaben.

Artikel 17 – Vorstandssitzungen

Vorstandssitzungen werden vom Präsidenten/der Präsidentin mindestens ein-mal im Jahr unter Angabe des Ortes und des Zeitpunktes einberufen.


Die Vorstandssitzungen werden mindestens zwanzig Tage im Voraus auf an-gemessene Weise einberufen. Der Einladung ist die Traktandenliste beizulegen.

Bei Einstimmigkeit unter den Vorstandsmitgliedern kann eine Vorstandssitzung auch ohne Beachtung der Einberufungsvorschriften durchgeführt werden.

Von allen Vorstandssitzungen ist ein Protokoll zu führen und im Compte Rendu zu veröffentlichen.

Artikel 18 – Kompetenzen des Vorstandes

Der Vorstand besorgt sämtliche Geschäfte, die nicht in die Kompetenz eines anderen Organs des inr fallen. Insbesondere kommen dem Vorstand folgende Kompetenzen zu:

(a) Vorbereitung der Geschäfte und Ausführung der Beschlüsse gemäss Artikel 10 der Generalversammlung, einschliesslich der Vorbereitung und Durch-führung der Beschlussfassung durch Abstimmung auf dem Korrespondenz-weg, deren Protokollierung und Bekanntgabe an die Mitglieder gemäss Ar-tikel 11 Abs. 2;

(b) Leitung und Verwaltung der Geschäfte und Aufgaben des inr; (c) Erstellung der Finanzplanung des inr; (d) Vertretung des inr nach aussen; (e) Erlass von Reglementen zur Erfüllung der Aufgaben des inr; (f) Organisation der Geschäftsstelle.

Artikel 19 – Beschlussfassung

Jedes Mitglied hat eine Stimme. Der Vorstand fasst seine Beschlüsse mit dem einfachen Mehr der anwesenden Mitglieder. Bei Stimmengleichheit entschei-det der/die Vorsitzende.

Beschlüsse können auch auf dem Korrespondenzweg gefasst werden, sofern nicht wenigstens fünf Mitglieder eine Einberufung des Vorstandes verlangen. Solche Beschlüsse sind ebenfalls zu protokollieren.

REVISIONSSTELLE

Artikel 20 – Revisionsstelle

Die Revisionsstelle wird durch die Generalversammlung gewählt für eine Amtszeit von sechs Jahren gewählt. Wiederwahl ist möglich. Der Revisions-stelle obliegt die Prüfung der Jahresrechnung des inr. Sie erstattet der ordent-lichen Generalversammlung darüber schriftlichen Bericht.

GESCHÄFTSSTELLE

Artikel 21 – Geschäftsstelle

Der Vorstand kann eine Geschäftsstelle einrichten und einen Geschäftsleiter ernennen und Personal für die Führung der laufenden Geschäfte einstellen, das ihn in der Geschäftsführung unterstützt, das Sekretariat des inr betreut, seine Akten verwahrt und sein Archiv verwaltet. Einzelheiten hält der Vorstand in einem Reglement oder Pflichtenheft fest. Die Geschäftsstelle steht unter der Leitung und der Kontrolle des Vorstandes.


ALLGEMEINE BESTIMMUNGEN

Artikel 22 – Haftung

Für Verbindlichkeiten des inr haftet allein das Vereinsvermögen. Die persön-liche Haftung der Vereinsmitglieder ist ausgeschlossen.

Artikel 23 – Mittel

Die finanziellen Mittel des inr bestehen aus Mitgliederbeiträgen, etwaigen Spenden, Legaten, Zuschüssen und Subventionen.

Artikel 24 – Rechnungsjahr

Das Rechnungsjahr entspricht dem Kalenderjahr.

Artikel 25 – Statutenänderungen

Anpassungen und Änderungen der Statuten unterliegen der Genehmigung des Vorstandes und werden mit dessen Zustimmung an der nächsten Generalver-sammlung vorgenommen und bedürfen zu ihrer Annahme einer Mehrheit von zwei Drittel der anwesenden oder vertretenen Mitglieder. Vorgeschlagene An-passungen und Änderungen der Statuten sind den Mitgliedern mindestens drei Monate im Voraus schriftlich bekannt zu geben und ausdrücklich in die Ein-ladung zur entsprechenden Generalversammlung aufzunehmen.

Artikel 26 – Auflösung

Die Generalversammlung ist bezüglich der Auflösung des inr beschlussfähig, wenn die Hälfte der Mitglieder anwesend oder vertreten ist. Der entsprechende Beschluss bedarf einer Mehrheit von zwei Drittel der anwesenden oder vertre-tenen Mitglieder.

Die Liquidation wird durch den Vorstand durchgeführt, sofern sie nicht durch die Generalversammlung speziellen Liquidatoren übertragen wird.

Im Falle einer Auflösung des inr werden das nach Auflösung verbleibende Ver-mögen einer anderen wegen Gemeinnützigkeit oder öffentlichen Zwecks steuerbefreiten juristischen Person mit ähnlicher Zwecksetzung zugewendet. Die Generalversammlung bestimmt diese auf Antrag des Vorstandes.

Artikel 27 – Massgeblicher Text

Diese Statuten sind in deutscher, französischer, englischer, italienischer und spanischer Sprache abgefasst. Im Falle von Differenzen ist der deutsche Text der Statuten massgebend.

Artikel 28 – Schlussbestimmungne

Diese Statuten sind am 20. September 2015 in Taormina von der Generalver-sammlung angenommen und am selben Tag in Kraft gesetzt worden.

Diese Statuten ersetzen alle früheren Satzungen des inr, insbesondere auch die am 30. August 2009 in Glasgow angenommene Verfassung.


ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION

of the International Numismatic Council (INC) Adopted on September 20, 2015 in Taormina

NAME, SEAT AND PURPOSE

Article 1 – Name, seat

The ‘International Numismatic Council’ (‘inc’) is an association which has, as of 20 September 2015, been constituted as a non-profit association in accor-dance with Art. 60 et seqq. of the Swiss Civil Code. The Association shall have its seat in Winterthur, Switzerland, or any other place in Switzerland deter-mined by the Committee.

Article 2 – Purpose

The purpose of the inc shall be the promotion of numismatics and related disciplines to facilitate cooperation among institutions and individuals in the field of numismatics and related areas of research.

This purpose shall in particular be achieved through the following activities:

(a) raise public awareness of numismatics and related disciplines (e.g. through the publication of a newsletter and the maintenance of a website);

(b) patronage of specific projects, publications and conferences in the area of numismatics and related disciplines;

(c) organisation of the International Numismatic Congress and other activities in the area of numismatics and related disciplines;

(d) fostering of public and private initiatives in the area of numismatics and related disciplines.

MEMBERSHIP

Article 3 – Members

The following organisations may become a Member of the inc:

(a) public numismatic collections; (b) universities, non-profit numismatic organisations, institutions and societies

(regional, national and international)

(c) mints.

Individuals who have rendered outstanding services to the inc or to numis-matics may be elected, on proposal of the Committee, as Honorary Members by the General Assembly.

Article 4 – Membership

Membership shall be granted upon written application to the Committee. The Committee shall determine admission in accordance with these Articles of Association.

There shall be no right of admittance, and an application for membership may be denied without reason.


Article 5 – Membership fee

Members shall pay an annual subscription. The amount of the annual sub-scription shall, on a proposal from the Committee, be determined by the General Assembly. Honorary Members shall be exempt from the membership subscription.

Article 6 – Resignation

A Member may resign at any time upon written notice to the Committee, effective at the end of the calendar year. The declaration of resignation shall not relieve the Member from the obligation to pay the annual fee for the on-going calendar year. Members who resign shall have no claim on the assets of the inc.

Article 7 – Termination of membership

A Member may be expelled for good cause by the decision of the Committee. Good cause shall in particular be given, if a Member

(a) ceases to fulfil the membership criteria as provided for in Art. 3; (b) fails to pay the annual membership fee; (c) seriously disrupts or threatens to disrupt the proper functioning of the inc; (d) brings the inc into disrepute.

Decisions by the Committee to expel a Member may be appealed to the General Assembly. The resolution of the General Assembly shall be binding and final.

Membership may further be terminated at any time and without reason by a resolution of a General Assembly requiring a three-quarters majority of the Members present or represented. Expulsion by decision of the Committee or resolution of the General Assembly shall not relieve the Member from the obligation to pay the annual membership fee for the ongoing calendar year. Members who are expelled shall have no claim on the assets of the inc.

ORGANISATION

Article 8 – Organisation

The corporate bodies of the inc are the General Assembly, the Committee and the Auditor(s).

GENERAL ASSEMBLY

Article 9 – General Assembly

The General Assembly is the supreme governing body of the inc and consists of all Members and Honorary Members.


Article 10 – Powers of the General Assembly

The General Assembly shall have the power to:

(a) elect the Members of the Committee and the Auditor(s); (b) approve the Annual Report and the Annual Financial Statements; (c) accept the Auditors’ Report; (d) determine the venue of the International Numismatic Congress; (e) discharge the Committee; (f) fix the annual membership subscription for the six calendar years following

the General Assembly; (g) modify and amend the Articles of Association; (h) pass resolutions according to Art. 3 para. 2, Art. 7 para. 3 and Art. 26.

Article 11 – Ordinary General Assembly

The Ordinary General Assembly shall be held at least every six years, if pos-sible on the occasion of the International Numismatic Congress. The date and place determined by the Committee shall be communicated to the Members with at least three months’ notice.

In other years, resolutions according to Articles 10 lit. (b), (c) and (d) as well as other items on the agenda, may be passed by correspondence (by mail, telefax or e-mail). Each Member shall have one vote. Members who failed to pay the membership subscription may not vote. Except as provided for otherwise in these Articles of Association, the simple majority of the votes cast within a time period determined by the Committee, such time period to be no less than twenty days, shall be decisive.

Article 12 – Extraordinary General Assembly

The President or the Committee may convene an Extraordinary General As-sembly at any time when needed. An Extraordinary General Assembly must be convened upon written request of no less than one fifth of all Members.

Article 13 – Convocation, Agenda

Except as provided for otherwise in these Articles of Association, written notice by mail, telefax or e-mail of an Ordinary General Assembly shall be given to all Members at least twelve weeks prior to such Assembly; for an Extraordinary General Assembly it should be twenty days.

The notice shall include an agenda of all items to be discussed.

Requests by Members to include a new item on the agenda shall only be consi-dered if such requests are submitted in writing (registered mail) to the Presi-dent together with a brief justification for the request, no less than six weeks prior to the General Assembly.


Article 14 – Chair, Minutes

The President or a Vice-President, or in their absence, a Chairperson elected by a majority of the Members present or represented shall take the Chair at the General Assembly.

Minutes shall be taken of all General Assemblies and published in the Compte Rendu (Annual Report).

Article 15 – Vote, Elections

Each Member shall have one vote.

Each Member may, by written authorisation, designate one individual as dele-gate who shall represent the Member at the General Assembly and in the votes and elections. Each delegate may not represent more than three Members. Members who failed to pay the membership subscription may not vote and/or put forward a motion. Honorary Members may vote only in person.

Except as provided for otherwise in these Articles of Association, the simple majority of the Members present or represented shall be decisive.

Elections shall require the absolute majority of the voting rights present or represented. In case of a second ballot, the simple majority shall prevail.

In the event of a tie, the Chair shall have a second casting vote.

Votes and elections shall be open. Upon request by a Member and approval by the General Assembly, a secret vote or election by ballot shall be held.

COMMITTEE

Article 16 – Committee

The Committee shall consist of a maximum of nine Members and shall include, if possible, representatives of each of the categories listed in Art. 3.

The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of six years by the General Assembly. They may be re-elected once. A member of the Committee replacing a member resigning during his or her term shall enter into the term of the resigning member and shall be nominated by the Committee and be confirmed in office by the next General Assembly.

The Committee shall constitute itself and shall designate from its members the President, two Vice-Presidents, the Secretary and the Treasurer. The Com-mittee may determine who shall represent the inc and decide on the signatory powers.

Whenever the President is unable to act, a Vice-President shall assume his or her responsibilities.

Article 17 – Committee Meetings

Committee Meetings shall be called by the President specifying the date and venue of such meeting and shall be held at least once every calendar year.


Committee Meetings shall be called at least twenty days in advance and all members of the Committee shall be notified in writing (per e-mail will suf-fice). The invitation shall include an agenda of all items to be deliberated.

By unanimous consent of all members of the Committee, a Committee Meeting can be summoned without observing the ordinary form of convocation.

Minutes shall be taken of all Committee Meetings and published in the Compte Rendu.

Article 18 – Powers of the Committee

The Committee shall exercise all powers and functions of the inc not conferred explicitly upon the General Assembly and/or the Auditor(s) according to the Articles of Association. The Committee shall in particular have the power to:

(a) prepare the agenda and execute the decisions of the General Assembly according to Art. 10, including the preparation and organisation of the resolutions to be passed by correspondence and the notification of the minutes to the Members according to Art. 11 para. 2;

(b) manage the administrative affairs and functions of the inc; (c) undertake the financial tasks of the inc; (d) represent the inc externally; (e) issue regulations for the performance of the tasks of the inc; (f) organise the Office according to Art. 21.

Article 19 – Vote

Each member of the Committee shall have one vote. The decisions of the Com-mittee shall be adopted by a simple majority of the members of the Committee present. In the event of a tie, the Chair shall have a second, casting vote.

Decisions may be passed by correspondence, unless the majority of the mem-bers of the Committee request that a Committee Meeting be convened. Minu-tes must be taken of such decisions as well.

AUDITORS

Article 20 – Auditor(s)

The Auditor(s) shall be elected by the General Assembly for a term of six years. Auditor(s) may be re-elected. The Auditor(s) shall audit the Annual Financial Statements of the inc and present a written report to the Ordinary General Assembly.

OFFICE

Article 21 – Office

The Committee may authorize the establishment of a permanent office and appoint a manager (‘Manager’) and staff to assist the Committee in the admi-nistration of the inc, to keep the inc’s files and to maintain the archive. Duties


shall be specified by the Committee. The Office will function under the super-vision and authority of the Committee.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 22 – Liability

Liabilities of the inc shall be covered by its assets only. The Members shall not be personally liable for the inc’s debts.

Article 23 – Finances

The sources of income of the inc shall be the annual subscriptions, donations, bequests, grants and subsidies.

Article 24 – Financial Year

The fiscal year of the inc shall be the calendar year.

Article 25 – Amendments

Modifications and amendments to these Articles of Association shall be sub-mitted to the Committee for approval, and then be submitted to the next General Assembly. Proposed modifications shall require a two-third majority of the Members present or represented.

Article 26 – Dissolution

The General Assembly, if fifty percent of all Members are present or repre-sented, may resolve, with a three-quarters majority, upon the dissolution of the inc.

The dissolution shall be carried out by the Committee unless the General Assembly appoints special liquidators.

In case of dissolution the remaining assets of the inc must be donated to a tax-exempt non�profit organisation or to an organisation with a similar pur-pose. The General Assembly shall determine such organisation on proposal of the Committee.

Article 27 – Authoritative Text

These Articles of Association are written in German, French, English, Italian and Spanish. In the event of any inconsistencies between these versions, the German shall be authoritative.

Article 28 – Final Provisions

These Articles of Association were adopted by the General Assembly held on 20 September 2015 in Taormina and put into effect on the same day.

These Articles of Association shall replace any and all prior articles of the inc, in particular the Constitution adopted on 30 August 2009 in Glasgow.

THE LAW AND PRACTICE REGARDING COIN FINDS

Ralf Fischer zu Cramburg

DAS EIGENTUM AN (MÜNZ-)SCHATZFUNDEN IN DER BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND

A. Grundprinzipien, Entwicklung und Ausgestaltung der Regelungen

I. Hadrianische Teilung und Schatzregal

Die Zuweisung des Eigentums an Schatzfunden ist in Deutschland bereits seit Jahrhunderten Gegenstand intensiver Auseinandersetzungen. Während dies ursprünglich lediglich eine Verteilung von Vermögen und damit eine rein juristische Frage zum Gegenstand hatte, trat in der Neuzeit der wis-senschaftliche Aspekt in den Fokus, der die Diskussion auch auf die Geschichtswissenschaft bzw. Archäologie erweiterte. Man hat sich nicht zuletzt dadurch zu keiner einheitlichen Position durchringen können, da auf diesem Feld Bundes- und Landesrecht konkurrieren und umstritten bleibt, ob es sich bei der Materie um (privates) Sachen- oder (öffentliches) Denkmalschutzrecht handelt. In Deutschland besitzend dahingehend im Wesentlichen zwei normierte Prinzipien Gesetzeskraft: Die Halbierung zwischen dem Entdecker und dem Eigentümer der schatzbergenden Sache gemäß § 984 des Bügerlichen Gesetzbuches (BGB) und damit die soge-nannte „Hadrianische Teilung“ bildet das Grundmodell einer ausschließ-lich an den Interessen von Privaten orientierten Lösung. Diese geht rechtsgeschichtlich auf eine Entscheidung des römischen Kaisers Hadrian (117-138) zurück, in der er bezüglich von Schatzfunden bestimmte, „dass der Finder selbst sich aneignen durfte, was er auf seinem eigenen Grund und Boden gefunden hatte; bei Funden auf fremdem Boden hatte er die Hälfte dem Grundeigentümer zu geben, die Funde auf Staatsgelände zu gleichen Bedingungen mit dem Fiskus zu teilen“ (Spartianus, Vita Ha-driani, 18, 6).

Dieser Konstruktion tritt mittlerweile in sämtlichen deutschen Bundes-ländern außer Bayern ein Modell entgegen, das in verschiedenen Abstu-fungen in bewusster Abkehr von der bundesgesetzlichen (römischrecht-lichen) Regelung staatliche Ansprüche auf einen (wissenschaftlich wert-vollen) Schatzfund und damit ein (deutschrechtliches) Schatzregal aner-kennt. Dieses Prinzip wird allgemein auf eine Norm des Sachsenspiegels

16 ralf fischer zu cramburg

(1221-1224) zurückgeführt: „Jeder Schatz, der tiefer in der Erde vergraben ist, als ein Pflug geht, gehört in die Verfügungsgewalt des Königs“ (Land-recht 1, 35).

Der Gegensatz dieser Ordnungen, die beide gleichermaßen auf eine lange Tradition zurückblicken können, ist es, der in Vergangenheit und Gegen-wart den Kern der zu behandelnden praktischen, fachwissenschaftlichen und juristischen Problematik bildet.

Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat in seinem Beschluss vom 18. Mai 1988 festgestellt, dass ein Schatzregal, welches in den Dienst des Denkmal-schutzes gestellt wird, weder mit Artikel 14 des Grundgesetzes (Eigentum) noch mit anderen verfassungsrechtlichen Bestimmungen kollidiere (BVerf-GE 78, S. 205 ff.). In der neueren rechtswissenschaftlichen Literatur wird das landesrechtliche Schatzregal mit Hinweis auf die durch § 984 BGB abschließend in Anspruch genommene Bundeskompetenz und die fehlende Kontinuität der Bestimmungen dagegen zuweilen weiterhin als grund-gesetzwidrig betrachtet.

In der außerjuristischen, fachwissenschaftlichen Diskussion, die im We-sentlichen von der Archäologie und der Numismatik bestritten wird, ste-hen einander zwei Lager gegenüber. Das eine betont die die Nachteile des Schatzregals in Form der Förderung der Verheimlichung, Verschleppung und Verfälschung von (Münz-)Schatzfunden, die von ihren Entdeckern mit unzutreffenden Kontexten dorthin verbracht werden, wo sie am bes-ten ohne Gefahr des Entzuges oder der Strafverfolgung zu verwerten sind, also in ein regalfreies Bundesländer oder das Ausland. Die Gegenseite sieht im Schatzregal dagegen ein probates Mittel um solche Entdeckungen für die Öffentlichkeit zu sichern, zu erhalten, der Forschung zugänglich zu machen und den Anreiz für Raubgrabungen zu senken. Darüber hinaus würden die Haushalte der Länder durch die zuvor für den Ankauf oder die Enteignung benötigten Mittel entlastet.

II. Historische Entwicklung der Bestimmungen

Im frühen Mittelalter dürfte der Schatzfund wie der gewöhnliche Fund dem Entdecker zugestanden und noch kein Regal existiert haben, das auch für das Hochmittelalter nicht zu belegen ist. Erst mit dem Sachsen-spiegel ist im Spätmittelalter ein eher theoretisches deutschrechtliches Schatzregal nachzuweisen, das in der Rechtslandschaft des Mittelalters eine alsbald verkümmernd Ausnahme bildete, so dass römische Recht noch am Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts völlig akzeptiert blieb.

Erst zu Beginn der Neuzeit entstand ein allerdings völlig neuartiges, ins-besondere von der landesherrlichen Gewalt und den Städten usurpiertes Schatzregal, dessen Konflikt mit der Hadrianischen Teilung inbesondere im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert zu starker Rechtsunsicherheit und zu einer

eigentum an (münz-)schatzfunden in deutschland 17

ersten intensiven juristischen Auseinandersetzung zwischen „Romanisten“ und „Regalisten“ führte. Während der Aufklärung wurde es insbesondere in den vernunftrechtlichen Kodifikationen entweder auf einen bestimmten Anteil eingeschränkt oder ganz aufgehoben (z.B. Codex Maximilianeus Bavaricus Civilis, 2, 3, § 4; Codex Theresianus, 2, 4, §§ 91 f.; Allgemeines Landrecht für die preußischen Staaten, §§ 74 ff.).

Gleichzeitig entstanden im Rahmen des gestiegenen Bewusstseins für historische Monumente in verschiedenen Territorien Denkmalschutzvor-schriften, die zwar eine Ablieferungspflicht, aber in Abkehr vom Schatz-regal gleichzeitig einen Wertersatz vorsahen (z.B. Baden-Baden, Hessen-Kassel, Kur-Mainz, Württemberg). Im 19. Jahrhundert bestimmten die zivilrechtlichen Kodifikationen nahezu ausschließlich römisches Recht für die Behandlung des Schatzfundes (z.B. Artikel 716 Code Civil; § 399 ABGB; § 233 SBGB).

Bei den Beratungen zum BGB wie auch während des 24. Deutschen Juris-tentages 1904 kamen Juristen und Denkmalpfleger einhellig zu der Auf-fassung, dass auf ein Schatzregal wegen der Gefahr der Verheimlichung oder Verschleppung zugunsten eines durch Anzeigepflicht gesicherten Vorkaufrechts oder Ankäufe zu verzichten sei. Dies wurde in ersten Denk-malschutzgesetzen (Hessen, Oldenburg, Lübeck) oder sonstigen Spezial-gesetzen der Länder (Baden, Bayern, Preußen, Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach) noch während des Kaiserreiches, in der Weimarer Republik (Hamburg, Lübeck, Lippe-Detmold, Mecklenburg-Schwerin) und bis zum Beginn der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur (Braunschweig, Sachsen) teilweise umge-setzt.

Das im Entwurf des Reichsdenkmalschutzes von 1938 vorgesehene Schat-zregal bei planmäßigen Grabungen (§ 19 Absatz 1) erreichte wegen Kom-petenzstreitigkeiten bis Kriegsende keine Gesetzeskraft, die es jedoch durch die Übernahme in das badische Denkmalschutzgesetz von 1949 (§ 44) erlangte. Erst in den 70er Jahren begann die Einführung des Schatzregals in Baden-Württemberg (1971), Hamburg (1973), Bremen (1975), Berlin, Saarland (1977), Niedersachsen (1978) und Rheinland-Pfalz (1986).

Nach der Vereinigung der deutschen Staaten 1990 galt in im Beitritts-gebiet zunächst als Übergangsrecht § 361 ZGB der ehemaligen DDR, der ein Schatzregal vorgesehen hatte. In der Folge führten es alle „neuen“ Länder in rascher Folge ein, zunächst Brandenburg und Sachsen-Anhalt (1991), Thüringen (1992), Sachsen (1993) und schließlich Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (1993). In den „alten“ Ländern schloss sich dem Schleswig-Holstein (1996) an, während Berlin (1995) und Hamburg (1997) ihre bereits bestehenden Bestimmungen verschärften. Letzteres geschah auch im Saarland (2004) und in Niedersachsen (2011).

Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt hielten sich Hadrianische Teilung und Schatz-regal zwar nicht nach der Anzahl der Bundesländer, wohl aber nach der-


jenigen der betroffenen Einwohner in etwa die Waage. Nach der erst-maligen Einführung des Schatzregals in Hessen (2011) und Nordrhein-Westfalen (2013) verbleibt mittlerweile Bayern als das letzte regalfreie Bundesland, in dem es aber auch wiederholt Versuche der Opposition im Landtag gibt, dies zu ändern.

III. Gesetzgeberische Divergenzen

Die Vielfalt der Bestimmungen legt es nahe, sie nach verschiedenen Typen zu ordnen, wird es doch deutlich, dass es in Hinsicht auf die Nuancen und Unterschiede nicht möglich ist, von einem einheitlichen Schatzregal der Bundesländer zu sprechen. Die Vorschriften sind mittlerweile so viel-gestaltig, dass der Versuch einer einfachen Typisierung unbefriedigend bleibt. Bis in die jüngste Zeit wurde weitgehend eine Einteilung je nach Reichweite in drei Hauptgruppen vorgenommen:

Zunächst bildeten diejenigen Schatzregale eine Einheit, die lediglich auf den Fundhergang (bei staatlichen Nachforschungen, in Grabungsschutz-gebieten) abstellen. Es handelte sich dabei ursprünglich um diejenigen Niedersachsens und des Saarlandes. Diese beschieden sich mit dem gering-sten Eingriff in die durch § 984 BGB gewährten Rechte. Diese Umstände hätten es erlaubt, die Bestimmungen als „Grabungsregal“ zu bezeichnen. Stattdessen hatte sich diese Form des staatlichen Eigentumsanspruches jedoch als „kleines Schatzregal“ einen Namen gemacht. Nachdem Nieder-sachsen seine Bestimmungen 2011 verschärft hat, ist sie in der Rechts-landschaft Deutschlands völlig verschwunden.

Die weitaus größte Gruppe bilden die Bestimmungen, die bereits aufgrund der Bedeutung eines Schatzes, also seines (hervorragenden) wissenschaft-lichen Wertes eingreifen. Es handelt sich dabei zumeist um wörtliche oder sinngemäße Wiederholungen des baden-württembergischen Schatzregals. Neben Baden-Württemberg kennen Bremen, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vor-pommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saar-land, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein und Thüringen derartige Bestimmungen. Sie werden als „großes Schatzregal“ bezeichnet.

Eine letzte Gruppe bilden diejenigen Normen, die den staatlichen Erwerb weder von der Fundbedeutung noch von dem Fundhergang abhängig machen. Es handelt sich dabei um die Schatzregale Berlins, Brandenburgs, Hamburgs und Sachsens, die sich in das ursprünglich nur zweigeteilte Schema klein/groß nicht mehr einordnen ließen. Diese Bestimmungen statuieren den denkbar umfassendsten staatlichen Eigentumsanspruch an kulturell bedeutsamen Schatzfunden, der (bis auf diejenigen auf Boden-funde) keinerlei Einschränkungen mehr kennt. Diese Form wird „umfas-sendes Schatzregal“, teilweise auch als „uneingeschränktes“ oder „tota-les“ bezeichnet.


Letztlich wird es erforderlich sein, ein neues System zur Kategorisierung zu entwickeln. Dies resultiert nicht nur aus dem Verschwinden der „klei-nen“ Schatzregale. Zudem sind die neuen Schatzregale Hessens und Nordrhein-Westfalens, die aufgrund des Abstellens auf die wissenschaft-liche Bedeutung zunächst als „große“ zu bezeichnen sind, tatsächlich teilweise weit weniger einschneidend, als die anderer Bundesländer. So erlischt etwa in Hessen das Eigentum, wenn der Schatzfund nicht inner-halb von drei Monaten im Denkmalbuch eingetragen wird. Das ist indes nur möglich, wenn es sich um Zubehör eines Baudenkmals handelt oder die Zugehörigkeit zu einem bestimmten Ort historisch begründet ist. Das dürfte insbesondere bei Münzschätzen kaum anzunehmen sein. Ähnliches gilt in Nordrhein-Westfalen, wo es ein uneingeschränktes Schatzregal für bewegliche Denkmäler und archäologische Gegenstände aus Grabungen existiert, das aber nach der Verwaltungsvorschrift für archäologische Lese- und Detektorfunde „von besonderer wissenschaftlicher Bedeutung“ stark eingeschränkt ist. Andererseits sind „Münzdepots als Verbergefunde” explizit von dieser Definition erfasst.

Diese Fragmentierung der deutschen Gesetzgebung stellt weiterhin eine Herausforderung insbesondere für die Vermittlung der Rechtslage gegen-über der Bevölkerung dar.

B. Die einschlägigen Vorschriften des Bundes und der Länder

1. Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 02.01.2002 (BGBl. I S. 42)

§ 984: „Wird eine Sache, die so lange verborgen gelegen hat, dass der Eigentümer nicht mehr zu ermitteln ist (Schatz), entdeckt und infolge der Entdeckung in Besitz genommen, so wird das Eigentum zur Hälfte von dem Entdecker, zur Hälfte von dem Eigentümer der Sache erworben, in welcher der Schatz verborgen war.

(so auch mangels spezialgesetzlicher Regelung in Bayern unmittelbar gel-tend)

2. Baden-Württemberg: Gesetz zum Schutz der Kulturdenkmale (Denk-malschutzgesetz - DSchG) in der Fassung vom 6. Dezember 1983 (GBl. 1983, 797)

§ 23: „Bewegliche Kulturdenkmale, die herrenlos sind oder die so lange verborgen gewesen sind, daß ihr Eigentümer nicht mehr zu ermitteln ist, werden mit der Entdeckung Eigentum des Landes, wenn sie bei staat-lichen Nachforschungen oder in Grabungsschutzgebieten entdeckt werden oder wenn sie einen hervorragenden wissenschaftlichen Wert haben.“


3. Berlin: Gesetz zum Schutz von Denkmalen in Berlin (Denkmal-schutzgesetz Berlin - DSchG Bln) vom 24. April 1995 (GVBL. S. 274)

§ 3 : „(2) Bewegliche Bodendenkmale, deren Eigentümer nicht zu ermitteln ist, werden mit der Entdeckung Eigentum des Landes Berlin.“

4. Brandenburg: Gesetz über den Schutz und die Pflege der Denkmale im Land Brandenburg (Brandenburgisches Denkmalschutzgesetz - BbgDSchG) vom 24. Mai 2004 (GVBl. I S. 215)

§ 12: „(1) Bewegliche Denkmale und bewegliche Bodendenkmale, die her-renlos sind oder die so lange verborgen waren, dass ihr Eigentümer nicht mehr zu ermitteln ist, werden mit der Entdeckung Eigentum des Landes und sind unverzüglich an die Denkmalfachbehörde zu übergeben, wenn sie bei archäologischen Untersuchungen, in Grabungsschutzgebieten oder bei unerlaubten Nachforschungen entdeckt werden oder wenn sie für die wissenschaftliche Forschung von Wert sind. (2) Dem Entdecker zufälliger Funde, die nach Absatz 1 Eigentum des Landes werden, ist durch die Denkmalfachbehörde eine angemessene Belohnung in Geld zu gewähren, es sei denn, bewegliche Bodendenkmale sind bei unerlaubten Nachfor-schungen entdeckt worden.“

5. Bremen: Gesetz zur Pflege und zum Schutz der Kulturdenkmäler (Bremisches Denkmalschutzgesetz - DSchG ) vom 27. Mai 1975 (Brem-GBl. S. 265)

§ 19 „(1) Bewegliche Kulturdenkmäler, die herrenlos sind oder die solange verborgen waren, daß ihr Eigentümer nicht mehr zu ermitteln ist, werden mit der Entdeckung Eigentum des Landes, wenn sie bei staatlichen Nach-forschungen oder in Grabungs-schutzgebieten entdeckt worden sind oder wenn sie einen hervorragenden wissenschaftlichen Wert haben. (2) Das nach Absatz 1 erworbene Eigentum erlischt, wenn die obere Denkmal-schutzbehörde nicht innerhalb von drei Monaten, nachdem sie die ent-deckte Sache in Besitz genommen hat, gegenüber der zuständigen Denk-malfachbehörde zur Eintragung in die Denkmalliste erklärt, das Eigentum behalten zu wollen. Ist das Eigentum des Landes erloschen, so fällt das Eigentum an die nach § 984 des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches Berechtigten.

