international law types of law systems –common law –code law –islamic law –communism...
TRANSCRIPT
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International Law
• Types of law systems– Common law– Code law– Islamic law– Communism
• Definition:– Treaties, customs, recognized principles when one
country deals with another– Bilateral– Multilateral
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LESCANT Factors
• Language
• Environment & Technology
• Social organization
• Contexting
• Authority
• Nonverbal behavior
• Time Concept
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Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
• 1980
• Adopted in 53 countries, including U.S.
• Similar to UCC
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Treaties and International Trade Organizations
• WTO/GATT– Outlaws tariff discrimination– Most favored nation status– Outlaws nontariff barriers– Caps tariffs
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Treaties and International Trade Organizations
• UNCITRAL– United Nations Commission on International
Trade Law– 36 countries– Proposes ‘model laws’ for uniformity
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Treaties and International Trade Organizations
• EU– European Commission
• Education• Health• Culture• Consumer protection
– Council of Ministers– European Parliament– Court of Justice– Euro– Antitrust laws similar to Sherman Act
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Treaties and International Trade Organizations
• NAFTA– All tariffs to be eliminated in 15 years
• Can be “snapped back” if US is overrun with imports or imports cause harm
• Duty free if 100% North American origin
– Environment• Left to each nation if not arbitrary or unjustifiably
discriminatory• Regulations must be “necessary” to protect life• Regulations must be based on “scientific principles”• No mention of genetic engineering
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Treaties and International Trade Organizations
• U.S. International Trade Commission– 6 appointed commissioners with 9 year terms– Advises president on preferences (lower tariffs)– Industries petition ITC– Import interference with agricultural programs– Keeps track of unit labor costs by country– Special 301
• International theft of U.S. intellectual property• Identifies “priority foreign countries”• May impose sanctions
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International Courts
• No real enforcement
• International Court of Justice (World Court)– Established by UN– Nation v. Nation– Voluntary agreement to have case heard– Not bound by the decisions– Not for business disputes
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International Courts
• European Court of Justice– Enforces EU law– Member nations, EU institutions, other parties
& businesses v. member nations– Enforcement by national courts
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International Courts
• WTO dispute resolution– Trade disputes between member nations– May order retaliatory trade sanctions
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International Arbitration
• Organizations– American Arbitration Association– International Chamber of Commerce– UN Commission on International Trade Law
• Arbitrator issues award– No enforcement power
• Enforcement only if:– Nation is signatory of UN Convention on the
Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards
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International Law Principles
• Sovereign immunity– Equality of countries– Each country sovereign nation– No country subject to another’s laws without
consent– International commercial transactions are
voluntary – subjects country’s government to civil suits
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International Law Principles
• Expropriation– Act of State Doctrine– Recognizes as valid acts by other nations even
if illegal in US– Usually challenged when private property is
nationalized
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International Law Principles
• Protections of US property– Foreign Assistance Act of 1962 – Hickenlooper
amendment• President can punish nations that expropriate private US
property• Actual expropriation• Effective expropriation
– Clauses in trade treaties– Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)
• Federal insurer – premiums based on risk• Countries where per capita income is $250 or less • Confiscation, insurrection, repatriation, war, revolution
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International Law Principles
• Repatriation– Some nations limit repatriation– Acts of state
• Forum non conveniens– Cases must be brought under the correct
jurisdiction
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Conflicts of Law
• No 2 countries have the same laws
• The parties may choose which law applies
• By default, the laws of the country of contract performance apply
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Protections in International Competition
• Antitrust laws– US Law
• All US firms• All firms operating in the US• Firms whose business has substantial impact on US
trade• Who can sue
– U.S. & foreign governments– U.S. & foreign businesses– Any other injured party
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Protections in International Competition
• Export Trading Company Act of 1982– Allows Jvs between competitors when outside
the US– Must show the firm will not:
• Substantially lessen competition or restrain trade in the U.S. or restrain export trade of a competitor
• Cause unfair competition• Affect the price of goods/services in the U.S.• Resell the exported goods in the U.S.
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Protections in International Competition
• Helms-Burton Act– 1996– Punishment for firms that use confiscated U.S.
property• Executives and families may not enter U.S.
• Allows suits against those companies
• Targeted at Cuba
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Protections in International Competition
• Intellectual Property– International agreements being negotiated
– Gray Market goods• Goods with U.S. intellectual property protection are are
foreign made & imported without consent of U.S.trademark holder
– Outlawed by U.S. Customs Service
• Criminal Law– Individuals and businesses are subject to host country’s
criminal law
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Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
• Applies to all businesses registered under SEC• Illegal to use mails or interstate commerce for bribes• Shareholders, officers, directors
– 5 years in prison– $100,000 fine
• Business penalty – up to $2 million• Exceptions
– Grease payments– Bribes to non-government foreigners– Extortion payments– Payments that are legal within he host country