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International Marine & Offshore Engineering ConferenceAl Jubail Saudi Arabia 3rd & 4th September 2014

Sustainable Use Of The Ocean: The Role Of Marine Technologists

Omar bin Yaakob, FRINA, C. Eng.Marine Technology Centre

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Sustainable Use Of The Ocean: The Role Of Marine Technologists

Omar bin Yaakob, FRINA, C. Eng.Marine Technology Centre

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

www.utm.mywww.utm.my

Universiti Teknologi Malaysiawww.utm.my

1,177 Hectares Campus Located in Johor Bahru

(near Singapore)

Total Students

24,275

Postgraduate (53%)

12,883

PhD Students (35%)

4,455

Undergraduate (47%)

11,392

International Student (20%)

5,043

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1. Sustainability And Sustainable Development

2. Ocean Sustainability

3. Three Sustainability Issues in Shipping 3.1 Marine Pollution 3.2 Alien Invasion!! 3.3 The Carbon Dioxide Twin Menace

4. Improving Ship Efficiency

5. Ocean Renewable Energy

6. Preparing Future Ship Designers And Marine Engineers

7. Concluding Remarks

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PRESENTATION OUTLINE

SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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Development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Our Common Future(Bruntland Report), 1987

A dynamic process which enables all people to realise their potential and improve their quality of life in ways which simultaneously protect and enhance the Earth’s support systems

Forum for the Future (UK)

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Sustainable Development

EconomicEconomic

SocialSocial

EnvironmentalEnvironmental

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Sustainable Way of Life

“A way of life that safeguards and enhances our resources, prevents harm to the natural environment and human health, and sustains and benefits the community and local economy – for the sake of current and future generations.”

-Santa Monica Sustainable City Program

Key events in sustainable development discourse

1983-1987 World Commission on Environment and Development (known as the Brundtland Commission). "Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable - to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

1992 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: Rio de Janeiro.

o Rio Declaration on Environment and Development o Agenda 21 o Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

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UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCC)

• Entered into force on 21 March 1994. As of March 2014, UNFCCC has 196 parties.

• The parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change.

• 1997, the Kyoto Protocol established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.

• 16th COP in Cancún agreed that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level

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UN Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012. (Rio +20)

Governments agreed that the UN General Assembly should launch a process to establish a set of specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), together with a strategy to finance their implementation.

To develop the SDGs, a 30-member Open Working Group of the UN General Assembly was established in January 2013.

Outcome: A document, entitled “The Future We Want”.

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OCEAN SUSTAINABILITY

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Inputs from the Ocean Stakeholders:Sustainable development goal for oceans and coasts to face the challenges for our future ocean:

1.Ensure basic life-sustaining and regulating functions of the oceans; 2.Ensure a healthy and productive marine environment to sustain all provisioning and non-provisioning services of oceans and coasts; 3.Build resilient coastal communities through mitigation and adaptation strategies, innovation and sustainable development, by sharing benefits and responsibilities; 4.Engage in integrated and multi-level ocean governance. The proposal does not contain any timelines or indicators.

Prof. MartinVisbeck et al., Kiel University, Germany (2013; http://fileserver.futureocean.org/forschung/r1/ocean_sustainability_visbeck_et_al.pdf). 12

Inputs from the Ocean Stakeholders:

Healthy seas and oceans (blue economy) with five priority areas:

1.Protection of marine biodiversity;2.Elimination of unsustainable fishing practices; 3.Reduction of marine pollution; 4.Monitoring of ocean acidification; 5.Conservation of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction.

Civil Society Organizations at 64th Annual UN Department of Public Information NGO Conference (2011; http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/ngoconference/resources/final)

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IOC/UNESCO, IMO, FAO, UNDP (2011), A BLUEPRINT FOR OCEAN AND COASTAL SUSTAINABILITY, PARIS: IOC/UNESCO, UNITED NATIONS

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1. Implement Urgent Actions to Mitigate and Adapt to Ocean

Acidification

2. Develop and Execute a Global Program aimed at Greater

Protection and Restoration of Vital Ocean and Coastal Habitats,

and develop a Global Blue Carbon Market as a means of Creating

Direct Economic Gain through Habitat Protection

3. Strengthen the Legal Framework to Effectively Address Aquatic

Invasive Species

4. Build Green Societies in Small Island Developing

States:Addressing Key Vulnerabilities

5. Increase Efforts for Responsible Fisheries and Aquaculture in a

Green Economy

IOC/UNESCO, IMO, FAO, UNDP (2011). A Blueprint for Ocean and Coastal Sustainability. Paris: IOC/UNESCO, United Nations