6. Hamburg: Denkmalschutzgesetz vom 3. Dezember 1973 (GVBL. S. 466)

§ 17 „(3) Denkmäler, die so lange im Boden verborgen gewesen sind, dass die Eigentümerin oder der Eigentümer nicht mehr zu ermitteln ist, wer-den mit der Entdeckung Eigentum der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg. Der Fund ist unverzüglich der zuständigen Stelle anzuzeigen.“

7. Hessen: Gesetz zum Schutze der Kulturdenkmäler (Denkmalschutz-gesetz) in der Fassung vom 5. September 1986 (GVBl. I 1986, 262)

§ 24: „(1) Bodendenkmäler, die als bewegliche Sachen herrenlos oder so lange verborgen gewesen sind, dass ihr Eigentümer nicht mehr zu er-


mitteln ist, werden mit ihrer Entdeckung Eigentum des Landes, wenn sie einen hervorragenden wissenschaftlichen Wert haben oder bei staatlichen Nachforschungen oder in Grabungsschutzgebieten (§ 22) entdeckt wur-den. Sie sind unverzüglich der Denkmalfachbehörde zu überlassen. Die Finderin oder der Finder wird von Kosten und Aufwand der Überlassung freigestellt. (2) Das nach Abs. 1 erworbene Eigentum erlischt, wenn die oberste Denkmalschutzbehörde nicht innerhalb von drei Monaten, nach-dem das Land die Sache in Besitz genommen hat, gegenüber der zustän-digen Denkmalfachbehörde zur Eintragung in das Denkmalbuch (§ 10) erklärt, das Eigentum behalten zu wollen. Erlischt das Eigentum des Lan-des, so fällt das Eigentum an die nach § 984 des Bürgerlichen Gesetz-buches Berechtigten. (3) Erklärt das Land nach Abs. 2, das Eigentum behalten zu wollen, hat die Finderin oder der Finder Anspruch auf eine angemessene Belohnung, es sei denn, die Sachen sind bei unerlaubten Nachforschungen entdeckt worden. Über die Höhe entscheidet die oberste Denkmalschutzbehörde unter Berücksichtigung des Verkehrswertes und des besonderen kulturhistorischen Wertes.“

8. Mecklenburg Vorpommern: Denkmalschutzgesetz (DSchG M-V) in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 6. Januar 1998 (GVOBl. M-V S. 12)

§ 13: „Bewegliche Denkmale, die herrenlos sind oder die so lange verborgen gewesen sind, daß ihr Eigentümer nicht mehr zu ermitteln ist, werden mit der Entdeckung Eigentum des Landes, wenn sie bei staatlichen Nachfor-schungen oder in Grabungsschutzgebieten im Sinne des § 16 entdeckt wer-den oder wenn sie einen hervorragenden wissenschaftlichen Wert haben.“

9. Niedersachsen: Niedersächsisches Denkmalschutzgesetz (NDSchG) vom 30. Mai 1978 (Nds. GVBl. S. 517)

§ 18: „Bewegliche Denkmale gemäß § 3 Abs. 5, die herrenlos oder so lange verborgen gewesen sind, dass ihr Eigentümer nicht mehr zu ermitteln ist, werden mit der Entdeckung Eigentum des Landes Niedersachsen, wenn sie bei staatlichen Nachforschungen oder in Grabungsschutzgebieten ge-mäß § 16 entdeckt werden oder wenn sie einen hervorragenden wissen-schaftlichen Wert besitzen. Der Finder soll im Rahmen der verfügbaren Mittel des Landeshaushalts eine Belohnung erhalten. Über die Höhe ent-scheidet das Landesamt für Denkmalpflege unter Berücksichtigung der Umstände des Einzelfalls. Das Land kann sein Eigentum an dem beweg-lichen Denkmal auf den Eigentümer des Grundstücks übertragen, auf dem der Fund erfolgt ist.“

10. Nordrhein-Westfalen: Gesetz zum Schutz und zur Pflege der Denk-mäler im Lande Nordrhein-Westfalen (Denkmalschutzgesetz – DSchG) vom 11. März 1980 (GV. NRW. 1980, 226)

§ 17: „(1) Bewegliche Denkmäler und bewegliche Bodendenkmäler sowie Funde von besonderer wissenschaftlicher Bedeutung, die herrenlos sind oder die solange verborgen waren, dass das Eigentum nicht mehr zu


ermitteln ist, werden mit der Entdeckung Eigentum des Landes. Sie sind unverzüglich an die Untere Denkmalbehörde oder das Denkmalpflegeamt zu melden und zu übergeben.

(2) Denjenigen, die ihrer Ablieferungspflicht nachkommen, soll eine an-gemessene Belohnung in Geld gewährt werden, die sich am wissenschaft-lichen Wert des Fundes orientiert. Ist die Entdeckung bei unerlaubten Nachforschungen gemacht worden, sollte von der Gewährung einer Belohnung abgesehen werden. Über die Gewährung der Belohnung und ihre Höhe entscheidet im Einzelfall die Oberste Denkmalbehörde im Ein-vernehmen mit dem örtlich zuständigen Denkmalpflegeamt.“

11. Rheinland-Pfalz: Landesgesetz zum Schutz und zur Pflege der Kultur-denkmäler (Denkmalschutzgesetz - DSchG -) vom 23. März 1978 (GVBl 1978, S. 159)

§ 20: „(1) Funde, die herrenlos sind oder die so lange verborgen waren, dass ihr Eigentümer nicht mehr zu ermitteln ist, werden mit der Ent-deckung Eigentum des Landes, wenn sie von besonderer wissenschaft-licher Bedeutung sind oder bei staatlichen Nachforschungen oder in Gra-bungsschutzgebieten (§ 22) entdeckt werden. (2) Der Finder soll im Rahmen der verfügbaren Mittel des Landeshaushalts eine Belohnung er-halten. Über die Höhe entscheidet die Denkmalfachbehörde unter Berück-sichtigung der Umstände des Einzelfalls.“

12. Saarland: Saarländisches Denkmalschutzgesetz (SDschG) (Art. 1 des Gesetzes Nr. 1554 zur Neuordnung des saarländischen Denkmal-rechts) vom 19. Mai 2004 (Amtsbl. 2004, 1498)

§ 14: „Funde, die herrenlos sind oder die so lange verborgen waren, dass ihre Eigentümerin oder ihr Eigentümer nicht mehr zu ermitteln ist, wer-den mit der Entdeckung Eigentum des Landes, wenn sie bei staatlichen Nachforschungen, in Grabungsschutzgebieten oder bei nicht genehmigten Grabungen entdeckt worden sind oder wenn sie einen wissenschaftlichen Wert haben.“

13. Sachsen: Gesetz zum Schutz und zur Pflege der Kulturdenkmale im Freistaat Sachsen (Sächsisches Denkmalschutzgesetz - SächsDSchG) vom 3. März 1993 (SächsGVBl. S. 229)

§ 25:“ (1) Bewegliche Kulturdenkmale, die herrenlos oder so lange ver-borgen gewesen sind, dass ihr Eigentümer nicht mehr zu ermitteln ist, werden mit der Entdeckung Eigentum des Freistaates Sachsen und sind unverzüglich an die zuständige Fachbehörde zu melden und zu über-geben. (2) Der Finder hat Anspruch auf eine angemessene Belohnung. Über die Höhe entscheidet die Fachbehörde im Einvernehmen mit der obersten Denkmalschutzbehörde.“


14. Sachsen-Anhalt: Denkmalschutzgesetz des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt vom 21. Oktober 1991 (GVBl. LSA S. 368)

§ 12: „(1) Bewegliche Kulturdenkmale, die herrenlos sind oder die so lange verborgen gewesen sind, dass ihr Eigentümer nicht mehr zu ermitteln ist, werden mit der Entdeckung Eigentum des Landes, wenn sie bei staat-lichen Nachforschungen oder in Grabungsschutzgebieten entdeckt werden oder wenn sie einen hervorragenden wissenschaftlichen Wert haben. Den-jenigen, die ihrer Ablieferungspflicht nachkommen, kann eine angemes-sene Belohnung in Geld gewährt werden, die sich am wissenschaftlichen Wert des Fundes orientiert. (2) Für alle übrigen Kulturdenkmale gilt:

1. Das Land und die kommunalen Gebietskörperschaften sind berechtigt, innerhalb von sechs Monaten nach der Entdeckung die Ablieferung eines in ihrem Gebiet zutage getretenen beweglichen Fundes gegen angemes-sene Entschädigung zu verlangen. Das Ablieferungsbegehren bedarf der Schriftform. 2. Die Ablieferung kann verlangt werden, wenn Tatsachen vorliegen, nach denen anzunehmen ist, dass sich der Erhaltungszustand des Fundes andernfalls wesentlich verschlechtern wird oder er der wissen-schaftlichen Forschung verloren geht. 3. Das bewegliche Kulturdenkmal ist an die Körperschaft abzuliefern, die die Ablieferung als erste verlangt; haben mehrere die Ablieferung gleichzeitig verlangt, ist die Reihenfolge der Nummer 1 Satz 1 maßgebend. Im Ablieferungsverlangen ist auf diese Regelung hinzuweisen. Mit der Ablieferung erlangt die berechtigte Körper-schaft das Eigentum an dem Fund. 4. Die Körperschaft, die in den Besitz des beweglichen Kulturdenkmals gelangt ist, hat die in der Reihenfolge nach Nummer 1 Satz 1 bevorrechtigte Körperschaft unverzüglich von der Ablieferung zu informieren. Die berechtigte Körperschaft kann dann inner-halb von einem Monat die Übereignung des Fundes verlangen. Der ge-leistete Aufwand für Entschädigung und Erhaltungsmaßnahmen ist aus-zugleichen. 5. Die Entschädigung ist in Geld zu leisten. Sie bemisst sich nach dem Verkehrswert des beweglichen Kulturdenkmals zum Zeitpunkt der Ablieferung. Im Falle der wissenschaftlichen Bearbeitung des beweg-lichen Kulturdenkmals durch das Denkmalfachamt ist der Zeitpunkt der Inbesitznahme maßgebend. Einigen sich der Ablieferungspflichtige und die berechtigte Körperschaft nicht über die Höhe der Entschädigung, so setzt die berechtigte Körperschaft die Entschädigung fest. Geht das Eigen-tum auf eine andere Körperschaft über, tritt diese an die Stelle der berech-tigten Körperschaft. Die Entschädigung kann mit Einverständnis des Ab-lieferungspflichtigen in anderer Weise als durch Geld geleistet werden.“

15. Schleswig-Holstein: Gesetz zum Schutze der Kulturdenkmale (Denk-malschutzgesetz - DSchG), in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 12. Januar 2012 (GVOBl. 2012, 83)

(Fassung 2014)§ 15: „(2) Bewegliche Kulturdenkmale, die herrenlos sind oder die so lange verborgen gewesen sind, dass ihre Eigentümerinnen oder Eigentümer nicht mehr zu ermitteln sind, werden mit der Entdeckung


Eigentum des Landes, wenn sie 1. bei staatlichen Nachforschungen oder 2. in Grabungsschutzgebieten im Sinne des § 2 Absatz 3 Nummer 4 oder 3. bei nicht genehmigten Grabungen oder Suchen entdeckt werden oder 4. einen hervorragenden wissenschaftlichen Wert besitzen. Mit Ausnahme der Fälle des Absatzes 2 Nummern 1 und 3 hat die Finderin oder der Finder Anspruch auf eine angemessene Belohnung. Über die Höhe entscheidet die oberste Denkmalschutzbehörde. Absatz 4 findet keine Anwendung. (4) Das Land, der Kreis und die Gemeinde, in deren Gebiet ein bewegliches Kultur-denkmal entdeckt oder gefunden ist, haben in dieser Reihenfolge das Recht, die Ablieferung zu verlangen. Bei Funden im Gebiet der Hansestadt Lübeck steht dieses Recht der Hansestadt Lübeck und, wenn diese von ihrem Recht keinen Gebrauch macht, dem Land zu. Die Ablieferung kann nur verlangt werden, wenn Tatsachen vorliegen, nach denen zu befür-chten ist, dass der Erhaltungszustand des Gegenstandes verschlechtert wird oder der Gegenstand der wissenschaftlichen Forschung verlorengeht. Die Ablieferung kann nicht mehr verlangt werden, wenn 1. seit der Mittei-lung drei Monate verstrichen sind, 2. die Eigentümerinnen oder Eigen-tümer den Erwerbsberechtigten nach Satz 1 und 2 die Ablieferung des Kulturdenkmals, bevor über die Ablieferungspflicht entschieden ist, ange-boten und die Erwerbsberechtigten das Angebot nicht binnen drei Mona-ten angenommen haben. Die obere Denkmalschutzbehörde entscheidet auf Antrag einer oder eines Beteiligten, ob die Voraussetzungen der Ablie-ferung vorliegen.“

16. Thüringen: Thüringer Gesetz zur Pflege und zum Schutz der Kultur-denkmale (Thüringer Denkmalschutzgesetz - ThürDSchG -) in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 14. April 2004 (GVBl 2004, 465)

§ 17: „Bewegliche Kulturdenkmale, die herrenlos oder so lange verborgen gewesen sind, dass ihr Eigentümer nicht mehr zu ermitteln ist, werden mit der Entdeckung Eigentum des Landes, wenn sie bei staatlichen Nach-forschungen, in archäologischen Schutzgebieten oder bei ungenehmigten Nachforschungen entdeckt wurden, oder wenn sie einen hervorragenden wissenschaftlichen Wert besitzen.

GREAT NUMISMATISTS

Carmen Arnold-Biucchi

IOANNIS NICOLAS SVORONOS (Mykonos, 15/iv/1863 – Athens, 8/ix/1922)

Ioannis Nicolas Svoronos was a most remarkable and significant scholar of his time and ours. It is unimaginable to the present writer that a numis-matist today in a relatively short life span could leave such a fundamental

26 carmen arnold-biucchi

and comprehensive œuvre on four of the major coinages of ancient Greece: those of Crete, Athens, the Ptolemies and Macedonia. These works remain indispensable and irreplaceable. [1]

Svoronos was born on the island Mykonos on 15 April 1863 from a family of the merchant marine on both sides that dealt with the trade of wheat between Russia and Greece. They moved to Piraeus to improve business, but the death of the father Nicolas Svoronos in 1871 forced them to return to Mykonos. The young Ioannis showed interest in archaeology from a very young age. His teacher often had to send him in detention because of his rambunctious nature. He soon discovered that his pupil busied himself trying to read and decipher the inscriptions of Delos housed in the room where he was confined that served as small museum and library. That was Svoronos’s first encounter with a discipline that would become his life-long passion. On the good teacher’s advice Ioannis in 1874 was sent to his uncle in Piraeus to attend high school. When he graduated in 1878 his teachers recommended that Svoronos pursued his vocation for archaeology. The family, however, in a difficult financial situation, insisted that Ioannis studied law. The young student complied and in addition attended archae-ology classes, often walking from Piraeus to Athens in order to save money to buy archaeology books.

I.N. Svoronos’s life took a turn when his relative, the influential collector of antiquities and medals Alexander Meletopoulos, realized the talents and passion of the young man and recommended him to the Prime Minister of Greece Charilaos Trikoupis who sent him to Achilleas Postolakas, the Director of the Numismatic Museum in Athens. After a thorough exami-nation, he was hired and his first task was to catalogue the numismatic library. His keen interest and his indefatigable ability to work won him a four-year government grant in 1883 to travel to the major European coin collections of Paris, Berlin and London and study numismatics. He worked and was trained by the great professors of that time: François Lenormant (1837-1883), Maxime Collignon (1849-1917), Alfred Croiset (1845-1923), Jules Martha (1853-1932), Paul Girard (1852-1922), Jules Girard (1825-1902), Olivier Rayet (1847-1887), Charles Clermont-Ganneau (1846-1923), Henri Weil (1818-1909), Ernest Renan (1823-1992) and Théophile Homolle (1848-1925) in Paris, Ernst Curtius (1814-1896), Carl Robert (1850-1922), Adolf Kirchhoff (1826-1908), Adolf Furtwängler (1853-1907), Hermann Schrader (1841-1915), Adolf Erman (1854-1937), Johannes Vahlen (1830-

[1] I would like to thank Yannis Stoyas for his help with the bibliography on Svoronos. See the two obituaries by G.P. Oikonomos in RN 26, 1923, p. 87-100 and in JIAN 21, 1927, p. 3-22 with a complete bibliography. See The First Century of the Numismatic Museum 1829-1922, Ministry of Culture and National Museum, Athens, 1988: M. Oeconomides-Caramessini, p. 37-41 and O. Picard, p. 92-93. See also ‘The History of the Numis-matic Museum’, in M. Galani-Krikou et al. (eds), Coins & Numismatics, Ministry of Culture and National Museum, Athens, 1996, p. 20-21.

ioannis nicolas svoronos (1863-1922) 27

1911), Eduard Zeller (1814-1908) and Otto Hirschfeld (1843-1922) in Berlin and at the British Museum he worked under the direction of Reginald Stuart Poole (1832-1895).

In 1884 before he even completed his studies, Svoronos started his first major book Numismatique de la Crète ancienne, [2] written in French in order to qualify for the prize of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, which he indeed won. This remarkable work already exhibited all the characteristics and strengths of Svoronos’s approach and method: in his preface and introduction he clearly presented the rationale for a compre-hensive study of an entire region – rather than an individual mint – and one that had been neglected until then in spite of the abundance of its mints and coin production. His aim was not a simple catalogue, though he did his best to visit all the major public and private collections and to go through the available publications to include as many specimens as pos-sible, but to use coins to supplement the archaeological and epigraphical documents to reconstruct and better understand the history of the island. As O. Picard pointed out, this book, besides the great scholarly aptitude of the young Svoronos, also already revealed all of his character and passion-ate nature, which would bring him confrontation and political criticism in his later career: the uncompromising love of freedom for his fellow Greeks in his country and outside, combined with an unrelenting quest for scien-tific truth, difficult to obtain because it required the united pacific compe-tition of the entire human community. [3] The book is dedicated to the people of Crete: “C’est en Crète, que dès l’époque dite de Minos, [4] des re-présentants de presque toutes les tribus de la race hellénique se rassem-blèrent en un peuple pour fonder le premier état grec, état grand, fort et maître des mers, des îles et des côtes environnantes… C’est là que l’esprit hellénique s’est trouvé pour la première fois libre… ”. This has to be read and understood within the political turmoil in the Balkans that led to the tragic events of World War I in Greece. Ancient historians and interpreters of the past cannot avoid being influenced by the politics of their own time. Svoronos did so out of love for his country. Too old to serve in combat him-self, he fought for the cultural recognition and freedom of his people. His sons served in the war. Svoronos’s work on Crete remains a fundamental pioneer study of the coinages of that island from the 5th to 2nd century bc, even after the work of G. Le Rider and several more recent studies on spe-cific topics. [5] It was reprinted in 1972.

[2] J.-N. Svoronos, Numismatique de la Crète ancienne, accompagnée de l’Histoire, la Géogra-phie et la Mythologie de l’Île. Ouvrage récompensé par l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Paris) et publié aux frais de l’Assemblée des Crétois, Macon, 1890.

[3] This is a summarized paraphrase of Picard 1988, p. 92. Readers are encouraged to read Picard’s tribute to Svoronos as well as Svoronos’s prefaces.

[4] Numismatique de la Crète ancienne was written between 1884 and 1890, well before Sir Arthur Evans’s excavations of Knossos.

[5] G. Le Rider, Monnaies crétoises du V e au Ier siècle av. J.-C., Paris, 1966; Survey of Numis-matic Research 2007-2013, p. 74 (Selene Psoma).


In 1887 Svoronos completed his studies and returned to Greece to be appointed assistant in the National Numismatic Museum. He was soon to be sent back to Berlin at Theodore Mommsen’s suggestion to work with Friedrich Imhoof-Blumer on the Corpus Nummorum project. Imhoof-Blumer had praised Svoronos’s Numismatique de la Crète ancienne and recognized his aptitude to work on comprehensive numismatic studies. Their colla-boration will continue for many years.

“Undying and unpardonable political and academic hatreds and a series of most unfortunate events and tragic coincidences darkened the start of Ioannis Svoronos’s career and one of these was the end of the supremely honorable and patient Achilleas Postolakas, the ‘heroic builder’ ”. [6] In 1889 upon Postolakas’s termination, the Greek Ministry of Trikoupis asked Svoronos to assume the directorship of the National Museum in Athens at the age of 26. He would remain in that post until his untimely death thirty-three years later and work unrelenting to put numismatics in Greece on an international level by his publications and the gifts and acquisitions he was able to bring to the museum.

One of his less known works, outside of Greece, is his translation with nu-merous additions in 1898 of Barclay V. Head’s original Historia Numorum. [7] Always eager to make the treasures of his country known to his people and to the world, he compiled a four volume catalogue of the sculptures of the National Museum in German and Greek. [8] Svoronos already as a young scholar deplored the fact that few numismatists knew modern Greek. In an effort to remedy the situation and bring Greek scholarship on the national sphere he created in 1898 the Journal International d’Archéologie Numismatique, a yearly publication, which soon attracted many contribu-tors. He single-handedly edited it and wrote innumerable articles for it, including every year a list of the National Museum’s new acquisitions. It came to an end with his death: the last volume no. 21, published in 1927, contains his most detailed obituary.

Svoronos was able to attract many donors and their collections became the foundation of his most important publications. Between 1892 and 1898, Ioannis Dimitriou (Lemnos 1826 – Alexandria 1900), the cotton merchant who spent most of his life in Alexandria, donated his collection of Ptolemaic and of Roman provincial coins of Alexandria, unequalled in its kind and one of most spectacular possessions of the National Museum. This allowed Svoronos to bring to fruition the method of the corpus num-morum and to publish in 1904 his most important book Τá νομíσματα τοû

[6] Oeconomides-Caramessini 1988, p. 37. [7] J.-N. Svoronos, Istoria ton nomismaton : etoi egcheiridon ellenikes nomismatikes, meta-

phrasthen ek tes egglikes kai sumplerothen, Athens, 1898. [8] Das Athener National Museum, Athens, 1902-1912.

ioannis nicolas svoronos (1863-1922) 29

κρáτους των Πτολεμαíων. [9] It remains the fundamental reference work for the coinages of the Ptolemies, their mint attributions and chronology.

Between 1913 and 1919 Svoronos wrote L’Hellénisme primitif de la Macé-doine prouvé par la numismatique et l’or du Pangée (Paris-Athens, 1919). The work was much criticized and is considered one of his more questionable books, condemned for its ‘nationalistic’ interpretations and mint attribu-tions. It is not only useful but enlightening to read the preface, [10] dedi-cated to Ernest Babelon “en témoignage cordial d’une amitié vieille de trente-six ans […] Vous savez que j’ai entrepris cette tâche à l’heure même où ma chère patrie, après avoir uni, par le génie de notre grand homme d’État, Eleutherios Vénisélos, tous les États balkaniques dans une noble alliance, venait enfin – par une série de batailles glorieuses et grâce sur-tout à notre vaillante flotte, qui par de brillants combats, immobilisa les grandes forces turques de l’Asie – venait, dis-je, de donner la liberté au pays d’Alexandre le Grand en l’arrachant à la tyrannie séculaire des Turcs. Pendant cette lutte à laquelle mon âge ne me permit pas de prendre part, je me mis, du moins, au travail, comme tant de lettrés âgés de mon pays, pour apporter une nouvelle preuve que nous Hellènes, nous étions dignes non seulement de donner par les armes la liberté à ce célèbre pays hellé-nique et de l’ouvrir ainsi à la libre étude historique et archéologique de tout le monde civilisé…”. Svoronos, whole-hearted partisan of Venizelos against the Germanophile régime of King Constantine I, continued in this passionate tone by comparing the battle of the Marne with those of Ma-rathon and Salamis. To the modern rational and often politically antiseptic mind, this rhetoric may seem extreme and unscholarly but Svoronos was a man of a rare consistency of thought and behavior, uncompromising. This brought him into conflict with colleagues and politicians in the years of World War I and some of the harsh criticism of his vision of ancient Macedonia was as tendentious as Svoronos’s was patriotic. Many of his attributions and ideas have been reinstated, most notably that of an early electrum coinage in the region of Macedonia.

In 1918 the Venizelos government gave Svoronos the Chair of Numis-matics, Metrology and Sculpture at the University of Athens. He received the highest international awards, the medal of the Royal Numismatic Society from Sir Arthur Evans in 1914 and the Huntington Medal from The American Numismatic Society in New York from John Reilly in 1920. [11]

[9] Athens, 1904. In Greek and German, 4 vol., 1212 p. and 40 pl. This book won a prize from the Munich Academy of Sciences, the ‘Prix Allier de Hauteroche’ from the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres and the B. de Jonghe prize from the Royal Numismatic Society of Belgium.

[10] Picard 1988, p. 93. [11] See Oikonomos, JIAN 21, 1927, p. 9-11.


Ioannis Nicolas Svoronos died in Athens on 8 September 1922 of a stroke caused by overworking: he was publishing six works simultaneously at that time. The last of his four magna opera: Trésor des monnaies d’Athènes [12] was published after his death thanks to Behrendt Pick. Unfortunately Svoronos did not have time to write the general text and catalogue but the arrangement of the plates reveals his classification. His notes and detailed listings of issues and monograms were never published. Nevertheless this is the only complete overview of the major ancient Greek mint.

The number and breath of Svoronos’s publications is astounding: G.P. Oikonomos lists 155 works. [13] Besides the major works discussed above, it is important to point out all the innumerable hoards of Greek, Roman and Byzantine coins that were acquired by the National Museum under his directorship, which he catalogued and published in detail as he did for all the collections and other acquisitions. In 1889 the museum’s holdings in-cluded some 40,000 coins; by the time of his death in 1922 the collection comprised some 200,000 coins. [14] One of his last works was the publica-tion in 1922 of all the dies of the famous counterfeiter C. Christodoulos.

Ioannis Nicolas Svoronos remains a most inspiring if hard to follow example as a scholar and as a man.

[12] Bruckmann, Munich, 1923-1926. [13] See n. 1. [14] JIAN 15, 1912, p. 76 reports 154,330 coins acquired between 1890 and 1912.

Jørgen Steen Jensen

CHRISTIAN JÜRGENSEN THOMSEN (1788-1865)

J. Magnus-Petersen, portrait of C.J. Thomsen 1846. Later on the artist reproduced the portrait as an etching (National Museum of Denmark)

Christian Jürgensen Thomsen was a widely known Danish numismatist, both because of his great personal collection and because he was a curator (1832-42) and later on a director (1842-65) of The Royal Cabinet of Coins and Medals, at the time at the palace of Rosenborg in Copenhagen.

32 jørgen steen jensen

C.J. Thomsen was born in a well-to-do merchant family in Copenhagen with parents who took care of his education and the development of his interests. He knew and wrote several foreign languages (English, German and French, besides he had taught himself to read Latin). On the whole he was well-read and travelled often in his own country and abroad, but he never got an academic education. The plans were evidently that he should enter the family merchant business in Copenhagen. So he did, and after his father’s death in 1833 as one of the directors of the National Bank (since its foundation in 1818) [1] he took care of the family business until the death of his mother in 1840. He never had any municipal licence to trade, but he was probably acting in the business on behalf of his mother. When she died, Thomsen withdrew from business, and later on some of his acti-vities in this field were illustrated in Jules Verne’s novel Voyage au centre de la terre (1864).

As time passed on Thomsen had a wide portfolio of posts within commit-tees and institutions, which were to be the nucleus of the Danish National Museum, the State Museum of Art and the Arsenal Museum. In 1818 he was appointed as a secretary to the Commission of Antiquities, which since 1807 had been responsible for the prehistoric and historic collection of Nordic antiquities and the acquisition of non-numismatic ‘Danefæ’, i.e. treasure-trove. Until the war of 1864 the Commission of Antiquities in Copenhagen also covered the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg.

Thomsen’s first paid job in the museum field was that of a curator at the Royal Cabinet of Coins and Medals 1832. Gradually his responsibilities were growing. He took a great interest in the foundation of the Ethnogra-phic Museum, the development of the Antique Cabinet, the Museum of Arms, and the Royal Museum of Fine Arts. Thomsen’s importance in all these fields was illustrated and discussed at a symposium in connection with the bicentenary of his birth (1988), the papers were published in a jubilee volume of the annual of The Royal Society of Northern Antiqua-ries. [2] A general chapter on Thomsen and numismatics was written by Anne Kromann and the present author. [3] It includes Thomsen’s numis-matic bibliography.

This is my background for dealing with C.J. Thomsen as a numismatist. He was developing his numismatic collection through his whole life since he was a boy. According to information from Thomsen himself, he began collecting in 1804, and in 1806 he had already a small series. At the age of 15 he was encouraged to ask the experienced numismatist G.F. Timm

[1] Axel Rubow, Nationalbankens Historie 1818-1878, Copenhagen 1918, p. 417. [2] Christian Jürgensen Thomsen 1788 – 29. december – 1988. Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndig-

hed og Historie 1988 (ANOH). Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab (The Royal Nordic Society of Antiquaries), Copenhagen 1988, 225 p.

[3] Ibid., p. 97-112.

christian jürgensen thomsen (1788-1865) 33

(1746-1829) for advice, and the acquaintance developed into a friendly and close relation between the two men, who were separated by nearly 40 years of age. Timm was a locksmith at the Royal Court. He was a specialist in all sorts of metal works, and in this way he gained a great knowledge of fakes. As a young man Timm had been travelling in Germany, France and Italy for more than ten years, and he was an experienced artisan when he settled in Copenhagen as a master locksmith. [4]

Thomsen’s father helped his son in 1808 to acquire the important Greek and Roman coin collection of the statesman and civil servant Ove Høegh-Guldberg (1731-1808). Even if Thomsen perhaps later on parted with some of the classical coins to selected friends and connections, he left a suffi-cient number of them to form a catalogue of two volumes (8,777 nos). The Roman coins, 6,012 nos, were sold at auction in Copenhagen in 1867, and the Greek coins, 2,755 nos, were auctioned in 1869. [5]

Thomsen had also an important modern numismatic collection, which was sold at two auctions in Copenhagen, totalling 8,156 items: the modern coins including the medals were sold in 1868, while the Nordic coins and the great numismatic library were sold in 1871. [6] To dispose of collections at public auctions is an age-old custom, which had one of its great times in Thomsen’s Copenhagen. He himself saw to it that a number of impor-tant collections were appropriately catalogued: two volumes for the estate of the civil servant H.H. Frost, [7] three volumes for the one of the afore-mentioned locksmith G.F. Timm, [8] and also three volumes for the one of the learned bishop F. Münter [9]. Finally Thomsen took care of the first volume of his old assistant Ole Devegge’s collection. [10]

It was not only a question of writing catalogues, but the catalogues had also to be distributed to European fellow numismatists. Later on he col-lected their bids, and finally he distributed the relevant acquisitions to their final destinations. We may suppose that Thomsen’s practical experience and knowledge of trade, ports and ships were helpful for this purpose. So one may say that Thomsen combined his mercantile and numismatic knowledge. No doubt, Thomsen played an important part in developing

[4] Victor Hermansen (+), ‘Christian Jürgensen Thomsen og G.F. Timm’, Nordisk Numis-matisk Unions Medlemsblad (NNUM) 8/1988, p. 162-167.

[5] Catalogue de la Collection de monnaies de feu Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, Ière partie, Les monnaies antiques, I-II, ventes publiques, Copenhague, 6 mai 1867 et 24 mai 1869.

[6] Catalogue etc. III partie. Les monnaies du temps moderne. Tome I… les monnaies du Dane-mark, de la Norvège, de la Suède, du Slesvig et du Holstein; Tome II, contenant les [autres] monnaies de 1788 à 1865 … ainsi que une suite de médailles et quelques sceaux en cire, ventes publiques à Copenhague le 8 mai 1871 et le 14 mai 1868.

[7] 198 and 242 p., 1826-27. [8] 334, 292 and 254 p., 1831-34. [9] 216, 284 and 167 p., 1836-39. [10] 268 p., 1851.


the Danish and the North European parts of the collection of J.J. Reichel (1778-1856) of St. Petersburg. After the death of this collector his foreign coins entered the huge collection of the State Hermitage. We shall later on return to Reichel.

It should of course be added that with his ever increasing official duties Thomsen passed the jobs of a commissaire on to younger assistants, e.g. Ludvig Læssøe (1808-78), C.F. Herbst (1818-1911) and J.B. Sorterup (1815-49). As young men they probably got a considerable part of their income thanks to their service at auctions.

Thomsen’s main interest was undoubtedly medieval numismatics, and his collection of European medieval coins was really, so-to-say, all embra-cing. Many of the coins were acquired through exchanges with foreign numismatists, Thomsen often being the one who approached his fellow-collectors with offers and requests. The catalogue of the medieval part of his collection has three parts and 12,683 nos., selected coins are illus-trated on 14 lithographic plates, and the catalogues were published in the years 1873, 1874 and 1876. [11] The author was actually the young historian Kristian Erslev (1852-1930), who in due time was going to be the doyen of Danish historians. We shall return to the medieval collection later on. The importance of this catalogue can be illustrated by the fact that the 19 coins of the Pomeranian king Boguslaw I (1180-87), which are found here (nos. 7413-31) help in reconstructing the otherwise unknown hoard, which is called ‘the hoard of Thomsen’, and which is supposed to have been found either in Pomerania or in Brandenburg c. 1830. [12]

Thomsen had a wide European network, acquired through exchange of letters and frequent travels abroad, as well as visitors to Copenhagen. Sometimes the letters contain special numismatic essays or papers. In some cases such letters were published in the numismatic journals of the time, e.g. in the 2. Series of the Revue de la Numismatique belge (RNB). [13] These letters were addressed to Ch. Piot, one of the editors of this Revue.

The first letter was partly inspired by the great hoard from Enner, Eastern Jutland, 1849. It had two coins from the Flemish count Baudouin IV, which entered the trays of the Royal Cabinet of Coins and Medals. At the

[11] Catalogue etc. II partie. Les monnaies du moyen-âge, 1-3, 356, 318 and 288 p., Copen-hague 1873, 1874 and 1876, 14 plates.

[12] H. Dannenberg, Münzgeschichte Pommerns im Mittelalter, Berlin 1893, p. 11-12, p. 27-28 and plate 1, 8-14; Ryszard Kiersnowski, ‘Denary zachodnio-pomorskie z drugiej polowy xii wieku’, Wiadomosci Numizmatyczne, 4, Warszawa 1960, p. 209-232, espe-cially p. 211-212 and p. 220-224; short summary in English.

[13] RNB, 2ème série, vol. i, v, and vi, 1851, 1855-56. ‘Lettre de M. le chevalier Thomsen, concernant des monnaies de Baudouin IV, comte de Flandre, et autres’, vol. i, 1851, p. 81-85; ‘Lettre sur des pièces [qui] sont des copies de copies des monnaies si con-nues et frappées par Charlemagne à Dorstad’, vol. v, 1855, p. 297-300 et pl. vi, fig. 7; ‘L,esterling de Jean de Flandre’, vol. vi, 1856, p. 104-107 et pl. vi, fig.2.


same time Thomsen published five coins from his own cabinet. [14] The editor made an introductory note excusing the indiscretion of publishing this, hoping that Thomsen would forgive him. We understand that the importance of this communication and the European reputation of its author made it in some way a duty for the editor to publish it.

