international journal of scientific & technology … · 2020. 10. 22. · international journal...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 10, OCTOBER 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

331 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org

Potential And Utilization Of Biomass For Heat Energy In Indonesia: A Review

Mahidin, Erdiwansyah, Muhammad Zaki, Hamdani, Muhibbuddin, Hisbullah, Rizalman Mamat, Herri Susanto

Abstract: Biomass is the world‘s most commonly used source of renewable electricity today. It is used primarily in strong form and, to a smaller degree, oil fuels or petrol. In contemporary times, the use of biomass for energy generation has risen at only a small pace. Biomass is the primary source of energy in Indonesia. Biomass is used to fulfil a range of energy requirements, including producing electricity, heating households, fueling cars and supplying industrial equipment with a heat process. Biomass potential includes waste from timber, animals and plants. Among biomass power sources, fuelwood might be the most important since it accounts for a large 17% share of Indonesia total power manufacturing. The complete biomass energy potential in Indonesia is about 38 million tons of oil equivalents (Mtoe). The quantity of biomass that can be used in Indonesia is roughly 32 Mtoe. The potential for electrical manufacturing from usable bioenergy sources in 2012 is 83 MW and corporate revenue, representing more than 350,000 jobs. This research shows that the potential for climate change mitigation and power sustainability in Indonesia is significant for biomass energy. Index Terms: Sustainable Energy, Bioenergy, Utilization Efficiency, Biomass Potential, Palm Oil.

—————————— ——————————

1. INTRODUCTION ENERGY poverty for households until recently keeps being the two main indicators as mentioned in the recent World Energy Outlook. These indicators such as access to electricity are very low and has dependence on the use of biomass as fuel for cooking. However, most of the rural settlements in sub-Saharan Africa of more than 700 million people by 2040 are projected to remain without electricity. Little progress has been made in reducing the dependence on traditional uses of solid biomass as a cooking fuel [1]. The number of people around the world who do not yet have access to electricity has reached 1.4 billion so far. The number of people who do not have access to electricity to date is around 85% and all are in rural or rural areas. It is estimated that by 2030 this number will decline to 1.2 billion people. Populations around the world that lack electricity access are around 15% of the total. This population, for the most part, lives in the interior of Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2030, it is estimated that traditional energy use will increase to 2.8 from 2.7 billion people as shown in Fig. 1 [2]. Air pollution resulting from biomass burning from households is estimated to cause premature deaths of more than 1.5 million per year to reach 4000 people. It is estimated that the deaths caused by tuberculosis and malaria by 2030 are even greater [1], [3], [4]. The increasing energy demand to meet economic services and social development can also improve people‘s welfare and health. Energy needs are always desired by all people to be able to meet their daily needs and can serve for the production process. The use of fossil fuels globally has been used since 1850 and has dominated the increasing supply of energy. Therefore, it has increased

carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in recent years. The investigation of energy services on providing Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) has made a very significant contribution to the increasing GHG concentrations. Investigations conducted by [5], [6] reported that the observed increase was largely in the state of global average temperatures in the mid-20th century. This may be due to the ever-increasing concentration. Various biomass composites can be produced into bioenergy. These biomass composites, such as agricultural products, forest product residues, energy crops, various organic waste streams, organic compounds produced from solid waste, and short-rotation plants are shown in Table 1 [7], [8]. Feedstock from abundant agricultural products can be produced through various processes. The results of this process can be used directly to produce heat and electrical energy. In addition, it can also be used as the manufacture of gas, liquid and solid fuels [9]–[14]. Bioenergy technology is widely available today and the maturity of the technique also varies substantially. Various types of technology are commercially available in the market such as large and small scale boilers, ethanol production produced from starch and sugar, and domestic pellet based heating systems [15]–[18]. Some examples of the technologies with pre-commercial stages include combined power generation from the biomass gasification cycle and lignocellulosic fuel [1], [19]–[24]. Applications of bioenergy technology can be managed with decentralized and centralized systems. The use of traditional biomass in a number of the developing countries has given this application widespread development. The output offered by bioenergy usually remains slow and constant. The share of bioenergy as a global energy barrier is shown in Fig. 2.

TABLE 1

Overview of the worldwide potential of production of bioenergy [7], [8], [25]

Biomass category Technical potential in 2050 Energy crop production on surplus agricultural land

0-750

Energy crop production on marginal land

<65-120

Agricultural residues 25-75 Forest residues 33-170 Dung 7-57 Organic wastes 7-55 Total <65->1200

——————————————— Mahidin, Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh

23111, Indonesia, Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]

Erdiwansyah, Doctoral Program, School of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia and Department of Faculty Engineering, Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Banda Aceh 23245, Indonesia, Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]

Muhammad Zaki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia, Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]

Hamdani, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

Muhibbuddin, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

Hisbullah, Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

Rizalman Mamat, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia.

Herri Susanto, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung-40132, Indonesia

mailto:[email protected]





Fig.1. Number of people relying on the traditional biomass use as their primary cooking fuel in 2016

Fig.2. Share of bioenergy in the world primary energy mix [26]

2 BIOENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

DEVELOPMENT The earliest energy source used by humans is biomass energy. This biomass energy is generally used for various purposes such as electricity generation, vehicle fuel, as home heating and heat processing for various industrial facilities both small, medium and large scale. This potential of biomass can be obtained from various wood wastes, plant wastes and animal wastes. Biomass can be renewed and sustainable as a substitute for organic petroleum. Biomass is a term that ignores plants planted by farmers, forests, plants/trees, organic waste, organic waste and agro-industrial agriculture, solid waste and urban waste. The name of biomass is as a result of photosynthesis processing to plant material where there is a conversion of solar energy from water and CO2 into organic matter. Directly or indirectly, biomass material is the result of various plants. Biomass energy can be obtained from the processing of materials such as forest waste, plant waste, animal waste, industrial waste, agricultural processes, and human waste [24], [27]–[32]. The resulting combustion process of biomass is a natural process. Biomass energy is a form of renewable energy, which is principally the energy used does not produce carbon dioxide to the environment, unlike the combustion of fossil fuels. Biomass is the most unique energy compared to other renewable energies. This biomass

energy can store solar energy very effectively. In addition, renewable carbon sources inside can convert to gas, solid and liquid fuels [13], [15], [16], [33]–[35]. Compared to other alternative energies, biomass is more varied and can be converted to energy by various conversion processes. The use of biomass resources for energy production can use a variety of materials. Biomass energy is divided into two categories such as traditional and modern biomass. The goal of modern biomass is to replace conventional energy involving on a large scale. This modern biomass includes municipal waste, agricultural waste, wood residues, biogas and various energy crops. Meanwhile, traditional biomass is only limited in the developing countries in general, and its use only involves a small scale. This traditional biomass includes rice husks, crop residues, charcoal, firewood and various animal wastes [13], [21], [33], [36]–[39]. Biomass is a term that can be used as a description in the form of material for biological production. Estimates per/year of world-class biomass production reach more than 146 billion resulting from general plant growth [40]–[42]. Energy such as biomass, wind, geothermal, solar power and hydroelectricity are sources of renewable energy. While for nuclear-powered sources is the fusion and fission of sustainable energy [43], [44]. Wood biomass which includes bark, leaves, live and dead wood phones located above and below the ground can be accumulated into the mass. Production uses the process of fermentation of biomass to produce lignin and carbohydrates [45], [46]. Wood biomass can be used as electricity, solvents, lubricants, inks, plastics, and adhesives. The supply of energy that is experiencing uncertainty with rising fuel costs, air quality, energy supply, climate change and dependence on foreign energy sources has given attention to utilizing biomass as renewable energy. This has been utilized by the Indonesian state, where the use of biomass can reduce dependence on fire risk, and offset greenhouse gases lowering the pulpwood market, energy feedstock. In addition, it can improve health, the economy and provide sustainable forests [47]–[51]. Direct use of biomass can be done by burning firewood for cooking or as a heater. In addition, biomass can be converted into gas and liquid fuels such as bio-gas (animal waste) and alcohol (sugar plants) through the conversion process [52]–[54]. Biomass combustion has net energy for greenwood of around 8 MJ/kg, for dry plants 20 MJ/kg, methane 55 MJ/kg compared to coal