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6. Green the Nutrient Economy and Reduce Ocean Hypoxia

through Policy, Regulatory and Economic Instruments that

Promote Nutrient Efficiency and Recovery

7. Create and Implement an Institutional and Legal Framework to

Protect Habitats and Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction

8. Reform Regional Ocean Management Organisations

9. Enhance Coordination, Coherence and Effectiveness of the UN

System on Oceans Issues

10. Increase Institutional and Human Capacity for Sustained

Observations, Monitoring, Marine Research, and Progress

Evaluation of International Commitments

IOC/UNESCO, IMO, FAO, UNDP (2011). A Blueprint for Ocean and Coastal Sustainability. Paris: IOC/UNESCO, United Nations

International Maritime Organisation, Sustainable Maritime Transportation System, London, 2013.

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“..A Sustainable Maritime Transportation System … entail partnerships between Governments, ship builders, classification societies, manufacturers, R&D establishments and academic institutions. The maritime transport industry should take advantage of new technology in order to maximize its environmental performance as well as to enhance safety, and be prepared for new cargo types and new trades. …”

International Maritime Organisation, Sustainable Maritime Transportation System, London, 2013.

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In July 2014 UN Open Working Group on Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) submitted seventeen

SDGs to the UN General Assembly, including Ocean

SDG.

Goal: "Conserve and sustainably use the

oceans, seas and marine resources for

sustainable development".

Latest Updates on SDGs:

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Specific Targets of The Ocean SDG include:

1.Preventing and significantly reducing marine pollution of all

kinds – by 2025.

2.Sustainably managing and protecting marine and coastal

ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts – by 2020.

3.Minimizing and addressing the impacts of ocean

acidification – no target date.

4.Restoring fish stocks by regulating harvesting, ending

overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing

and destructive fishing, and implementing science-based

management – by 2020.

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5. Conserving at least 10% of coastal and marine areas – by

2020.

6. Prohibiting certain fisheries subsidies which contribute to

overcapacity and overfishing, eliminating subsidies that

contribute to IUU fishing, and refraining from introducing

new such subsidies – by 2020.

7. Increasing the economic benefits to small island

developing states and least developed countries from the

sustainable use of marine resources – by 2030.

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(TOP) THREE SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES IN SHIPPING

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Ocean Acidification

Global Warming

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MARINE POLLUTION

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Pollution

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Regulations/Conventions

MARPOL 73/78

•Annexe I (oil)

•Annexe II (chemicals in bulk)

•Annexe III (chemicals in packaged

form)

•Annexe IV (sewage)

•Annexe V (garbage)

•Annexe VI (air emissions)

Pollution

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Ocean Acidification

Global Warming

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ALIEN INVASION!!

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Invasion of alien Species

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• Harm: Clogging, Alteration of food web & habitat

• Estimated Costs for Cleaning Pipelines of Power Plants- US$1~5b

Source: TRB Special Report 291, 2008. Great Lakes Shipping, Trade and Aquatic Invasive Species; Alien Invasive Species and the oil and gas industry-Guidance for prevention and management, Report 436, 2010.

International Convention for the Control and Management of

Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (the Ballast Water

Management or BWM Convention) Ballast Water Convention

2004.

Two standards:

D1 – Ballast Water Exchange

D2 – Ballast water Treatment for all ships from 2016*

REQUIRED FOR RATIFICATION: 30 COUNTRIES/35% WORLD TONNAGE

AS OF NOW: 38/30.38%30

Elements of BWM

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Balaji, R., Yaakob, O. and Koh, K.K. (2014). A Review of Developments in Ballast Water Management. Environmental Reviews. doi: 10.1139/er-2013-0073.

BWM: Balllast Water Treatment Options

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BWT with Shipboard Waste Heat + Additional System

Balaji, R. and Yaakob, O. (2012). An analysis of shipboard waste heat availability for ballast water treatment. Journal of Marine Engineering and Technology. 11(2):15-29.

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Ocean Acidification

Global Warming

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THE CARBON DIOXIDE TWIN MENACE

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Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

Global warming(Green House

effect)Ocean Acidification

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Credit: Richard A. Feely, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA, with atmospheric data from Pieter Tans and seawater data from David Karl. Adapted from Feely (2008) in Levinson and Lawrimore (eds), Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, 89(7): S58.

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“Our study showed that all animal groups we considered are affected negatively by higher carbon dioxide concentrations. Corals, echinoderms and mollusks above all react very sensitively to a decline in the pH value,” Astrid Wittmann.

Read more at http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112931596/ocean-acidification-affects-species-differently-082613/#TzHmHMYoG6fTkVV8.99

“Our study showed that all animal groups we considered are affected negatively by higher carbon dioxide concentrations. Corals, echinoderms and mollusks above all react very sensitively to a decline in the pH value,” Astrid Wittmann.