The main part of the second letter has a discussion by Thomsen of the degenerated Dorestad coins of Charlemagne. It was called forward by a short editorial comment by the president of the Belgian Numismatic Society, R. Chalon, to a drawing of a coin found near Gdansk (Danzig) and sent by the Belgian consul in this town. It was offered as a riddle to the readers of the Belgian journal, [15] but today we would follow the classifi-cation by the Swedish numismatist Brita Malmer and place it as Malmer kg 9. Thomsen comments that the finds in the Scandinavian countries prove that these coins are from the 9th or the following century. Such a great degeneration could not have happened at once, but slowly and gra-dually. The Dorestad coins were well known in Germany, Poland and in Scandinavia. Thomsen does not know where the degenerated copies were made, but the original type was certainly from Dorestad. Thomsen then asks if such coins also were found in the regions of the readers? To avoid misunderstanding Thomsen enclosed a drawing, which shows another coin of the ‘degenerated Dorestad’ type, which Brita Malmer more than a hundred years afterwards classified as kg 2. This group is rather small, but thanks to the good quality of the drawing which Thomsen forwarded, and the quality of Brita Malmer’s drawing, the coin can be identified as having been found at Jæren, Rogaland, Norway in the 1850’s. [16] Today the coins usually are classified according to the system of Brita Malmer, which she developed in her great book from 1966. [17] According to her book, the coin, kg 2, can be dated after c. 840, while the coin of her type kg 9b is dated from c. 975. Brita Malmer later on (2002) proposed a some-what earlier date and Jens Christian Moesgaard agreed: ‘An introduction of this type to the late 960s – or 970 at the very latest – thus seems secure’ [18] The coins are usually believed to have their origin at Hedeby

[14] They remained in Thomsen’s medieval collection, see Catalogue etc. II partie, 1, 1873, p. 312, nos. 3694-3699. In the American edition, 1992 (see n. 35), the coins are found at p. 286; both versions of the catalogue have Baudouin IV (988-1036), duke of Brabant. In the addendum to the American edition the editors cautiously comment the descrip-tion of nos. 3694-3699 ‘Possibly correct, but unverified’, p. 340. In the Atlas der mun-ten van België, Herent 1996, p. 112-113, Boudewijn IV (989-1036) is, however, placed as a count of Flanders.

[15] RNB, 2ème série, 1854, p. 472 and plate xx, 3. [16] Brita Malmer, Nordiska mynt före år 1000, Lund-Bonn 1966, p. 283, find 113. The find is

dated after 840 (ibid. p.202). [17] See reference above. [18] Jens Christian Moesgaard, King Harold’s Cross Coinage, The National Museum, Copen-

hagen 2015, p. 58.


(Haithabu). Thanks to more than a hundred years of research, the more recent classification of today is much more precise than at the times of Thomsen. His letter is illustrating the gradual steps of research in this difficult field of Nordic numismatics at the same time placing Thomsen as a precursor in the early studies.

In the third letter Thomsen discusses some of the many imitations of Edwardian sterlings from the last decades of the 13th and first half of the 14th century. The inspiration came from a note by Ch. Piot on the sterling by John of Flanders (d. 1323), struck at Arleux, in the previous volume of the Revue, to which Thomsen had supplied the relevant drawing. [19] Now Thomsen is discussing the various ways in which the inscriptions could be read. I think Thomsen seems to have wanted to indicate that the sterling imitations in question were issued by John the Blind, King of Bohemia and count of Luxembourg, who was killed at the battle of Crécy 1346. This is the same attribution, which Nicholas Mayhew gave in his standard book on the sterling imitations. [20]

Thanks to the help of Dr. Vitaly Kalinin, director of the Numismatic Department of the State Hermitage in St. Peterburg, I was able to publish the letters exchanged between Reichel and Thomsen in the long period between 1821 and 1855. In one of them, written 3 February 1835, Thomsen argued that a series of Russian gold coins in the Royal Danish cabinet had their origin from the first visit to Moscow of Valdemar Christian (1622-56), a son of Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway. The visit took place in the years 1641-42. The arguments of Thomsen appear completely convin-cing, and they are now published in the series of letters exchanged between Reichel and Thomsen. Thanks to a translation by Dr. Tatyana Smekalova the results were also made accessible to Russian numismatists. [21]

The relations between Thomsen and Swedish researchers were very im-portant. Thomsen expected much from Sven Hylander (1797-1825), but the expectations were not fulfilled due to his early death. But soon a contact was established with Bror Emil Hildebrand (1806-84), and this relation was of long duration. Hildebrand was prepared to learn from Thomsen’s experience, not only in numismatics, but also in general about

[19] Ch. Piot, ‘Un sterling frappé à Arleux par Jean de Flandre, RNB, 2ème série, vol. 5,

p. 425-427, pl. xix, 4. [20] N.J. Mayhew, Sterling Imitations of Edwardian Type. Royal Numismatic Society, London

1983, p.106, no. 263 a-b. [21] J. Steen Jensen (ed.), ‘Christian Jürgensen Thomsen og Jakob Reichel – en numismatisk

og etnografisk brevveksling mellem København og Sankt Petersborg 1821-1855’, 1-2, Danske Magazin, 9. series, vol. 1, fasc. 3-4, 2002-04, pp. 391-475 and 541-607, es-pecially pp. 465-467. In Russian in Numizm. Sbornik, XV, Moskva 2001, pp. 232-237. (= Trudy GIM, vol. 125); in the exhibition catalogue of the State Hermitage, V.A. Kalinin and others (ed.), Jakob Reichel’ ... 1780-1856, St. Petersburg 2003, the relations between Thomsen and Reichel are mentioned at several places in the introduction, e.g. p. 24 and 45 and pp. 77-82.


museum exhibitions and research. Soon after Thomsen’s death Hilde-brand, who at the time was State Antiquarian in Stockholm, saw to it that all his own letters were taken to Stockholm to avoid that confidential ma-terial should be abused by his enemies. Today both the letters of Thomsen and of Hildebrand are in the ata-archive of the State Historical Museum, Stockholm. They were used as one of the bases of the thesis for the doctorate by Bengt Hildebrand about Thomsen and his learned relations in Sweden 1816-37. [22] The Thomsen-Hildebrand material was the basis for several papers by Ian Wiséhn, formerly director of the Royal Coin Ca-binet in Stockholm, and the late professor Mats P. Malmer actually pre-pared an edition of the letters. His material is now deposited in the Uni-versity Library of Lund. [23]

In most cases the letters are still awaiting their editor. This is e.g. the case with the letters exchanged between Thomsen and the German researcher G.C. Friedrich Lisch, Schwerin (1801-83). [24],[25]

Also Thomsen’s relations to Norwegian numismatists have caught the attention of later generations. A collection of typewritten copies of letters was at some time found at The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals. They caught my attention. It was evident that Hans Holst, formerly keeper of the University Coin Cabinet in Oslo (1927-56), had taken care of having them transcribed. Dr. Kolbjørn Skaare, at the time director in Oslo, pre-pared the manuscripts for publication and made indexes of persons and finds mentioned in the letters. Most of the letters were between Thomsen and the orientalist, professor Christopher Andreas Holmboe (1796-1882), who was a director of the University Coin Cabinet in Oslo 1830-76. [26]. The letters cover a period of 35 years, 1828-63, and Kolbjørn Skaare made in all respects a good editorial work. [27]

[22] B. Hildebrand, C.J. Thomsen och hans lärda förbindelser i Sverige 1816-1837. Bidrag till den nordiska forn- och hävdaforskningens historia, I-II, Stockholm 1937-38, 835 p.; I. Wiséhn, ‘C.J. Thomsen och B.E. Hildebrand 1838-1865’, Aarbøger … 1988 (cf. n. 2), p. 113-128. English summary.

[23] Note in the NNUM 2015/2, p. 56 about the personal archives of Brita Malmer and Mats P. Malmer.

[24] Elizabeth Andre, Brigitta Steinbruch and Karl-Heinz Steinbruch (bearbeitet von), G.C. Friedrich Lisch. Schweriner Nachlass und Briefe in auswärtigen Institutionen. Findbücher, Inventare und kleine Schriften des Landeshauptarchivs Schwerin, vol. 7, Schwe-rin 2001, p. 155; personal index p. 226.

[25] The curator Victor Hermansen (1894-1960) was preparing a book about Thomsen when he died; his material was given by his widow, Inger Hermansen, to The Royal Library in Copenhagen, cf. Birgitte Possing & Bruno Svindborg, Det Kongelige Biblioteks Hånd-skriftafdeling. Erhvervelser 1924-1987. Vejledning i benyttelse, vol. 1, Copenhagen 1995, p. 290. Ny Kgl. Samling, 4546, 4o. ‘Victor Hermansen, Efterladt materiale til en bio-grafi om Christian Jürgensen Thomsen’.

[26] At the time Oslo was called Christiania. [27] Kolbjørn Skaare, ‘Korrespondanse mellom C.J. Thomsen og C.A. Holmboe’, Nordisk

Numismatisk Årsskrift 1987-88, p. 5-106; English summary, p. 98-100.


Peter Berghaus (1919-2013) was especially engaged in medieval numis-matics and he was also much interested in the history of numismatics. He had often occupied himself with Hermann Grote (1802-95), a rather sin-gular person, who lived as an eremite and appears to have had difficulties in maintaining social contacts. But he was a busy publisher, both of jour-nals and of his own studies. Thomsen was in contact with him in two periods, first a direct contact during four years (1835-39) and later on, in the last ten years of his life, an indirect contact via the publisher of Grote, Fritz Hahn. In his first letter Thomsen had sent him three plates from his private ‘Cabinet d’ignorance’, i.e. medieval coins from his own collection which Thomsen was not able to identify convincingly himself. He was, however, somewhat surprised when Grote published the plates with his own comments! [28]

Thomsen was also in contact with another German numismatist, Hermann Dannenberg (1824-1905), who got a much greater importance thanks to his four volumes Die deutschen Münzen der sächsischen und fränkischen Kaiser-zeit, 1876-1905. [29] In the introduction to the first volume Dannenberg expresses his hope that his book will encourage more attention to the im-portance of coin hoards, a fact to which Thomsen repeatedly had drawn the attention. [30] It might be added that it was not only in oral communi-cation or via letters, but it was also in Thomsen’s part of the now classical guide to Nordic antiquarianism, published in Danish and German by the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries. [31]

Now we shall return to the medieval collection of Thomsen, according to his catalogue of 12,683 coins. [32] Thomsen had provided that after his death Danish coins from his private collection were going to be given to the Royal Cabinet, if they were lacking in its holdings. They were probably acquired by him before he got his appointment as a curator. But the coins should be included in the great catalogue of his collection, which he also provided for. In this way 114 Danish medieval and modern coins were added to the Royal Collection of Coins and Medals. [33] Thanks to the energy of Thomsen’s former assistant C.F. Herbst the substantial amount of 15,000 rigsdaler (c. £ 1,675) was collected from 39 nobles and land pro-

[28] Peter Berghaus, ‘Christian Jürgensen Thomsen und Hermann Grote’, ANOH 1988, p. 129-140.

[29] J. Steen Jensen, ‘Hermann Dannenberg und Christian Jürgensen Thomsen’, in P. Berg-haus and others (ed.), Commentationes Numismaticae 1988. Festgabe für Gert und Vera Hatz, Hamburg 1988, p. 9-17.

[30] ‘… nachdem schon Thomsen wiederholt auf die Wichtigkeit der Münzfunde hingewie-sen hat.’, H. Dannenberg, Die deutschen Münzen…, vol. 1, Berlin 1876, p. vii.

[31] Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed, Copenhagen 1836, p. 80-86, especially p. 81; German translation, Leitfaden zur Nordischen Altertumskunde, Copenhagen 1837, p. 82-88.

[32] Kirsten-Elizabeth Høgsbro, ‘Thomsen, Herbst og Erslev’, NNUM 1991/5, p. 78-88. [33] Protocol of Donations no. 752.


prietors. This amount was used to buy the medieval collection from Thom-sen’s estate; afterwards it was presented to The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals. [34] This donation was given with the provision (according to Thomsen’s will) that the Cabinet would prepare a catalogue in French with a description of every coin and with illustrations of those which had not been seen before. In this way the catalogue would be a manual for collec-tors of medieval coins. When this was completed, then Thomsen’s collec-tion could be included in the Royal Cabinet. The work was started by C.F. Herbst, the assistant keeper, but he was not able to finish it. Instead, in 1871, the job was assigned to Kristian Erslev, at the time a student of 19 years of age. The catalogue was printed in three parts from 1873 to 1876. From September 22, 1876 onward the duplicate coins were sold by the Ca-binet at a public auction. [35]

The Thomsen coins are an important part of The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals of today. As an illustration I can mention that the present-day Spanish medieval collection (Christian part of Spain, 11th to 16th century) holds 369 coins of which 145 are from the Thomsen collection. The Portu-guese medieval collection has 102 coins, 47 of which originate from Thomsen. Or, in other words, nearly 40% of the Spanish and c. 45% of the Portuguese medieval coins have entered the trays of The Danish National Museum thanks to Christian Jürgensen Thomsen’s gift! [36]

The catalogue of medieval coins was sold from the Royal Collection of Coins and Medals until the middle of the 20th century, when the stock ran out. At the time when the English edition was under preparation I prepared a list of Thomsen coins, which are found in the relevant part of the Royal Collection of Coins and Medals today. [37] It appears that among the 4,124 coins in the first part of the medieval catalogue, 2,738 are found in the trays, that is approximately 66.4%. Of these coins there are 149 pieces which are probably from Thomsen’s original collection (according to a reference copy of the catalogue), without this fact being corroborated from indications on the tickets. Perhaps more coins of this category may be found, bringing the total of this group up to 282 from this part of the

[34] Protocol of Donations no. 612; the Collection got its present name in 1867. [35] The previous paragraph is more or less identical to part of my introduction (p. xiv-xv)

to the English translation of the first volume of Thomsen’s medieval catalogue, which was due to the initiative of Alex G. Malloy, Medieval coins in the Christian J. Thomsen collection. I: Byzantine, Dark Ages, Crusader, Islamic, England, Serbia, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France and the Low Countries, Attic Books, South Salem, New York, 1992, 390 p. with 22 photographic plates. Important notes and indexes were added by Alan M. Stahl and Allen G. Berman.

[36] J. Steen Jensen, ‘The Danish numismatist Christian Jürgensen Thomsen and the for-mation of the ancient and medieval Iberian collection of coins in the Danish National Museum’, in M.G. Marques & D.M. Metcalf (ed.), Problems of Medieval Coinage in the Iberian Area, 3, Santarém 1988, p. 569-578, especially p. 575.

[37] The publication mentioned in n. 35, p. 342-348.


Thomsen catalogue. The catalogue has an important addendum, covering new or changed attributions to several of the coins. Two American numis-matists, Alan M. Stahl and Allen G. Berman, put this condensed result of more than a century of numismatic studies at the disposition of the readers of the catalogue from 1993. [38]

Thomsen never married, but he must have had an overwhelming energy, which is demonstrated through his work in his various fields. In 1992 when the National Museum was reopened after restauration with a consi-derably modernized exhibition, my late colleague and namesake, Dr. Jør-gen Jensen (1936-2008) published a great book about Thomsen and the National Museum. [39] Here the author deals with most of the fields, which are part of the present National Museum, but not numismatics! The readers of the Compte-Rendu may already know of Thomsen’s interest in coin hoards and coin finds, a fact which made him famous all over Europe. But he was also a pioneer in archaeology, he proposed i.a. a relative chro-nology of the Danish neolithicum and the bronze ages, and the results of his studies were reflected in the showcases of his exhibitions at the mu-seum. And the Ethnographic Museum which Thomsen opened in the middle of the 19th century had also pioneering exhibitions. [40]

So in conclusion we may say that Thomsen was an excellent representa-tive of the cultural life in the golden cultural age of Copenhagen, the first half of the 19th century.

[38] As above, p. 325-341. [39] Jørgen Jensen, Thomsens museum: historien om Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen, Gyldendal,

1992, 432 p. [40] Jørgen Steen Jensen, ‘Christian Jürgensen Thomsen og Etnografisk Samling, set fra

Sankt Petersborg’, Jordens Folk, vol. 34.3, Etnografisk Samling i 150 år, p. 17-20, De-cember 1999.

NUMISMATIC COLLECTIONS

Kenneth A. Sheedy

AUSTRALIAN NUMISMATIC COLLECTIONS

New South Wales

1. Australian Centre for Ancient Numismatic Studies (acans), Macquarie University. Ancient coins (notably the Gale Collection of coins from South

Italy, Roman Republic and Hadrian).

2. Nicholson Museum, University of Sydney. Ancient Coins

3. Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (maas; formerly known as the Powerhouse Museum; the numismatic collection once held by the Austra-

lian Museum). Ancient coins; Australian and world coins, medals and

badges.

4. State Library of New South Wales. Mitchell and Dixson collections of

Australian numismatic material.

Victoria

1. The Ian Potter Museum of Arts, University of Melbourne. Ancient coins.

2. Museum Victoria. Ancient coins; Australian and world coins, medals

and badges (notably the collection of the Melbourne branch of the Royal

Mint).

Tasmania

1. The John Elliott Classics Museum, University of Tasmania. Ancient

coins.

2. Tasmania Museum and Art Gallery. Ancient coins; Australian and world

coins, medals and badges.

South Australia

1. Art Gallery of South Australia. Ancient coins; Australian and world

coins, medals and badges.

2. University of Adelaide. Department of Classics, Archaeology and An-

cient History. Ancients (small collection).

42 kenneth a. sheedy

Western Australia

1. Western Australian Museum (Maritime Museum). 16th-18th century Euro-

pean silver coins from shipwrecks.

Queensland

1. University of Queensland. Antiquities Museum. Ancients (small collection).

Australian Capital Territory. Canberra

1. Royal Australian Mint. National Coin Collection. Australian and world

coin collection (notably the coins, dies and archives of the ram).

Background

Australia was colonized by Britain in 1788 and the Commonwealth of Aus-

tralia was established in 1901. The early growth of educational institutions

and museums was modest, but the population was small (by 1970 it had

reached only 12.5 million). Australian libraries and museums developed

without the assistance of those royal and aristocratic collections which,

during the 18th century, passed into the public domain in Europe. Austra-

lian colonial art collectors, private and public, usually had a taste for

copies. [1] If they were at all interested in ancient coins, for example, they

were likely to purchase electrotypes of famous examples held in the British

Museum rather than originals of lesser significance. [2] In the late 19th and

20th centuries there were some notable efforts to build collections of

Australian numismatic items together with contemporary material (mostly

from Britain and its former colonies) by the Melbourne branch of the

Royal Mint and by a small group of private collectors (such as Mitchell

and Dixson) and these passed to libraries and museums. The collections of

Australian universities typically had their origins in small scale teaching

collections of ‘ancients’. Outside of those collections largely made up of

material created in Australia or of world coins and medals of the 19th and

20th centuries, we might note only two important collections: the Maritime

Museum of Western Australia and the Gale Collections at the Australian

Centre for Ancient Numismatic Studies.

J.J.E. von Guerard, the first Master of Painting at the National School of Art

in Melbourne also became the first curator of the numismatic collection of

Victoria’s Public Library in 1871. [3] He produced a three volume catalogue

[1] Alison Inglis, “A Mania for Copies”. In: A. Galbally & A. Inglis with C. Downer &

T. Lane, The First Collections. The Public Library and the National Gallery of Victoria in the

1850s and 1860s. Melbourne, 1992, p. 31-37. [2] Alison Inglis, “Coins, Medals and Impressions of Seals”. In: Galbally & Inglis, op.

cit., p. 93-98. [3] John Sharples, “The Numismatic Collection of the Museum of Victoria”, Journal of the

Numismatic Association of Australia vol. 2 (1986), pp.37-52. K.A. Sheedy, “Ancient coins

australian numismatic collections 43

of his own collection (unpublished but held by the Library). [4] In 1881 von

Guerard sold his coins to the Public Library of Victoria; the Library’s col-

lection now rose to a total of 3,387 pieces (1,171 of which were ancient).

Although usually modest in value, von Guerard’s ancient coins evidently

constitute the first collection of antiquities to reach the colonies; it was

certainly the first to be recorded, though it was soon overtaken by the

much more impressive collection of Charles Nicholson, acquired during a

grand tour in 1856-7 and presented to the University of Sydney in 1860 (it

had few if any coins). It went against Museum policy, however, which was

to buy replicas; the early administrators of the Library had been urged by

Professor McCoy of Melbourne University to purchase ‘sulphur casts of

the great European collections of coins for historical study’, and among

the first purchases (10th April 1862) were casts of Roman coins. [5]

There were some important private collections but the great majority were

later sold. The most significant was J.R.B. Stewart’s collection of medieval

Cypriot coins, arguably the finest in the world for this topic. James Stewart

(1913-1962) was the Edwin Cuthbert Hall professor of Middle Eastern ar-

chaeology at the University of Sydney. [6] For many years he laboured over

a study of Lusignan history and coinage covering the years 1192-1474,

eventually published by the Bank of Cyprus in 2001. [7] At the time of his

death he had amassed a collection in excess of 1,500 Lusignan coins; this

was in large part due to his purchase of specimens from four important

hoards found on Cyprus. [8] Stewart died in 1962 at the age of 48. He was

arguably the first important Australian numismatist but in reviewing the

2001 publication, D.M. Metcalf noted that his work showed signs of ‘nu-

mismatic isolation’. [9] The greater part of Stewart’s medieval Cypriot

collection is today shared by the Fitzwilliam and Ashmolean Museums.

More recently (2014), the important ancient numismatic collection of the

Museum of Old and Modern Art in Hobart, Tasmania, was sold by its

owner David Walsh (Numismatica Ars Classica Sale 77).

for the colonies: Hellenism and the history of numismatic collections in Australia”,

Modern Greek Studies (Australia and New Zealand) Special edition, 2012, pp. 109-122. [4] Sharples, op. cit., p. 39. [5] A. Inglis in Galbally & Inglis, op. cit. (n. 2), p. 93. [6] C.E. Blunt, “Jim Stewart as I knew him”. In: J.R. Stewart, Lusignan Cyprus and its

Coinage. Nicosia: Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, 2002, p. xxxi-xl. See also R.S.

Merrillees, “Professor James R. Stewart, Near Eastern Archaeologist”, Ancient Society:

Resources for Teachers, vol. 14, no 1, 1984, p. 17 and R.S. Merrillees, “The Ordeal of

Shaving in a Frozen Lake, Professor J.R. Stewart and the Swedish Cyprus Expedition”.

In P. Åström et al., The Fantastic Years on Cyprus. Jonsered, Sweden, 1994. [7] J.R. Stewart, Lusignan Cyprus and its Coinage. Nicosia: Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foun-

dation, 2002. [8] D.M. Metcalf, “The Making of a Numismatic Monograph”. In: J.R. Stewart, op. cit.,

p. xi-xxix. [9] Ibid., p. xxiii.


Few Australian numismatics collections have published their holdings,

but digitization programs are underway and it is hoped that a significant

amount of material will be available online within the next decade. With

the exception of the collection now held by Museum Victoria and more

recently the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (though today both are

without curators), few Australian libraries, museums and universities have

employed professional numismatic curators; most have relied on honorary

staff (or teaching staff in the universities).

Australian Coins, Medals and Tokens

The numismatic collection of Museum Victoria, formerly held by the

Science Museum of Victoria, contains the collections of the State Library

of Victoria, the National Gallery of Victoria and especially the valuable and

historically important collection and records of the Melbourne branch of

the Royal Mint (which was built up by men such as A.M. le Soeuff, the

Deputy Mint Master). The history of the collection is recorded by its last

curator, Mr John Sharples. [10] The Museum Victoria collection, the best

general numismatic holdings in Australia, is very largely unpublished; it

consists primarily of Australian, British and British Colonial coins, medals

and tokens from the 19th and 20th centuries. Alfred Chitty was instrumental

in attracting a number of significant donations, including the Alexander

Isaacson collection of British war and Napoleonic medals. Museum Victoria

holds an important collection of British hammered coins, largely acquired

through the Felton Bequest. The Australian numismatic holdings of the

State Library of nsw comes from the bequests of two notable local Sydney collectors, David Scott Mitchell (1836-1907) and Sir William Dixson (1870-

1952). These very largely unpublished and inaccessible collections are now

being digitally recorded. The Art Gallery of South Australia also holds an

important Australian collection; perhaps the most interesting element lies

with the dies and products of the Adelaide Assay Office (fig. 1).

Fig. 1 – Joshua Payne, die-sinker and stamper, born Britain 1810, arrived Australia c.1849, died Adelaide 1889 Adelaide Assay Office ingot, 1852, Adelaide, gold, irregular rectangle, 4.2×2.8 cm uniface.

Purchase 1912, Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide

[10] Sharples, op. cit., p. 37-52.


The collection of the Australian Museum in Sydney was transferred to the

Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (maas) which holds a significant Australian and world currency collection that includes part of the collection

of D.S. Mitchell (originally given to the Australian Museum in 1935-37).

The Royal Australian Mint (Canberra) is currently developing a numismatic

collection around its own archives and products.

Spanish American and European 16thththth-18thththth century silver coins

The Western Australian Museum (Department of Maritime Archaeology)

holds over 50,000 silver coins, mostly from three ships belonging to the

Dutch East India Company wrecked along the Western Australian coast

during the 17th and 18th centuries, the Vergulde Draeck, Batavia ( fig. 2) and

Zuytdorp, but also a substantial number from the Rapid (a Boston trader)

and the Correio da Asia (a Portuguese mail ship). [11]

Fig. 2

The importance of this collection stems from the context in which the

coins were found. For example, some 10,000 silver coins were recovered

from the wreck of the Batavia which sank in 1629, containing mostly

German thalers and Dutch daalders, but also some fractional thalers and

daalders not to be found in many European collections. The identification

[11] This section was written with the assistance of the museum’s honorary curator, Prof.

Walter Bloom.


of the Zuytdorp was based largely on the coins found on the wreck, in

particular the two stuiver and schellingen (six stuiver) pieces of 1711 from

the Middelburg Mint in Zeeland as the ship contained the entire mintages

of these (previously unknown) pieces. The Museum has an online data-

base of wrecks (http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/maritime-archaeology-

db/wrecks) and an online database with currently over 1,000 coins: http://

www.museum.wa.gov.au/maritime-archaeology-db/numismatics which is

being added to gradually

Ancient Numismatics

A small but interesting teaching collection of ancient coins (approx. 300)

was largely created for the University of Melbourne by Charles Seltman

between 1927 and 1930. An collection of 173 Greek, 47 Roman Republican

and 278 Roman Imperial coins at the John Elliott Classics Museum, Uni-

versity of Tasmania, a collection mostly bought by Eliot in 1959 and typi-

cal of many unpublished small ancient coin collections in Australian uni-

versities, has been fully published by K.H. Waters. [12] The 1972 donation

from the estate of Lord Talbot de Malahide (Ireland), added interesting

examples of Greek, Roman (gold), Indo-Scythian, Indian and English coins

to the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (all unpublished). The Nicholson

Museum at the University of Sydney also has ancient coin holdings, in

good part derived from the donation of the Triggs collection in 1938. [13]

A.B. Triggs (1868-1936) commissioned a printed catalogue (unfortunately

unillustrated) in 1924 from Spink & Son, probably the main source of his

material. [14] This was a noteworthy collection (with 149 Greek coins) but in

1962 the most important pieces were lost when the museum was robbed.

The most important collection of ancient coins in Australia is held by

Macquarie University. Dr William. L. Gale (1934-2007) was the key figure

in the emergence of ancient numismatics as a research focus supported by

Australian universities. [15] He was also the first major donor of Mediterra-

nean antiquities to an Australian institution since Nicholson in 1860. In

1999 Dr Gale provided the funds to establish an endowment at Macquarie

University in order to fund the Australian Centre for Ancient Numismatic

Studies (acans). At the same time he lent the Centre his collection of some 3,000 coins; this collection was given to the Centre after his death

[12] K.H. Waters, Greek Coins in the University of Tasmania. Hobart, 1981, and Roman Coins in

the University of Tasmania. Hobart 1982. [13] G.P. Walsh, “Triggs, Arthur Bryant (1868-1936)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography,

Vol. 12, p. 263-264. [14] Anon. Catalogue of a Collection of Greek, Roman and English Coins in the Possession of

A.B. Triggs – Yass, New South Wales. London, 1924. [15] K.A. Sheedy, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Australia I. Adelaide, 2008. K.A. Sheedy,

“Obituary W.L. Gale Founder of the Australian Centre for Ancient Numismatic Studies”,

Journal of the Numismatic Association of Australia 18, 2008, p. 58-60.


in 2007. Bill Gale’s undergraduate studies in ancient history at Macquarie

University gave him the knowledge necessary to build up a world class coin

collections in his chosen fields. A family fortune derived from property

development in Sydney gave him the means to purchase coins from

auctions and sales around the world. He confined his collecting efforts to

three areas that were linked by his passion for Italy. These were the Greek

cities of South Italy, Roman Republic Coinage and the issues of the Em-

peror Hadrian; each of the collections is of outstanding size and quality.

The coins from South Italy (a total of 1,267) were published in 2008 as

Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Australia I by the Centre’s first director,

Kenneth Sheedy. Gale himself published one small monograph on these

mints: The Sacred Tripod. Kroton and its Coins (Sydney 1995). The Republican

coins and those of Hadrian will be available online shortly. acans has con-tinued to build its collection and now has some 5,000 coins. It has obtained

a number of important pieces, such as this archaic Corinthian overstrike of

an Athenian Wappenmünzen didrachm with an obverse gorgon type (fig. 3).

Fig. 3

Paul Beliën

THE NETHERLANDS – VICISSITUDES OF A COLLECTION.

HOW THE MONEY MUSEUM BECAME THE DUTCH

‘NATIONAL NUMISMATIC COLLECTION’

The National Numismatic Collection now managed by De Nederlandsche Bank (dnb) in Amsterdam is the largest and most comprehensive numis-matic collection in the Netherlands. It contains some 350,000 coins, bank-notes, medals and other numismatic objects from across the world and dating from the seventh century bc to today, as well as an extensive numis-matic library comprising some 50,000 books, periodicals and auction catalogues.

Other important Dutch numismatic collections can be found at the Rijks-museum in Amsterdam, the Teylers Museum in Haarlem and various pro-vincial museums and archives. These collections, which often have a regional focus, are all considerably smaller and comprise only part of the total Dutch numismatic heritage. A list from 2002 showed there to be some 120 museums of varying sizes with public numismatic collections in the Netherlands.

In 1994 the Dutch parliament decided that the three most important numismatic collections in the country should merge. These were the collections of the Royal Coin Cabinet in Leiden, the Dutch Mint Museum in Utrecht and dnb’s numismatic department in Amsterdam. Ten long years later, in 2004, these organisations finally merged to create the Money Museum. Work then started on building a national numismatic and monetary history institute in Utrecht, which officially opened in 2007.

From then onwards, the Money Museum was assigned a role and tasks that were very different from those of its predecessors. Whereas the latter had focused primarily on numismatic knowledge and research, the Money Museum’s main focus was on monetary history and the role played by money in society, with academic research into the collection being shaped around these topics. The museum was also actively involved in financial education, mainly for school pupils. It was not until 2009 that this policy was changed and the museum’s own collection given a more prominent place in the temporary and permanent exhibitions.

However, even before the Money Museum had opened its doors, it had been plagued by a lack of funding, and that problem was never properly resolved. These structural deficits resulted in two restructurings; much of the Registration department was closed down in 2008, while the Collec-tions & Research department was largely disbanded in 2011, with only two

50 paul beliën

curators and one collection manager being retained. Ultimately, this structural lack of funding led to the Money Museum having to close in late 2013.

The urgent question that then had to be answered was: What to do with the very sizeable collections? The collections managed by the Money Museum are owned by various parties: the Ministry of Education, Culture & Science (in the case of the former Royal Coin Cabinet in Leiden), the Ministry of Finance (in the case of the former Dutch Mint Museum in Utrecht) and dnb in Amsterdam, while there were also sub-collections of varying sizes belonging to other parties (including private individuals, museums and the Dutch Royal Family) and that were held by the Money Museum under long-term loan agreements.

Ultimately it was decided that dnb would take on responsibility for the collections that had been managed by the Money Museum, with the result that the total collection was able to remain intact and moved to Amster-dam at the end of 2013. The entire numismatic part of the collection, in-cluding the library, was transferred to dnb in Amsterdam, while it was decided that the non-numismatic part of the collection (viz. the engraved gem stones) should be kept at the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden. As the collection is largely owned by the Dutch State and is the most important of its sort in the country, it was decided to rename it the Dutch National Numismatic Collection (nnc). The collection is currently managed by two full-time curators and two part-time collection mana-gers, with two part-time librarians available for the numismatic library.

As dnb does not have any exhibition space of its own and attaches great importance to the visibility of the collection, it is generous in its lending of items, with the result that many numismatic items have been or are on display at various institutions across the country. Considerable time and effort are also being devoted to digitising the collection so as to further increase its visibility. The collection is being digitised in phases; over the coming years, therefore, basic information on the items, along with digital images, will gradually be made available online and can then be viewed on the website. An important step in this process was taken in late 2015 with the launch of the online collection database. At the time, close to 20,000 records, including some with images, could be consulted online. The numbers are expected to increase rapidly in 2016, once the digitisa-tion plans start being implemented. Other means of communication, in-cluding Facebook, are also being used to increase awareness of the col-lection.

As a budget is now available, we can once again start acquiring items to enrich the collection when suitable opportunities arise. The first coins and banknotes have since been purchased, including a hoard, found in the Netherlands, of 180 Roman denarii and antoniniani from the mid-3rd c. These have been on display at the National Museum of Antiquities in

the dutch national numismatic collection 51

Leiden, where they attracted a great deal of attention from the national press, all of which has helped to substantially increase awareness of the collection.