which only reaches 27 MJ kg. Biomass fuels have been widely used as electricity generators including agricultural waste, forest waste and other wastes [9], [55]. The primary energy consumption of biomass currently represents only 17% in industrialized countries [27], [30]. However, rural populations are predominantly found in the developing countries. About 50% of the world‘s population remains dependent on the use of biomass such as fuelwood for its main fuel [36]–[38]. The primary energy consumption of biomass in the developing countries has reached 35%. Therefore, it has increased by 14% at the world level to primary energy consumption [27], [30], [40]–[44]. The neutral renewable CO2 energy source is domestic bioenergy, so its use in the future is expected to increase. New plants have been developed in various countries in the world that began in the 1970s to be produced as bioenergy and to increase biomass resources. The 1978 agreement was initiated by the International Energy Agency (IEA) to exchange information and increasing cooperation between countries that have national research programs, the spread of bioenergy, and the development of renewable energy in the future [2], [18], [56]. The development of several scenarios by international organizations has offered attractive options for mitigating climate change with the presence of a modern bioenergy system in the energy sector. This can be achieved if the availability of biomass is large enough and the costs are more promising and attractive. The European Union‘s target on renewable energy as outlined in the European Commission‘s overall White Paper for reserves as a contribution of renewable energy by 5.4% in 1995 increased to 11.5% in 2010. This is the total of renewable energy consumption of 85% to be bioenergy [27], [30], [43], [44]. The European Union, which includes 27 countries, in 2002 consumed 70.5 EJ of the total energy, and the contribution of biomass was 3.9%. The industry consumes less wood than wood consumption in the household. However, at the same time, they have been able to contribute 76% of biomass to the EU. The use of 36% biomass for energy is destined for the forest industry in Finland and Sweden. France and Germany are the highest users of gross biomass. However, the use of biomass in Finland by 17% is the highest of the total energy use. In all parts of the EU, the use of household wood for heating and producing district heating. Some power plants in the UK are operated on agricultural residues, a small portion of energy parks and biomass waste. From 27 EU countries, some of them have conducted small experiments on energy plant species [1], [2], [18], [25], [56]–[58]. In Indonesia, biomass energy cannot be utilized optimally. In 2020, biomass can produce 0.3% of the total projected generation of 5476 billion kilowatts/hour. Around 19,786,000 MW/hour of electricity could have been created from biomass energy last year [59], [60]. As it is known, the fulfilment of national energy needs is still dominated by fossil energy with a share of 92.3%. Meanwhile, the Government has targeted the contribution of new and renewable energy to be at least 23% by 2025 and the use of new renewable energy (EBT) will only reach around 7.7%. Therefore, the Government expects all parties, including universities, to participate in accelerating the development of bio-energy in Indonesia [61]. Indonesia is one of the largest population countries in the world that has not had access to electricity. In 2012, more than 60 million Indonesians did not have access to electricity as shown in Fig. 3. However, this number declined very drastically in 2018, leaving only 2% or 5.2 million people without access to electricity. Most people

who have not yet experienced electricity services are located in East Nusa Tenggara and Papua. The average electrification ratio in the area was only 61.01% and 81.66%, respectively, below the national average. The 5.2 million Indonesians who have not yet enjoyed electricity remain very large, equivalent to the entire population of Singapore. Therefore, the government targets for 2019 to 2020 will be able to enjoy the electricity. As for isolated and difficult-to-reach areas, new renewable energy must be used [62].

3 BIOMASS POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA Indonesia is one of the countries with the most population and various potentials, such as renewable energy. In recent years, economic growth has been closely linked to various privatizations in the form of public companies. The ever increasing energy sector plays an important role in encouraging micro-economic performance [63]–[65]. Demand for energy such as electricity continues to increase due to economic, industrial and social developments. Energy demand has continued to increase until recently as shown in Fig. 4-9. Indonesia does not have substantial reserves such as oil or gas supplied from Indonesian buyers, as the highest quality coal supply. The potential for renewable energy in Indonesia is very promising. Some advantages can be seen from its geographic location which can be used in large part extensively as a renewable energy source [24], [66]–[69]. Various efforts have been made in recent years to be able to utilize biomass energy. The energy includes agricultural waste, straw, paper waste, wood waste, etc. which can be produced into energy. Wood fuel still dominates the overall biomass energy because the total production is still the highest one around 18%.

Fig. 3. Electricity Statistic for 2012

Fig. 4. Indonesia’s primary energy needs in Mtoe between

2005 and 2030.



Meanwhile, the techniques used to convert it to energy are not sophisticated. The production and consumption of fuelwood in Indonesia are shown in Fig. 10. While the total potential biomass available in Indonesia is illustrated in Fig. 11. It is estimated that the production potential for biogas reaches 1.0-1.5 million/ton and the amount is almost equivalent to oil (Mtoe). However, only a small number can be operated and some new facilities are licensed [70]–[73]. The low energy production has an impact on the share of renewable energy, this contribution of biogas can be ignored in this section. The Directorate General of Electricity Resources Survey and Development Administration has conducted research in the previous decades using a scale pilot plant [25], [58]. Production of animal dung and biogas was the earliest part of the investigation. However, some of these activities have been stopped long ago. After that, various research activities carried out on the production of biogas from agricultural residues or energy crops have not been fully utilized. Biogas application technology in Indonesia is not supported by a lot of data and only a few are found in various literature [74]–[78].

Fig. 5. Production and Consumption of primary energy structure in Indonesia 2018

The potential of energy sources in Indonesia is quite large, namely geothermal 589 MW and 1,482 MW of hydropower, followed by forests as the largest area reaching 2,270,080 ha, and smallholder land area of 700,350 ha. Therefore, renewable energy sources are expected to have an active role in the future scenario of energy diversification [79]. This is as large as the potential of solid biomass waste throughout Indonesia which reaches 49,807.43 MW. Update on plant cultivation technology makes it possible to develop energy forests for biomass procurement according to the needs in large quantities and in a sustainable manner. In addition, solid biomass waste, biogas energy can be produced from animal waste, e.g. cow, buffalo, horse, and pig manure are also found in all provinces of Indonesia with different quantities. The utilization of biomass and biogas energy throughout Indonesia is around 167.7 MW originating from sugarcane and biogas waste of 9.26 MW generated from the gasification process. The cost of biomass investment is around 900 USD/kW to 1,400 USD/kW and the energy cost is Rp75/kW-Rp250/kW [80]–[82].

TABLE 2

Source energy potential in Indonesia [80] Energy resources Energy potential Installed capacity

Geothermal 16.502 MW 1.341 MW Hydro 75.000 MW 7.059 MW

Micro hydro 769,7 MW 512 MW Biomass 13.662 Mwe 1.364 Mwe Solar Energy 4,80 kWh/m2/day 42,78 MW Wind Wnergy 3-6 m/s 1,33 MW Uranium 3000 MW 30 MW

Fig. 6. Energy supply and demand development in Indonesia (tons of oil equivalent).

The trend of electricity generation using renewable energy in Indonesia is shown in Fig. 8 [83]–[85]. Renewable electricity generation from biomass is the third generation after hydro and wind power which in the near future is obtained in Indonesia. Total energy over the past decade has declined slightly to 14% from 22% compared to the consumption of forest biomass. This decrease was due to the consumption of liquefied natural gas (LPG) which continued to increase [52], [86]–[89]. The contribution of domestic energy consumption by 39% of the total energy of about 47% is fuel from biomass [25], [50]. In rural areas, traditional fuels dominates the energy sources of 100% from the household biomass consumptions to meet the needs of heat energy, for cooking and cleaning [90], [91]. Thus, Indonesia has a biomass potential of around 35 Mtoe more [92]–[94]. In 2012, the total recoverable bioenergy reached 21 Mtoe is shown in Table 3. Meanwhile, the installed power generation capacity of bioenergy in Indonesia is shown in Table 4.

Fig. 7. In Indonesia, primary energy consumption



TABLE 3 Indonesia’s annual biomass energy potential in 2012.

Biomass Crops Forest residues

Residues from agro-industry

Residues from the wood industry

Animal wastes

Other Total

Annual potential (million tons)

75 25 12 7 8 10 130

Energy value (Mtoe) 25 5.7 3.5 1.8 1.6 1.8 39.4

TABLE 4

Indonesia’s bioenergy installed capacity in 2015 (MW

Categories Biogas Biomass Municipal

waste Total

bioenergy

License Number 15 4 8 21 Under construction (MW)

13.2 17.6 1.9 30.6

In production (MW)

7.2 1.6 39.4 45.7

Total (MW) 18.2 19.0 41.1 74.3

Indonesia is one of the developing countries that has enormous potentials such as agriculture and renewable energy. Agriculture such as wheat and corn is able to produce about 70% more. While industrial products such as sesame seeds, flax, cotton and flowers have been grown for a long time in Indonesia. In the Mediterranean region, it can be planted with soybeans and various types of fruit plants [95], [96]. Indonesia has a variety of agricultural residues which are a source of biomass energy. Residues from agricultural yields and estimates of energy value that are very important are shown in Table 5. The residue from agricultural products is calculated based on the amount of dry residue which reaches around 57 million tons. It is equivalent to energy/year from agricultural residues of 16 Mtoe. The amount of heat production and animal waste in Indonesia is shown in Table 6.