Read more at http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112931596/ocean-acidification-affects-species-differently-082613/#TzHmHMYoG6fTkVV8.99

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CO2 Emissions per Unit Load by Transport Mode

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Source:Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Japan): The Survey on Transport Energy 2001/2002 MOL (Japan): Environmental and Social Report 2004

Large Tanker

Large Containership

Railway

Coastal Carrier

Small-size Commercial Truck

Airplane

Standard-size Commercial Truck

100 200 300 400

398

226

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6

3

1

0

Units Relative

Shipping energy efficient

Low

bound

Consensus High

boundTotal shipping emissions(activity based)

854 1019 1224

Total less fishing (activity based)

796 954 1150IEA domestic shipping(statistical data)

111 111 111

International shipping (hybrid

estimate)

685 843 1039

•1Consensus estimate: 843 million tonnes CO2 = 2.7%

Second IMO GHG Study 2009:2007 CO2 Emissions For International Shipping

in million tonnes CO2

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World Fleet Fuel Consumption (2007)

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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Fue

l Con

sum

ptio

n (M

illio

n to

ns)

This study

IMO Expert Group (Freight-Trend), 2007

Corbett and Köhler (Freight-Trend), JGR, 2003Eyring et al., JGR, 2005 part 1 + 2

Endresen et al., JGR, 2007 (not corrected for comparison)

Endresen et al (Freight-Trend)., JGR, 2007

IEA Total marine fuel salesIEA Int'l Marine Fuel sales

Point Estimates

This study (Freight trend)

Freight-Trend Eyring et al., JGR, 2005EIA bunker

Bottom-up(Activity-based)

estimates

Top-down(Fuel-sales)

data

2007 Low bound Best High boundTotal fuel consumption 279 333 400

Landmark decision during MEPC 62, (11-15 July 2011)

Parties to MARPOL Annex VI of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted (by voting 48-5) mandatory measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from international shipping.

This the first ever mandatory global greenhouse gas reduction regime for an international industry sector.

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The amendments to MARPOL Annex VI Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships, add a new chapter 4 to Annex VI on Regulations on energy efficiency for ships to make mandatory the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), for new ships from 1st January 2013, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships.

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EEDI APPLICABILITY for new vessels:

o Tankerso Bulk carrierso Gas Tankerso Containershipo General cargo Shipso Refrigerated Cargo carriero Combination Carriero Passenger Shipso Ro-ro cargo ships

SEEMP will be required for all ships including MODU, FPSO and FSU. For existing ships, the verification of the requirements to have SEEMP on board shall take place t the first immediate or renewal survey whichever is first on or after 1st January 2013.

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EEDI and SEEMP EffectsEEDI and SEEMP EffectsScenario: A1B Optimistic

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

2035 2040 2045 2050

Technical measures

Operational measures

Alternative fuels EEDI 39%

SEEMP 28%

MBM

Mt C

O2

…Depending on future economic and energy developments, this study's BAU scenarios project an increase (in maritime CO2) by 50% to 250% in the period to 2050…

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IMPROVING SHIP EFFICIENCY

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Carbon Dioxide

Global warming(Green House

effect)

Ocean Acidification

INCREASE EFFICIENCY OF

SHIPS

a) Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships

b) Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships using the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) as monitoring tool and for benchmarking

Economy of SizeEconomy of Size

www.wartsila.com/ 51

14,000 TEU vessel MSC Danit and MSC Daniela (Dec 2008)

This is the largest ever built.

Overall length of 366 meters

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DEC 2008

 18,000 TEU Triple-ELOA 400m

• The Triple-E emits 50% less than the industry average on the Asia-Europe trade lane.

• The vessels are equipped with a waste heat recovery system, saving up to 10% of main engine power.

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Economy of scale, Energy efficient and Environmentally improved

DEC 2013

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Improve conversion of fuel to power

Improve conversion of Power to Thrust

Reduce Drag/resistance

Use other energy sources

Extract as much energy as possible

Operational Approach

Fuel Saving Ships

OCEAN RENEWABLE ENERGY

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Ocean Energy Concepts

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Source Concepts & Devices

Ocean Thermal Gradient Ocean Thermal Energy ConversionTidal range (difference between low tide and high tide)

Tidal Barrage

Tidal stream current Vertical Axis Current TurbineHorizontal Axis Current Turbine

Ocean Waves Wave Energy Converter

Ocean Salinity gradient reverse electrodialysis (RED) and pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO)

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Theoretical resource : theoretical energy content in the resource, without consideration of technology or constraints.