As well as managing the collection, dnb has also been assigned another important statutory task: managing and maintaining numis, the Dutch coin finds database that contains information on some 275,000 coins and other numismatic objects, along with details of where they were found. Almost all the backlog in registering items that was caused by the expen-diture cuts imposed on the Money Museum has now been dealt with and staff are working hard to identify and register new finds. As well as the online collection database, numis, too, can now be consulted online. Al-though not all records are displayed, almost 55,000 of them have been online since late 2015. Their number will increase in 2016 as a result of new finds and because existing records that still need to be checked, tidied up and streamlined, will become available.

The information about the nnc that is currently available on the dnb website is limited. However, we are planning to increase this and provide new online pages containing more information on the collection, numis and the various services available.

In order to keep numismatics alive and to generate interest among a new generation of students, the author of this article lectures on numismatics and the history of money at Leiden University, as well as giving occasional guest lectures at other universities. These activities are proving success-ful, as evidenced by the numbers of students choosing to do an internship at the nnc during their degree and the graduation theses on topics of numismatic interest. It is these students who will be responsible for the collection and for passing on knowledge about it in the future. The most important thing now, however, is to make sure that the collection conti-nues to exist. And in that respect we firmly believe we are moving in the right direction.

ContactContactContactContact

• Website, online collection database and numis: http://www.dnb.nl/over-dnb/nationale-numismatische-collectie/ over-de-nnc/index.jsp

• For questions about the collection: [email protected] • For questions about the numismatic library:

[email protected]

Paul Beliën Curator National Numismatic Collection De Nederlandsche Bank, Amsterdam

52 paul beliën

Fig. 1 – The numismatic collection in boxes in Utrecht, ready to be moved to Amsterdam

Fig. 2 – The premises of De Nederlandsche Bank in Amsterdam

now also accommodating the Dutch National Numismatic Collection

and accompanying staff

OBITUARIES

Evgeny Zakharov

NINA ANDREEVNA FROLOVA (НИНА АНДРЕЕВНА ФРОЛОВА) (24/i/1936 – 20/x/2015)

Nina Frolova (at the Hermitage in 2010)

One of the famous Russian specialists in ancient Greek and Roman coinage,

curator of Classical and Byzantine coins in the State Historical Museum

(Moscow, Russia), Nina Andreevna Frolova died on October 20th, 2015.

54 evgeny zakharov

Nina Andreevna Frolova was born in Serpukhov in 1936. In 1960 she gra-

duated from the archaeological department of the Historical Faculty of

the Moscow State University. During these years she was studying ancient

history, classical archaeology and epigraphy under the guidance of the great

Russian archaeologists B.N. Grakov and V.D. Blavatsky. Thanks to them,

N.A. Frolova began to practice archaeology. Her thesis was devoted to the

study of the Kuban region based on the archaeological sources. Since that

time N.A. Frolova regularly took part in archaeological expeditions explor-

ing different Greek settlements in South Russia. This experience clearly

affected her study and interpretation of numismatic material, especially

coin hoards.

In 1960, Nina Andreevna Frolova became curator of Classical and Byzan-

tine coins at the State Historical Museum. From that time her life was

inextricably linked with the Museum and its collection. During those years

the Museum’s collection of Greek and Roman coins, one of the greatest

collections in Russia, was continually augmented by new coins and hoards

and systematized according to modern numismatic knowledge. In the

course of her work with the collection N.A. Frolova paid the most atten-

tion to the coins of Greek colonies in the Black Sea region, especially the

coinage of the Bosporus Kingdom.

In 1967 she wrote her PhD thesis ‘Coinage and monetary circulation of the

Bosporus in 69/69–210 ad’ under the scientific supervision of the famous

Russian numismatist D.B. Shelov. In 1960–1980 she published a series of

articles, with detailed studies of the coinage of the Bosporus Kings based

on her own catalogue of Bosporan coins from many collections, with the

analysis of coin dies and hoards. She was one of the first Russian scholars

who started to use numismatic sources for the reconstruction of the

history of the Bosporan Kingdom, its royal genealogy, the economic and

political relations between Bosporus and Rome as well as Chersonesus

Taurica. This work was generalized, translated into English and published

in Oxford in 1979 (‘The Coinage of the Kingdom of Bosporus ad 69–238’

(BAR IS 56)). Four years later the second volume of this study (‘The Coinage

of the Kingdom of Bosporus ad 242–341/342’ (BAR IS 166)) followed.

During these years N.A. Frolova worked with coins from museum collec-

tions of many South Russian cities (Odessa, Yalta, Kerch, Anapa etc.). She

also took part in archaeological excavations of the ancient Greek settle-

ments of Gorgippia and Phanagoria and published coin finds from these

sites.

In 1970–1990 N.A. Frolova studied the Coinage of the Bosporan Kingdom

of iii–iv c. ad, collecting new numismatic material, comprising all new

coin hoards from ancient settlements of the Crimea and Taman peninsula.

As a result, she corrected dates of many Bosporan coin issues, the most

important of which was the date of the last Bosporan coins. In 1985 she

defended her doctoral dissertation ‘Coinage of the Bosporus of the first

nina andreevna frolova (1936-2015) 55

centuries ad’. That work was devoted to the history of Late Bosporan

coinage and a Corpus of the coins from archaeological excavations and

many Russian, European and American collections supplemented by

metrological data and die studies. It was published in Russia in 1997

(‘Монетное дело Боспора (середина i в. до н.э. - середина iv в. н.э.) -

Coinage of the Bosporus (from the middle of the i c. bc to the middle of

the iv c. ad)’).

At the end of the 1980s N.A. Frolova worked on the study of problems of

Bosporan coinage of vi–i c. bc. She explored early coinage of Pantica-

paeum, Phanagoria, Theodosia and Nymphaeus. In 1996 she published

the first corpus of the Sindian coins. That work was summarized in a fun-

damental monograph ‘Die frühe Münzprägung vom Kimmerischen Bos-

poros (Mitte 6. bis Anfang 4. Jh. v. Chr.). Die Münzen der Städte Panti-

kapaion, Theodosia, Nymphaion und Phanagoria sowie der Sinder’, which

was published in 2004 in Berlin.

Further study of Bosporan coinage dwelled upon an attempt to solve pro-

blems of monetary circulation of iv–i c. bc. The exploration and publica-

tion of the hoard from the Polyanka settlement played an important role

as it gave additional information on the problem of coin organization in

the Mithridatic period. As a result the joint work of N.A. Frolova and

S. Ireland ‘The Coinage of the Bosporan Kingdom from the First Century bc

to the First Century ad’ (BAR IS 1102) was published in 2002.

As a Curator of the State Historical museum N.A. Frolova paid a lot of

attention to publishing the collection of Classical and Byzantine coins. In

the last 20 years she published a large collection of coins of Tyras, Olbia

and Chersonesus Taurica, the catalogue of gold coins from the collection

of the State Historical museum and a collection of Roman coins.

The scientific activity of N.A. Frolova was organized in accordance with the

best traditions of Russian classical numismatics initiated by A.V. Oresh-

nikov, A.N. Zograf, D.B. Shelov and K.V. Golenko. She generously shared

her experience with colleagues and was extremely helpful. N.A. Frolova

was a very communicative person. She regularly took part in Russian and

international numismatic conferences. In 2009, at the 14th International

Numismatic Congress that took place in Glasgow, she was elected an

honorary member of the International Numismatic Council.

In the hearts of her friends and colleagues Nina Andreevna Frolova will

always be one of the greatest Russian scholars of the old school as well as

a very supportive person who kept the best traditions of Russian spiritual

culture.

Bernward Ziegaus

HANS-JÖRG KELLNER (1920-2015)

Hans-Jörg Kellner (um 1989) Foto aus Privatbesitz

hans-jörg kellner (1920-2015) 57

Am 25. Juni 2015 verstarb im Alter von vierundneunzig Jahren der Ar-chäologe und Numismatiker Hans-Jörg Kellner. In den folgenden Erinne-rungen an ihn sollen vor allem seine Veröffentlichungen zur Fundnumis-matik gewürdigt werden, wenngleich er auch zahlreiche archäologische Beiträge verfasst hat. Die Forschungsbereiche Numismatik und Archäologie sah Kellner stets als zusammengehörig an, indem er Fundmünzen immer in ihrem archäologischen Kontext und nie ausschließlich als Kunst- oder Sammelobjekte betrachtete.

Hans-Jörg Kellner wurde am 3. Dezember 1920 als Sohn des Bankange-stellten Max Kellner und seiner Frau Gertrud in München geboren. Bereits im Alter von 16 Jahren besuchte er erstmals die Staatliche Münzsamm-lung München, da er eine kleine Kollektion von Münzen geschenkt be-kommen hatte, über die er mehr erfahren wollte. Der in der Staatlichen Münzsammlung für die mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Münzen zu-ständige Konservator Dr. Hans Gebhart gab ihm anlässlich seines Besu-ches nicht nur gute Ratschläge zu seinen Stücken, sondern legte ihm nahe, Mitglied in der Bayerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft (bng) zu werden. Über diese ersten numismatischen Erfahrungen in den 1930er Jahren berichtete Kellner vor einigen Jahren im Numismatischen Nachrich-tenblatt (NNB) 62, 10/2013, S. 365–367. Die Zugehörigkeit zur Bayerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft war – mit Ausnahme der Unterbrechung durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg und die anschließende Gefangenschaft – von überaus langer Dauer und währte über 78 Jahre lang. Als Schriftleiter war er von 1961 bis 1974 für das Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte (JNG) tätig, hatte von 1968 bis 1971 den Vorsitz in der Bayerischen Numis-matischen Gesellschaft inne und war dann lange Jahre im Vorstand und zuletzt als Beisitzer der Gesellschaft aktiv. 2013 wurde er schließlich zum Ehrenvorsitzenden der Bayerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft ernannt.

Als Verfasser von mehr als zwei Dutzend Aufsätzen, zahlreichen Buch-besprechungen und Nachrufen auf numismatische Weggefährten im JNG veröffentlichte er im Zeitraum von 1952 bis 2013 immer wieder bemer-kenswerte Beiträge. Dabei befassten sich seine Veröffentlichungen mit unterschiedlichen Epochen der Geldgeschichte. Vornehmlich waren es je-doch solche zur keltischen und römischen Numismatik sowie anfänglich und zuletzt in besonderem Maß zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Münzgeschichte.

Nach dem Abitur war vorerst nicht an ein Studium zu denken, denn das Ableisten des Arbeitsdienstes sowie eines auf zwei Jahre verlängerten Wehrdienstes und der Zweite Weltkrieg verhinderten dies. Nach vierjähriger Gefangenschaft kehrte er 1947 schließlich nach München heim. 1949 be-gann er ein Studium an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in den Fächern Philosophie, Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Numismatik, Epigra-phik, Historische Hilfswissenschaften und Bayerische Landesgeschichte. In der Zeit von 1950 bis 1955 erarbeitete er eine ganze Reihe von Bestands-

58 bernward ziegaus

katalogen zu römischen Fundmünzen, die damals in vielen bayerischen Museen nur unzureichend dokumentiert waren. 1953 schloss er in München sein Promotionsstudium bei Prof. Joachim Werner mit der Dissertation Die römischen Fundmünzen aus dem nördlichen Teil von Raetien ab. Diese Arbeit bildete zugleich den Grundstein für die von Hans Gebhart und Konrad Kraft angeregte und 1960 ins Leben gerufene Publikationsreihe Die Fundmünzen der Römischen Zeit in Deutschland (FMRD). Schon zuvor hatten nicht nur Hans Gebhart, sondern auch Kellner und andere immer wieder für die Notwendigkeit der Dokumentation aller römischer Münzen in Deutsch-land plädiert und für eine systematische Aufnahme von Fundmünzen geworben. Da die Vorarbeiten zum Band Oberbayern durch Kellners Promotion bereits weit gediehen waren, war es nur folgerichtig, dass er den Pilotband FMRD Abteilung I Bayern, 1. Oberbayern als ersten fertig-gestellt hatte. In den 1960er und 1970er Jahren erschienen von ihm – teil-weise in Verbindung mit anderen numismatischen Fachkollegen – die Bände FMRD I�7. Schwaben (1962), I�5. Mittelfranken (1963), I�2. Niederbayern (1970), I�6. Unterfranken (1975) und I�3. Oberpfalz und Oberfranken (1978). Sie sind auch heute noch eine unentbehrliche Grundlage für die erste Einschätzung zum Vorkommen römischer Münzen in einer Region.

Nach seiner Promotion arbeitete Kellner für einige Jahre am Landesamt für Denkmalpflege in München und verfasste in den späten 1950er Jahren mehrere grundlegende numismatische Arbeiten zu den mittelalterlichen Münzen der Städte Landshut, Straubing, Passau und der Reichsstadt Nürn-berg. So entstanden die Publikationen Die Münzen der Freien Reichsstadt Nürnberg (1957) und Die Münzen der niederbayerischen Münzstätten (1958). Beide Veröffentlichungen erfuhren eine deutliche Überarbeitung und inhaltliche Vermehrung mit den nahezu gleichnamigen Buchtiteln in der Reihe Süddeutsche Münzkataloge 1 (1991) und 6 (1997).

1960 wurde Hans-Jörg Kellner zum Leitenden Sammlungsdirektor der Prä-historischen Staatssammlung München ernannt, ein Amt, das er bis 1984 innehatte. In dieser Zeit gelang es ihm nicht nur, die Staatssammlung zu einem der führenden archäologischen Museen in Bayern und Deutschland zu entwickeln, zahlreiche Stellen für Konservatoren und Restauratoren zu schaffen und die Sammlungsbestände des Hauses durch eigene Ausgra-bungen und Ankäufe kontinuierlich zu mehren, sondern auch Publikatio-nen zu verfassen, die ein lebendiges Bild der bayerischen Vor- und Früh-geschichte – stets auch unter Berücksichtigung der Fundnumismatik – vermittelten.

Nicht ganz unerwähnt sollen aber auch seine Forschungen zur Provinzial-römischen Archäologie bleiben: Hierzu gehört die langjährige Beschäfti-gung mit der reliefverzierten Terra-Sigillata, deren Herstellung mittels Punzen ihn stets fasziniert hat, zumal die serielle Fabrikation dieses Geschirrs und sein massenhaftes Auftreten eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit mit der Münzherstellung aufwies. Kellner war seit 1960 auch Mitglied der Rei


Cretariae Romanae Fautores (RCRF) und Präsident dieser Vereinigung von 1980 bis 1990, die sich mit der Erforschung der Keramik und hier beson-ders der Terra-Sigillata im römischen Weltreich befasste. Zu nennen wären ferner seine Forschungen zu den römischen Militärdiplomen in der Provinz Raetien. Im Rahmen von Sonderausstellungen in der Prähistorischen Staatssammlung widmete er sich auch archäologischen Hinterlassen-schaften ferner Kulturen: etwa dem Reich der Nabatäer, der Keramik und Münzprägung in Kleinasien sowie dem Reich von Urartu. An Monogra-phien, die er während seiner Direktorenzeit verfasste, sind vor allem Die Römer in Bayern (1971; 41978), Der römische Verwahrfund von Eining (1978) und die zusammen mit Gisela Zahlhaas veröffentlichte Monographie Der römische Schatzfund von Weißenburg (1981; 31997) zu nennen.

Seit der Mitte der 1950er Jahre beschäftigte sich Hans-Jörg Kellner in zunehmendem Maße mit den keltischen Münzen. Die Dokumentation der Fundmünzen aus dem Oppidum von Manching empfand Kellner zunächst als wenig ertragreich, denn die Zahl, die in den 1960er Jahren zum Vor-schein kam, war mit einigen Dutzend Stücken sehr bescheiden, sodass er es als notwendig erachtete, die älteren Schatz- und Einzelfunde des 18., 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts mit in die Auswertung einzubeziehen. Die beiden großen Jahrhundertfunde mit Regenbogenschüsselchen von Gag-gers a.d. Glonn (1751) und Irsching (1858) erfuhren durch ihn nun erst-mals eine fundierte Aufarbeitung und Auswertung. Eine solche Material-aufnahme erforderte jedoch viele Jahre der Recherche, da Kellner auch jene Münzen mit Fundort zu erfassen versuchte, die über Verkäufe in in- und ausländische Münzkabinette und Privatsammlungen gelangt waren. Kellner führte nicht nur über alles Buch und dokumentierte die Ergeb-nisse seiner Recherchen akribisch, sondern ließ auch viele Gipsabgüsse, Siegelabdrücke, Galvanokopien und Fotos anfertigen. Alle Erkenntnisse mündeten schließlich in die große Publikation Die Münzfunde von Manching und die keltischen Fundmünzen aus Südbayern, die als Band 12 der bekannten Reihe Die Ausgrabungen in Manching 1990 erschienen ist. Diese Publikation wurde ein Standardwerk für die keltische Numismatik.

Kellner hat sich jedoch nicht erst seit dem Publikationsvorhaben zu den keltischen Münzen von Manching und Südbayern mit der keltischen Numismatik befasst. Mehrere gewichtige Beiträge hat er bereits in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren im Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geld-geschichte formuliert, von denen die folgenden drei besonders hervorge-hoben seien, weil sie die spätere Forschung in diesem Bereich mitbe-stimmt haben: Die glatten Regenbogenschüsselchen (1963), Der Fund von Tayac, ein Zeugnis des Cimbernzuges? (1970) und Die keltischen Münzen von Augsburg-Oberhausen (1977).

1977 gelang es Kellner einen großen keltischen Silberschatz für die Prä-historische Staatssammlung zu erwerben, der in Oberfranken entdeckt wurde und aus mehreren Hundert keltischen Büschelquinaren bestand.

60 bernward ziegaus

Der Fund lieferte im Rahmen einer späteren Auswertung durch Bernhard Overbeck wichtige Erkenntnis zu den Prägepraktiken bei Silbermünzen und zum überregionalen Geldumlauf in der Spätlatènezeit. Im Laufe von mehreren Jahrzehnten wuchs der Bestand an keltischen Münzen in der Prähistorischen Staatssammlung München (heute: Archäologische Staats-sammlung München) durch die Erwerbung immer neuer Schatzfunde und Fundmünzen aus Grabungen stetig an, so dass die Numismatische Abtei-lung heute mehr als 4.000 Stücke beherbergt und den Charakter einer Spezialsammlung besitzt. Obwohl inzwischen ein Teil der keltischen Mün-zen wissenschaftlich aufgearbeitet ist, so bieten insbesondere die vielen Fundmünzen aus den Spätlatènesiedlungen immer noch genügend Poten-tial für Publikations- und Forschungsprojekte.

Im Bereich der römischen Numismatik konzentrierte sich Kellner ab den 1970er Jahren vornehmlich auf die Bestimmung und Deutung von Fund-münzen und Münzschätzen von verschiedenen spätrömischen Fundplät-zen in der Provinz Raetien. In den letzten Lebensjahren kehrte er wieder zu seinen anfänglichen Interessensgebieten zurück und widmete sich der mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Numismatik. Zu nennen ist hier vor allem die Arbeit zum über 4.100 Silbermünzen umfassenden Schatzfund von Randersacker (Nordbayern) aus dem 12. Jahrhundert.

Im Oktober 1983 wurde Hans-Jörg Kellner zum Honorarprofessor an der Universität Passau ernannt und hielt dort zehn Jahre Vorlesungen zur Numismatik und Provinzialrömischen Archäologie. Er erhielt nach seinem Dienstende in der Prähistorischen Staatssammlung eine Reihe von Aus-zeichnungen, die er für sein engagiertes Eintreten um die Archäologie, Bayerische Landesgeschichte und die Numismatik verliehen bekam. Dazu zählten das Bundesverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse und der Bayerische Verdienst-orden (1990), der Eligius-Preis der Deutschen Numismatischen Gesell-schaft (2005) und die Ernennung zum Ehrenmitglied der Gesellschaft für Archäologie in Bayern (2006). Der Schlusspunkt dieser Auszeichnungen, den er selbst leider nicht mehr erlebte, war seine Ernennung zum Honorary Member auf Vorschlag des International Numismatic Committee durch die General Assembly des inc im September 2015, die ihm diese Ehre posthum zuerkannte.

Mit Hans-Jörg Kellner verliert die Numismatik einen vielseitigen Gelehr-ten, der die Münzen nicht nur als wichtiges Hilfsmittel für die Archäologie betrachtete und als Massenkommunikationsmittel ersten Rangs verstand, sondern als Primärquellen begriff, um politische Geschichte und histori-sche Ereignisse besser interpretieren zu können. Vor allem seine Aufsätze zur keltischen, aber auch zur römischen Numismatik fanden weit über die Landesgrenze hinaus in der Fachwelt Beachtung.

Kellner behielt sein Wissen nie für sich und war immer bereit, es den Jün-geren weiterzugeben und sie anzuspornen. Der numismatische Nach-wuchs lag ihm sehr am Herzen. Er forderte diesen auf, die Münzprä-


gungen aller Epochen unter dem Gesichtspunkt der geldgeschichtlichen Entwicklung zu studieren und zu erforschen. In diesem Sinne entwarf der Münchener Medailleur Erich Ott zu seinem 90. Geburtstag (2010) eine Silbermedaille, die ihn im Profil auf der Vorderseite und eine römische Gesichtsmaske aus dem Schatzfund von Weißenburg (Mittelfranken) auf der Rückseite zeigt. Die Randschrift lautet: archaeologie numismatik

forschung und lehre in bayern (s. auch M. Hirsch, JNG 60 (2010), S. 243–245). Hier wurden die Anliegen seiner jahrzehntelangen wissenschaft-lichen Bemühungen klar benannt und numismatisch verewigt.

Bibliographie

G. Zahlhaas, Bibliographie Hans-Jörg Kellner, Bayerische Vorgeschichtsbl. 65 (2000), S. 349-360.

B. Overbeck, M. Barth, Eligius-Preis 2005: Hans-Jörg Kellner. NNB (Speyer) Jg. 54, 8/2005, S. 323-333 (Schriftenverzeichnis Hans-Jörg Kell-ner 324-333).

Ergänzungen zur Bibliographie von Hans-Jörg Kellner. Bayerische Vorge-schichtsbl. 72, 2007, S. 421 f.

Nachrufe

R. Gebhard, B. Ziegaus, Im Gedenken an Hans-Jörg Kellner 3. Dezember 1920 – 25. Juni 2015, Bayerische Vorgeschichtsbl. 80 (2015), S. 227-232.

B. Ziegaus, Hans-Jörg Kellner (1920-2015), JNG 65 (2015), S. 383-391.

P. Eschbaumer, M. Mackensen, Hans-Jörg Kellner (3.12.1920 – 25.6.2015). http://www.fautores.org/pages/obituaries.htm#Kellner

Silbermedaille auf Hans-Jörg Kellner zum 90. Geburtstag © Nicolai Kästner, Staatliche Münzsammlung München

Eleni Papaefhtymiou

MANDO CARAMESSINI-OECONOMIDES (MANTΩ KAPAMEINH-OIKONOMIΔOY) LA GRANDE DAME DE LA NUMISMATIQUE GRECQUE

(30/v/1927 – 19/i/2015)

Nous gardons tous l

,image de la charmante Mando derrière son bureau au

Musée Numismatique de la rue Tositsa, rue dans laquelle elle était aussi née, le portrait de Svoronos accroché au mur, toujours très élégante, ha-billée de tailleurs et de chemises en soie, portant des foulards colorés, son

mando caramessini-oeconomidès (1927-2015) 63

chignon impeccable, maquillée de son rouge à lèvres caractéristique, par-fumée, accueillant avec sa voix douce tout le monde avec un sourire illu-miné et une gentillesse naturelle.

Issue d,une famille bourgeoise d

,Athènes, elle obtint le diplôme d

,Ar-

chéologie grecque à l,Université d

,Athènes en 1952, à une époque où seule

une minorité de femmes poursuivait une formation universitaire en Grèce. Du même établissement, elle fut également proclamée docteur en 1975 avec son étude sur le monnayage de Nicopolis en Epire, sous la direction du professeur Nikolaos Kontoleon [1].

Elle commença à travailler au Musée Numismatique comme stagiaire en 1953, peu après le décès de sa mère adorée. Elle avait été présentée à la directrice Eiréné Varoucha-Christodoulopoulou par son oncle médecin Manthos Metallinos, auquel elle a toujours voué une reconnaissance illimi-tée. En 1959, elle réussit le concours des conservateurs du Service Archéo-logique grec, le deuxième – après celui de 1955 – auquel les femmes eurent le droit de se présenter. Elle fut nommée directrice du Musée Numis-matique en 1964, poste qu

,elle occupa jusqu

,à sa retraite, le 6 juin 1994.

Une de ses premières rencontres au Musée fut celle de Georges Le Rider, alors jeune membre de l

,Ecole française d

,Athènes, avec lequel elle a noué

une amitié solide, « sans nuages » comme ils affirmaient tous les deux, qui a duré plus que la moitié d

,un siècle. Grâce à ce poste de stagiaire, elle

découvrit la numismatique, une matière peu étudiée en Grèce à l,époque

et qui n,était même pas enseignée à l

,université. Polyglotte (elle disait en

plaisantant qu,elle avait appris très jeune l

,allemand ‘zu Hause

, par une

de ses tantes par alliance suisse-allemande), elle put approfondir ses con-naissances dans les grands cabinets de numismatique du monde entier, au Cabinet des Médailles à Paris, au Heberden Coin Room de l

,Ashmolean

Museum à Oxford, au British Museum à Londres, au Deutsches Archäolo-gisches Institut à Berlin et comme boursière aux Etats-Unis, à l

,American

Numismatic Society à New York, à Boston et à Washington, nouant au passage des amitiés exemplaires avec plusieurs numismates et archéolo-gues. Fruit de cette formation furent ses nombreuses publications [2] qui couvrent un large champ chronologique, de l

,Antiquité jusqu

,à nos jours,

[1] Η Νομισματοκοπία της Νικοπόλεως, Βιβλιοθήκη της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 79,

Athènes 1975. [2] Voir la publication de sa bibliographie : Μάντω Λ. Οικονομίδου, Χρονολογικός Πίνακας

Δημοσιεύσεων 1961-2009, Athènes 2009. Depuis ont été publiés : ‘Searching for hoards in the Numismatic Museum of Athens’, NomKron 28 (2010), p. 25-30 ; ‘A hoard of 170

denarii of the Roman Republic from Xerias, Kavala. A first examination’ NomKhron 30

(2012), p. 33-38, avec Thodoros Kourebanas ; book review: ‘Sylloge Nummorum

Græcorum. Greece 5. Numismatic Museum, Athens. The A.G. Soutzos Collection, Spain –

Zeugitania, par Eos Tsourti & Daniela Trifiró, Academy of Athens, Athens 2007, 310 p.’,

NomKhron 31 (2013), p. 153-158 ; ‘Georges Le Rider, Mando Oeconomidès, Musée

Numismatique : Un souvenir’, NomKhron 32 (2014), p. 19.

64 eleni papaefhtymiou

et surtout la manière dont elle a dirigé le Musée Numismatique d,Athènes.

Active jusqu,au jour de son décès, elle a fait porter la majorité de ses

recherches sur les monnaies antiques : grecques, romaines (impériales et provinciales) ainsi que byzantines. Son importante œuvre scientifique fut reconnue, ainsi qu

,en témoignent les nombreuses distinctions reçues de la

part de plusieurs instituts archéologiques, sociétés de numismatique et universités.

Par sa position de directrice et son expérience issue de ses séjours dans les musées à l

,étranger, elle a incontestablement donné un nouvel élan au

Musée Numismatique. Elle a tout d,abord réussi à créer des postes admi-

nistratifs, en augmentant ainsi le nombre de spécialistes en la matière. Elle a de la sorte doté le Musée d

,une équipe scientifique avec des conser-

vateurs numismates du Service Archéologique grec. Elle a obtenu du Ministère de la Culture, durant les années

,70, les subventions nécessaires

pour la création du laboratoire de conservation de métaux, qui est devenu un de plus réputés mondialement.

Très laborieuse, enthousiaste et infatigable, elle arrivait tous les matins la première au Musée et en partait la dernière. Entourée d

,une solide équipe,

elle a réussi à promouvoir le Musée. Elle a réuni les documents du xixe siècle du Musée en créant ainsi des archives. Elle a classé et inventorié, avec ses collègues, au début sous forme de manuscrit et dès les années

,80

sous forme électronique, des milliers de monnaies non classées. En ren-trant du Congrès International du Numismatique de Copenhague en 1967, où Margaret Thompson, Otto Mørkholm et Colin M. Kraay avaient an-noncé la préparation de la publication de l

,Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards

(IGCH), elle a commencé à reconstituer les trésors numismatiques de la collection d

,Athènes. Pour ce travail gigantesque, qu

,on pourrait qualifier

d,épique, sachant que Ioannis Svoronos classait les monnaies par ateliers

en dispersant donc les trésors, toutes les générations des numismates lui doivent la reconnaissance [3]. Suivant les nouvelles tendances de la recher-che, elle a créé le « fichier de circulation monétaire » (ANK), un outil de travail constitué des monnaies des fouilles grecques, des collections pri-vées et des monnaies confisquées, dont le Musée constituait des catalo-gues. Grâce à son ouverture d

,esprit, elle a très tôt organisé avec grand

succès, dans les années ,80, toujours avec l

,aide de ses collaborateurs, les

premiers programmes éducatifs pour les écoliers, à l,image des musées

étrangers. Nombreuses ont aussi été les expositions qu,elle a présentées

non seulement au Musée Numismatique mais aussi dans d,autres institu-

tions, comme les monnaies du Musée de Volos, où elle a passé un temps considérable en identifiant et en classant les monnaies des fouilles thes-saliennes, sous la direction du professeur Démétrios Theocharis, qui l

,y

avait invitée.

[3] Sa contribution à la publication fut décisive. Preuve les nombreuses entrées où est

mentionné que l’information provient de Mando Oeconomidès.

mando caramessini-oeconomidès (1927-2015) 65

De plus, elle a ouvert le Musée aux chercheurs et aux jeunes étudiants et elle a réussi à le transformer en un centre de recherche rayonnant mon-dialement. Tous les spécialistes et étudiants de numismatique grecque devaient faire leur « tour de compagnon » au Musée, dont la bibliothèque spécialisée, unique en Grèce, elle aussi inventoriée électroniquement de-puis les années

,80, leur servait d

,outil de travail [4]. Cette ouverture inter-

nationale, ainsi que les cours de numismatique qu,elle a donnés à l

,uni-

versité d,Athènes et les conférences aux universités de Réthymnon et de

Ioannina, ont contribué de manière décisive à l,évolution de la recherche

numismatique en Grèce, en orientant plusieurs jeunes chercheurs vers l,étude de la numismatique. Nombreux sont les étudiants qu

,elle a con-

seillés, leur fournissant des sujets de thèse basés sur les monnaies des collections du musées. Elle a continué de les suivre, même après la soute-nance de leurs thèses. Certains ont exprimé leur reconnaissance et respect envers sa personne en organisant après sa retraite un colloque en son honneur, dont les actes ont été publiés en 1997 [5].

Au cours de son mandat, le Musée a été enrichi par la donation de nom-breuses suites, telle la collection Ioannis Kindynis ou une partie des col-lections Petros Protonotarios et Adonis Kyrou, ainsi que par l

,obtention de

monnaies, tel l,unique solidus de Justinien Ier de la collection Ilias Kantas,

exposé dans une vitrine lui appartenant, dans la deuxième salle du Musée de la rue Tositsa.

Grâce à ses efforts méthodiques et à ses capacités diplomatiques, elle a réussi à ce que le Iliou Melathron (l

,ancienne demeure de Schliemann, une

des plus belles demeures néoclassiques d,Athènes) soit exclusivement dé-

volu au Musée Numismatique (le premier rapport-demande date de 1976). Ainsi le Musée, qui passait inaperçu dans le gigantesque Musée Archéolo-gique, a trouvé sa propre demeure depuis novembre 1991 et a ouvert ses portes au publique le 11 décembre 1998 avec une exposition exemplaire, conçue et préparée par Mando Oeconomidès et ses collègues.

Toujours soucieuse du Musée et de son évolution, elle a créé en 1992 l,

« Association des Amis du Musée Numismatique », dont elle fut la vice-présidente, dans le but de contribuer à l

,expansion de la science numis-

matique et de soutenir l,œuvre du Musée. Depuis l

,Association organise

des conférences numismatiques et des congrès internationaux sur la numismatique des régions de la Grèce, dont les actes sont publiés dans la série Obolos, des excursions et des visites archéologiques. De plus, l

,Asso-

ciation fait des donations de monnaies et de médailles au Musée, mais aussi de livres et de revues numismatiques, enrichissant sa bibliothèque.

[4] Cette bibliothèque est aussi dotée d’un large fichier irremplaçable de tirés à part, cons-

titué, lui aussi, grâce à Mando Oeconomidès. [5] Numismatic archaeology : proceedings of an International Conference held to honor Mando

Oeconomidès in Athens 1995, K.A. Sheedy & Ch. Papageorgiadou-Banis (éds), Oxford,

Oxbow Monographs 75, 1997.

66 eleni papaefhtymiou

Elle est partie en léguant un capital et le renommé appartement du 30 de la rue Heyden, commandé par la famille Oeconomidès en 1936 à l

,archi-

tecte Démétrios Pikionis, à la « Fondation Lontos et Mando Oeconomidès » qu,elle a créée, ayant comme but la subvention de bourses à de jeunes

diplômés qui souhaitent poursuivre des études approfondies en numis-matique. Pour le bon et immédiat fonctionnement de la Fondation, elle a nommé par testament le premier Conseil.