These agricultural residues such as wheat straw, grain dust and hazelnut become the source of biomass energy in Indonesia [74]–[76], [97]. Indonesia can produce wheat straw each year at around 3.4/109 tons [97]. Sometimes this straw is thrown away in the field to be burned. The combustion results of this straw can produce high heat values up to half of the coal or around 28 MJ/kg [50], [52]. Other energy sources such as candlenut shells have very important potential. Energy from this straw shell produced annually is estimated around 3.7/107 tons [97]. The hazelnut calorific value reaches 19.2 MJ/kg so that the drawback value is equal to 1.9/108 kWh [50], [52]. Gas fuel production can be converted with hydrogen-rich agricultural residues using steam gasification technology [97]–[100]. Conventional methods can produce classical biomass technology [66], [70], [72], [101]–[107]. Renewable energy sources can be processed sustainably. Modern and planned biomass production systems are shown in Table 7 [41], [50].

Fig. 8. Trends in electricity generation from renewable energies [108]

Fig. 9. Total Final Consumption (TFC) by source Indonesia 1990 – 2016 [108]



TABLE 5

Fruit and fruit tree residues are produced in Indonesia (2008).

Crop Apricots Sour cherries

Olive Pistachio Walnut Almond Hazelnut Orange

Residue Tree pruning

Tree pruning

Cake Shell Shell Shell Shell Tree pruning

Theoretical Production (tons) 1,328,846 137,359 673,484 - 173,546 44,366 698,499 3,424,439 Actual Production (tons) 86,964 21,400 829,816 14,008 75,792 25,784 566,437 237,686 Available Residue (tons) 69,571 17,120 746,834 4202 60,633 23,205 453,510 190,148 Heating Value (MJ/kg) 19.3 19.0 20.69 19.26 20.18 19.38 19.3 17.6 Total Heating Value (x105 GJ) 13.4 3.3 154.5 8.2 12.2 4.6 87.5 33.5

Fermented products from anaerobic animal manure are bio-gas fuels which have a potential of around 2.2-3.9 billion/year. This amount is equivalent to 1-2 tons with the provisions of biogas production must use from the overall impurities [52], [109], [110]. The total number of animal products that have biogas potential is around 85%, while the rest is taken from landfill gas. Biogas produced from various types of biomass can provide enormous opportunities. In addition, CO2 can be reduced and friendly to the environment and protect the surrounding environment. The capability possessed by Indonesia could theoretically produce biomass into biogas. The law regarding biogas conversion and production has been specifically identified and implemented [97], [111], [112]. Infrastructure and technology have obstacles that are specifically found in rural areas. However, this can be overcome by involving various private institutions and government agencies together [104]–[107]. Therefore, for the application of biogas technology, there must be more research considering the specific conditions in Indonesia and other countries in the world. Research on such matters can result in more efficient efforts towards energy policymakers. Thus, the increase in the share of renewable energy sources in Indonesia can be accelerated as quickly as possible for primary energy production in a short time [52], [109], [110].

TABLE 6

Animal waste production and heating values in Indonesia (2010).

Animal Waste Cow Sheep Poultry

Waste quantity (tons/year)

137,674,952 26,578,343 7,931,792

Total dry manure (tons/year)

13,213,035 6,159,593 1,842,964

Available dry manure (tons/year)

12,555,174 778,166 1,931,672

Available Biogas (m3/year)

2,157,452,465 179,649,121 362,916,846

Heating value (MJ/kg) 26.7 24.9 24.9 Total heating value (x105 GJ)

498.6 38.4 38.8

Fig. 10. Indonesia's fuelwood production and consumption [108]

The available biomass energy can be converted into several types of energy such as electricity, gas and charcoal. The production of biomass into electricity seems to be one of the most important things [104]–[107]. Industry and household are the parties consuming most wood biomass energy. Industrial plants supply up to 60% of the energy from burning wood, paper and pulp in their large stoves and boilers. While in wood-burning households, stoves are used to produce heat and consumption for cooking. The main heating fuel is produced from wood which is used by more than 5.2 million households in Indonesia [97], [111], [112]. This biomass usage has a very sensitive problem. This is due to the potential impact on finance in Indonesia. Where the management of wood industry waste and forest waste such as furniture and wood factories can provide several benefits [114]–[116]. The level of production and consumption of biomass in Indonesia is shown in Table 8.

TABLE 7

Current and scheduled production of biomass energy in Indonesia Categories 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030

Modern biomass (Ktoe) 2323 2745 2956 3486 3799 3962 4288 4674 4934 5942 Classic biomass (Ktoe) 5566 5284 4958 4769 4436 4978 3987 3758 3524 3302 Total (Ktoe) 7687 7827 7912 7954 7934 8838 7973 8229 8256 8442

Combining gasification with an internal combustion engine and a generator can produce electricity of 20 kWe at a decentralized use for the microscale [114]–[116]. Future improvements should lead to more efficient regulation of turbine generators and fuel cells [13], [33]. Advanced gasification and biomass combustion and pyrolysis

technologies can produce electricity for commercial use [34], [35]. The use of biomass power generation technology (BPPs) is almost similar to coal power plants. For example, the use of a steam turbine generator and a fuel delivery system from a similar biomass generator. The required electricity costs around 6-8 c/kWh. The average size of the BPP is around 20



MW compared to a fuelwood factory with a size of around 40-50 MW in 1983 [86], [97], [99], [117]. While the use of agricultural residues, logging waste, firewood and animal waste in Indonesia has been going on for decades [104]–[106]. This energy source is generally called non-commercial energy. However, fuelwood in Indonesia is a tradable commodity because wood fuel is the main producer in rural areas [63], [68], [70], [114], [115], [118]–[121]. Direct combustion of biomass for primary energy is an alternative electricity generator. Steam produced from burning biomass can change turbines that can drive generators and produce electricity [114], [115], [118], since it has a buildup of ash which is very potential. Direct combustion can be done with certain types of biomass alone [68], [119], [120].

4 WOODY BIOMASS AND WOOD FOR FUEL In 2017, the total forest area in Indonesia was around 133,300,534 hectares and has decreased to 125.9 hectares in 2018, almost 50% more productive. The total area of the high productive forest is around 43.3%. While species of conifers are about 58% and 42% broadleaf with predetermined land use. Various types of coniferous pines such as (fir, cedar, juniper) as well as hardwood species such as (alder, hornbeam, beech, ash and chestnut) are the main plant species [66], [86], [122], [123]. It is estimated that annual wood production in Indonesia increases by around 45 million m

3.

Timber cutting permits granted by the government each year are only around 15.2 million m

3. Every year, wood produced by

the government and the private sector is only around 25 million m

3, of which 48% consumption is used as fuelwood

[124], [125]. Over the past hundred years, the unsystematic use of wood in Indonesia has resulted in huge losses by losing various places that have high productivity. As a result, it has disturbed the balance between land, water and plants that are no longer productive, where 75.35% of the land is under erosion pressure [66], [86]. To protect and rebuild forest areas that have been damaged with the danger of flooding and wind erosion that comes at any time should be handled as quickly as possible. Therefore, the needs and results of agriculture every year have increased, and the economy of the community has also increased. Forests that are still available today must be regenerated in a natural or artificial way so that more productive conditions can be achieved again by planting trees in certain forest areas. This task must be really implemented and followed up by the Directorate General of Forestry [47], [100]

TABLE 8 Indonesia's energy production, consumption and biomass

role (1000 TOE/year) Categories 2000 2005 2010 2015

Energy total demand 79626 84012 108683 141560 Energy total production 28846 25628 34460 41549 Supply by renewables 12169 12795 12561 9562 Biomass and wastes 6748 5752 4764 3694 Municipal solid waste 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 Biofuels 0.5 0.5 21 16 Biomass and wastes 9.45% 7.79% 6.47% 5.70% Wood/wood waste 9.45% 6.78% 5.46% 5.70% Biogas 0.03% 0.07% 0.07% 1% Biofuels 0.01% 0.01% 0.06% 0.09%

The number of Indonesian populations living in villages near forests with economic status is relatively low, around 40%. The higher the economic opportunity they get, the greater the opportunity to prevent negative impacts on forest destruction. Policies on the production of raw materials that have been damaged must be reorganized so that the increase in the rate of raw materials for needs can be achieved. This is a very important step in preventing erosion damaging to the forest. The extent of the forest and land that exists today cannot solve this problem [47], [100], [126], [127]. The needs for raw materials depend on an adequate supply of plantation land. Forest energy plants are the best solution to overcome the problem of deforestation and erosion with the employment opportunities provided to millions of people. Biomass energy generated from forests is one of the factors that can supply energy and wood because this can enhance a more promising economy [86], [128]. In 2010, forest inventory in Indonesia provided a very abundant stock with a relatively large forest area. Forest area in 2017 alone was around 133 million hectares, however, it has decreased to 125 million hectares in 2018. The amount of permitted logging is only around 20 million m

3. While the need for raw materials needed reached

25 million m3 in 2017. A total of 13.3 million m

3 of raw materials

were obtained from state-owned forests where the use for industry around 8.040 million m

3 of fuelwood for 5.1 million m

3.