Technical resource is that part of the theoretical resource that could be extracted using available technology options.

Practical resource is the proportion of the technical resource that could be exploited taking into consideration of external constraints such as distance to point of use, local physical accessibility, competing uses and environmental sensitivity

We should not overstate the potential of Ocean Energy – Be realistic

Omar bin Yaakob and Kho King Koh,The Promise of Marine Renewable Energy in Malaysia: Too Good To Be True? Malaysian Journal of Science 32 (SCS Sp Issue) : 309-316 (2013)

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PREPARING FUTURE SHIP DESIGNERS AND MARINE ENGINEERS

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We can no longer keep designing things in the same old way.

Ship designers and marine engineers of the future need to think differently.

Redefining Traditional SHIP DESIGNIn Traditional Ship Design …• required to develop solutions problems they are

presented with to the best of their knowledge– within the owners’ requirements and operational

constraints.– constraints of approval authorities/classification

rules/ international rules and regulations– within schedule and financial constraints

• Naval architects/ship designers search for methods that maximize function, and minimize cost to clients

Traditional Ship DesignMaximizing utility while minimizing

the cost to the

Maximize social benefit while minimizing ecological impact

Shift in Mindset:

client

Traditional Ship Design Criteria

• Function• Cost• Safety

Sustainable Ship Design Criteria:

The above plus:• Impact on people (society)• Impact on the planet (environment)

ABET (2012), CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITING ENGINEERING PROGRAMS, Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, IncCriterion 3. Student Outcomes

(a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability (d) an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems (f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility (g) an ability to communicate effectively (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context (i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.

(c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability

Some Learning OutcomesBachelor in Marine Engineering TechnologyThe Outcomes of the Marine Engineering Technology major are as follows:Students will demonstrate the following through the Marine Engineering Technology program of study at the Academy: a.      An appropriate mastery of the knowledge, techniques, skills and modern tools of their disciplines.b.      An ability to apply current knowledge and adapt to emerging applications of mathematics, science, engineering and technology.c.      An ability to conduct, analyze and interpret experiments and apply experimental results to improve processes.d.      An ability to apply creativity in the design of systems, components or processes appropriate to program objectives.e.      An ability to function effectively on teams.f.       An ability to identify, analyze and solve technical problems.g.     An ability to communicate effectively.h.      A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in lifelong learning.i.       An ability to understand professional, ethical and social responsibilities.j.       A respect for diversity and a knowledge of contemporary professional, societal and global issues.k.      A commitment to quality, timeliness, and continuous improvement.

Bachelor in Marine Engineering Technology

i.       An ability to understand professional, ethical and social responsibilities.j.       A respect for diversity and a knowledge of contemporary professional, societal and global issues.

Bachelor of Engineering in Marine EngineeringProgramme Outcomes

On successful completion of this programme the learner will be able to :

PO8Competence -

Insight

A broad knowledge of social,political and economic factors relevant to marine engineering; to maintain high ethical standards in engineering practice towards people and the environment.

B.Eng. Marine Technology Learning Outcomes

The programme provides opportunities for students to develop and demonstrate knowledge and understanding, qualities, skills and other attributes in the following areas.

5. To encourage students to develop awareness and responsible attitudes towards the needs of society and the environment in the application of their engineering knowledge, including a regard for safety appropriate to their profession.

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in Mechanical and Marine Engineering

Students should be able to:

B6. Demonstrate an awareness of the framework of relevant legal requirements governing engineering activities, including personnel, health, safety, and risk (including environmental risk) issues

Bachelor in Naval Architecture

a holistic approach when making professional decisions, balancing the costs, benefits, safety, quality, reliability, appearance and environmental impact.

Bachelor of Engineering (Naval Architecture and Offshore Engineering)

PO6

Ability to identify the impact of naval architecture and offshore engineering solutions on sustainability and demonstrate the needs for sustainable development

CONCLUDING REMARKS

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Concluding Remarks

1. The earth (including the ocean) is suffering from anthropogenic activities.

2. Sustainable development principles and considerations need to be taken onboard all our activities.

3. Ship designers and marine engineers have big roles to play to improve sustainable shipping

4. Besides sustainable shipping initiatives, ocean renewable energy can contribute to reduction of CO2.

5. Students education and training need shift to incorporate sustainability awareness and practice.

"Humanity has come perilously close to reversing the almost miraculous biological abundance of the deep,” Alan B. Sielen, The Devolution of the Seas, Foreign Affairs (November/December 2013).

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omar@fkm.utm.mywww.utm.my

omar@fkm.utm.mywww.utm.my