Lontos Oeconomidès fut son époux, son compagnon adoré, qui l,a soute-

nue et encouragée dans son travail. Elle parlait de lui comme si elle l,avait

perdu la veille (pourtant il était décédé depuis 1978). Son cher Lontos, issu d,une grande famille de chimistes industriels du tournant des xixe et xxe

siècle, chimiste lui-même, comme ses père et grand-père, était aussi un collectionneur passionné de tout, sauf de monnaies, que Mando lui avait interdit de collectionner (même pas les modernes…). Les vitrines, les armoires, les petites tables et les murs de leur demeure regorgeaient d

,ar-

mes de la révolution grecque, de costumes, de bijoux et d,objets d

,art fol-

klorique ainsi que des vases en verre coloré du xixe siècle, dont de nom-breux en opaline Beykoz. Après la mort de Lontos, Mando a commencé à faire des donations à plusieurs musées, tels le Musée d

,Art Folklorique

grec en 1979, le Musée d,Histoire nationale en 1981, la Fondation Folklori-

que péloponnésienne en 1989, le Musée d,Art Folklorique à Megalo Chorio

en Eurytanie en 2009, et le Musée Benaki, dont la luxueuse publication de la collection des verres lui avait donné beaucoup de satisfaction [6].

Ce n,est pas un hasard si ses collègues et amis ont donné au volume en

son honneur le titre de Character [7], un mot à double signification en grec : la matrice du revers d

,une monnaie mais encore le caractère incontesta-

blement intègre de l,individu. Démocrate, elle a réussi à ne pas accrocher

les portraits des rois et des colonels dans son bureau – portraits qui déco-raient obligatoirement toutes les écoles et bureaux administratifs en Grèce durant les sept années de dictature – en soulignant qu

,en tant que Musée,

on se devait de figurer le grand numismate et directeur émérite Ioannis Svoronos, dont le portrait était accroché à un des murs de son bureau jusqu

,au déménagement final du Musée en 2003.

Nous perdons en elle non seulement une scientifique estimée et respectée, l,âme du Musée Numismatique durant quarante ans, mais surtout une

personne intègre et chaleureuse, une personne exceptionnelle et inou-bliable.

[6] The Mando and Londos Oeconomidès Collection of coloured glass, Moraitou Mina (éd.),

Benaki Museum, 8th Supplement, Athens 2013. [7] Χαρακτήρ: αφιέρωμα στη Μάντω Οικονομίδου, A. Abramea et al. (éds), Athènes, 1996.

Miquel Crusafont LEANDRE VILLARONGA I GARRIGA (Barcelona, 14/iii/1919-20/vii/2015)

La vie particulièrement riche et productive de Leandre Villaronga, ainsi que les très nombreux amis qu

,il laisse, rendent les termes de « perte » ou

de « disparition » assez inappropriés à son propos. Leandre Villaronga, c,est vrai, nous a quittés à l

,âge de 96 ans, mais son héritage est tellement

dense et fertile qu,on veut croire à son immortalité scientifique.

68 miquel crusafont

Leandre Villaronga naquit à Barcelone, fils unique d,une famille d

,in-

dustriels dans le textile depuis plusieurs générations. Il grandit dans une ambiance austère et religieuse qui lui inculqua surtout le sens du travail et de la responsabilité, un cadre qui ne gêna pas pourtant ni l

,imagination ni

l,esprit créatif. Il a lui-même raconté qu

,il lisait avec grand plaisir les

romans scientifico-romantiques de Jules Verne et que ce fut probablement grâce à eux que naquit chez lui l

,intérêt pour la science et les mathéma-

tiques. Plus âgé, ses lectures de délassement étaient les romans de la série noire, passion qu

,il partageait avec ses fils. Il aimait la nature et les ani-

maux et, durant de longues années, il avait possédé des chiens. Il détenait aussi une colonie de tortues, devenue célèbre, dans sa maison d

,été à

Argentona.

Il avait fait ses premières études à Barcelone à l,école Condal, avant de

poursuivre sa formation à l,école d

,Eginyeria Industrial Superior. Mal-

heureusement, la Guerre Civile (1936-1939) l,obligea à abandonner ses

études et il resta attaché à l,armée jusqu

,en 1942. Quand il put s

,en

libérer, son père était déjà âgé et il fut obligé de reprendre en mains la direction de l

,entreprise familiale, un travail qu

,il ne put quitter qu

,à l,âge

de 84 ans.

Il n,avait pas un grand penchant pour le sport, mais il pratiquait ce que

nous appelons aujourd,hui l

,excursionnisme scientifique, qui a eu une

grande tradition en Catalogne. Il était aussi passionné par les voyages, qu,il réalisa toujours en compagnie de sa femme et de ces fils, et qu

,il

préparait soigneusement. Il était sensible à la musique et à toutes les manifestations artistiques et culturelles. Mais il savait aussi dégoter des bons vins et jouir des petits plaisirs de la vie.

C,est avec ce bagage varié qu

,il se fit membre d

,un groupe d

,archéologues

amateurs, lesquels finirent par devenir de véritables chercheurs. C,est

ainsi qu,il publia, dès 1941, un premier travail d

,archéologie sur la dé-

couverte d,un four ibérique. Un an plus tard, le hasard lui fit trouver une

pièce de bronze ibérique de Kese, et cette découverte détermina sa pré-dilection pour la numismatique. Son premier article dans cette spécialité parut en 1956 et son premier livre en 1962.

La recherche le passionna de plus en plus et devança rapidement son pre-mier attrait pour la collection. Mais cela demandait aussi du temps, une denrée dont il n

,était pas bien pourvu, ne pouvant se soustraire à ses res-

ponsabilités dans l,industrie. C

,est alors que commença l

,époque la plus

héroïque de la vie de Villaronga. Il n,avait d

,autre solution que de tra-

vailler deux journées par jour. Il débutait, alors qu,il faisait encore nuit, à

l,industrie familiale où il travaillait jusque dans l

,après-midi. Ensuite, il

commençait sa journée de recherche… qui bien souvent l,amenait jusqu

,au

premières heures de la nuit suivante. Les jours de fête, les vacances… tels étaient les grandes occasions pour faire avancer ses travaux ! Il maintint

leandre villaronga i garriga (1919-2015) 69

ce programme durant presque toute sa vie, mais rien ne put altérer son caractère aimable, optimiste et communicatif.

D,autre part, Villaronga n

,était pas homme à se limiter à une tâche bornée

et routinière. Dès qu,il vit clairement les perspectives de son travail comme

chercheur, il s,ouvrit à l

,ensemble international de ses collègues, avec

lesquels il était en communication régulière. Il participa aux congrès, organisa les Simposi de Barcelona et ne refusa jamais de donner les confé-rences qu

,on lui demandait. Surtout, il entreprit la construction des trois

piliers de son activité : ses archives, son rayonnement, son œuvre.

Les archives Villaronga ont été construites jour après jour pendant toute sa vie. Il ne dédaignait pas de faire lui-même les campagnes de photogra-phie mais, quand il s

,agissait des grands musées internationaux, il cher-

chait l,aide de collaborateurs qu

,il dût certainement payer. Chez lui, avec

l,aide de son épouse Angelina, il remplissait les fiches et y ajoutait les

photos. C,est ainsi qu

,il arriva à réunir plus de 60.000 fiches des monnaies

ibériques, grecques et romaines de la Péninsule ibérique. Ces archives sont devenues célèbres, tant en raison de leur importance que de la générosité de leur créateur, parce qu

,il les laissait au libre usage de tous les cher-

cheurs qui lui en faisaient la demande.

Villaronga était bien conscient de sa solitude en ce qui concerne la numis-matique d

,un certain niveau dans son pays. Il se proposa de créer une

école. Avec le faible soutien d,une société de collectionneurs, il créa un

annuaire scientifique : Acta Numismàtica. Il disposait ainsi d,un excellent

instrument pour offrir ou publier ses travaux à ceux qui pouvaient s,inté-

resser à la numismatique. Mais, au début, il n,avait pas encore créé un

groupe suffisant de chercheurs et ne pouvait pas remplir, à lui seul, la publication. Il s

,organisa et fut assez habile pour convaincre ses collègues

étrangers, spécialement français, de l,aider au lancement de la publica-

tion. Il survint alors cette situation surprenante d,une publication faite à

Barcelone et qui eut, quelques années durant, une majorité de contribu-tions écrites en français ! Parallèlement, il cherchait sans cesse, parmi les jeunes universitaires et les collectionneurs qui montraient une certaine curiosité, les futurs numismates. Il y réussit assez rapidement et, avec son équipe, il fut capable dès 1979 de créer la Societat Catalana d

,Estudis

Numismàtics et de l,associer à l

,annuaire Acta Numismàtica. Il orienta les

jeunes, les mit en rapport avec les collègues étrangers, leur céda ses archives. Petit à petit, le cercle s

,élargit. On y trouve des personnalités

comme Pere Pau Ripollès, Paquita Chaves, Anna M. Balaguer… ou moi-même. Les résultats enregistrés avec le temps sont remarquables : les Acta Numismàtica en sont à leur 46ème livraison et la Societat Catalana d

,Estudis

Numismàtics a déjà publié 43 livres. Rien de tout cela n,aurait été possible

sans l,impulsion, la bonté et la ténacité de Leandre Villaronga.

Le temps consacré à ses archives et l,activité qu

,il déploya pour se projeter

et créer une école n,a pas fait diminuer son implication à ses recherches

70 miquel crusafont

personnelles. Bien au contraire, il s,est rapidement montré comme un

innovateur méthodologique avec, par exemple, les études minutieuses des trésors qu

,il a souvent réussi à reconstruire ou ses travaux sur les mé-

thodes statistiques appliquées à la numismatique, sujet auquel il consacra un de ses livres, Estadística aplicada a la Numismàtica (Barcelone 1985).

Il faut signaler aussi l,énorme énergie qu

,il consacra à la divulgation du

travail des autres chercheurs. Il a donné des recensions de tout ce qui lui paraissait d

,un certain intérêt, soit 848 recensions bibliographiques au

total, sans compter le fait d,avoir collaboré pendent 30 ans au bulletin

bibliographique du Numismatic Literature publié par l,American Numis-

matic Society.

En ce qui concerne les livres, son œuvre comprend, d,une part, des études

monographiques en rapport avec des ateliers monétaires : Ikalkusken (Los denarios con leyenda Ikalgusken, Barcelona 1962 et Els denaris ibèrics d

,Ikal-

kusken, València 1988), Arse-Saguntum (Las monedas de Arse-Saguntum, Barcelona 1967), Ilerda (Las monedas ibéricas de Ilerda, Barcelona 1978), Kese/Tarraco (Les monedes ibèriques de Tàrraco, Tarragona 1983). Et, tout particulièrement, les monnayages des anciennes colonies grecques d

,Em-

porion et de Rhode, de même que leurs imitations, auxquelles il dédia un ensemble de cinq volumes (Les monedes de plata emporitanes dels segles V-IV aC, Barcelona 1997 ; Les dracmes ibèriques i llurs divisors, Barcelona 1998 ; Les monedes de plata d

,Emporion i Rhode i les seves imitacions, Barcelona

2000 ; Les dracmes emporitanes. De principis del s. II aC, Barcelona 2002 et La plata emporitana. De la segona Guerra Púnica, final del s. III aC, Barcelona 2003). Il consacra aussi d

,autres études à des trouvailles monétaires (Los

tesoros de Azaila y la circulación monetaria en el Valle del Ebro, Barcelona 1977 et Tresors monetaris de la Península Ibèrica anteriors a August, Barcelona 1993) et aux volumes d

,émission (L

,argent monnayé d

,Alexandre le Grand à

Auguste, avec F. de Callataÿ et G. Depeyrot, Bruxelles 1993). Il prêta encore attention aux livres de théorie, comme on peut le voir dans son Numis-mática Antigua de Hispania, Barcelona 1979 (réédité avec des mises à jour et des ajouts : Numismàtica antiga de la Península Ibèrica, Barcelona 2004) et aux études globales sur des sujets importants comme Las monedas his-pano-cartaginesas, Barcelona 1973. Son ouvrage probablement le plus im-portant est son Corpus Nummum Hispaniae ante Augusti aetatem, Madrid 1994 et surtout sa nouvelle version en anglais/catalan, rédigé avec la col-laboration de Jaume Benages, Ancient Coinage in the Iberian Peninsula/Les monedes de l

,Edat Antiga a la Península Ibèrica, Barcelona 2011, où, pour la

première fois, on dispose d,une vision générale sur la totalité des mon-

naies émises dans la Péninsule ibérique dans les temps anciens.

En ce qui concerne les 262 articles que totalise sa production, on y trouve une grande variété thématique, mais le monde hispanique ancien – et sur-tout les émissions grecques et ibériques – occupent la partie la plus im-portante. Au cours de ces dernières années, la Societat Catalana d

,Estudis

leandre villaronga i garriga (1919-2015) 71

Numismàtics s,est efforcée de publier la partie la plus importante des

articles dans une série qui a pour titre Obra Esparsa et qu,on a eu encore la

chance de pouvoir préparer selon ses indications. Elle comprend les volu-mes suivants : Obra Esparsa I. Tresors, Barcelona 2008 ; II. Grec i ibèric d

,àm-

bit català, Barcelona 2010 ; III. Temes metodològics, Barcelona 2013 ; IV. Am-bits aragonès, vascó, celtíber i occità. Ikalkusken, Barcelona 2013 et V. Sud pen-insular, romà i vària, Barcelona 2014. Ce dernier volume, que Villaronga a eu le bonheur de tenir encore entre les mains, contient sa bibliographie exhaustive (livres, articles et recensions), mais aussi des textes de type biographique ou des commentaire de ses ouvrages ainsi qu

,un texte auto-

biographique.

Le travail de Leandre Villaronga a été reconnu et acclamé partout. Il reçut le Jeton de Vermeil de la Société Française de Numismatique, la Silver Medal de la Royal Numismatic Society, et la Huntington Medal de l

,Ame-

rican Numismatic Society, qui passent pour les trois plus importantes récompenses dans le monde numismatique. Par trois fois, il fut le lauréat du prix Conde Garriga décerné par l

,Asociación Numismática Española

pour des ouvrages numismatiques. Docteur Honoris Causa de l,Université

de Cologne, il était aussi membre d,honneur de nombreuses sociétés.

Au sein du Bureau de la Commission Internationale de Numismatique, il exerça durant onze années les fonctions de trésorier (1986-1997).

Leandre Villaronga a été le rénovateur de la numismatique de la Péninsule ibérique et notre généreux maître à tous. Il demeure vivant dans la famille qu,il créa, dans le cœur de ses nombreux disciples et amis, et par la haute

qualité de son œuvre.

VARIAVARIAVARIAVARIA

Daniela Williams

REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY OF NUMISMATIC RESEARCH:

EXPLORING THE LIFE AND WORK OF JOSEPH ECKHEL

(1737-1798) THROUGH THE LENS OF FINA (FONTES INEDITI

NUMISMATICAE ANTIQUAE) [1]

γνῶθι σεαυτόν ‒ ‘Know thyself’ is one of the most famous ancient Greek aphorisms, which according to the travel writer Pausanias (10.24.1) was inscribed in the pronaos of the temple of Apollo at Delphi. To know your-self means to be aware of what it is that makes you who you are. This pursuit of self-awareness can also apply to scholars, and in our case to numismatists. To understand the work of past scholars puts our current research into a different perspective; it answers the question ‘why we do what we do’. Interpretations that we now consider absurd can become understandable if we study them from the perspective of a former time, at the same time examining the development of a certain idea or theory that we take for granted today helps us understand how it is in fact the result of human interaction between scholars influenced by the broader social and political context they lived in.

This approach inspired the international conference Ars critica numaria. Joseph Eckhel (1737-1798) and the development of numismatic method, which took place in Vienna from May 27-30, 2015 (www.oeaw.ac.at/eckhel2015). The aim of the organizers (Bernhard Woytek and Daniela Williams) was not to create a purely numismatic conference, [2] but to try to understand the life and work of the Austrian numismatist Joseph Eckhel, one of the key figures of our discipline, in the broader context of his time.

The intense four-day event, hosted by the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Kunsthistorisches Museum, saw the participation of twenty-one speakers from Europe and the United States working in different fields: from ancient numismatics to early modern history, from archaeology to the history of science and scholarship in the Enlightenment, as well as Digital Humanities. In addition to this heterogeneous group of scholars,

[1] I am most thankful to Andrew Burnett, Bernhard Woytek and Wolfgang Fischer-Bossert for their comments on earlier drafts of this note.

[2] As it was the case with the first Eckhel-Symposium held in Enzesfeld (Austria) in March 1989: for the programme see Litterae Numismaticae Vindobonenses 4 (1992), p. [335‒336].

74 daniela williams

about sixty registered non-speaking attendees from Vienna, other parts of Austria, many European countries and the United States actively contri-buted to creating productive discussions both during the sessions and during the more informal refreshment breaks.

The keynote speech on the transformation processes of science and scholarship in the age of Enlightenment was delivered by Hans Erich Bödeker (University of Göttingen). As a historian of cultural practices (reading, writing, travelling, modes of sociability), political theories and science in the early modern period, Bödeker provided interesting sugges-tions and food for thought not only during his presentation, but through-out the whole congress.

The first session focused on studies before and contemporary to Eckhel and how they contributed to shaping his thought and work. Papers provided a general background on collecting and research during the Enlightenment in Austria, an analysis of how Jesuit scholars approached ancient numis-matics, a review of the study of ancient art in the 18th century (Mont-faucon, Caylus and Winckelmann) and examined the contribution of Eras-mus Frölich (1700-1750), one of Eckhel’s forerunners, to Viennese numis-matics (speakers: K. Vocelka, J. Guillemain, V. Heenes, F. de Callataÿ).

The afternoon session, which took place at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, centred on systematic approaches to ancient coinage through the centu-ries, on the arrangement of coin collections, Eckhel’s colleagues, and his day-to-day work at the Imperial coin cabinet (speakers: M. Mulsow, D. Haarmann, K. Vondrovec).

During the morning session on the following day, papers concentrated on some of Eckhel’s publications. Speakers analysed Eckhel’s first numismatic book, Numi veteres anecdoti (1775), his introduction to ancient numismatics for students Kurzgefaßte Anfangsgründe zur alten Numismatik (1786/7), as well as the genesis of the eight-volume work Doctrina numorum veterum (1792-98) and the models behind the choice of its title (speakers: D. Wil-liams, P.F. Mittag, B. Woytek, A. Burnett).

The exchange between Eckhel and other scholars and collectors was the theme of the afternoon session. Papers covered the reception by Eckhel of the works of the Renaissance antiquary Hubert Goltzius, Eckhel’s relation-ship with the Italian numismatist Domenico Sestini and with the Dutch book and coin dealer Pieter Van Damme. A paper on Eckhel’s work on ancient engraved gems ended the day (speakers: J. Cunnally, F. Missere Fontana, C.E. Dekesel, Y.M.M. Dekesel-De Ruyck; an abridged version of the paper on gems by G. Tassinari, who unfortunately could not attend, was read by D. Williams).

Two case studies on Greek and Roman numismatics opened the session on the final day. The first paper explored the reception of Eckhel’s work in Great Britain, while the second one analysed Eckhel’s contribution to the

joseph eckhel conference (vienna, 27-30/v/2015) 75

study of the cast coinages of ancient Italy. A presentation on the creation of a virtual research environment for Eckhel’s scholarly correspondence and the planned online publication closed the session (Speakers: J. Kagan, M.C. Molinari, D. Schopper, M. Mayer).

A very lively plenary discussion followed, during which the participants, on the basis of the new research presented at the conference, tried to better define the various aspects of Eckhel’s contribution to the develop-ment of numismatics as a scholarly discipline, and to analyse his actual role in this field of studies. Despite the accounts of later biographers, who were instrumental in creating and shaping his reputation as a genius working in splendid isolation, Eckhel was not an ‘innovative’ figure and, like most of the scholars of his time, was part of the Republic of Letters, at the centre of a dynamic network of correspondents. He understood at an early stage in his career that the scholarly community lacked a systematic overview of ancient numismatics, and for this purpose gathered as much information on ancient coins as was available in his day. He approached the source material critically and historically, arranging it in a clear and comprehensive way. Moreover, his empirical attitude allowed him to eli-minate many forgeries that had been marring the study of coins for deca-des. This was a life-long project and Eckhel had the skills and persever-ance to accomplish it and see it published before his death. It is clear that he was a pivotal figure of a transitional period in numismatic research: a scholar who combined the true spirit of Enlightenment with the study of coins, and enabled the following generation of scholars to develop new approaches to the study of ancient numismatics.

The need for a contextualization of Eckhel’s life and work was determined by the study of his correspondence, a most important source completely overlooked by numismatists until recent years. In fact, if printed sources (books, articles, etc.) are the main vehicle through which the work of past numismatists is available to scholars today, in order to really understand and properly evaluate the development of numismatics in its becoming a modern scientific discipline, one must also take into account the ‘other side of the coin’, that is the unpublished sources. To this end, a research project on Eckhel’s numismatic network is being carried out at the Insti-tute for the Study of Ancient Culture of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Vienna). It has been funded for three years (2013-2015) by the Austrian Science Fund (fwf project no. p25282). Project leader: Bernhard Woytek; project associate: Daniela Williams; data curator/project assistant (March-December 2015): Manuela Mayer.

At the present state of research, Eckhel’s correspondence includes 253 letters, the majority of which (162 letters addressed to Eckhel) is bound in a single volume kept in the archives of the coin cabinet of the Kunst-historisches Museum in Vienna (khm, mk Archiv v). This group of docu-ments is clearly the result of a later selection (19th century?), presumably

76 daniela williams

kept in the archives as a reference for future curators of the coin collection. The rest of the presently known letters (91) is scattered among several archives both in Europe and in the usa. These documents abroad were located and reunited to the core material in Vienna during this project for the first time.

All in all, the correspondence covers the years from 1773 to 1798, to be precise from Eckhel’s formative travel to Italy, before his appointment as director of the Imperial collection of ancient coins and professor of Classics at the University of Vienna, to his demise. The letters are written in five different languages (French, Italian, Latin, German and Dutch) and reveal contacts with (at least) 45 correspondents. It is a strictly scholarly corres-pondence, mostly addressing numismatic issues, such as find evidence, information on newly discovered coin types and rare coins, discussions on mint attributions, detailed descriptions of early modern forgeries, or information on acquisitions and gifts sent to the Imperial coin cabinet. In addition, one also finds reports about contemporary archaeological disco-veries and recently published books. All the information gathered and discussed with his correspondents was later critically summarized and reviewed by Eckhel in his eight-volume seminal work Doctrina Numorum Veterum (1792-1798). From an interdisciplinary perspective, Eckhel’s cor-respondence also provides insights on European social and intellectual history as a whole.

For the print edition, a numismatic and historical commentary is being prepared for each letter. Every coin, inscription and archaeological artifact mentioned or discussed in the letters is being catalogued according to modern references. A general index of people and books hinted at in the correspondence provides an additional tool for the reader. A Microsoft Access database has been specifically designed as a repository for infor-mation. Thanks to a close cooperation with the coin cabinet of the Kunst-historisches Museum (Vienna ‒ Michael Alram and Klaus Vondrovec) it was possible to trace and identify some of the coins sent to Eckhel as gifts by his correspondents in the present collection: the long-lost provenances of more than thirty specimens have been finally retrieved.

In addition to the print edition, a digital edition of the letter corpus is being prepared. A digital platform is being developed by the Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities (acdh) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Vienna ‒ Daniel Schopper). It will allow a full visualisation and search of Eckhel’s correspondence, with the possibility of exchanging data with and/or integrating them into other larger international enterprises, con-necting the project’s results to current international research initiatives on epistolary communication, hence significantly expanding the project’s context both in terms of primary data, interdisciplinary reusability and visibility by exploiting the methodological inventory of up-to-date digital humanities.

joseph eckhel conference (vienna, 27-30/v/2015) 77

Joseph Eckhel (1738-1798) and his numismatic network was the first exter-nally funded research project in the framework of the new international initiative ‘Fontes Inediti Numismaticae Antiquae’ (fina), since 2013 under the aegis of the Union Académique Internationale (uai). This initiative, originally promoted by the Académie royale de Belgique (Brussels ‒ Fran-çois de Callataÿ) and the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Vienna ‒ Michael Alram and Bernhard Woytek), aims at the study and publication of ma-nuscript sources relating to ancient numismatics prior to 1800 ‒ especially scholarly correspondences with numismatic content, which, due to the high number of surviving letters, represent the most promising field of research, but also inventories of coin collections, annotated printed books and unpublished numismatic manuscripts.

In addition to the great amount of new information that fina is likely to provide, it is hoped that this kind of evidence will prove helpful for recon-structing the intellectual history in the broad social networks of its time. By understanding that ideas and scholarship produced in the past are tightly connected to the intellectual culture and political situation in which scholars lived, we are able to put their research into perspective, question their results and find new ways of solving old problems.

In a broader international perspective, fina was created just at the right time. Today the study of the history of scholarship is no longer appre-ciated for what it tells us about the various objects and phenomena, but for what it tells us about the way past scholars looked at the objects. [3] It is, thus, high time for the history of numismatics to be approached with intellectual rigour in the framework of fina.

Fig. 1 – Portrait of Joseph Eckhel.

Courtesy of the Coin Cabinet, Kunsthistorisches Museum.

[3] On this topic see C.R. Ligota & J.-L. Quantin ‘Introduction’, in Ligota & Quantin (eds) History of Scholarship. A Selection of Papers from the Seminar on the History of Scholarship

Held Annually at the Warburg Institute, Oxford 2006, p. 1-38.

78 daniela williams

Fig. 2 – Eckhel’s correspondence kept in the archives of the Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum.

Fig. 3 – Daniela Williams and Bernhard Woytek working on Eckhel’s correspondence at

the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna (April 2012)

Fig. 4 – Logo of the project Fontes Inediti Numismaticae Antiquae (© Ursula Grande)

MEETINGS OF THE INC

Meeting of the inc Committee, Taormina, March 18 to 19, 2015

Present:

Carmen Arnold-Biucchi (President in the Chair), Donal Bateson (Vice President), Benedikt Zäch (Vice President), Michael Alram (Secretary), Tuukka Talvio (Treasurer), Maria Caltabiano, Sylviane Estiot, Pere Pau Ripollès, Bernward Ziegaus.

1. Introduction by the President

The President welcomes the members of the Committee and thanks them for their attendance and for their hard work during the past year: both issues of the INeN came out punctually and with a lot of useful and inter-esting information and the CR 61 is in press and will be distributed in a few weeks. She conveys the sad news that two Honorary Members, Georges Le Rider and Mando Oeconomides, passed away since the last meeting as well as two other numismatists: Marc Bar and Rick Witschonke.

2. Minutes of the Committee Meeting at Glasgow, May 20 to May 21, 2014

The minutes of the meeting in Glasgow as published in CR 61 (2014), pp. 82-99 are approved.

3. and 4. Treasurer’s report: accounts for 2014 and budget for 2015 (see also p. 109)

The accounts submitted attest the very good state of the inc finances thanks to the work of the Treasurer. The President expresses her thanks and congratulates T. Talvio.

The Treasurer will contact the institutions that are behind with their pay-ments. Members who have not paid their dues will not get the 50% dis-count for the Congress and will not be able to vote at the General Assembly.

D. Bateson reports that Spink has sent a total of £ 4,300 as the remaining proceeds of sale for the Proceedings of the Glasgow Congress. He proposes to use this money for extra travel grants for the Taormina Congress. The Committee accepts.

The preliminary budget for 2015 is approved by the Committee. It will include € 3,000 for the legal advice in Switzerland. In addition to the € 10,000, which have been paid for the Taormina Congress in 2014, a reserve of € 5,000 will be put in the budget and paid if needed.

80 inc committee meeting

5. Membership

The Secretary reports that seven new membership applications were sub-mitted:

1. Medagliere della Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milano

2. National Numismatic Collection, Central Bank of The Netherlands, Amsterdam

3. Baylor University, Department of Art, Waco, tx, usa

4. Departamento de Arqueología e Historia Medieval, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga

5. Institut d’Archéologie ‘Vasile Pârvan’, Cabinet des Médailles, Bucarest

6. International Numismatic Club, Moscow

7. Ankara Üniversitesi, Département d’Archéologie Classique.

All seven applications are accepted by the Committee.

6. Projects under the patronage of the INC

a. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum (SNG)

Andrew Meadows sent the following report:

I have received reports from colleagues in seven countries: France, Ger-many, Greece, Italy, Poland, Turkey, United Kingdom. There remains the perennial problem of lack of systematic organization of the projects in various countries, and thus of a central source of information.

SNG France

No volume appeared in 2014. The following volumes are in preparation:

J. Dalaison: SNG France 7. BnF Pontus, Paphlagonia and Armenia Minor.

D. Gerin: SNG France BnF Alexandria II.

Z. Sawaya: SNG France BnF Phoenicia.

SNG Germany

The Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik of the dai has now ceased responsibility for the production of SNG volumes. No volume ap-peared in 2014.

SNG Deutschland Tübingen Heft 7 (the last one to be published with the sup-port of the Kommission) is currently in preparation.

SNG Greece

No volumes appeared in 2014.

Currently in preparation:

SNG Greece 3. Athens, Numismatic Museum: The A. Christomanos Collection, Vol. II (M. Oikonomidou - P. Tselekas).

taormina, 18-19/iii/2015 81

SNG Greece 4. Athens, Numismatic Museum: The P.Z. Saroglos Collection, Vol. II (S. Psoma - I. Touratsoglou).

SNG Greece 7. The KIKPE Collection of Bronze Coins, volume 2 (Roman Provincial issues).

SNG Italy

No volume appeared in 2014, and no volume appears currently to be in preparation.

SNG Poland

No volume appeared in 2014. Imminent is SNG Poland, National Museum Warsaw.

Currently in preparation:

The next volume is devoted to the Archaeological and Ethnographical Museum in Łódź, and J. Bodzek, Cracow National Museum.

SNG Turkey

No volume appeared in 2014.

The following volumes are scheduled to appear in 2015:

SNG Turkey 9. The Özkan Arıkantürk Collection. Part 1: Troas, Turkish Institute of Archaeology, Istanbul, 2015 (by Oğuz Tekin and Aliye Erol Özdizbay).

SNG Turkey 1. The Muharrem Kayhan Collection. Part 2. Turkish Institute of Archaeology, Istanbul, 2015 (by Koray Konuk, Oğuz Tekin and Aliye-Erol Özdizbay).

SNG Turkey 9. The Özkan Arıkantürk Collection. Part 2: Aeolis, Turkish Institute of Archaeology, Istanbul, 2015 (by Oğuz Tekin and Aliye Erol Özdizbay).

In preparation are:

SNG Turkey 9. The Özkan Arıkantürk Collection. Part 3: Mysia, Turkish Institute of Archaeology, Istanbul, 2016 (by Oğuz Tekin and Aliye Erol Özdizbay).

SNG Turkey 10. Antalya Museum. Volume 1: Roman Provincial Coins of Pam-phylia, Turkish Institute of Archaeology, Istanbul, 2016 (by Oğuz Tekin).

SNG United Kingdom

No volumes were published in 2014.

Work is currently in progress on the volumes devoted to the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow, one volume devoted to the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, and two to the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge.


Conclusion

A major question is obviously raised from this report concerning the future of the SNG project. The decision of the dai to withdraw from the project, combined with the decision by a number of major cabinets to place their cataloguing emphasis on the creation of online catalogues (e.g. New York, Berlin, Paris, London, Oxford) strongly suggest that the future of the printed series is at this point limited.

b. New Landscape of Ancient Numismatics

Andrew Meadows reports:

Work since the New Landscapes meeting in April 2014 has focused on:

• The creation of a website to provide information about the project, and to provide a central portal greekcoinage.org for Greek numismatics on the web

• preparation of templates for coin type descriptions

• preparation of templates for specimen descriptions

• preparation of comprehensive lists of

o Mints

o Rulers

o Denominations

o Authorities

o Time periods

To this end a steering committee has been formed consisting of Andrew Meadows, Frédérique Duyrat, Pere Pau Ripollès, Ulrike Peter, Catherine Grandjean, Peter van Alfen, Thomas Faucher and Ethan Gruber.

The lists generated for mints and rulers are now being edited by an intern paid for by the grant made by the inc in 2014. From these it will generate the nomisma.org IDs necessary for the representation of Greek numis-matic material in a Linked Data environment. We aim to have these in place, and test-bed up and running in time for the Taormina Congress.

We are currently working to establish the possible content for such a test-bed. This is likely to consist of a Spanish mint prepared by Pere Pau Ripollès, a Phoenician mint produced by Frédérique Duyrat, two projects established to provide stable URIs for Macedonian and Seleucid coinage by the ans and directed by Peter van Alfen, and the Corpus Nummorum Thraco-rum project directed by Ulrike Peter (http://www.corpus-nummorum.eu/).

A further meeting for discussion of next steps in terms of publications of collections, as for finalising proposed description templates and lists of required nomisma IDs will be held in Berlin in April 2015.


c. Lexicon Iconographicum Numismaticae (LIN)

M. Caccamo Caltabiano reports:

The Unity of Messina University in the year 2014 has worked in two directions:

A) The implementation and the search for funding for the development of the Digital Iconographic Atlas of Numismatics in Antiquity (D.I.A.N.A.).

B) The re-opening of the Lexicon Iconographicum Numismaticae (LIN) web-site with the inclusion of new entries.

A) Now, the free search in the Digital Iconographic Atlas of Numismatics in Antiquity (D.I.A.N.A.) is also possible, previously it was limited to the mints and the iconographic subjects. The Atlas has been designed with an eye toward the possibility of a future integration with other digital archives in a scenario of linked data, to better understand the coins in a diachronic and cultural context. See M. Caccamo Caltabiano, M. Puglisi, A. Celesti & G. Salamone, Towards Linked-Data in Numismatics: How the DIANA Approach can Improve the Diachrony Integrating Heterogeneous Pieces of Data, presented in April 2014 at the caa 2014-Paris: 42th Computer Applications and Quanti-tative Methods in Archaeology Conference (in press).