Meanwhile, the private sector reaches 4.2 million m3, 3.7

million m3 from illegal consumption and 2.2 million m3 in

exports from abroad [86], [122], [128], [129]. Laboratory test results and experimental cultivation are more promising and have attracted various studies in the future on an ongoing basis because of the increasing energy needs. Economic prospects are very important to achieve these targets. This is as an introduction to energy forests that began from 2012 to 2030 can actually be started and carried out so that the condition of the energy conservation area is more promising. The cultivation of domestic tree species as energy forests is very likely to produce renewable energy sources with better environmental adjustments [50], [66], [86], [99], [130].



Fig. 11. Indonesia total biomass potential

5 TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE FUTURE OF

BIOMASS ENERGY Significantly, efficiency from the use of biomass energy has increased as shown in many studies. However, the improvements made are only in small technology. This is done to maintain the productivity of biomass plantations in a sustainable manner and to reduce health-related to the use, production of biomass and problems to the environment. To overcome some of these problems, technology can be used as summarized in Table 9. Each of these technologies has its own advantages that are suitable with the energy needs of biomass sources [60], [95], [111], [112], [131]. About 90% of biomass energy is produced from combustion technology. In addition, the technology can change the useful form of energy from biomass fuels including electricity, hot water, hot air and steam. Various types of biomass can be burned in industrial and commercial combustion plants ranging from solid waste to woody biomass [13], [15], [34], [132]–[134]. The furnace is a very simple combustion technology that can burn biomass in

the combustion chamber. Electricity generated from burning biomass with steam-powered generators has an efficiency level of between 17-25%. This efficiency can be increased up to 85% by using cogeneration technology. Lower quality fuels usually use a large-scale combustion system. Meanwhile, for fuels that have high quality, they generally use a smaller application system. Determination of biomass combustion depends on fuel characteristics, plant size, environment and the cost of the equipment used. While the main purpose of burning biomass is to reduce efficiency and emesis. Interest in using wood-burning equipment has a slight increase intended for heating and also cooking [39], [58], [135]. Domestic wood burning is an equipment included in pellet stoves, fireplaces, boilers, heating furnaces, heat storage, etc. Industrial combustion systems are widely available which can be defined as combustion of dust, fixed and fluidized beds [11], [136], [137].

TABLE 9

Main features of technology for biomass conversion Conversion technology

Combustion Co-firing Gasification Pyrolysis CHP Etherification/ Pressing

Fermentation/ hydrolysis

Biomass Type Dry biomass Dry biomass Dry biomass Dry biomass, and biogas

Dry biomass Oleaginous Crops

Sugar, starches, and cellulosic material

Example of Fuel used

Wood logs, chips and pellets, other Solid biomass

Agro-forestry Residues (straw)

Wood chips, pellets and solid waste

Wood chips, pellets and solid waste

Straw, forest residues, wastes and biogas

Oilseed rape Sugarcane, corn, and woody biomass

Main product Heat Heat/electricity Syngas Pyrolysis oil Heat and electricity

Biodiesel Ethanol

End-use Heat and electricity (steam turbine)

Electricity and heat (steam turbine)

Heat (boiler) and electricity (engine, gas turbine)

Heat (boiler) and electricity (engine)

The combined use of heat and electric power (combustion and gasification)

Heat (boiler), electricity (engine) and transport fuels

Liquid fuels and chemical feedstock

Technology status

Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial



Young liquid fuel technology to be stored and transported by the use of most of the chemicals offered has increased interest in the use of pyrolysis. This is very possible to increase side income. In the last decade, a large number of studies have turned to the use of pyrolysis in various countries [9], [11], [136]–[138]. Biomass of various forms can be easily used, although the dry weight of the feed produces the highest levels of cellulose reaching 85-90%. The results of the liquid oil process when using pyrolysis have been tested on gas turbines and engines with a short period and show an initial success. However, for a testing time in the longer term, there are still many shortcomings [11], [136], [137]. Gasification is an area of research to develop and demonstrate biomass as a power plant. This gasification becomes the most important alternative indirect combustion in the engine. Gasification is a technology for endothermic conversion when solid fuels are converted to combustible fuels such as gas. This technology becomes very important because, in fact, it has the advantage when designing sophisticated steam generators and turbines for heat recovery to reach a high level of energy efficiency. The process of using gasification technology has been utilized in the past few centuries so that it is not a new thing [11], [136], [137]. Nearly all over the world gasification plants reaching more than 95 and 65 producers have the power to use gasification technology? Some of the advantages of gasification technology are described as follows: 1. Electric power can produce high efficiency of around 40%

more than combustion which only reaches 26-30%, the cost is very similar.

2. Current developments on the horizon are very important, such as sophisticated gas turbines as well as fuel cells.

3. Replacement of natural gas and diesel fuel is very possible to be used in furnaces and industrial boilers.

4. Power plants can be distributed with low power demand. 5. It allows the transfer of gasoline and diesel in the internal

combustion engine. One of the main options for utilizing biomass can be done by co-firing, so that problems such as technical, social and supply can be overcome. Biomass which is burned with fossil fuels such as lignite and coal has given a lot of attention especially in the developed countries including the United States, Denmark and the Netherlands. This is due to the large electric kettle which is around 100 MW to 1.3 GW. While a single boiler can accommodate biomass between 15-150 MW. Biomass can be mixed with different proportions into coal with a ratio of 2-25%. Extensively tested biomass energy shows an average value of total input of around 15% with only a slight modification to the combustion intake system [9], [13], [15], [16], [138]–[140]. The use of co-firing for biomass energy has the following advantages: 1. CHP has a fairly established marketing level. 2. Investment is relatively smaller than factories that only

use biomass. 3. Lots of flexibility to manage and integrate several key

components into the factory. 4. The environment is more favorable than the use of coal

in the factory. 5. Potential to reduce costs to local feedstock. 6. Availability of raw materials (biomass/waste) is large

and abundant and sustainable enough.

7. Biomass efficiency is higher for converting to electricity than using 100% wood fuel. The CHP (combined heat and power) technology is a

quite new technology and can last for more than a century. CHP was widely operated on a factory scale in the late 19th century, although its use has been largely abandoned as the emergence of utility monopolies. CHP can basically be implemented by adding heat to absorb exhaust if the generator cannot dissipate heat in it. The energy captured from the generator can be used as an electric generator drive [11], [34], [35], [132], [136], [141], [142]. The use of CHP has several reasons including: 1. CHP has an energy efficiency level of 85% compared to

most traditional electric utilities 35-55%. 2. Environmental concerns are estimated every MWe from

CHP could save 1500 t/C/year. 3. The projected world market indicates decentralized energy

for generators under 10 MW, a proportion that can significantly represent 300 GW of new capacity in 2009 worldwide.

Changes in the global privatized energy market and decentralization, in particular, have provided new challenges and opportunities in general for renewable energy and in particular bioenergy. Market-based experiments have supported changing the perspective of energy use and production. Energy demand, in the long run, is difficult to estimate. However, growing demand has shown very clearly the use of energy. The questions are: how to meet the demand and what resources are more important?, what bioenergy has more role in the future?, can renewable energy such as biomass energy reach maturity? Many regions in the world have confidence in renewable energy growth not only in certain markets. The development of the renewable energy industry is very crucial for the development of biomass energy as a whole. This is due to various encouragement from social, environmental, political, energy and energy considerations [27], [143], [144]. The idea of renewable energy had been pioneered since the 1970s and had progressed in the 1980s. The role of this progress was due to the computer revolution which was the main key. An increase in renewable energy in the 1990s began the emergence of technology so that market opportunities can be met, including gasification technology, CHP or cogeneration [27], [143], [144]. Growing environmental concerns and climate change are the main reasons for the increase in renewable energy. Biomass energy can be integrated with other energy sources so that the challenges of integration with fossil fuels and other renewable energy can be met. To create a long-term future of bioenergy, it must be used and produced in a sustainable manner so that social and environmental benefits can be demonstrated and compared with fossil fuels. Development of biomass energy with modern systems is the initial stage because the main focus of R&D is to develop conversion routes and fuel supply to minimize environmental impacts. In addition, the developed biomass energy must be integrated with other renewable energy taking into account funding, local capacity etc. [11], [20], [136], [141], [145]. Biomass energy in the future has the potential with its relatively large, sustainable and cost-effective availability to the public and private sector. Harvesting of biomass residues and growing bioenergy in a sustainable manner can make sure biofuel from bioenergy production becomes environmentally friendly. Meanwhile, countries can be helped in meeting targets to reduce their GHGs [114], [116], [118]. It



is estimated that biomass in the short term can dominate the world energy supply, especially in Indonesia. When sophisticated combustion technology is used for electricity and heat generation, the organic waste produced can be produced into modern biomass [52], [60], [75]–[77], [97], [131], [146]–[152]. The amount of energy produced from the production of classical and modern biomass technology that has been utilized in Indonesia is shown in Table 7. The production results using classical and modern biomass technology in 2012 were 5566 and 2323 Ktoe, respectively. However, the estimated use of classical and modern technology in 2030 is changed to 3302 and 5942 Ktoe, respectively. Therefore, it seems very clear that the use of modern biomass technology drastically increased between 2012 and 2030. Meanwhile, in the use of classical biomass technology, it declined in that period.

6 CONCLUSION Indonesia is a developing country that has abundant biomass energy potential. Energy is one of the most important needs in Indonesia. Original and renewable energy sources found in Indonesia are very strategic to be developed. The limitations of petroleum provide important points for producing renewable fuels in Indonesia. Of all the renewable energy sources, it seems that firewood is the most attractive choice for energy production. In 2012, energy from firewood reached 17% compared to other renewable energy sources. However, the techniques used to convert to energy have not used sophisticated technology or are still traditional in nature. Renewable energy sources in the world and Indonesia have very broad applications due to several economic and technological consequences that are increasingly developing. Energy needs that are increasingly depleting from petroleum can be covered by biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, fuel for machinery, house heating, and can heat industrial facilities. Power generation from biomass in the future depends on the use of integrated gasification or gas turbine technology. Gasification technology can offer energy conversion with a high level of efficiency. Electric power from direct biomass combustion can be done with pyrolysis technology with commercial-scale sophisticated gasification. The use of biomass as an addition to steam-powered electricity generation has proven to be economically appropriate in certain circumstances.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research supported by PNBP Universitas Syiah Kuala, Research Institutions and Community Service with the contract number of (32/UN11.2.1/PT.01.03/PNBP/2020).

REFERENCES [1] IEA, ―2018 World Energy Outlook: Executive Summary,‖

Oecd/Iea, p. 11, 2018. [2] WEO, ―World Energy Outlook 2016 sees broad

transformations in the global energy landscape,‖ 2016. . [3] OECD/IEA, ―World Energy Outlook 2016,‖ no. October, p.

4, 2016. [4] W. Energy, ―World Energy Council Transition Toolkit User

Guide,‖ 2019. . [5] O. Edenhofer, Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate

change, vol. 3. Cambridge University Press, 2015. [6] B. Metz, O. Davidson, P. Bosch, and E. al, ―IPCC AR4.

Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,‖ in Climate change 2007: The physical science basis, vol. 4, 2007.

[7] C. C. Mitigation, ―IPCC special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation,‖ 2011.

[8] T. F. Stocker et al., ―Climate change 2013: The physical science basis.‖ Cambridge University Press Cambridge, 2013.

[9] S. Pang, ―Advances in thermochemical conversion of woody biomass to energy, fuels and chemicals,‖ Biotechnol. Adv., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 589–597, 2019.

[10] D. L. Klass, Biomass for renewable energy, fuels, and chemicals. Elsevier, 1998.

[11] D. A. W. Thompson, ―The Biomass Assessment Handbook – Bioenergy for a Sustainable Environment,‖ Fuel, vol. 87, no. 6, p. 1005, 2008.

[12] F. Rosillo-Calle and J. Woods, The biomass assessment handbook. Routledge, 2012.

[13] E. Ntona, G. Arabatzis, and G. L. Kyriakopoulos, ―Energy saving: Views and attitudes of students in secondary education,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 46, pp. 1–15, 2015.

[14] H. Muhammad Reza Hani, Mahidin, Erdiwansyah, Husin, Husni, Khairil, ―An Overview of Polygeneration as a Sustainable Energy Solution in the Future,‖ J. Adv. Res. Fluid Mech. Therm. Sci., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 85–119, 2020.

[15] G. L. Kyriakopoulos and G. Arabatzis, ―Electrical energy storage systems in electricity generation: Energy policies, innovative technologies, and regulatory regimes,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 56, pp. 1044–1067, 2016.

[16] K. Bell and S. Gill, ―Delivering a highly distributed electricity system: Technical, regulatory and policy challenges,‖ Energy Policy, vol. 113, pp. 765–777, 2018.

[17] S. K. Sansaniwal, M. A. Rosen, and S. K. Tyagi, ―Global challenges in the sustainable development of biomass gasification: An overview,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 80, pp. 23–43, 2017.

[18] R. E. H. Sims, ―Bioenergy Project Development & Biomass Supply.‖ OECD/IEA, 2007.

[19] L. Wright, ―Worldwide commercial development of bioenergy with a focus on energy crop-based projects,‖ Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 706–714, 2006.

[20] J. Luijten, ―Bioenergy Options for a Cleaner Environment: In Developed and Developing Countries,‖ Agric. Syst., vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 329–331, 2005.

[21] M. Hoogwijk, A. Faaij, B. Eickhout, B. de Vries, and W. Turkenburg, ―Potential of biomass energy out to 2100, for four IPCC SRES land-use scenarios,‖ Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 225–257, 2005.

[22] H. Khatib, ―IEA World Energy Outlook 2011—A comment,‖ Energy Policy, vol. 48, pp. 737–743, 2012.

[23] M. Zerta, P. R. Schmidt, C. Stiller, and H. Landinger, ―Alternative World Energy Outlook (AWEO) and the role of hydrogen in a changing energy landscape,‖ Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 3021–3025, 2008.

[24] Erdiwansyah, R. Mamat, M. S. M. Sani, and K. Sudhakar, ―Renewable energy in Southeast Asia: Policies and recommendations,‖ Sci. Total Environ., 2019.

[25] R. Ren21, ―Global status report,‖ REN21 Secr. Paris, 2016.

[26] WBA, ―Global Bioenergy Statistics 2018,‖ World



Bioenergy Assoc., p. 43, 2018. [27] C. Viviescas et al., ―Contribution of Variable Renewable

Energy to increase energy security in Latin America: Complementarity and climate change impacts on wind and solar resources,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 113, p. 109232, 2019.

[28] W. Liu, X. Zhang, and S. Feng, ―Does renewable energy policy work? Evidence from a panel data analysis,‖ Renew. Energy, vol. 135, pp. 635–642, 2019.

[29] O. Edenhofer and K. Seyboth, ―Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),‖ J. F. B. T.-E. of E. Shogren Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics, Ed. Waltham: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 48–56.

[30] J. M. Rey-Hernández, C. Yousif, D. Gatt, E. Velasco-Gómez, J. San José-Alonso, and F. J. Rey-Martínez, ―Modelling the long-term effect of climate change on a zero energy and carbon dioxide building through energy efficiency and renewables,‖ Energy Build., vol. 174, pp. 85–96, 2018.

[31] M. A. Bhuiyan, M. Jabeen, K. Zaman, A. Khan, J. Ahmad, and S. S. Hishan, ―The impact of climate change and energy resources on biodiversity loss: Evidence from a panel of selected Asian countries,‖ Renew. Energy, vol. 117, pp. 324–340, 2018.

[32] J. Gale, J. C. Abanades, S. Bachu, and C. Jenkins, ―Special Issue commemorating the 10th year anniversary of the publication of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on CO2 Capture and Storage,‖ Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control, vol. 40, pp. 1–5, 2015.

[33] W. Chantharanuwong, K. Thathong, and C. Yuenyong, ―Exploring Student Metacognition on Nuclear Energy in Secondary School,‖ Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 46, pp. 5098–5115, 2012.