To overcome the difficulties arising from royalties associated with the use of coin images we have sought collaboration with Museums that wished to make available – through the Digital Atlas – their ancient numismatic heritage. To achieve this goal, we have already obtained the important ad-hesion of the Director of the P. Orsi Archaeological Museum in Syracuse, Gioconda La Magna, and her colleagues responsible for the Coin Cabinet, Rosalba Amato and Angela Maria Manenti. Now, we are awaiting the ap-proval of this cooperation by the Regional Department of Cultural Heritage and Sicilian Identity from which the Syracuse Museum legally depends.

B) Reactivation of the LIN website was delayed by the desire to show on the maps of D.I.A.N.A. the diachronic and diatopic distribution of the iconic subjects studied by us. For the LIN, entries were compiled by Anna Sapienza: Triskeles and Tetraskeles; Barbara Sisalli: Rape of the nymph; Natalia Russo: Silenos; Marianna Spinelli: Wreath.

Following the publication of the book Una e molteplice. Le Ninfe eponime di Città, Reggio Calabria 2014, Grazia Salamone has produced a synthetic lemma for the LIN on this topic. Together with Maria Caltabiano she is now working to verify the identity of all female heads – without specific divine attributes – present on ancient Greek coins.

A doctoral thesis on the coin iconography of the so-called Thraco-Mace-donian tribes was completed by Barbara Sisalli.


Mariangela Puglisi published a contribution on the image of the shell on coins of Magna Graecia and Sicily: An Iconographic Approach to Coins Through the DIANA Atlas: The Case Study of the Subject ‘Shell’ on Greek Coins, in ‘Art in the Round’: New Approaches to Ancient Coin Iconography, N.T. Elkins, S. Krmnicek (eds), Tübingen 2014 (Tübinger Archäologische Forschungen 16), pp. 69-88.

The Colleagues of the Bologna University are editing the Proceedings of the iii International Meeting of the Lexicon Iconographicum Numismati-cae: A.L. Morelli, E. Filippini (eds), Moneta e identità territoriale: dalla polis antica alla civitas medievale, (Bologna, 12-13 settembre 2013), Reggio Cala-bria (Semata e Signa 8), forthcoming. The Congress was the conclusive event of the homonymous project of national interest prin 2009, and it was attended by members of the four research units of the LIN and other scholars.

A.L. Morelli, E. Filippini have also published: Divinizzazioni femminili nella prima età imperiale. Analisi della documentazione numismatica, in T. Gnoli, F. Muccioli (eds), Divinizzazione, culto del sovrano e apoteosi. Tra Antichità e Medioevo, Bologna (DiSCi. Storia Antica 1), 2014, pp. 211-250.

They are continuing to implement the computerized census of coin occur-rences of City personifications or ‘Tychai poleos’ of the province of Syria during the period between the Roman annexation of the territories at the end of the Antonine period. A multiplatform database (Windows, Mac) will be made available via the website of the Department of Numismatics, University of Bologna (http://www.numismatica.unibo.it/).

E. Filippini is preparing the entries related to the types of coin personifi-cations of two cities of the Phoenician-Palestine coast: Berytos/Berytus and Kaisareia/Caesarea Maritima.

A. Morelli is developing the entry Mater from her book Madri di uomini e di dei. La rappresentazione della maternità attraverso la documentazione numis-matica di epoca romana, ‘Ante quem’ 1, Bologna 2009.

d. Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum (SNS)

Rika Gyselen berichtet:

– N. Schindel, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum. The Schaaf Collection, mit Beiträgen von M. Alram und R. Gyselen ist 2014 erschienen.

Folgende Bände stehen in Bearbeitung:

– A. Gariboldi, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Tajikistan. Sasanian Coins and their Imitations from Sogdiana, Tokharistan and Ustrushana.

Darüber hinaus wird an den Bänden iv (N. Schindel) und vi (R. Gyselen) der Hauptreihe SNS Paris – Berlin – Wien, an SNS Syrien (R. Gyselen) sowie SNS Tübingen (N. Schindel) gearbeitet.


7. Reports from affiliated bodies

a. Centro Internazionale di Studi Numismatici di Napoli (CISN)

Marina Taliercio sent the following report:

A. Attività di ricerca

1. Magna Grecia

1a. A completamento e ad integrazione dello studio sistematico delle emissioni incuse di Sibari, oggetto di una monografia: E. Spagnoli, La prima moneta in Magna Grecia: il caso di Sibari, Napoli 2013, (pp. 316), pubblicata con il contributo del Centro, ha fatto seguito nell’anno 2014 l’edizione del corpus fotografico delle emissioni monetali. Il volume è corredato da indici analitici e dall’elenco aggiornato (2014) delle pro-venienze dei materiali. Il volume è in corso di edizione in formato digitale.

1b. Sono stati commentati i primi risultati delle applicazioni diagnostiche non distruttive (analisi sem – edx e xrf) su un campione monetario relativo alla monetazione tarantina, con particolare riferimento alle serie emesse durante la spedizione del Molosso: i dati ottenuti segna-lano per le serie di questa fase un titolo Ag apprezzabile e probabil-mente inatteso in considerazione della grave congiuntura dell’epoca, ma coerente con altri indicatori presi in esame (R. Vitale, Appendix 1. A Numismatic Point of View, in A. Buccolieri et alii, Non- destructive analysis of silver coins minted, Taras (Southern Italy) between the V and the III cen-tury BC, in Journal of Archaeology – Hindawi Corporation http://www. hindawi.com, Volume 2014, pp. 1-8).

2. Campania tirrenica

È iniziato, a cura di M. Taliercio ed E. Spagnoli, lo studio sistematico dei rinvenimenti monetali dal territorio di Cuma, recuperati sia negli scavi di vecchia data sia in quelli effettuati dall’Università Federico II e dal Centro J. Bérard di Napoli.

3. Comprensorio vesuviano

La ricerca ha aggiornato i dati relativi ai rinvenimenti stratigrafici perti-nenti alle regioni vii ed viii, nell’ambito del dibattito sul tema delle pseudo-produzioni monetarie, tra le quali si segnalano le serie ebusitane e pseudo-ebusitane, massaliote e di area gallica, panormita con le relative imitazioni R. Vitale, Contesti monetali dal Foro di Pompei ed altri casi a confronto, in Ebusus y Pompeya, Ciudades marítimas. Testimonios monetales de una relación, Ebusus e Pompei, Città marittime. Testimonianze monetali di una relazione, Alicia Arévalo González, Darío Bernal Casasola y Daniela Cottica (editores científicos) Atti della riunione scientifica (Escuela Espa-ñola de Historia y Arqueología en Roma,12-13 novembre 2010), Cadiz 2013 (2014), pp. 207-231.


4. Area medio-italica

4a – Porto. È proseguito lo studio, a cura di E. Spagnoli, della circolazione monetale in area portuense con lo studio dei materiali di scavo nel settore della città denominato ptxi (campagne di scavo 2007-2012). I risultati della ricerca sono stati presentati con una relazione dal titolo ‘ptxi. Evidenze monetali dagli scavi 2007/2012’ (in corso di stampa) al Workshop svoltosi presso la British School at Rome, in data 4.2.2014. Tale studio è attualmente in corso di pubblicazione in un volume monografico dedicato all’edizione globale dei contesti di scavo (anno 2015).

– Ostia. È in preparazione, a cura di E. Spagnoli, l’edizione di un nucleo di tessere di piombo inedite da vecchi scavi degli anni Settanta della S.A. di Roma, sezione distaccata di Ostia. Una prima relazione sul lavoro di ricerca e studio verrà presentata nel corso del prossimo Congresso Internazionale di Numismatica (Taormina 21-25 Settembre 2015).

4b È proseguito, a cura di E. Spagnoli, il lavoro di studio sul complesso dei reperti monetali restituiti dalle indagini archeologiche nell’abitato di Amiternum (2010-2013), in preparazione dell’edizione critica della glo-balità dei contesti di scavo.

4c La disamina dell’evidenza numismatica recuperata con le recenti cam-pagne di scavo a Norba ha privilegiato i materiali dall’abitato, distrutto durante l’assedio sillano dell’80 a.C., in particolare delle domus, nel-l’ambito di un progetto relativo all’edilizia privata ed alle sue fasi di sviluppo con l’edizione delle strutture e dei materiali delle domus iv, v e vi (R. Vitale, Monete, in Ricerche su Norba. I materiali, in Atlante Tema-tico di Topografia Antica, ATTA 23, 2013, pp. 361-368; R. Vitale, Monete, in Norba. Domus e materiali, in Atlante Tematico di Topografia Antica, ATTA xix Supplemento, 2014, pp. 125-134).

4d Per l’ambito sannita è in corso, a cura di R. Vitale, lo studio dei reperti monetali da scavi condotti nel territorio di Alife e in alcuni monumenti della colonia, come l’Anfiteatro ed il Criptoportico.

5. Collezionismo

Si è continuato lo studio della collezione monetale Scacchi, di proprietà della Società Napoletana di Storia Patria, che ha offerto lo spunto per un approfondimento della tematica del collezionismo monetale a Napoli con particolare riguardo all’epoca post-unitaria.

B. Attività informatica

Schedatura e archiviazione informatica degli incusi di Sibari a fini di edi-zione in formato digitale, dei rinvenimenti dall’area campano-sannitica e vesuviana.


C. Pubblicazioni

Cfr. le indicazioni riportate nel corso della relazione.

b. Oriental Numismatic Society (ONS)

Joe Cribb reports:

Council

Secretary General: Joe Cribb

Deputy Secretary General/Journal Editor: Stan Goron

Secretary/UK Section Secretary: Peter Smith

Treasurer: Ben Bream

Publications Secretary/Assistant Journal Editor: Robert Bracey

Membership Secretary: Barbara Mears

European Section Secretary: Jan Lingen

American Section Secretary: Pankaj Tandon

South Asian Section Secretary: Mahesh Kalra

Pakistan Section Secretary: Shafqat Mirza

General Section Secretary: Bob Senior

Ordinary council members: Shailendra Bhandare, Paul Stevens, Howard Simmons

Activities during 2014

During 2014 the society published four volumes of its Journal (nos. 218-221), including members’ news, obituaries, book reviews, meeting reports and research articles.

Contact details for the Society’s officers, news of meetings, book reviews and other notices, together with the index of articles in all volumes of the Journal are available at the website http://orientalnumismaticsociety.org.

The Society also maintains a presence on Facebook, to reach the many oriental coin collectors around the world using this social network (http:// www.facebook.com/OrientalNumismaticSociety).

The Society has been able to secure the funding to digitise past copies of its journal and make them available through the internet. Work on this project will take place during the coming year. A three year delay in inter-net availability will be maintained.

Section meetings were held at New York, London, Oxford, Leiden, Tübin-gen, Bremen, Islamabad, New Delhi and Mumbai. The agm was held at the London meeting in November. At present the Society has just over 500 members worldwide. The fastest growing region is South Asia where membership of the section has gone from about 40 to over 150 during the last year and a half.


c. International Association of Professional Numismatists (IAPN – AINP)

Arne Kirsch sent the following report:

The iapn consists today of 118 member firms representing 21 countries. Two new members were elected at the 2014 annual congress in Monaco, Civitas Galleries of Middleton, WI, USA, and Sincona AG of Zürich, Swit-zerland.

The central focuses of the iapn this past year remained: 1) the fight against increasingly sophisticated and dangerous counterfeits emanating from the Far East, Eastern Europe, and elsewhere; 2) the exchange of information between members and non-members such as other profit or non-profit numismatic associations, scholars and museums; and 3) while continuing to support restrictions on the movement of illegally excavated or acquired coins, working to limit the imposition of unreasonable laws on the trade in common, long-known coins of little or no historical, cultural, or archaeological significance.

The iapn Book Prize for 2013 was awarded to Italo Vecchi for Italian Cast Coinage – a Descriptive Catalogue of the Cast Bronze Coinage and its Struck Counterparts in Ancient Italy from the 7th to 3rd Centuries BC, a work made possible thanks to cooperation between private collectors, dealers, and academic scholars.

d. International Committee for Money and Banking Museums (ICOMON)

Christel Schollaardt reports:

In 2014, icomon initiated two projects:

Jenni Adam from the Bank of England is finalizing the list of Money Mu-seums in the world.

A coin conservation project accessible to all Monetary Museums is under study. Conservators and curators will be contacted to offer their experi-ence and knowledge. An introductory presentation will be delivered during the next annual meeting in September 2015 (project leader: Karen Lee, Smithsonian Institution, Washington).

From July 1 to July 4, 2014 our annual conference was held in Belgrade, Serbia, hosted by The National Bank of Serbia. We had 49 participants from 23 countries and the theme was: ‘Money and Banking Museums: Raising Heritage and Financial Education Awareness’. Civic education comes before financial literacy and results in financial culture. The im-portance of preserving and promoting numismatic collections as a symbol of national identity was discussed as well as the need to rethink the development and management of a numismatic collection.

A selection of papers delivered at the annual meetings is published as e-proceedings on the icomon website.


During the annual meeting Effrosyni Nomikou (King’s College, London) organized the workshop ‘Show and Tell: planning accessible numismatic exhibits’. The workshop gave to all participants the opportunity to discuss exhibition challenges in museums such as exhibition content, delivery methods, text presentation, visual presentation and the use of other media to present the collection to the public when the available space is limited.

The next Annual Meeting of icomon will be held in conjunction with the International Numismatic Congress in Taormina in September 2015. The topic of the Round Table will be ‘Museum Numismatics and Collections care: best practices’.

8. Publications of the inc

a. International Numismatic e-News (INeN)

Pere Pau Ripollès reports:

La publicación del INeN se ha venido realizando siguiendo la misma línea editorial que en años anteriores. Se ha constatado un mayor interés por parte de los miembros del inc que cada vez mandan más contenidos para ser publicados en él. Casi todas las secciones han visto ampliado su espa-cio. El número 16 ocupa 17 páginas y el 17 un poco más, 31 páginas. De acuerdo con la decisión adoptada en la reunión del Comité en Messina (2013) los editores han sido y continúan siendo la Dra. Sylviane Estiot y el Profesor Pere Pau Ripollès. Durante 2014 las fechas de publicación se han modificado y con ellas las fechas de recepción de colaboraciones e infor-mación. Los dos número anuales se han publicado en el mes de febrero y el mes de julio, aunque es decisión firme estabilizar su fecha de publica-ción en los meses de enero y de julio.

Los editores han actualizado el listado de direcciones eliminando las de aquellos envíos que han retornado con la etiqueta de ‘desconocido’. Buena parte de ellos perteneces a suscriptores franceses. A pesar de la limpieza realizada, se ha constatado un notable incremento en el número de per-sonas e instituciones que se han interesado por el INeN y han solicitado la suscripción. En la actualidad, el INeN alcanza casi los ochocientos recep-tores.

Todas las comunicaciones y noticias deben enviarse a los editores ([email protected]/[email protected]) antes del 24 de junio para el número de verano y el 24 de diciembre para el de invierno.

b. Compte Rendu (CR)

Michael Alram reports:

CR 61 (2014) is in press. 600 additional copies will be printed for the Con-gress and sent to Taormina.

CR 62 (2015) will include the minutes of the Council Meetings in Taormina in March and in September, as well as a report on the General Assembly.


For the next Compte rendu following suggestions were presented:

- For Law and practice regarding coin finds M. Alram will ask D. Klose and B. Weisser to write about German law.

- For Famous Numismatists: C. Arnold-Biucchi will write about J. Svoro-nos, and T. Talvio will ask J.S. Jensen if he is interested in writing an article about Christian Jürgensen Thomsen.

- For Famous Collectors: M. Alram will ask D. Williams to give a report about the Congress ‘Ars Critica Numaria. Joseph Eckhel and the develop-ment of numismatic method’ held in Vienna in May 2015.

- History of Collections: we shall ask Paul Beliën (National Numismatic Collection, Central Bank of the Netherlands) and Kenneth Sheedy (Australian Centre for Ancient Numismatic Studies).

9. Website: www.inc-cin.org

Bernward Ziegaus reports:

The inc website with its new design was uploaded for the first time in spring 2014 http://www.inc-cin.org and is intended to serve primarily as a platform for the inc members and for those who wish to become a member. Basic information about the ‘Mission’ and the ‘Constitution’ of the inc, ‘Membership’, and ‘Patronage of international projects’ is now available in four languages. The costs for the new website were lower than expected. We decided to use a full screen design with a clear type face and a simple structure focused on the essentials on our concerns.

International Numismatic e-Newsletters Nos. 16 and 17 were published in February and July 2014. All articles of the Compte Rendu 60, 2013 were loaded on the website and are available for download http://inc-cin.org/ assets/pdf/compterendu/compte-rendu-60-2013.pdf.

The International Numismatic e-Newsletter (INeN) informs our members and affiliated associations about numismatic activities all over the world, calling attention to new numismatic literature and reports important per-sonal news and achievements of numismatists.

A great number of numismatic conferences and exhibitions held in 2014 were announced and described in detail. They were mainly organized by academies, universities and coin collections in France, Switzerland, Ger-many and Austria.

The advertising of conferences helps to make meetings with numismatic topics known immediately, especially when they occur between the two issues of the INeN published in spring and fall. It is our great hope to get more information about the activities of our members all over the world so that the website can become a contact point for numismatic and aca-demic needs.

News about the International Numismatic Congress in Messina/Taormina are always available online on the Congress website http://www.xvcin.


unime.it/, which is regularly updated and gives information on programs around this great numismatic event in September 2015.

The Committee decided that the links of the member institutions will be included in the membership list. It is also decided that the Glasgow Proceedings will be made available on the website; D. Bateson will contact Ph. Skingley.

10. inc Scholarship

K. Siegl, G. Watson and D. Gerothanasis, who received the travel scholarship in 2014, sent their reports. All reports will be published on the website.

No applications for 2015/16 have been sent to the Secretary. There is a need to better advertise our scholarships in order to increase the number of applications. It may not have been clear that the Travel Grants to the Congress were in addition to the annual grants.

The Committee decided to use the remaining money for additional travel grants for the Taormina Congress.

11. Taormina Congress

Maria Caccamo Caltabiano reports:

Il giorno 26 Dicembre 2014 è stato firmato un protocollo d’intesa fra il Sindaco della città di Taormina dr. Eligio Giardina, il Rettore dell’Uni-versità degli Studi di Messina prof. Pietro Navarra e la Presidente del Comitato scientifico ed organizzativo del xv cin prof. Maria Caltabiano per ‘la migliore riuscita dell’organizzazione e dello svolgimento del xv Con-gresso Internazionale di Numismatica, Taormina 21-25 Settembre 2015’. Il Sindaco si è impegnato a fornire gratuitamente le sedi richieste dal Comitato organizzativo e a fornire la sede per la mostra su ‘La città del Tauro: le monete raccontano’. Il Rettore dell’Università di Messina ha preso l’impegno di supportare con un congruo finanziamento l’organizzazione del Congresso, dopo avere già assegnato nel 2014 la somma di € 8.000.

Su richiesta dei partecipanti la scadenza per la presentazione degli Abstracts è stata spostata dal 30 Settembre al 30 Novembre 2014. A quanti avevano rispettato la scadenza del 30 Settembre l’accettazione dell’abstract è stata comunicata entro il 15 Ottobre. Le proposte avanzate ammontavano a 450 papers e a 59 posters. Alcuni partecipanti hanno proposto sia un paper che un poster, a quanti avevano inviato anche due o tre proposte di relazioni è stato chiesto di sceglierne soltanto una. Dopo il 30 novembre il modulo di registrazione è rimasto aperto per qualche ritardatario che ne avesse fatto richiesta al Comitato organizzatore, e a quanti avessero presentato doman-da per i travel grants. Dopo l’accettazione del paper o del poster il paga-mento della quota di iscrizione è stato fissato entro il 31 gennaio 2015, entro il 30 Aprile 2015 per i borsisti.


Travel Grants sono stati offerti dall’International Numismatic Council (nr. 50 di € 750 ciascuno), dalla Società Italiana di Numismatica (n. 4 di €. 1.000 ciascuno, da assegnarsi a 2 giovani italiani e a 2 giovani stranieri), dalla Société Royale de Numismatique de Belgique (2 travel grants di € 750). Una borsa di € 1000, in memoria di Anna Carbé, è stata offerta dai fami-liari sotto l’egida della Associazione Italiana di Cultura Classica-Messina. Tre borse ‘Pro Mario Traina’ sono state bandite dall’Accademia italiana di Studi Numismatici quale premio per le migliori tesi di laurea in numis-matica. L’Accademia ha anche bandito il Premio di Numismatica ‘Memmo Cagiati’.

La medaglia commemorativa del Congresso è stata realizzata per iniziativa della Società dell’Arte della Medaglia, su progetto di Gionatan Salzano della Scuola dell’Arte della Medaglia. Il suo costo è stato fissato in € 50 per la versione in bronzo ed € 200 per quella in argento.

L’Agenzia Lisciotto ha curato la raccolta e la gestione delle iscrizioni e dei servizi ad essi collegati.

Dalla primavera del 2014 una segreteria composta da una dottoressa di ricerca e cinque dottorande del Dottorato in Scienze Archeologiche e Sto-riche Antiche dell’Università di Messina ha affiancato il Comitato locale nelle attività organizzative del Congresso. Particolare impegno è stato dedicato alla richiesta di finanziamenti alle Autorità istituzionali e alla ricerca di soggetti appropriati quali sponsor del Congresso. Sono state inviate lettere con proposte di sponsorizzazione a Società e Ditte Numis-matiche di ambito nazionale ed internazionale. L’attuale crisi finanziaria e la costante instabilità politica ed amministrativa hanno reso l’organizza-zione del Congresso particolarmente impegnativa, richiedendo periodici sopralluoghi a Taormina per incontri con le Autorità preposte, assog-gettate ad un frequente turn over.

Al 31 dicembre 2014 il sito web del Congresso annoverava 45.000 visita-tori. A febbraio 2015 ne è stato effettuato il restyling ad opera dell’archi-tetto G. Partinico.

12. Survey

The President reports that all contributions came on time and first proofs are expected shortly. The Survey of Numismatic Research 2008-2013 will be published by Arbor Sapientiae in Rome, and 500 copies will be printed. Once again the Survey has been sponsored by the International Associa-tion of Professional Numismatists. The volume will be available at the Congress for € 35. The money that will come in at the Congress will go towards the budget of the Congress. The remaining copies will be sold by Arbor Sapientiae, and the revenues shared.

It was taken into consideration to publish the next Survey only online.


13. Travel Grants for the Taormina Congress

105 applications were sent to the Secretary. After careful consideration the Committee awarded 50 grants of € 750. The selection was based on merit, diversity of countries and a balance of numismatic areas of interest from ancient to modern numismatics.

Additional grants will be offered by the Numismatische Kommission der Länder in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, by the Schweizerische Numis-matische Gesellschaft, the Österreichische Numismatische Gesellschaft, the Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte, University of Vienna, the Société Royale de Numismatique de Belgique and the Società Numis-matica Italiana.

14. Any other relevant business

a) Request of inc Patronage for the Sylloge Nummorum Parthicorum (SNP)

Vesta Curtis sent a letter to the President asking for patronage of the Sylloge Nummorum Parthicorum project. The project is an international venture that brings together the collections of six institutions with major holdings of Parthian coins. The results of the research are being published in nine volumes by the Austrian Academy of Sciences. The aim of the project is to use coins as an important primary source and to shed light on the history, culture and religion of the Parthian period from c. 240 bc to ad 224. The first volume of the SNP was published in 2012.

The Committee unanimously voted in favor of the project.

b) New Constitution

At the last Committee meeting the urgent need to find a permanent seat for the inc was discussed and it was agreed that Switzerland would be the best place. As requested, B. Zäch sought legal advice and presented drafts of a new constitution in German and English. This was carefully scrutini-zed by the Committee and a final version will be circulated to members at least three months before the General Assembly to consider and vote upon.

c) New Honorary Members

The Committee decided to propose the following candidates to be elected as honorary members by the General Assembly:

Michel Amandry Hans-Jörg Kellner

Andrew Burnett Lars Lagerqvist

Marta Campo Harald Nilsson

Michael Crawford Olivier Picard

Giovanni Gorini Peter Spufford

Wolfgang Hahn


d) Preparation of the General Assembly

The Committee will meet on Sunday, September 20th at 11:30 am to pre-pare for the General Assembly, which will take place in the Palazzo dei Congressi, Sala Teatro, at 5:30 pm; registration will start at 4:30 pm.

A first letter including all the necessary information will be sent to all members at the beginning of June; a second letter with the voting papers and the ballots at the beginning of July.

Four members of the Committee (Carmen Arnold-Biucchi, J. Donal Bate-son, Tuukka Talvio, Benedikt Zäch) were re-elected in Glasgow and can-not be elected again (Constitution Art. 5); two members to the great regret of the Committee will not be able to serve a second term (Sylviane Estiot, Bernward Ziegaus). Therefore, six members have to be replaced. The Com-mittee recommends the following names:

François de Callataÿ (Belgium)

Andrew Meadows (United Kingdom)

Cecilia von Heijne (Sweden)

Ute Wartenberg (usa)

Bernhard Weisser (Germany)

The sixth candidate will be chosen with the venue of the 2021 inc Con-gress.

The Committee received one offer to host the 2021 Congress:

The University of Warsaw (http://en.uw.edu.pl/), together with the National Museum in Warsaw (http://www.mnw.art.pl/en/), the National Museum in Cracow (http://mnk.pl/), the Polish Numismatic Society (http://www. ptn.pl/?&lang=2) and the Narodowy Bank Polski (http://www.nbp.pl/ homen.aspx?f=/srodeken.htm) propose to hold the Congress in Warsaw.

The Organizing Committee would include: Prof. Aleksander Bursche, University of Warsaw, Prof. Jarosław Bodzek, Jagiellonian University in Cracow & the National Museum in Cracow, Prof. Mariusz Mielczarek, the Polish Academy of Science and Prof. Borys Paszkiewicz, University of Wrocław.

15. Vote of thanks to hosts

The President, Carmen Arnold-Biucchi, and the Committee express their warmest thanks to their hosts: Maria Caccamo Caltabiano and the Univer-sity of Messina for inviting the Committee to Taormina. Special thanks also to Mariangela Puglisi and the entire Organizing Committee.

General Assembly – Assemblée générale – Palazzo dei Congressi, Sala Teatro, Taormina, September 20th 2015 Minutes Present:

1. Council (non-voting except as listed in 3)

C. Arnold-Biucchi, President in the Chair J.D. Bateson, Vice-President B. Zäch, Vice-President M. Alram, Secretary T. Talvio, Treasurer M. Caccamo Caltabiano S. Estiot P.P. Ripollès B. Ziegaus

2. Honorary Members (2) P. Bhatia, New Delhi C. Morrisson, Paris

3. Delegates and proxies representing Institutional Members (64 Delegates + 3 invalid = 67)

1) Ackermann, R.C., Inventar der Fundmünzen der Schweiz, Bern 2) Alram, M., Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Münzkabinett, Vienna 3) Amandry, M., Société Française de Numismatique, Paris 4) Andersen, M., Kgl. Mønt- og Medaillesamling, Nationalmuseet,

Copenhagen 5) Arnold-Biucchi, C., Harvard University Art Museums, Division of

Asian and Mediterranean Art, Cambridge, MA 6) Arnold-Biucchi, C., Yale University Art Gallery, Department of Coins

and Medals, New Haven, CT 7) Bateson, J.D., The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, Glasgow 8) Bodzek, J., National Museum Kraków, Numismatic Cabinet, Kraków 9) Bompaire, M., iramat Centre Ernest-Babelon, Orléans

10) Bubelis, W.S., John Max Wulfing Coin Collection,Kemper Art Museum, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO

11) Bursche, A., University of Warsaw, Institut of Archaeology, Warsaw 12) Caltabiano Caccamo, M., Museo Archeologico Regionale ‘Paolo Orsi’,

Siracusa

96 inc general assembly

13) Caltabiano Caccamo, M., Cattedra di Numismatica greca e romana, Dipartimento di Civiltà Antiche e Moderne, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina

14) Camilli, L., Istituto Italiano di Numismatica, Roma 15) Campo, M., Sociedad Iberoamericana de Estudios Numismáticos

(siaen), Madrid 16) Cantilena, R., Dipartimento Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale,

Università degli studi di Salerno, Fisciano 17) Carroccio, B., Università della Calabria, Dipartimento di Storia,

Cattedra di Numismatica, Arcavacata di Rende CS 18) Dahmen, K., Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Münzkabinett, Berlin 19) Elkins, N.T., Baylor University, Department of Art, Waco, TX 20) Estiot, S., hisoma (Histoire et Sources des Mondes antiques) - umr

5189/Numismatique, Lyon 21) Estrada-Rius, A., Gabinet Numismàtic de Catalunya, Museu Nacional

d’Art de Catalunya, Barcelona 22) Giampiccolo, E., Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Gabinetto Numis-

matico, Vatican 23) Gandolfo, L., Museo Archeologico Regionale ‘Antonino Salinas’,

Palermo 24) Geiser, A., Musée Monétaire Cantonal, Lausanne 25) Gitler, H., Israel Numismatic Society, Jerusalem 26) Girola, G., Società Numismatica Italiana, Milano 27) Gozalbes Fernandez de Palencia, M., Department of Archaeology and

Medieval History, University of Málaga (Departamento de Arqueologia e Historia Medieval, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras), Málaga

28) Kemmers, F., Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Abt. II: Archäologie und Geschichte der römischen Provinzen sowie Hilfswis-senschaften der Altertumskunde, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main

29) Lanz, H., Ancient Coin Collectors Guild (accg), Gainsville, MO 30) Lanz, H., fenap (Federation of European Numismatic Trade Asso-

ciations), Fröndenberg 31) Lichocka, B., Polish Numismatic Society, Warsaw 32) Lingen, J., Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Munt- en

Penningkunde, Utrecht 33) Lingen, J., Oriental Numismatic Society, London 34) Markou, E., Institute of Historical Research, The National Hellenic

Research Foundation (kera), Athens 35) Masek, M., Czech Numismatic Society (Česká numismatická

společnost), Praha 36) Matzke, M., Historisches Museum Basel, Münzkabinett, Basel 37) Mityaeva A., International Numismatic Club, Moscow 38) Morelli, A.L., Università degli Studi di Bologna, Dipartimento di Storia

Culture Civiltà, Cattedra di Numismatica, Bologna 39) Morrisson, C., Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, Washington, DC

taormina, 20/ix/2015 97

40) Nicolae, E., Institut d’Archéologie ‘Vasile Parvan’, Cabinet des Médailles, Bucharest

41) Paszkiewicz, B., Polish Academy of Sciences, Numismatic Commission (Komitet Nauk Historycznych, Komisja Numizmatyczna), Warsaw

42) Perassi, C., Dipartimento di Storia, archeologia e storia dell’arte, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano

43) Petac, E., Societatea Numismatica Română, Biblioteca Academiei Romane, Cabinetul Numismatic, Bucharest

44) Peter, U., Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Griechisches Münzwerk, Berlin

45) Peter, U., Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Münzkabinett, Nürnberg 46) Peter, U., LWL-Museum für Kunst und Kultur, Westfälisches Landes-

museum, Münster 47) Polanský, L., Národní Muzeum, Numismatické oddělení, Praha 48) Ripollès Alegre, P.P., Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia,

Universitat de València, Facultad de Historia y Geografia, València 49) Romanowski, A., National Museum Warsaw, Department of Coins and

Medals, Warsaw 50) Saccocci, A., Museo Civico Bottacin, Padova 51) Savio, A., Università degli studi di Milano, Dipartimento di scienze

dell’antichità, Cattedra di Numismatica antica, Milano 52) Schindel, N., Österreichische Numismatische Gesellschaft, Vienna 53) Stahl, A.M., Princeton University Library, Princeton, NJ 54) Stoyas, Y., kikpe (Welfare Foundation for Social & Cultural Affairs),

Numismatic Collection, Athens 55) Talvio, T., Coin Cabinet, National Museum of Finland, Helsinki 56) Travaini, L., Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Studi

Storici, Milano 57) van Heesch, J., Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque Royale de

Belgique, Bruxelles 58) van Heesch, J., Société Royale de Numismatique de Belgique,

Bruxelles 59) Vogt, S., Museum August Kestner, Sammlung Münzen und Medaillen,

Hannover 60) Wartenberg, U., The American Numismatic Society, New York, NY 61) Weisser, B., Verband der Deutschen Münzhändler e.V., Frankfurt 62) Wolters, R., Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte, Universität

Wien, Vienna 63) Woytek, B., Institut für Kulturgeschichte der Antike, Documenta

Antiqua, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 64) Zäch, B., Münzkabinett und Antikensammlung der Stadt Winterthur,

Winterthur 65) Zapiti, E., Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, Museum of the History

of Cypriot Coinage, Nicosia 66) Ziegaus, B., Numismatische Kommission der Länder in der Bundes-

republik Deutschland, München 67) Ziegaus, B., Staatliche Münzsammlung München, München


Minutes of the General Assembly in Glasgow The minutes of the last General Assembly held in Glasgow on August 30th, 2009, printed in CR 56 (2009), pp. 50-59 are approved. 1. Appointment of Tellers The nominations of Manuel Gozalbes, Andrea Saccocci and Bernhard Woy-tek as tellers to count the votes were unanimously approved. 2. President’s Report on the Council activities since 2009 The General Meeting, which normally takes place every six years on the occasion of the International Numismatic Congress brings together the entire constituency of the International Numismatic Council and, as such, is our most important meeting [1]. So it is a great pleasure to welcome all the delegates and honorary members present. It is my duty to present to you the President’s report on the activities and achievements of the Council since our meeting in Glasgow in 2009.