[34] P. A. Østergaard, N. Duic, Y. Noorollahi, H. Mikulcic, and S. Kalogirou, ―Sustainable development using renewable energy technology,‖ Renew. Energy, vol. 146, pp. 2430–2437, 2020.

[35] Q. Wang and L. Zhan, ―Assessing the sustainability of renewable energy: An empirical analysis of selected 18 European countries,‖ Sci. Total Environ., vol. 692, pp. 529–545, 2019.

[36] K. Tokimatsu, R. Yasuoka, and M. Nishio, ―Global zero emissions scenarios: The role of biomass energy with carbon capture and storage by forested land use,‖ Appl. Energy, vol. 185, pp. 1899–1906, 2017.

[37] ―Potential of biomass energy out to 2100, for four IPCC SRES land-use scenarios,‖ Fuel Energy Abstr., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 147–148, 2006.

[38] K. Vávrová, J. Knápek, and J. Weger, ―Modeling of biomass potential from agricultural land for energy utilization using high resolution spatial data with regard to food security scenarios,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 35, pp. 436–444, 2014.

[39] Erdiwansyah, R. Mamat, M. S. M. Sani, K. Sudhakar, A. Kadarohman, and R. E. Sardjono, ―An overview of Higher alcohol and biodiesel as alternative fuels in engines,‖ Energy Reports, vol. 5, pp. 467–479, 2019.

[40] WEC, ―World Energy Council teams up with World Water Council to focus on water-energy nexus,‖ Pump Ind. Anal., vol. 2014, no. 3, p. 3, 2014.

[41] E. Panos, M. Densing, and K. Volkart, ―Access to electricity in the World Energy Council‘s global energy

scenarios: An outlook for developing regions until 2030,‖ Energy Strateg. Rev., vol. 9, pp. 28–49, 2016.

[42] R. E. Löfstedt, ―Survey of energy sources 1992: by the World Energy Council World Energy Council, London, 1992, £30.00,‖ Glob. Environ. Chang., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 389–390, 1993.

[43] O. Serrano, J. J. Kelleway, C. Lovelock, and P. S. Lavery, ―Chapter 28 - Conservation of Blue Carbon Ecosystems for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation,‖ G. M. E. Perillo, E. Wolanski, D. R. Cahoon, and C. S. B. T.-C. W. Hopkinson, Eds. Elsevier, 2019, pp. 965–996.

[44] M. Zikra, Suntoyo, and Lukijanto, ―Climate Change Impacts on Indonesian Coastal Areas,‖ Procedia Earth Planet. Sci., vol. 14, pp. 57–63, 2015.

[45] N. Bader and A. Ouederni, ―Optimization of biomass-based carbon materials for hydrogen storage,‖ J. Energy Storage, vol. 5, pp. 77–84, 2016.

[46] E. Tsupari, J. Kärki, and E. Vakkilainen, ―Economic feasibility of power-to-gas integrated with biomass fired CHP plant,‖ J. Energy Storage, vol. 5, pp. 62–69, 2016.

[47] A. Das, ―Slum upgrading with community-managed microfinance: Towards progressive planning in Indonesia,‖ Habitat Int., vol. 47, pp. 256–266, 2015.

[48] R. Sunoko and H.-W. Huang, ―Indonesia tuna fisheries development and future strategy,‖ Mar. Policy, vol. 43, pp. 174–183, 2014.

[49] Deendarlianto, A. Widyaparaga, T. Widodo, I. Handika, I. Chandra Setiawan, and A. Lindasista, ―Modelling of Indonesian road transport energy seetsctor in order to fulfill the national energy and oil reduction targ,‖ Renew. Energy, vol. 146, pp. 504–518, 2020.

[50] S. Mujiyanto and G. Tiess, ―Secure energy supply in 2025: Indonesia‘s need for an energy policy strategy,‖ Energy Policy, vol. 61, pp. 31–41, 2013.

[51] J. Iwaro and A. Mwasha, ―A review of building energy regulation and policy for energy conservation in developing countries,‖ Energy Policy, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 7744–7755, 2010.

[52] M. Khalil, M. A. Berawi, R. Heryanto, and A. Rizalie, ―Waste to energy technology: The potential of sustainable biogas production from animal waste in Indonesia,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 105, pp. 323–331, 2019.

[53] A. Darmawan, A. Sugiyono, J. Liang, K. Tokimatsu, and A. Murata, ―Analysis of Potential for CCS in Indonesia,‖ Energy Procedia, vol. 114, pp. 7516–7520, 2017.

[54] Mahidin et al., ―Analysis of power from palm oil solid waste for biomass power plants: A case study in Aceh Province,‖ Chemosphere, p. 126714, 2020.

[55] F. Baldi, A. Azzi, and F. Maréchal, ―From renewable energy to ship fuel: ammonia as an energy vector and mean for energy storage,‖ in 29 European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering, vol. 46, A. A. Kiss, E. Zondervan, R. Lakerveld, and L. B. T.-C. A. C. E. Özkan, Eds. Elsevier, 2019, pp. 1747–1752.

[56] S. Tongsopit, N. Kittner, Y. Chang, A. Aksornkij, and W. Wangjiraniran, ―Energy security in ASEAN: A quantitative approach for sustainable energy policy,‖ Energy Policy, vol. 90, pp. 60–72, 2016.

[57] R. Saidur, E. A. Abdelaziz, A. Demirbas, M. S. Hossain, and S. Mekhilef, ―A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers,‖ Renew. Sustain. energy Rev., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 2262–2289, 2011.



[58] R. Adib et al., ―Renewables 2015 global status report,‖ Paris REN21 Secr., vol. 83, p. 84, 2015.

[59] A. Tajalli, ―B i o m a s s a 1,‖ 2015. [60] B. C. H. Simangunsong et al., ―Potential forest biomass

resource as feedstock for bioenergy and its economic value in Indonesia,‖ For. Policy Econ., vol. 81, pp. 10–17, 2017.

[61] D. EBTKE, ―Dorong Pengembangan PLT Berbasis Bioenergi di Aceh, Bioenergy Goes to Campus Digelar,‖ 2018. .

[62] CNN, ―Sebanyak 5,2 Juta Penduduk Indonesia Belum Dapat Listrik,‖ 2018. .

[63] M. T. Sambodo and R. Novandra, ―The state of energy poverty in Indonesia and its impact on welfare,‖ Energy Policy, vol. 132, pp. 113–121, 2019.

[64] S. F. Kennedy, ―Indonesia‘s energy transition and its contradictions: Emerging geographies of energy and finance,‖ Energy Res. Soc. Sci., vol. 41, pp. 230–237, 2018.

[65] D. A. P. E. Wishanti, ―Alleviating Energy Poverty as Indonesian Development Policy Inputs Post-2015: Improving Small and Medium Scale Energy Development,‖ Procedia Environ. Sci., vol. 28, pp. 352–359, 2015.

[66] M. Maulidia, P. Dargusch, P. Ashworth, and F. Ardiansyah, ―Rethinking renewable energy targets and electricity sector reform in Indonesia: A private sector perspective,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 101, pp. 231–247, 2019.

[67] A. Hidayatno, A. R. Destyanto, and B. A. Handoyo, ―A Conceptualization of Renewable Energy-Powered Industrial Cluster Development in Indonesia,‖ Energy Procedia, vol. 156, pp. 7–12, 2019.

[68] R. Dutu, ―Challenges and policies in Indonesia‘s energy sector,‖ Energy Policy, vol. 98, pp. 513–519, 2016.

[69] E. Erdiwansyah, M. Mahidin, H. Husin, K. Khairil, M. Zaki, and J. Jalaluddin, ―Investigation of availability, demand, targets, economic growth and development of RE 2017-2050: Case study in Indonesia,‖ 2020.

[70] L. Tacconi and M. Z. Muttaqin, ―Reducing emissions from land use change in Indonesia: An overview,‖ For. Policy Econ., p. 101979, 2019.

[71] A. Hidayatno, A. R. Destyanto, and S. T. Noor, ―Conceptualizing Carbon Emissions from Energy Utilization in Indonesia‘s Industrial Sector,‖ Energy Procedia, vol. 156, pp. 139–143, 2019.

[72] W. Y. Lam, M. Kulak, S. Sim, H. King, M. A. J. Huijbregts, and R. Chaplin-Kramer, ―Greenhouse gas footprints of palm oil production in Indonesia over space and time,‖ Sci. Total Environ., vol. 688, pp. 827–837, 2019.