I would like to start by remembering and honoring the memory of the nine Honorary Members whom we lost since 2009:

Octavian Iliescu (1919-2009) Romania Pierre Bastien (1912-2010) France Attilio Stazio (1923-2010) Italy Edith Schönert-Geiss (1933-2012) Germany Peter Berghaus (1919-2012) Germany Brita Malmer (1925-2013) Sweden Georges Le Rider (1928-2014) France Mando Oeconomides (2029-2015) Greece Leandre Villaronga (1919-2015) Spain

Other distinguished colleagues passed away:

Mark Blackburn (1953-2011) United Kingdom Roberto Russo (1945-2012) Italy Anastasios Tzamalis (1937-2012) Greece Anna Carbé (1963-2012) Italy Sebastiana Consolo Langher (1925-2013) Italy Xavier Loriot (1941-2012) France Evgeniya Semenovna Shchukina (1929-2012) Russia Elena Davidovich (1922-2013) Russia Michel Prieur (1955-2014) France Jean-Paul Divo (1937-2014) Switzerland

[1] See: R. Weiller & M. Amandry, Histoire de la Commission Internationale de Numis-matique (cin), Compte Rendu 55 (2008), p. 111, P. Les Réunions plénières.


John Mac Isaac (1944-2011) usa Richard G. Doty (1942-2013) usa Yordanka Youroukova (1936-2012) Bulgaria Ivan Marovic (1920-2014) Croatia Jean-Pierre Callu (1929-2014) France Marc Bar (1921-2015) Belgium Rick Witschonke (1945-2015) usa Harold B. Mattingly (1923-2015) United Kingdom Membership

The membership in spite of our efforts to recruit new members in new countries has remained more or less the same. Every year we receive new applications but we also lose members. This may be due to the economic crisis in the past six years and also to the fact that many institutions now have difficulty making payments to an organization that does not have a vat number. If the new statutes are ratified, the inc will have a permanent seat in Switzerland and will be registered with the equivalent of a vat.

In 2009 four applications were approved, one in 2010, three in 2011, one in 2012, four in 2013, six in 2014 and seven in 2015; twenty-six in all. The detailed list is published every year in the Compte Rendu. We lost some members who decided not to renew their subscription or who were termi-nated for failure to pay their subscription according to article 2 of the inc Constitution. The exact number will be available after the Taormina Con-gress: several members will pay at the Congress.

In all the inc now has about 140 members from thirty-two countries. It still remains mainly Centro-European in spite of our efforts and appeals. We lost China and Brazil. If we want to call ourselves ‘international’, we need to expand to other continents, in particular in Asia, South-America and Africa.

Finances of the INC

The detailed accounts are published every year in the Compte Rendu. In the latest one that has been distributed to all Congress participants - CR 61 (2014) – you will find them on p. 83. I am happy and proud to report that the inc finances are doing very well, in spite of the economic situation of the past six years, during which it was hard to collect membership dues and to attract new members. As you know the inc’s main source of in-come are the subscription dues. As President I made a concerted effort to restrict the Committee’s travel expenses and to find sponsors for our annual meetings. As in the past our colleagues have been very responsive and generous and in the name of the Committee and in your name, I express my gratitude to the Archaeological Museum in Madrid (2010), the Münzkabinett und Antikensammlung der Stadt Winterthur (2011), the University of Warsaw (2012), the University of Messina (2013 and 2015) and the University of Glasgow (2014).


Most of all the health of our finances is due to our Treasurer Dr. Tuukka Talvio from the Coin Cabinet in Helsinki who has held the post with un-flagging patience and quiet efficiency for two mandates, twelve years in all. He started off with € 25,228.18 left from the previous Committee in 2003, ended with € 62,434 in 2009 after the Glasgow Congress. The balance sheet at the end of 2014 was € 76,534.51. Fifty travel grants to the Con-gress of € 750 were disbursed (€ 37,500) and the legal fees to draft the new statutes according to the Swiss Code of Law were paid. Thanks to a surplus from the sale of the Glasgow Proceedings, today we have about € 45,000.

On your behalf I would like to congratulate him and thank him with a round of applause. Achievements of the INC

Our robust finances and the hard work of all the Committee members allowed us to accomplish a great deal in the past six years.

Publications

Survey of Numismatic Research

The inc Committee’s main responsibilities are the organization of the Con-gress and the publication of the Survey of Numismatic Research, a critical commentary of the research and progress in our field in the previous six years. It is our most scholarly publication and I am proud to report that thanks to the collaboration and hard work of twelve Sub-Editors, the Contributors and the Publisher Arbor Sapientiae in Rome, it is out. It is an impressive volume of 780 pages and I encourage you all to purchase it at the Congress at the discounted price.

The role of the General Editors is mainly one of coordination but Maria Caltabiano bore the lion’s share and I want to thank her in particular as well as all Sub-Editors and Contributors.

Last but not least the publication of the Survey was made possible by the iapn that assumed all the costs and to which we are immensely grateful. Compte Rendu

Our Annual Report has continued to appear regularly and to maintain high standards and quality. The editing was undertaken by the Secretary Michael Alram and published in Austria since 2010. I take this opportunity to congratulate and thank him on your behalf for his work.

The following volumes have been published and distributed to all members and Honorary Members:

CR 56 (2009) 93 p. CR 59 (2012) 119 p.

CR 57 (2010) 104 p. CR 60 (2013) 121 p.

CR 58 (2011) 71 p. CR 61 (2014) 119 p.


We continued to feature The Law and Practice Regarding Coin Finds (2009: Sweden and Finland; 2010: the third instalment of the US laws by John Kleeberg; 2011:Slovenian Laws; 2012: Turkey and France; 2013: Romania and Switzerland; 2014: Italy); Les grands numismates (2009: Joachim Lele-wel; 2010: Ernest Babelon; 2011: Jules Sylvestre; 2012: Ésprit-Marie Cousi-néry; 2013: Barclay Vincent Head and Hermann Dannenberg; 2014: Filippo Paruta e Vincenzo Mirabella); Collectionneurs célèbres (2009: H.F. Antell; 2010: Albéric du Chastel; 2011: Grand Duke Georgii Mikhailovich; 2012: Anton von Prokesch-Osten; 2013: Rafael Cervera y Royo; 2014: Gabriele Lancillotto Castelli and Antonino Salinas); and the Histoire des collections

numismatiques et des institutions vouées à la numismatique (2009: Harvard Art Museums; 2010: Das Münzkabinett des Historischen Museums Bern; 2011: Tongeren and Yale University; 2012: Valencia and Munich; 2013: Das Münzkabinett des Historischen Museums Basel and Die Numismatische Sammlung der Deutschen Bundesbank in Frankfurt; 2014: Medaglieri Sici-liani: Palermo, Siracusa, Agrigento, Caltanisetta, Caltagirone, Camarina, Massina and Naxos).

It is also in the Compte Rendu that the inc honors the memory of deceased Honorary Members.

In 2013 we revamped our logo and it is now used as stationery and for all publications.

The 2014 Compte Rendu is dedicated entirely to Sicily and bears the logo of the Congress as the CR 55 did for the Glasgow Congress. International Numismatic Newsletter (INN)

At its first meeting in Glasgow after the General Meeting, the newly ap-pointed Committee deliberated on whether to continue to issue a printed newsletter. In the INN 45, December 2009, a questionnaire was sent out to our readers. The results lead us to the decision to terminate the printed version and to enhance the International Numismatic e-Newsletter started in 2004 by Benedikt Zäch and to make it bi-annual. International Numismatic e-Newsletter (INeN)

Benedikt Zäch started the INeN in 2004 and continued as editor of both our Newsletters in the new Committee elected in Glasgow with Sylviane Estiot as co-editor. After the transition to an online version only in 2010, two issues of the INeN, have been published with Swiss punctuality in October and February. In 2013 after a decade as editor Benedikt was re-placed by Pere Pau Ripollès. On your behalf, I want to thank him for all the work he has done. After the inc adopted a new logo, the INeN under-went a very attractive face-lift. It contains information on the inc Com-mittee activities and on all kind of numismatic events world-wide such as congresses, exhibitions, publications, personalia and obituaries. The num-ber of pages seems to increase with each issue. Of course we depend on


our membership to send us interesting material. In 2014 we moved the deadline for submissions to July and January. Sylviane Estiot and Pere Pau Ripollès were superb editors and I congratulate them and thank them for their work and efficiency. Website

Bernward Ziegaus has been our webmaster for the past six years and suc-ceeded at last in creating a modern attractive and user-friendly website for the 21st century http://www.inc-cin.org. It no longer depends on the website of another institution, as grateful as we are to The American Numismatic Society and to the Winterthur Münzkabinett for hosting us for many years as we were stumbling to establish our own. The website is now based on a cms (Content-Management-System), and anybody who knows this system will have no problem taking over as new webmaster or webmistress. The yearly fees are low: € 80 for the server and € 20 for the domain name. It provides information about our mission, our Constitution (translated into the five languages of the inc) and the Committee. Our publications (CR and INeN) are available there as well as individual articles on laws and famous numismatists and collectors.

For the links to exhibitions, conferences and job postings, we rely on your input.

Our webmaster deserves high praise and gratitude. Travel Grants

Most of our expenditure go to travel grants and I could not think of a better purpose. In 2012 we increased the travel grant from € 2,700 to € 3,000 and the grant-in-aid from € 800 to € 1,000:

In 2010: because of the high level of the applications the Committee exceptionally awarded two travel grants and three grants-in-aid:

- A. Meta: Recherche sur l’histoire monétaire de Dyrrachion (IVe-Ier siècle avant

notre ère)

- G. Sarah: Les monnaies des premiers Carolingiens (751-864)

- A. Hostein: Volume IX du Roman Provincial Coinage (RPC), de Trajan Dèce à

Trébonien Galle

- M. Younis: Coin Circulation in Shiraz from the Salghurid to the Muzaffarid era

(6-8/12-14 c.).

- A. Zapolska, Roman coin finds from the West Baltic territory.

In 2011: no applications were accepted

In 2012: one travel grant and two grants-in-aid

- A. Pachkalov: The Monetary Circulation on the Territory of the Golden Horde - O. Lempereur: Les ateliers orientaux fonctionnant sous la dynastie des Sévè-

res (193-217) et l’établissement d’un corpus des monnaies impériales émises

sous ces empereurs


- B. Tobias: Korpus spätantiker und byzantinischer Gewichte – Nord und Mittel-

italien.

In 2013: one travel grant and one grant-in-aid

- M. Ulonska: Die Münzgeschichte der Stadt Strassburg von der Einführung

des Goldguldens bis zum Ende der städtischen Prägung

- A.R. Vardanyan: Islamic Coins Struck in Historic Armenia, vol. II: From the

Mongol period, starting from the Chingisids to the Timurids (1200-1400).

In 2014: one travel grant and two grants-in-aid:

- K. Siegl: Stempelkritische Untersuchung der Medaillonprägung des Commodus

- D. Gerothanasis: The coinage of Mende

- G. Watson: The die and coin production in southern Asia Minor between 239

and 276.

In 2015: no applications for the annual travel grant were received.

Fifty travel grants of € 750 were given for the Taormina Congress. Patronages

The inc continued to bestow its patronage to the following projects:

- Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum (SNG) and SNG Database (Andrew Meadows)

- Lexicon Iconographicum Numismaticae (LIN) (Maria Caltabiano, Rossella Pera and Lucia Travaini)

- Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum (SNS) (Rika Gyselen and Michael Alram).

Several projects either had to stop or came to completion and we congra-tulate the latter:

- Transcaucasie (Georges Depeyrot: terminated in 2008 because of the poli-tical situation)

- Numismatic Literature (ANS NumLit) (Oliver Hoover): the annotated biblio-graphy started by the ans in 1947, was discontinued in 2013. With the advent of the Internet and the ability to translate titles with the push of a button, what served two generations of numismatists became obsolete

- Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (ThesCRA) and LIMC (Bertrand Jaeger): the project was completed in 2014 with the last volume, the Index published by the J. Paul Getty Museum. The limc Foundation was dissolved in March 2014 and the archives are now at the Abteilung Alter-

tumswissenschaften of the University of Basel Switzerland. Bertrand Jaeger in the name of the Foundation expressed his gratitude to the inc for its patronage, an invaluable support from the beginning. The inc congratulates LIMC/ThesCRA for bringing to completion such a huge project in forty years. The volumes will remain a standard reference for generations to come. We would also like to pay tribute to its founder, the soul and driving force of LIMC, the late Prof. Lilly Kahil.


New patronages:

- 2014: New Landscape of Ancient Numismatics: Towards an Online Typology

of Greek Coinage, a collaborative project between the ans, the BnF and Berlin to produce a Greek Coinage Online with a unified Multilanguage ter-minology led by a steering committee consisting of Andrew Meadows, Frédérique Duyrat, Pere Pau Ripollès, Ulrike Peter, Catherine Grandjean, Peter van Alfen, Thomas Faucher and Ethan Gruber. This is the way of the future and the inc is proud to have supported it from its inception with its patronage and a grant.

- 2015: Sylloge Nummorum Parthicorum (SNP), an international venture that brings together the collections of six institutions with major holdings of Parthian coins. The results of the research are being published in nine volumes by the Austrian Academy of Sciences. The aim of the project is to use coins as an important primary source and to shed light on the history, culture and religion of the Parthian period from c. 240 bc to ad 224. The first volume of the snp was published in 2012.

Affiliated bodies

As in the past:

- Centro Internazionale di Studi Numismatici di Napoli (CISN)

- Oriental Numismatic Society (ONS) - International Association of Professional Numismatists (IAPN - AINP) - International Committee for Money and Banking Museums (ICOMON).

Before I conclude my report, I would like to express my profound grati-tude to all and each one of the Committee members without whom none of the listed achievements would have been possible. We were a great team in which everyone contributed.

My special thanks to Maria Caltabiano for her gracious patience and effi-ciency during the past six years, and to her team the Organizing Com-mittee as well as to Lisciotto Meetings. Everything is ready for a great Congress: bravissimi e grazie!

Now I thank you all for the honor of serving as inc President for the past six years: it has been an extraordinarily enriching experience.

My legacy to the next Committee is: - A sound financial situation - An organization with a series of publications – in print and online – and

a website that are up-to-date and appear on schedule - Pending your approval, a new constitution that will secure a permanent

seat for the inc for generations to come - The patronage of The New Landscape of Numismatics and GCO.

Farewell and warm wishes to the new Committee!

Carmen Arnold-Biucchi, Outgoing President September 20, 2015


3. New Constitution

The inc Committee in a letter to the membership in June 2015, proposed a new constitution based on Swiss law (in accordance with Articles 60 et seqq. of the Swiss Civil Code) in order to establish a permanent seat of the inc as a non-profit organisation in Winterthur, Switzerland, or any other place in Switzerland determined by the Committee.

No other changes were put forward and the Constitution was approved unanimously. The full text is printed on pp. 3-14. 4. Election of Honorary Members

The following new eleven Honorary Members were elected unanimously:

Michel Amandry Hans-Jörg Kellner + Andrew Burnett Lars Lagerqvist Marta Campo Harald Nilsson Michael Crawford Olivier Picard Giovanni Gorini Peter Spufford Wolfgang Hahn

5. Next INC Congress

The inc Committee received only one offer to host the next Congress in 2021: The University of Warsaw, together with the National Museum in Warsaw, the National Museum in Cracow, the Polish Numismatic Society and the Narodowy Bank Polski.

Alexander Bursche presented the proposal which was unanimously ap-proved. 6. Other Business

In 2027 the inc will celebrate its 100th anniversary during the 17th Inter-national Numismatic Congress. A first proposal was received by Walter Bloom who presented Melbourne as possible congress venue. 7. Election of the New INC Committee

A slate of nine candidates was put forward by the Committee in a letter to the inc members in May and no other nominations were received. There-fore the General Assembly elected the new members as follows:

Michael Alram (Vienna, Austria) Alexander Bursche (Warsaw, Poland) Maria Caccamo Caltabiano (Messina, Italy) François de Callataÿ (Brussels, Belgium) Pere Pau Ripollès (Valencia, Spain) Andrew Meadows (Oxford, United Kingdom) Cecilia von Heijne (Stockholm, Sweden) Ute Wartenberg (New York, United States of America) Bernhard Weisser (Berlin, Germany).


8. Election of the Auditors

The nominations of Rahel Ackermann (Inventar der Fundmünzen der Schweiz, Aarbergergasse 30, Postfach 6855, ch-3001 Bern, Switzerland, e: [email protected]) and Donal Bateson (The Hunterian, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow g12 8qq , United Kingdom, e: [email protected]) as auditors were unanimously approved. 9. The New Committee

The new Committee held its first informal meeting and the offices were assigned as follows:

President: Michael Alram Vice-Presidents: Maria Caccamo Caltabiano and Pere Pau Ripollès Secretary: François de Callataÿ Treasurer: Bernhard Weisser Councilors: Alexander Bursche, Andrew Meadows, Cecilia von Heijne,

Ute Wartenberg.

Réunion du Bureau, le 23 septembre 2015 au Palazzo dei Congressi de Taormina

Le président, Michael Alram, ouvre la réunion à 15h25 en présence de tous les membres du Bureau. Le secrétaire, François de Callataÿ, demande et obtient de rédiger les procès-verbaux en français, l’une des cinq langues officielles du cin.

1. Prochaine réunion

Le président propose de tenir la prochaine réunion à Vienne, du mardi 24 mai à 12h jusqu’au mercredi 25 mai 2016. Il signale l’ouverture le lundi 23 mai au soir de l’exposition ‘Nummophylacium imperatores’ (Kunst-historisches Museum).

Il rappelle les règles en usage : il est souhaité que les frais de voyage des membres soient pris en charge par leurs institutions respectives, et les frais de séjour (nuitée et repas) par l’institution invitante.

Il est d’ores et déjà convenu, à l’invitation d’Aleksander Bursche, que la réunion de 2017 aura lieu en Pologne, et plus précisément au Palais des Radziwiłł à Nieborów, près de Varsovie.

2. Nouveaux membres

Le président présente les candidatures de cinq nouveaux membres :

1) Circolo Numismatico Ticinese (cnt), Lugano (resp. : Fabrizio Rossini) 2) Department of Humanities, University of Trieste (resp. : Bruno Cal-

legher) 3) Numismatic Association of Australia, Perth (resp. : Walter R. Bloom) 4) Istituto italiano di studi orientali de la Sapienza – Università di Roma

(resp. : Arianna d’Ottone) 5) ntnu Vitenskapsmuseet (ntnu University Museum), Trondheim (resp. :

Birgitte Skar).

Les cinq candidatures sont approuvées.

3. Membres en défaut de paiement

Trois membres n’ont plus payé leurs cotisations depuis plusieurs années, en dépit des nombreux rappels qui leur ont été adressés (la Soprintendenza archeologica di Roma, L’Association des Amis du Franc et Les Amis des Romaines). À regret, le Conseil décide de leur exclusion.


4. Établissement d’un siège social en Suisse

L’établissement d’un siège social en Suisse et l’obtention afférente d’un numéro de tva, décidé par le précédent Bureau, nécessite l’ouverture d’un compte bancaire. On propose de nommer Benedikt Zäch comme associé afin de gérer le compte qui sera ouvert à Winterthur. Les personnes ayant pou-voir de signature sont : Michael Alram, président, Bernhard Weisser, tré-sorier, et Benedikt Zäch. Il est convenu de rétribuer Benedikt Zäch à hau-teur de € 500 l’an pour la maintenance générale du compte.

L’existence d’un siège social fixe permet de regrouper les archives du cin à Winterthur. L’essentiel est actuellement à Paris, à quoi s’ajoutent les archives récentes détenues par la présidente et le secrétaire du Bureau sor-tant (à Cambridge, ma et à Vienne).

Il serait souhaitable de regrouper les fichiers des membres (celui détenu par le secrétaire et celui détenu par le trésorier) et de les loger dans un e-cloud, auquel seules deux personnes auraient accès pour effectuer des modifications, le secrétaire et le trésorier.

5. e-News

Il est décidé de passer de 2 à 4 publications des e-News par an, soit en octobre, en janvier, en avril et en juillet de chaque année. Ces publications seront ensuite disponibles en pdf sur le website du cin.

6. Compte-Rendu

Une discussion s’engage sur la forme du Compte-Rendu : faut-il conserver une édition imprimée ? Ne devrait-on pas modifier le format et la couver-ture ? Un consensus se dessine pour garder la version imprimée et se don-ner le temps de la réflexion. Le prochain numéro est prévu pour paraître, sans changement, en mai 2016.

7. Vision et stratégie

Certaines voix se sont fait entendre en vue de renforcer le côté démocrati-que des élections. Il est rappelé que les membres votants sont les repré-sentants mandatés par leurs institutions et, qu’à ce titre, il est attendu qu’on puisse prendre connaissance de leur vote. On peut toutefois imagi-ner de garder le système des bulletins tamponnés tout en faisant dispa-raître le nom du mandataire sur le bulletin.

Tous s’accordent sur la nécessité d’améliorer la visibilité du cin et de ses réalisations. Les digital humanities et ses big data sont clairement des op-portunités pour la numismatique qu’il convient de saisir et de faire con-naître. Le cin entend collecter l’information en jouant le rôle de centrale (hub) accélératrice dans la diffusion de celle-ci.


8. Questions éthiques

Dans différents pays des projets de loi visant à lutter contre le pillage du patrimoine archéologique ont été votés ou sont en cours de discussion. Le cin entend participer à ce débat, en tant que porte-parole de la recherche scientifique en numismatique. Cette recherche est essentiellement conduite dans les universités et les cabinets des médailles à travers le monde mais elle n’exclut pas les collectionneurs qui ont, depuis le xvie s. jusqu’à nos jours, contribué plus que partout ailleurs à forger nos connaissances. La voix du cin ne doit pas être confondue avec celle de l’ainp (Association Internationale des Numismates professionnels), qui a vocation à repré-senter le monde des marchands, et celle de l’icomon, qui porte la voix du monde muséal dans leur dimension d’organisations culturelles.

On s’inquiète en particulier des dispositions éditoriales et de l’obligation de fournir la provenance autorisée pour tout matériel non déjà recensé en 1970 qui, en pratique, pousse certaines revues à refuser tout article de numis-matique reposant sur l’étude complète de la documentation disponible. Bernhard Weisser donne lecture de la position nuancée adoptée par la Numismatische Kommission der Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, texte co-signé par Dietrich Klose et lui-même : « Die aktuelle Novellierung des Kulturgutschutzgesetzes wurde im Juli 2014 mit der Eröffnung des schrift-lichen Anhörungsverfahrens begonnen. Das Bemühen der Bundesregierung, trotz der Pflicht zur zügigen Umsetzung der Richtlinie 2014/60/eu vom 15. Mai 2014 eine ausgewogene und langfristige Lösung zu finden, ist zu begrüßen. Dazu gibt die Numismatische Kommission der Länder in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland e.V. folgende Erklärung ab. Münzen sind als serielle Objekte millionenfach in Europa vorhanden. Die Münze ist immer ein Gebrauchsgegenstand, dessen Zweck das Wandern von Hand zu Hand ist. Daher kommen Münzen schon in historischer Zeit oft weit außerhalb ihres Herkunftsstaates vor. Diese Besonderheiten sollte der Gesetzgeber bei der Einschätzung der Münzen als Kulturgut berücksichtigen. Das Sam-meln von Münzen hat eine bis in die Renaissance zurückreichende Tradi-tion. Einzigartig ist bis heute die enge, auch internationale, Zusammen-arbeit zwischen Sammlern und Wissenschaftlern in der Numismatik. Wir nehmen wahr, dass die Diskussionen um die Kulturgutschutznovelle der letzten Monate Irritationen über eine mögliche Gefährdung dieser beson-deren Sammel- und Wissenschaftskultur ausgelöst haben. Maßnahmen, um Raubgrabungen und Plünderungen sowie die damit verbundene Aus-fuhr von Kulturgütern zu bekämpfen, sind nachdrücklich zu begrüßen. Da-bei sollte das verantwortungsbewusste Sammeln von Münzen nicht durch unverhältnismäßig hohen Aufwand bedingende Vorschriften behindert werden. Frankfurt am Main, 26. Juni 2015 auf der Jahreshauptversammlung der Numismatischen Kommission einstimmig bei einer Enthaltung ange-nommen » (Dietrich O. A. Klose et Bernhard Weisser).


Il est demandé au secrétaire de préparer une déclaration du cin en ce sens qui sera discutée lors de la prochaine réunion.

9. Varia

Sensible au drame syrien, le bureau du cin unanime propose d’accorder un financement de € 2.000 à un collègue numismate naguère en poste au cabinet des médailles de Damas et aujourd’hui hébergé par le Münzkabinett de Berlin, afin de développer un projet numismatique. Ce montant sera complété par une somme équivalente allouée par le Münzkabinett de Berlin.

La séance est levée à 17h30.

F. de Callataÿ (secrétaire)

111

ACCOUNTS OF THE INC

Fiscal Year 1/i/2015 to 31/xii/2015

Income and expenditure accounts (in €)

2015

proposed

2015

actual

2014

actual

Income

Membership fees 2015 18,650 19,500.00 18,373.00

Membership fees, previous

years

2,000 1,641.51 1,200.00

Interest 50 5.65 253.27

Glasgow Proceedings 6,000 5.806.01

Total 26,700 26,953.17 19,826.27

Expenses

Compte rendu 6,000 5,576.00 4,039.40

Newsletter 1,000 1,089.00 1,089.00

Internet site 2,000 118.80 2,352.64

Scholarships 3,850 1,000.00 4,500.00

Scholarship ‘New Landscape’ 3,000.00

Taormina travel grants 37,500 34,939.79

Congress subsidy 5,000 5,000.00 10,000.00

Travelling costs 4,000 4,402.42 2,162.73

Meeting costs 250 264.50

Banking costs 100 185.00 54.00

Legal advice 3,000 3,185.71

Surplus of income over

expenditure

62,700 55,761.22

Surplus of expenditure over

income

36,000 28,808.05 7,371.50

Total 26,700 26,953.17 19,826.27

Balance sheet 31/xii/2015 31/xii/2014

Council funds

Account Nordea Bank 47,726.41 76,534.51

Tuukka Talvio, Treasurer

Read and approved, the President

MEMBRES DU CIN Au 31 décembre 2015

MEMBRES INSTITUTIONNELS – INSTITUTIONS

This list includes contact names, together with telephone and fax num-bers, of each institution member of the inc. Any additional information (e.g. e-mail addresses), updates or corrections should be sent to the Secretary of the inc for inclusion in the next Compte rendu.

Cette liste comprend la liste des institutions membres du cin ainsi que les noms de leurs responsables, leurs numéros de téléphone, de fax. Toute information complémentaire (p. ex. adresses e-mail, site web) ou toute correction doivent être envoyées au Secrétaire de la cin qui les répercutera dans le Compte rendu suivant.

AUSTRALIA – AUSTRALIE

Australian Centre for Ancient Numismatic Studies

Macquarie University, nsw 2109 c Kenneth Sheedy s +612 9850 8807

+612 9850 8240 e [email protected] u www.mq.edu.au/research/

centres_and_groups/acans/

Numismatic Association of Australia Inc.

P.O. Box z5211, Perth St George Terrace, wa 6831 c Prof. Walter R. Bloom e [email protected]

AUSTRIA – AUTRICHE

Universalmuseum Joanneum, Münzkabinett

Schloss Eggenberg, Eggenberger Allee 90, a-8020 Graz c Karl Peitler s +43 1 316 8017 9513

+43 1 316 8017 9530 e muenzkabinett@museum-

joanneum.at

u www.museum-joanneum.at/de/muenzkabinett

Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Münzkabinett

Burgring 5, a-1010 Vienna c Michael Alram s +43 1 52 524 4201

+43 1 52 524 4299 e [email protected] u www.khm.at

Institut für Numismatik und Geld-geschichte, Universität Wien

Franz-Klein-Gasse 1, a-1190 Vienna c Reinhard Wolters s +43 1 4277 40704 +43 1 4277 9407 e [email protected]

Institut für Kulturgeschichte der Antike, Abt. Documenta Antiqua

Österreichische Akademie der Wissen-schaften, Postgasse 7, Stiege 2, a-1010 Vienna c Bernhard Woytek s +43 1 515 81 3511 e [email protected] u www.oeaw.ac.at/numismatik

114 institutional members | membres institutionnels

Österreichische Numismatische Gesellschaft

Burgring 5, a-1010 Vienna c Günther Dembski s +43 1 525 24 4221 +43 1 525 24 4299 e [email protected] u www.oeng.at

BALTIC COUNTRIES

Association of Baltic Numismatists

c/o National Museum of Lithuania, Arsenalo Str. 1, lt-01143 Vilnius c Dalia Grimalauskaite s +370 5 212 02 50 e [email protected]

BELGIUM – BELGIQUE

Association Internationale des Numismates Professionnels (ainp)

14 rue de la Bourse, b-1000 Bruxelles c J.-L. Van der Schueren s +32 2 513 3400 +32 2 512 2528 e [email protected] u www.iapn-coins.org (see Swit-

zerland)

Cabinet des Médailles

Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, boulevard de l

,Empereur 4, b-1000

Bruxelles c Johan van Heesch s +32 2 519 56 08

+32 2 519 56 02 e [email protected] u www.kbr.be/collections/medailles/

medailles_fr.html (français) et www.kbr.be/collections/medailles/

medailles_nl.html (néerlandais)

Cercle d,Études Numismatiques

Boulevard de l,Empereur 4, b-1000

Bruxelles

c Jean-Marc Doyen 29 rue Fr. Roffiaen, b-1050 Bruxelles s +32 2 647 1916

Monnaie Royale de Belgique

Boulevard Pachéco 32, b-1000 Bruxelles c Serge Lesens s +32 2 221 07 11 +32 2 217 70 64

Société Royale de Numismatique de Belgique

Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque Royale, blvd. de l

,Empereur 4, b-

1000 Bruxelles c Johan van Heesch s +32 2 519 56 08 +32 2 519 56 02 e [email protected] u www.numisbel.be

Banque Nationale de Belgique, Collection Numismatique

Blvd. de Berlaimont 14, b-1000 Bruxelles c Marianne Danneel s +32 2 221 25 71

+32 2 221 31 60 e [email protected]

Association de Numismatique professeur Marcel Hoc

Collège Érasme, place Blaise Pascal 1, bte l3.03.11, b-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve c Ghislaine Moucharte s +32 10 474882 +32 2 3455403 e ghislaine.moucharte@

uclouvain.be u numismatica.fltr.ucl.ac.be

Provinciaal Munt- en Penning-kabinet

Kielenstraat 15, b-3700 Tongeren c Guido Creemers s +32 12 670 340 +32 12 670 333 e [email protected]

membres institutionnels | institutional members 115

CANADA – CANADA

The Nickle Arts Museum

The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta t2n 1n4 c Ann Davis s +1 403 220 7234 +1 403 282 4742 e [email protected] u www.ucalgary.ca/nickle

Bank of Canada, National Currency Collection

234 Wellington Street, Ottawa k1a 0g9 c Paul S. Berry s +1 613 782 8188 +1 613 782 8655 u www.bank-banque-canada.ca/

english/museum.htm

CROATIA – CROATIE

Arheoloski Muzej

Zrinsko-Frankopanska 25, hr-21000 Split; director: Zrinka Buljević c Maja Bonačić Mandinić s +38 5 21 329 340 +38 5 21 329 360 e [email protected] u www.armus.hr

CYPRUS – CHYPRE

Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, Museum of the History of Cypriot Coinage

86-90 Phaneromenis Str., P.O. Box 21995, 1515 Nicosia c Eleni Zapiti s +357 22 128 157 +357 22 662 898 e [email protected]

CZECH REPUBLIC – RÉPUBLIQUE TCHÈQUE

Česká Numismatická Solečnost

Arménska 1372–10, cz-110 00 Praha 10 c Michal Masek s– +420 2 71730775 e [email protected] –

[email protected]

Národní Muzeum, Numismatické oddělení

Václavské náměstí 68, cz-115 79 Praha 1 c Luboš Polanský s +420 224 497 283 e [email protected]

DENMARK – DANEMARK

Kgl. Mønt-og Medaillesamling, Nationalmuseet

Frederiksholms Kanal 12, dk-1220 København K c Michael Andersen s +45 41 20 61 10 e [email protected]

Dansk Numismatisk Forening

Galionsvej 12, 2. th., dk-1437 København K c Preben Nielsen s +45 20 20 78 16 e [email protected] u www.numismatik.dk

FINLAND – FINLANDE

Coin Cabinet, National Museum of Finland

P.O. Box 913, fi-00101 Helsinki c Tuukka Talvio s +358 40 1286389 e [email protected] u www.nba.fi/en/collections_

coin_cabinet


Finnish Numismatic Society

Mechelininkatu 15 b 47, fi-00100 Helsinki c Petteri Järvi s +358 503 747 868 e [email protected] u www.snynumis.fi

Suomen Numismaatikkoliitto – Association of Finnish Numismatic Societies

PO Box 36, fi-33541 Tampere c Petri Virolainen s +358 3 3631 480 +358 3 3631 480 u www.numismaatikkoliitto.fi

FRANCE – FRANCE

Association des Amis du Parc archéologique européen de Bliesbruck-Reinheim

1 rue Robert Schuman, f-57200 Bliesbruck c Berty Schaub s/ +33 3 87 02 25 79 e [email protected] u www.archeo57.com

Groupe Numismatique du Comtat et de Provence

Maison iv de Chiffre, 26 rue des Teinturiers, F-84000 Avignon c Jean-Albert Chevillon s +33 06 72 01 83 03 e [email protected] gncp-avignon.blogspot.fr

Fédération Française des Associa-tions Numismatiques (ffan)

Bp 5, f-37160 Descartes c Jacques Laurent s +33 2 47 92 40 65 e [email protected] u www.amisdufranc.org

Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon

20 place des Terreaux, f-69001 Lyon c François Planet s +33 4 72 10 17 40

+33 4 78 28 12 45 e [email protected] u www.mba-lyon.fr/mba/

HISOMA (Histoire et Sources des Mondes antiques) - umr 5189 / Numismatique

Maison de l’Orient et de la Médi-terranée (MOM) 7, rue Raulin, f-69365 Lyon Cedex 07 c Sylviane Estiot s +33 09 63 27 41 19 e [email protected]

Cabinet des Médailles, Archives Municipales

10 rue Clovis-Hugues, f-13003 Marseille c Joëlle Bouvry s +33 4 91 55 33 71

+33 4 91 55 23 38 e [email protected] u www.documentation-provence.

org/orgs/83.htm

Musée Dobrée

18 rue Voltaire, Bp 40415, f-44004 Nantes c Gildas Salaün s +33 2 40 71 03 50 +33 2 40 73 29 40 e [email protected] u www.loire-atlantique.fr/jcms/

cg_7520/musee/dobree

Société de Numismatique Asiatique

86 quai de la Fosse, f-44100 Nantes c François Joyaux s +33 2 43 04 13 62 e [email protected] u https://sites.google.com/site/

societedenumismatiqueasiatique/home


IRAMAT Centre Ernest-Babelon

3d rue de la Férollerie, f-45071 Orléans Cedex 2 c Bernard Gratuze s +33 2 38 25 52 49 +33 2 38 25 76 88 e [email protected]

Les Amis de l,Euro (AD€)

36 rue Vivienne, f-75002 Paris c Olivier Fournier +33 6 10 87 97 30 s +33 1 75 43 49 41 +33 1 75 43 49 42 e [email protected] u www.amisdeleuro.org

Direction des Monnaies et Médailles

11 quai Conti, f-75006 Paris c Jean-Luc Desnier s +33 1 40 46 55 25 +33 1 40 46 57 09 e jean-luc.desnier@monnaie

deparis.fr u www.monnaiedeparis.fr

Cabinet des Médailles de la Biblio-thèque nationale de France

5 rue Vivienne, f-75084 Paris Cedex 02 c Frédérique Duyrat s +33 1 53 79 83 63

+33 1 53 79 89 47 e [email protected] u www.bnf.fr/fr/collections_et_

services/dpts/s.departement_ monnaies_medailles.html?first_Art=non

Médaillier de la Banque de France

10-1069 sg – spahi, 39 rue Croix-des-petits-Champs, f-75049 Paris Cedex 01 c Jean-Renaud Lefeuvre s +33 1 4292 2539 e jean-renaud.lefeuvre@banque-

france.fr

Société Française de Numismatique

Bibliothèque nationale de France, 58 rue de Richelieu, f-75084 Paris Cedex 02 c Le Secrétaire s +33 1 53 79 86 26

+33 1 53 79 86 28 u www.sfnum.asso.fr

Musée Numismatique J. Puig

42 av. de Grande-Bretagne, f-66000 Perpignan c Sabine Castellvi s +33 4 68 62 37 61 +33 4 68 34 76 55 e musee-puig@mairie-perpignan.

com u www.mairie-perpignan.fr/index.

php?np=1076

Musée Saint-Raymond

Musée des Antiques de Toulouse, 1ter place Saint-Sernin, f-31000 Toulouse c Pascal Capus s +33 5 61 22 21 85 +33 5 61 22 31 25 e [email protected] u www.saintraymond.toulouse.fr

GERMANY – ALLEMAGNE

Münzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen

Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Bode-strasse 1-3, d-10178 Berlin c Bernhard Weisser s +49 30 209 05 701

+49 30 209 05 702 e [email protected] u www.smb.spk-berlin.de

Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

Geschwister-Scholl-Strasse 6, d-10117 Berlin c Bernhard Weisser s +49 30 266 42 5401

+49 30 266 42 5402 e [email protected] u www.smb.museum/ikmk


Griechisches Münzwerk

Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Jägerstrasse 22-23, d-10117 Berlin c Ulrike Peter s +49 30 20370501

+49 30 20370376 e [email protected]

Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Münzkabinett

Residenzschloss, Taschenberg 2, d-01067 Dresden c Rainer Grund s +49 351 4914 3230

+49 351 4914 3233 e [email protected] u www.skd.museum

Institut für Archäologische Wissen-schaften, Abt. II: Archäologie und Geschichte der römischen Provinzen sowie Hilfswissenschaften der Altertumskunde

Grüneburgplatz 1 – Fach 136, d-60629 Frankfurt am Main c Fleur Kemmers s +49 69 798 32267 (Sekretariat) +49 69 798 32268 e [email protected]

Geldmuseum der Deutschen Bundesbank

Wilhelm-Epstein-Strasse 14, d-60431 Frankfurt am Main c Reinhold Walburg s +49 69 9566 6164

+49 69 9566 50 6164 e [email protected] u www.geldmuseum.de

Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte

Holstenwall 24, d-20355 Hamburg c Ralf Wiechmann s +49 40 428132-2363 +49 40 428132-3103 e Ralf.Wiechmann@

Hamburgmuseum.de u www.hamburgmuseum.de

Museum August Kestner, Sammlung Münzen und Medaillen

Landeshauptstadt Hannover, Trammplatz 3, d-30159 Hannover c Simone Vogt s +49 511 168 42120

+49 511 168 46530 e museum-August-Kestner@

hannoverstadt.de u www.museum-august-kestner.de

Numismatische Kommission der Länder in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Staatliche Münzsammlung München Residenzstrasse 1, d-80333 München c Dietrich O. A. Klose s +49 89 22 72 21 +49 89 29 98 59 e info@staatliche-

muenzsammlung.de u www.staatliche-

muenzsammlung.de

Badisches Landesmuseum, Münz-kabinett

Schlossbezirk 10, d-76131 Karlsruhe 1 c Oliver Sänger s +49 721 92 6515

+49 721 92 6537 e [email protected] u www.landesmuseum.de

Bayerische Numismatische Gesell-schaft e. V.

Residenzstrasse 1 (c/o Staatliche Münzsammlung), d-80333 München c Kristian Nicol Worbs s +49 8022 705 826

+49 8022 705 849 e [email protected]

Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts

Amalienstrasse 73b, d-80799 München c Johannes Nollé s +49 89 28 67 67-73 or 60


+49 89 28 67 67-80 e [email protected] u www.dainst.org/mitarbeiter

Staatliche Münzsammlung München

Residenzstrasse 1, d-80333 München c Dietrich O.A. Klose s +49 89 22 72 21

+49 89 29 98 59 e info@staatliche-

muenzsammlung.de u www.staatliche-

muenzsammlung.de

Verband der Deutschen Münzen-händler

c/o Dr. Busso Peus Nachf., Bornwie-senweg 34, D-60322 Frankfurt c Christoph Raab s +49 69 95 96 62-21 +49 69 55 59 95 e [email protected]

Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kultur

Domplatz 10, d-48143 Münster c Gerd Dethlefs s +49 251 5907258


Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Münzkabinett

Kornmarkt 1, d-90402 Nürnberg c Matthias Nuding s +49 911 1331251

+49 911 1331200 e [email protected] u www.gnm.de

Deutsche Numismatische Gesellschaft

Verband der deutschen Münzvereine e.V., Rudolf-Kempe-Weg 5, d-83703 Gmund am Tegernsee c Kristian Nicol Worbs s +49 8022 705 826 +49 8022 705 849 e [email protected] u www.numismatische-

gesellschaft.de

GREECE – GRÈCE

Alpha Bank, Numismatic Collection

Stadiou 40, gr-102 52 Athens c Dimitra Tsangari s +30 210 3262 460/1

+30 210 3262 462 e [email protected] u www.alphanumismatics.gr

KIKPE (Welfare Foundation for Social & Cultural Affairs)

Neophytou Douka 12, gr-106 74 Athens c Vasiliki Penna s +30 210 729 93 66 e [email protected]

Numismatic Museum

Iliou Melathron, Panepistimiou 12, gr-106 71 Athens c George Kakavas s +30 210 364 3774

+30 210 363 5953 e [email protected] u www.nma.gr

Institute of Historical Research

The National Hellenic Research Foundation (KeRA) 48, Vassileos Constantinou avenue, gr-116 35 Athens c Sophia Kremydi s +30 210 727 36 86 s +30 210 727 36 78

+30 210 723 41 45

Cast Museum of the Aristotle University

Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, gr-541 24 Thessaloniki c Theodosia Stefanidou-Tiveriou s +30 2310 997264

+30 2310 997775 e [email protected] u castmuseum.web.auth.gr


HUNGARY – HONGRIE

Magyar Numizmatikai Társulat, Société Numismatique Hongroise

Csepreghy u. 4. Fasz. 2, h-1085 Budapest viii c Melinda J. Torbágyi s +36 1 3270 704 e [email protected] u www.numizmatika.org

Musée National de Hongrie, Cabinet des Monnaies et Médailles

Múzeum Körút 14-16, Postsbok 364, h-1088 Budapest viii c Melinda J. Torbágyi s +36 1 3277 777 e [email protected] u www.hnm.hu

ISRAEL – ISRAEL

Israel Numismatic Society

The Israel Museum, P.O. Box 71117, Jerusalem 91710, Israel c Haim Gitler s +972 267 08831

+972 267 08906 e [email protected] u www.ins.org.il

ITALY – ITALIE

Università della Calabria, Diparti-mento di Storia, Cattedra di Numis-matica

Ponte Pietro Bucci, cubo 28–d, i-87037 Arcavacata di Rende cs c Benedetto Carroccio s +39 0984 49 4472


Università degli Studi di Bologna, Dipartimento di Storia Culture Civiltà Cattedra di Numismatica

Via Zamboni 38, i-40126 Bologna c Anna Lina Morelli s +39 051 2098761

+39 051 222706

e [email protected] u www.numismatica.unibo.it

Museo Civico Archeologico

Via Musei 8, i-41024 Bologna c Paola Giovetti s +39 051 233849

+39 051 266516 e [email protected] u www.comune.bologna.it/

museoarcheologico/

Università degli studi di Salerno, Dipartimento di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale

Via Ponte don Melillo, i-84084 Fisciano (sa) c Renata Cantilena s +39 089 962 113/962 136 +39 089 964 399 e [email protected]

Cattedra di Numismatica, Diparti-mento di scienze dell

,antichità, del

medio evo e geografico-ambientali (disam)

Sezione scienze documentarie, Università di Genova, 4, via Balbi, i-16126 Genova c Rossella Pera s +39 010 209 9779/9763


Cattedra di Numismatica greca e romana, Dipartimento di Civiltà Antiche e Moderne Università degli Studi di Messina

Polo dell,Annunziata, i-98168

Messina c Maria Caccamo Caltabiano s +39 090 3503397


Dipartimento di Storia, archeologia e storia dell

,arte

Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A Gemelli 1, i-20123 Milano c Claudia Perassi


s +39 02 72342530


Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Studi Storici, Cattedra di Numismatica medievale e moderna

Via Festa del Perdono 7, i-20122 Milano c Lucia Travaini s +39 02 50 31 29 02 +39 02 50312904 e [email protected] –

[email protected] u www.luciatravaini.it

Università degli studi di Milano, Dipartimento di scienze dell

,anti-

chità, Cattedra di numismatica antica

Via Festa del Perdono 7, i-20122 Milano c Adriano Savio s +39 02 50 31 29 41 +39 02 50 31 25 92 e [email protected]

Società Numismatica Italiana

Via orti 3, i-20122 Milano c Gian Angelo Sozzi s/ +39 02 9439 1024 e [email protected] u www.socnumit.org

Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Gabinetto Numismatico

Piazza Pio xi, 2, i-20123 Milan c Giancarlo Alteri

s +39 02 806 921 e [email protected] u www.ambrosiana.eu

Centro Internazionale di Studi Numismatici

Villa Livia, Parco Grifeo 13, i-80121 Napoli c Marina Talierci0 s +39 081 681112

e [email protected] – [email protected]

u www.storia.unina.it/centri/ numismati.html

Museo Bottacin

Palazzo Zuckermann, Corso Garibaldi 33, i-35123 Padova c Bruno Callegher s +39 049 876 6959 +39 049 877 4671 e [email protected]

Museo Archeologico Regionale ‘Antonino Salinas’

24, Piazza Olivella, i-90100 Palermo c Lucina Gandolfo s +39 091 6116 806/807

+39 091 6110 740

e museo.arche.pa.uo2@regione. sicilia.it

u www.regione.sicilia.it/ beniculturali/salinas

Istituto Italiano di Numismatica

Palazzo Barberini, Via Quattro Fontane 13, i-00184 Roma c Sara Sorda s/ +39 06 4743603 e istituto@istitutoitaliano

numismatica.it u www.istitutoitaliano

numismatica.it/storia.asp

Università di Roma – Sapienza Istituto Italiano di Studi Orientali - Islamic Numismatics

Via Principe Amadeo, 182/b, i-00185 Roma c Arianna d’Ottone s +39 348 516 2093 e [email protected]

Museo Archeologico Regionale ‘Paolo Orsi’, Medagliere

Viale Teocrito, 66, i-96100 Siracusa c Gioconda Lamagna s +39 0931 489509

+39 0931 489532

e [email protected]


University of Trieste – Department of Numismatics

Via del Lazzaretto Vecchio, 6, i-34121 Trieste c Bruno Callegher s +39 040 558 2856

e [email protected]

Museo di Castelvecchio

Corso Castelvecchio 2, i-37121 Verona c Paola Marini s +39 045 8062611 +39 045 8010729 e [email protected] u www.comune.verona.it/

castelvecchio/ cvsito

JAPAN – JAPON

Currency Museum Section, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies

The Bank of Japan, 2-1-1 Hongoku-cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8660 c Noriko Fujii s +81 3 3279 1111 +81 3 3277 1456 e [email protected] u www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm

LUXEMBOURG – LUXEMBOURG

Cabinet des Médailles, Musée National d

,Histoire et d

,Art

Marché-aux-Poissons, l-2345 Luxembourg c François Reinert s +352 47 93 30 217 +352 47 93 30 271 e [email protected]

THE NETHERLANDS – PAYS-BAS

Central Bank of The Netherlands, National Numismatic Collection

P.O. Box 98, nl-1000 ab Amsterdam c Paul Beliën

s +31 20 524 9111

e [email protected]

Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Munt- en Penningkunde

Secretariaat kngmp, Grotekerks-buurt 54, 3311 cb Dordrecht c Chris Teulings s +41 44 780 60 37 e [email protected]

Teylers Museum

Spaarne 16, nl-2011 ch Haarlem c Marjan Scharloo s +31 23 5319010 +31 23 5342004 e [email protected]

NORWAY – NORVÈGE

Det Norske Myntverket AS

PO Box 53, n-3601 Kongsberg c Turid Djønne s +47 3 73 53 00 +47 3 73 62 58

Kulturhistorisk museum, Universi-tetet i Oslo Numismatisk Bibliotek

Box 6762 St Olavs Plass, n-0130 Oslo Contacts: Svein Harald Gullbekk (Viking age and medieval coins, orders, banknotes and Norwegian monetary history) s +47 22 85 99 46 +47 22 85 97 69 e [email protected]

Håkon Ingvaldsen (Greek, Roman and Byzantine coins, oriental coins, medals, modern Norwegian monetary history) s +47 22 85 99 48 +47 22 85 97 69 e [email protected]

Collection manager, Anette Sættem (responsible for managing the numismatic collection and the collection of classical antiquities) s +47 22 85 99 43 +47 22 85 97 69 e [email protected] u www.khm.uio.no


NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet (NTNU University Museum) – Section for Archaeology and Cultural History

Erling Skakkes gate 47, n-7491 Trondheim c Birgitte Skar (Head of Department) s +47 73 59 21 70

+47 73 59 22 38

e [email protected] [email protected]

POLAND – POLOGNE

Komitet Nauk Historycznych, Komisja Numizmatyczna

Al. Solidarności 105, pl 00-140 Warsaw c Borys Paszkiewicz s +48 22 620 28 81 +48 22 624 01 00

National Museum Kraków, Numismatic Cabinet

Ul. J. pilsudskiego 12, pl 31-109 Kraków c Jaroslaw Bodzek s +48 12 292 64 40 e [email protected]

National Museum Warsaw Depart-ment of Coins and Medals

Al. Jerozolimskie 3, pl 00-495 Warsaw c Andrzej Romanowski s +48 22 621 10 31 ext. 252, 347 +48 22 622 85 59 e [email protected]

Polskie Towarzystwo Numiz-matyczne

Ul. Jezuicka 6, pl 00-281 Warsaw c Mariusz Mielczarek s/ +48 22 831 39 28

e [email protected] u www.ptn.pl

University of Warsaw, Institute of Archaeology

Szkola Glówna, ul. Krakowskie

przedmieście 26/28, pl 00-927 Warsaw c Aleksander Bursche s +48 22 5522827 +48 225522801 e [email protected]

ROMANIA – ROUMANIE

National History Museum of Romania

12 Victoriei Road, Sector 3, ro-010082 Bucharest c Martin Tudor s +40 21 315 82 07 +40 21 311 33 56 e [email protected] u www.mnir.ro

Institut d’Archéologie „Vasile Parvan“, Cabinet des Médailles

11 Rue Henri Coandă, ro-010667 Bucharest c Aurel Vîlcu

s +40 212 88 62

+40 212 88 62

e [email protected]

Societatea Numismatica Română

Biblioteca Academiei Romane, Cabinetul numismatic, Popa Tatu Str. 20, sector 1, ro-010805 Bucharest c Emanuel Petac s +40 723 241303 e [email protected]

RUSSIA – RUSSIE

The State Historical Museum, Dept. of Numismatics

Red Square 1, ru-109012 Moscow c Alexander Shkourko (Director) s +7495 292 2269 +7495 692 2269 +7495 925 9527

Igor Shiryakov (Keeper of Numismatic Department) s +74 95 692 2873 +74 95 921 5316


State Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts

12 Volkhonka st., ru-119019 Moscow c Nataliya Smirnova s +74 95 203 7414 +74 95 203 4674 e [email protected] u www.museum.ru/gmii

International Numismatic Club

24, Bolshoy Afanasievskiy, ru-119019 Moscow c Alexandra Mityaeva

s +7495 637 9493


The State Hermitage Museum

St. Petersburg, Dvortsovaya Nab, 34, ru-190000 St. Petersburg c Vitaly Kalinin s/ +7812 710 90 06 e [email protected]

SLOVENIA – SLOVÉNIE

Narodni Muzej Slovenije, Numis-matični kabinet

Prešernova 20, si-1000 Ljubljana c Peter Kos s +386 61 126 4098 +386 61 221 882 e [email protected] u www.narmuz-lj.si/english/

12_departments/coin_cabinet/ coin_cabinet.html

SPAIN – ESPAGNE

Sociedad Numismática Avilesina

Apartado 225, e-33400 Aviles c Claudio López Arias +34 93 556 3170 s +34 93 552 3153 +34 98 552 3153

Asociación Numismática Española

Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 627, pral. 1a, e-08010 Barcelona c Josep Pellicer

s +34 93 318 8245 +34 93 318 9062 e [email protected] u www.ane.org.es

Gabinet Numismàtic de Catalunya

Museu Nacional d,Art de Catalunya,

Palau Nacional, Parc de Montjuïc, e-08038 Barcelona c Albert Estrada s +34 93 622 0360 +34 93 622 0374 e [email protected] u www.mnac.cat

Societat Catalana d,Estudis Numis-

màtics

Carrer del Carme 47, e-08001 Barcelona c Xavier Sanahuja s +34 3 457 3876 +34 3 457 9277 e [email protected]

Fundación para el Fomento de los Estudios Numismáticos fonumis

c/ Orfila 18, e-28010 Madrid c J. Cayón s +34 91 522 8030 +34 91 523 3585

e [email protected]

Departamento de Numismática y Medallistica, Museo Arqueológico Nacional

c/ Serrano 13, e-28001 Madrid c Paloma Otero s +34 91 577 7912-224 +34 91 431 6840 e [email protected] u man.mcu.es

Museo Casa de la Moneda

F.N.M.T., Jorge Juan 106, e-28009 Madrid c Juan Teodoro s +34 91 566 6533 +34 91 566 6809 e [email protected] u www.museocasadelamoneda.org


Departamento de Arqueología e Historia antigua

Centro de Estudios Históricos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Duque de Medinaceli n° 6, e-28014 Madrid c Maria Paz Garcia-Bellido s +34 91 429 0626 +34 91 369 0940 e [email protected]

Sociedad Iberoamericana de Estudios Numismáticos (siaen)

c/ Jorge Juan 106, e-28009 Madrid c Julio Torres s +34 91 566 6536 +34 91 566 6809 e [email protected]

Departamento de Arqueologia e Historia Medieval, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras

Campus Universitario de Teatinos, e-29071 Málaga c Bartolomé Mora-Serrano

s +34 95 213 1739

+34 95 213 2139

e [email protected]

Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, Universitat de València, Facultad de Historia y Geografia

Avda Blasco Ibáñez, no. 28, e-46010 València c Pere Pau Ripollès s +34 96 386 4124 +34 96 398 3887 e [email protected] u www.uv.es–ripolles

Museu de Prehistòria de València

Corona 36, e-46003 València c Helena Bonet Rosado s +34 963 883 587 +34 963 883 536 e [email protected]

SWEDEN – SUÈDE

Gunnar Holsts Stiftelse för Numis-matik

Växthusgatan 12, se-431 60 Mölndal c Stefan Zakrisson s +46 31 530776 e [email protected]

Kungl. Myntkabinettet – Royal Coin Cabinet

Sveriges Ekonomiska Museum Box 5405, se-114 84 Stockholm c Eva Ramberg s +46 8 5195 5310 +46 8 5195 5315 e [email protected] u www.myntkabinettet.se

Numismatiska Forskningsgruppen – Stockholm Numismatic Institute Stockholm University

se-106 91 Stockholm c Kenneth Jonsson s +46 8 6747755 e [email protected] u www.archaeology.su.se–numis

matiska-forskningsgruppen

Svenska Numismatiska Föreningen – Swedish Numismatic Society

Banérgatan 17 nb, se-115 22 Stockholm c President s +46 8 6675598 +46 8 6670771 e [email protected] u www.users.wineasy.se/snf/

index.html

Uppsala University, Coin Cabinet

Box 256, se-751 05, Uppsala c Hendrik Mäkeler s +46 18 471 17 22 +46 18 471 75 69 e hendrik.makeler@gustavianum.

uu.se u www.myntkabinettet.uu.se


SWITZERLAND – SUISSE

Historisches Museum Basel, Münz-kabinett

Steinenberg 4, ch-4051 Basel c Michael Matzke s +41 61 2058 600 +41 61 2058 601 e [email protected] u www.hmb.ch

Bernisches Historisches Museum

Helvetiaplatz 5, ch-3005 Bern c Daniel Schmutz s +41 31 350 77 31 +41 31 350 77 99 e [email protected] u www.bhm.ch

Inventar der Fundmünzen der Schweiz

Aarbergergasse 30, Postfach 6855, ch-3001 Bern c Rahel C. Ackermann s +41 31 311 34 24 +41 31 311 34 25 e [email protected] u www.fundmuenzen.ch

Circolo Numismatico Ticinese (cnt)

c/o Danilo Pedrazzetti, Novamarketing sa, cp 1623, ch-6830 Chiasso c Fabrizio Rossini

s +41 19 19225873

e [email protected]

Schweizerische Numismatische Gesellschaft

c/o Jean-Pierre Righetti, Route de Fribourg 54, ch-1724 Ferpicloz c Jean-Pierre Righetti s +41 26 413 02 16 +41 26 413 02 15 e [email protected] u www.numisuisse.org

Musée d,Art et d

,Histoire, Cabinet

Numismatique

Rue Charles Galland, Case postale

3432, ch-1200 Genève c Matteo Campagnolo s +41 22 4182600 +41 22 4182601 e [email protected]

Musée Monétaire Cantonal

Place de la Riponne 6, Palais de Rumine, ch-1014 Lausanne c Anne Geiser s +41 21 3163990 +41 21 3163999 e [email protected] u www.musees.vd.ch/musee/

monetaire/

Cabinet de Numismatique de Neuchâtel, Musée d

,Art et d

,Histoire

Case postale, ch-2001 Neuchâtel c Gilles Perret s +41 32 7177920 +41 32 7177929 e [email protected] u www.mahn.ch

Münzkabinett und Antiken-sammlung der Stadt Winterthur

Villa Bühler, Lindstrasse 8, Postfach, ch-8402 Winterthur c Benedikt Zäch s +41 52 267 51 46 +41 52 267 66 81 e [email protected] u www.muenzkabinett.org

Freie Vereinigung Zürcher Numismatiker

c/o Münzkabinett, Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum, Museumstraße 2, pF, ch-8021 Zürich c Hortensia von Roten s +41 44 218 65 16 +41 44 211 29 49

Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum, Landesmuseum Zürich, Münz-kabinett

Museumstraße 2, pF, ch-8021 Zürich c Hortensia von Roten s +41 44 218 65 16


+41 44 211 29 49 e Hortensia.vonRoten@snm.

admin.ch u www.musee-suisse.ch/d/

sammlung/wissenschaft_und_ sammlungen/numismatik.php

TAIWAN – TAIWAN

National Museum of History

49 Nan Hai Road, Taipei City 10066, Taiwan c Hui-Chuan Han s +886 2 2361 0270 ext. 207 +886 2 2331 1086 e [email protected] u www.nmh.gov.tw

TURKEY – TURQUIE

Université d’Ankara, Faculté des Lettres, Département d’Archéologie Classique

06100 Sihhiye - Ankara, Turquie c Zeynep Çizmeli Ogun

s/ +90 232 745 1413

e [email protected] [email protected]

UNITED KINGDOM – ROYAUME-UNI

The Barber Institute of Fine Arts, Dept. of Coins, The University of Birmingham

Edgbaston, Birmingham b15 2ts c Eurydice S. Georganteli s +44 121 414 7332 +44 121 414 3370 e [email protected] u www.barber.org.uk/coins/index.

html

The Fitzwilliam Museum, Dept. of Coins and Medals

Trumpington Street, Cambridge cb2 1rb c Adrian Popescu s +44 1223 332949 +44 1223 332923 e [email protected]

u www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/dept/ coins/

The National Museum of Wales, Department of Archaeology and Numismatics

Cathays park, Cardiff cd10 3np c Edward M. Besly s +44 29 2057 3291 +44 29 2057 3321 e edward.besly@museumwales.

ac.uk u www.museumwales.ac.uk/

en/archaeology/

National Museum of Scotland

Chambers Street, Edinburgh eh1 1jf

c The Director of the Library s +44 131 247 42 71 e [email protected] u www.nms.ac.uk

The Hunterian

The University of Glasgow, Univer-sity Avenue, Glasgow g12 8qq c J. Donal Bateson s +44 141 330 4221 or 4289 +44 141 330 3617 e [email protected] u www.glasgow.ac.uk/hunterian

The British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals

Great Russell Street, London wc1b 3dg c Philip Attwood s +44 20 7323 8260 +44 20 7323 8171 e pattwood@thebritishmuseum.

ac.uk u www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/

cm/cmhome.html

Royal Numismatic Society

The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London wc1b 3dg c Nicholas Mayhew s +44 207 323 8228 +44 207 323 8171 u www.numismatics.org.uk


Ashmolean Museum, Heberden Coin Room

Beaumont Street, Oxford ox1 2ph c Chris Howgego s +44 1865 278063 +44 1865 278057 e [email protected] u www.ashmolean.org/departments/

heberdencoinroom/

The Royal Mint

Llantrisant, Pontyclun, Mid Glamor-gan cf7 8yt c Kevin Clancy s +44 1443 222111 +44 1443 228799 u www.royalmint.com

British Numismatic Society

The Warburg Institute, Woburn Square, London wc1h 0ab Current president: Roger Bland, Keeper of Portable Antiquities & Treasure, c/o British Museum, uk-London wc1b 3dg

c The President s +44 20 7323 8611 e [email protected] u www.britnumsoc.org

Oriental Numismatic Society

9 Grandison Road, London sw11 6ls c Peter Smith s +44 207 228 6826 e [email protected] u www.onsnumis.org

British Numismatic Trade Association

P.O. Box 2, Rye, East Sussex tn31 7we c Rosemary Cooke s/ +44 1797 229988 e [email protected] u www.bnta.net

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – ÉTATS-UNIS D

,AMÉRIQUE

Harvard Art Museums, Division of Asian and Mediterranean Art

32 Quincy Street, Cambridge, ma 02138, usa c Carmen Arnold-Biucchi s +1 617 496 9274 +1 617 495 5211 e Carmen_Arnold-Biucchi@

harvard.edu u www.harvardartmuseums.org

Yale University Art Gallery, Dept. of Coins and Medals

PO Box 208271, New Haven, ct 06520-8271, usa c Susan B. Matheson

s +1 203 432 1801 +1 203 432 6013 e [email protected] u www.artgallery.yale.edu

The American Numismatic Society

75 Varick Street, floor 11, New York, ny 10013, usa c Ute Wartenberg s +1 212 571 4470 +1 212 571 4479 e [email protected] u www.numismatics.org

Princeton University Library

One Washington Road, Princeton, nj 08544, usa c Alan M. Stahl s +1 609 258 9127 +1 609 258 2324 e [email protected]

The John Max Wulfing Collection, Kemper Art Museum

Washington University in St. Louis, cb 1189 – Kemper 210, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, mo 63130-4899, usa c William S. Bubelis s +1 314 935 4519 e [email protected]


Dumbarton Oaks Research Library

1703 32nd Street NW, Washington, dc 20007, usa c John W. Nesbitt s +1 202 339 6993 +1 202 339 6419 e [email protected] u www.doaks.org/index.html

Ancient Coin Collectors Guild

PO Box 911, Gainsville, mo 65655, usa c Wayne G. Sayles s +417 679 2142 e [email protected]

Baylor University, Department of Art

One Bear Place #97263 Waco, tx 76798-7263, usa c Nathan T. Elkins

s +1 254 710 6382


VATICAN CITY – VATICAN

Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Gabinetto Numismatico

Cortile del Belvedere, v-00120 Vatican City c Eleonora Giampiccolo s +6 698 79 406 +6 698 79 428 e [email protected] u www.vaticanlibrary.va e [email protected]

MEMBRES HONORAIRES – HONORARY MEMBERS

Alföldi, Maria R. � Hans-Sachs-Straße 1, d-60487

Frankfurt/M., Germany

s +49 69 707 3157 e [email protected]

Amandry, Michel � 24, blvd. Poissonière, f-75009

Paris, France e [email protected]

Arslan, Ermanno A. � Via privata Cesare Battisti 2,

i-20122 Milan, Italy

s +39 25512901 e [email protected] u www.ermannoarslan.eu

Bates, Michael L. Curator emeritus of Islamic Coins � 1334 River Road, Apt. 3,

Edgewater, nj 07020-1424, usa e [email protected]

Bhatia, Pratipal � e-7/7 Vasant Vitar, New Delhi

110 057, India e [email protected]

Boehringer, Christof � Höltystr. 4, d-37085 Göttingen,

Germany

Burnett, Andrew � 19, Almorah Road, n1 3er

London, United Kingdkom e [email protected]

Buttreu, Theodore V. dept. of Coins and medals, Fitzwilliam Museum � Trumpington Street, uk-

Cambridge cb2 1rb, United Kingdom

e [email protected]

Campo, Marta Gabinet Numismàtic de Catalunya � Museu Nacional d’Art de Cata-

lunya, Palau Nacional, Parc de Montjuïc, e-08038 Barcelona, Spain

e [email protected]

Crawford, Michael H. � 11a Tavistock Place, uk-London

wc1h 9sh, United Kingdom e [email protected]

Gedai, Istvan Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum � Múzeum Körút 14-16, postbok

364, h-1088 Budapest, Hongary

Geiger, Hans-Ulrich � Rötelsteig 9, ch-8037 Zürich,

Switzerland e [email protected]

Gorini, Giovanni � Via A. Cavalletto 12, i-35122

Padova, Italy e [email protected]

Hahn, Wolfgang Institut für Numismatik und Geld-geschichte � Universität Wien, Franz-Klein-

Gasse 1, A-1190 Wien, Austria e [email protected]

Jensen, Jørgen Steen Den Kgl. Mønt- og Medaillesamling, Nationalmuseet � Frederiksholms Kanal 12, dk-

1220 København K, Denmark e [email protected]

Kluge, Bernd Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz

132 honorary members | membres honoraires

� Geschwister-Scholl-Strasse 6, d-10117 Berlin, Germany

e [email protected]

Lagerqvist, Lars � Keltiska vägen 3, s-291 65

Kristianstad, Sweden e [email protected],

[email protected]

Metcalf, Michael Heberden Coin Room, Ashmolean museum � Beaumont Street, uk-Oxford ox1

2ph, United Kingdom

Morrisson, Cécile cnrs, Centre d

,histoire et civilisation

de Byzance, Collège de France � 52 rue du Cardinal-Lemoine,

f-75005 Paris, France e [email protected]

Nicolaou, Ino � 44 Metochiou Avenue, cy-1101

Nicosia, Chypre

Nicolet, Hélène � 2 rue de Paradis, f-75010 Paris,

France e [email protected]

Nilsson, Harald � Granebergs gård, s-646 96

Stjärnhov, Sweden e [email protected] Parise, Nicola � Via dei Delfini 24, i-00186 Roma,

Italie e [email protected]

Picard, Olivier � Université Paris Sorbonne Paris iv,

12 rue A. Joly, f-78000 Versailles, France

e [email protected]

Schultz, Hans-Dietrich � Rödelstrasse 6, d-10318 Berlin,

Allemagne Skaare, Kolbjørn Universitetets Kulturhistoriske Museer, Myntkabinett � Postboks 6762, St Olavs plass,

n-0164 Oslo, Norvège

Spufford, Peter � University of Cambridge, Queens’

College, West Road, uk-Cam-bridge cb3 9et, United Kingdom

e [email protected]

Suchodolski, Stanislaw Institut d

,Archéologie et d

,Ethno-

logie, Académie polonaise des Sciences � Al. Solidarnosci 105, pl 00-140

Warszawa, Pologne e [email protected] Weiller, Raymond � Résidence de l

,Avenir, 40 rue de

l,Avenir, l-1147 Luxembourg

Westermark, Ulla � Hällbygatan 36a, se-752 28

Uppsala, Suède e [email protected]

international numismatic council · table of contents – sommaire composition of the committee 1...

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