[73] S. R. Sharvini, Z. Z. Noor, C. S. Chong, L. C. Stringer, and R. O. Yusuf, ―Energy consumption trends and their linkages with renewable energy policies in East and Southeast Asian countries: Challenges and opportunities,‖ Sustain. Environ. Res., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 257–266, 2018.

[74] M. Balat, N. Acici, and G. Ersoy, ―Trends in the use of biomass as an energy source,‖ Energy Sources, Part B, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 367–378, 2006.

[75] S. Muench, ―Greenhouse gas mitigation potential of electricity from biomass,‖ J. Clean. Prod., vol. 103, pp. 483–490, 2015.

[76] R. B. T.-R. M. in M. S. and M. E. Dutta, ―Use of Clean,

Renewable and Alternative Energies in Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases,‖ Elsevier, 2019.

[77] A. Giri and D. B. T.-R. M. in M. S. and M. E. Pant, ―Carbon Management and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation,‖ Elsevier, 2018.

[78] P. Thornley, P. Gilbert, S. Shackley, and J. Hammond, ―Maximizing the greenhouse gas reductions from biomass: The role of life cycle assessment,‖ Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 81, pp. 35–43, 2015.

[79] D. E. Nasional, ―Outlook Energi Indonesia 2014,‖ Jakarta Dewan Energi Nas., 2014.

[80] I. Kholiq, ―Analisis Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Energi Alternatif Sebagai Energi Terbarukan untuk Mendukung Subtitusi BBM,‖ J. Iptek, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 75–91, 2015.

[81] S. Wahyuni and S. E. MP, Biogas: Energi Alternatif Pengganti BBM, Gas dan Listrik. AgroMedia, 2013.

[82] A. I. Agung, ―Potensi Sumber Energi Alternatif Dalam Mendukung Kelistrikan Nasional,‖ J. Pendidik. Tek. Elektro, vol. 2, no. 2, 2013.

[83] N. R. C. (US). A. C. on T. Innovation and P. P. (Indonesia), Calliandra, a Versatile Small Tree for the Humid Tropics: Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Counc, vol. 42. National Academies, 1983.

[84] K. Abdullah, ―Biomass energy potentials and utilization in Indonesia,‖ Lab. energy Agric. Electrif. Dep. Agric. Eng. IPB Indones. Renew. Energy Soc. [IRES], Bogor, 2002.

[85] Mahidin, Erdiwansyah, H. Husin, Hisbullah, A. P. Hayati, M. Zhafran, M. A. Sidiq A. Rinaldi, B. Fitria, R. Tarisma, Hamdani, M. R. Hani, M. Mel, Y. Bindar and M. M. and Y. B. Mahidin, Erdiwansyah, H. Husin, Hisbullah, A. P. Hayati, M. Zhafran, M. A. Sidiq, A. Rinaldi, B. Fitria, R. Tarisma, Hamdani, M. R. Hani, ―Utilization of Oil Palm Biomass as a Renewable and Sustainable Energy Source in Aceh Province,‖ J. Adv. Res. Fluid Mech. Therm. Sci., vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 97–108, 2020.

[86] A. S. Suntana, K. A. Vogt, E. C. Turnblom, and R. Upadhye, ―Bio-methanol potential in Indonesia: forest biomass as a source of bio-energy that reduces carbon emissions,‖ Appl. Energy, vol. 86, pp. S215–S221, 2009.

[87] A. Koopmans, ―Biomass energy demand and supply for South and South-East Asia––assessing the resource base,‖ Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 133–150, 2005.

[88] D. M. Rowe, ―Thermoelectrics, an environmentally-friendly source of electrical power,‖ Renew. energy, vol. 16, no. 1–4, pp. 1251–1256, 1999.

[89] E. K. Stigka, J. A. Paravantis, and G. K. Mihalakakou, ―Social acceptance of renewable energy sources: A review of contingent valuation applications,‖ Renew. Sustain. energy Rev., vol. 32, pp. 100–106, 2014.

[90] M. Aresta, A. Dibenedetto, and F. Dumeignil, Biorefinery: from biomass to chemicals and fuels. Walter de Gruyter, 2012.

[91] K. Kaygusuz and S. Keleş, ―Use of biomass as a transitional strategy to a sustainable and clean energy system,‖ Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 86–97, 2008.

[92] M. Shahbaz, Q. M. A. Hye, A. K. Tiwari, and N. C. Leitão, ―Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in



Indonesia,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 25, pp. 109–121, 2013.

[93] E. Martinot, A. Chaurey, D. Lew, J. R. Moreira, and N. Wamukonya, ―Renewable energy markets in developing countries,‖ Annu. Rev. energy Environ., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 309–348, 2002.

[94] B. K. Sovacool, ―A qualitative factor analysis of renewable energy and Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) in the Asia-Pacific,‖ Energy Policy, vol. 59, pp. 393–403, 2013.

[95] J. J. Chen and M. M. Pitt, ―Sources of change in the demand for energy by Indonesian households: 1980–2002,‖ Energy Econ., vol. 61, pp. 147–161, 2017.

[96] Q. F. Erahman, W. W. Purwanto, M. Sudibandriyo, and A. Hidayatno, ―An assessment of Indonesia‘s energy security index and comparison with seventy countries,‖ Energy, vol. 111, pp. 364–376, 2016.

[97] R. Singh and A. D. Setiawan, ―Biomass energy policies and strategies: Harvesting potential in India and Indonesia,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 22, pp. 332–345, 2013.

[98] H. Karunathilake, P. Perera, R. Ruparathna, K. Hewage, and R. Sadiq, ―Renewable energy integration into community energy systems: A case study of new urban residential development,‖ J. Clean. Prod., vol. 173, pp. 292–307, 2018.

[99] E. Karasmanaki and G. Tsantopoulos, ―Exploring future scientists‘ awareness about and attitudes towards renewable energy sources,‖ Energy Policy, vol. 131, pp. 111–119, 2019.

[100] A. Inayat and M. Raza, ―District cooling system via renewable energy sources: A review,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 107, pp. 360–373, 2019.

[101] G. Tuna and V. E. Tuna, ―The asymmetric causal relationship between renewable and NON-RENEWABLE energy consumption and economic growth in the ASEAN-5 countries,‖ Resour. Policy, vol. 62, pp. 114–124, 2019.

[102] A. Rahmadi, L. Aye, and G. Moore, ―The feasibility and implications for conventional liquid fossil fuel of the Indonesian biofuel target in 2025,‖ Energy Policy, vol. 61, pp. 12–21, 2013.

[103] N. Indrawan et al., ―Palm biodiesel prospect in the Indonesian power sector,‖ Environ. Technol. Innov., vol. 7, pp. 110–127, 2017.

[104] B. Chen, R. Xiong, H. Li, Q. Sun, and J. Yang, ―Pathways for sustainable energy transition,‖ J. Clean. Prod., vol. 228, pp. 1564–1571, 2019.

[105] B. Batinge, J. K. Musango, and A. C. Brent, ―Sustainable energy transition framework for unmet electricity markets,‖ Energy Policy, vol. 129, pp. 1090–1099, 2019.

[106] V. H. van Zyl-Bulitta, C. Ritzel, W. Stafford, and J. G. Wong, ―A compass to guide through the myriad of sustainable energy transition options across the global North-South divide,‖ Energy, vol. 181, pp. 307–320, 2019.

[107] D. F. Dominković, I. Bačeković, A. S. Pedersen, and G. Krajačić, ―The future of transportation in sustainable energy systems: Opportunities and barriers in a clean energy transition,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 82, pp. 1823–1838, 2018.

[108] IEA, ―Statistics Global energy data at your fingertips,‖ 2018.

[109] A. R. S. Putra, S. M. Pedersen, and Z. Liu, ―Biogas diffusion among small scale farmers in Indonesia: An

application of duration analysis,‖ Land use policy, vol. 86, pp. 399–405, 2019.

[110] M. A. Nasution, D. S. Wibawa, T. Ahamed, and R. Noguchi, ―Comparative environmental impact evaluation of palm oil mill effluent treatment using a life cycle assessment approach: A case study based on composting and a combination for biogas technologies in North Sumatera of Indonesia,‖ J. Clean. Prod., vol. 184, pp. 1028–1040, 2018.

[111] A. Tasri and A. Susilawati, ―Selection among renewable energy alternatives based on a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process in Indonesia,‖ Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments, vol. 7, pp. 34–44, 2014.

[112] S. K. Jha and H. Puppala, ―Prospects of renewable energy sources in India: Prioritization of alternative sources in terms of Energy Index,‖ Energy, vol. 127, pp. 116–127, 2017.

[113] Erdiwansyah, Mahidin, R. Mamat, M. S. M. Sani, F. Khoerunnisa, and A. Kadarohman, ―Target and demand for renewable energy across 10 ASEAN countries by 2040,‖ Electr. J., vol. 32, no. 10, p. 106670, Dec. 2019.

[114] L. Deng, X. Jin, J. Long, and D. Che, ―Ash deposition behaviors during combustion of raw and water washed biomass fuels,‖ J. Energy Inst., vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 959–970, 2019.

[115] N. R. Galina, C. M. Romero Luna, G. L. A. F. Arce, and I. Ávila, ―Comparative study on combustion and oxy-fuel combustion environments using mixtures of coal with sugarcane bagasse and biomass sorghum bagasse by the thermogravimetric analysis,‖ J. Energy Inst., vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 741–754, 2019.

[116] A. Erić, S. Nemoda, M. Komatina, D. Dakić, and B. Repić, ―Experimental investigation on the kinetics of biomass combustion in vertical tube reactor,‖ J. Energy Inst., vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 1077–1090, 2019.

[117] A. Botelho, L. M. C. Pinto, L. Lourenço-Gomes, M. Valente, and S. Sousa, ―Public Perceptions of Environmental Friendliness of Renewable Energy Power Plants,‖ Energy Procedia, vol. 106, pp. 73–86, 2016.

[118] W. Cao, T. Martí-Rosselló, J. Li, and L. Lue, ―Prediction of potassium compounds released from biomass during combustion,‖ Appl. Energy, vol. 250, pp. 1696–1705, 2019.

[119] D. S. Bajwa, T. Peterson, N. Sharma, J. Shojaeiarani, and S. G. Bajwa, ―A review of densified solid biomass for energy production,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 96, pp. 296–305, 2018.

[120] A. Schaffartzik, A. Brad, and M. Pichler, ―A world away and close to home: The multi-scalar ‗making of‘ Indonesia‘s energy landscape,‖ Energy Policy, vol. 109, pp. 817–824, 2017.

[121] R. Aryapratama and S. Pauliuk, ―Estimating in-use wood-based materials carbon stocks in Indonesia: Towards a contribution to the national climate mitigation effort,‖ Resour. Conserv. Recycl., vol. 149, pp. 301–311, 2019.

[122] A. Wibowo and L. Giessen, ―Absolute and relative power gains among state agencies in forest-related land use politics: The Ministry of Forestry and its competitors in the REDD+ Programme and the One Map Policy in Indonesia,‖ Land use policy, vol. 49, pp. 131–141, 2015.

[123] M. Brockhaus, K. Obidzinski, A. Dermawan, Y. Laumonier, and C. Luttrell, ―An overview of forest and land allocation policies in Indonesia: Is the current



framework sufficient to meet the needs of REDD+?,‖ For. policy Econ., vol. 18, pp. 30–37, 2012.

[124] I. Laskurain, I. Heras-Saizarbitoria, and M. Casadesús, ―Fostering renewable energy sources by standards for environmental and energy management,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 50, pp. 1148–1156, 2015.

[125] D.-S. Kourkoumpas, G. Benekos, N. Nikolopoulos, S. Karellas, P. Grammelis, and E. Kakaras, ―A review of key environmental and energy performance indicators for the case of renewable energy systems when integrated with storage solutions,‖ Appl. Energy, vol. 231, pp. 380–398, 2018.

[126] M. Helingo, B. Purwandari, R. Satria, and I. Solichah, ―The Use of Analytic Hierarchy Process for Software Development Method Selection: A Perspective of e-Government in Indonesia,‖ Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 124, pp. 405–414, 2017.

[127] O. Pupo-Roncallo, J. Campillo, D. Ingham, K. Hughes, and M. Pourkashanian, ―Large scale integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in the future Colombian energy system,‖ Energy, vol. 186, p. 115805, 2019.

[128] Y. Putrasari, A. Praptijanto, W. B. Santoso, and O. Lim, ―Resources, policy, and research activities of biofuel in Indonesia: A review,‖ Energy Reports, vol. 2, pp. 237–245, 2016.

[129] A. Maryudi, ―Choosing timber legality verification as a policy instrument to combat illegal logging in Indonesia,‖ For. Policy Econ., vol. 68, pp. 99–104, 2016.

[130] J. Lyytimäki, ―Renewable energy in the news: Environmental, economic, policy and technology discussion of biogas,‖ Sustain. Prod. Consum., vol. 15, pp. 65–73, 2018.

[131] M. K. Biddinika, R. P. Lestari, B. Indrawan, K. Yoshikawa, K. Tokimatsu, and F. Takahashi, ―Measuring the readability of Indonesian biomass websites: The ease of understanding biomass energy information on websites in the Indonesian language,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 59, pp. 1349–1357, 2016.

[132] L. Pietrosemoli and C. Rodríguez-Monroy, ―The Venezuelan energy crisis: Renewable energies in the transition towards sustainability,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 105, pp. 415–426, 2019.

[133] G. Lakshmi and S. Tilley, ―The ‗power‘ of community renewable energy enterprises: The case of Sustainable Hockerton Ltd.,‖ Energy Policy, vol. 129, pp. 787–795, 2019.

[134] T. Terlouw, T. AlSkaif, C. Bauer, and W. van Sark, ―Optimal energy management in all-electric residential energy systems with heat and electricity storage,‖ Appl. Energy, vol. 254, p. 113580, 2019.

[135] D. Singh, N. K. Sharma, Y. R. Sood, and R. K. Jarial, ―Global status of renewable energy and market: Future prospectus and target,‖ 2011.

[136] A. Padilla-Rivera, M. G. Paredes, and L. P. Güereca, ―A systematic review of the sustainability assessment of bioenergy: The case of gaseous biofuels,‖ Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 125, pp. 79–94, 2019.

[137] C. Paul Mitchell, ―The Biomass Assessment Handbook—Bioenergy for a Sustainable Environment,‖ Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 655–656, 2008.

[138] R. F. Beims, C. L. Simonato, and V. R. Wiggers, ―Technology readiness level assessment of pyrolysis of trygliceride biomass to fuels and chemicals,‖ Renew.

Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 112, pp. 521–529, 2019. [139] F. B. Ahmad, Z. Zhang, W. O. S. Doherty, and I. M.

O‘Hara, ―The outlook of the production of advanced fuels and chemicals from integrated oil palm biomass biorefinery,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 109, pp. 386–411, 2019.

[140] S. A. Archer and R. Steinberger-Wilckens, ―Systematic analysis of biomass derived fuels for fuel cells,‖ Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 43, no. 52, pp. 23178–23192, 2018.

[141] E. Mboumboue and D. Njomo, ―Biomass resources assessment and bioenergy generation for a clean and sustainable development in Cameroon,‖ Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 118, pp. 16–23, 2018.

[142] E. Allen, H. Lyons, and J. C. Stephens, ―Women‘s leadership in renewable transformation, energy justice and energy democracy: Redistributing power,‖ Energy Res. Soc. Sci., vol. 57, p. 101233, 2019.

[143] S. Razm, S. Nickel, and H. Sahebi, ―A multi-objective mathematical model to redesign of global sustainable bioenergy supply network,‖ Comput. Chem. Eng., vol. 128, pp. 1–20, 2019.

[144] D. G. Hodges, B. Chapagain, P. Watcharaanantapong, N. C. Poudyal, K. L. Kline, and V. H. Dale, ―Opportunities and attitudes of private forest landowners in supplying woody biomass for renewable energy,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 113, p. 109205, 2019.

[145] A. Akgül and S. Ulusam Seçkiner, ―Optimization of biomass to bioenergy supply chain with tri-generation and district heating and cooling network systems,‖ Comput. Ind. Eng., vol. 137, p. 106017, 2019.

[146] F. Schwerz, E. Eloy, E. F. Elli, and B. O. Caron, ―Reduced planting spacing increase radiation use efficiency and biomass for energy in black wattle plantations: Towards sustainable production systems,‖ Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 120, pp. 229–239, 2019.

[147] M. H. Hasan, T. M. I. Mahlia, and H. Nur, ―A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Indonesia,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 2316–2328, 2012.

[148] E. Grigoroudis, K. Petridis, and G. Arabatzis, ―RDEA: A recursive DEA based algorithm for the optimal design of biomass supply chain networks,‖ Renew. Energy, vol. 71, pp. 113–122, 2014.

[149] H. Ghaderi, M. S. Pishvaee, and A. Moini, ―Biomass supply chain network design: An optimization-oriented review and analysis,‖ Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 94, pp. 972–1000, 2016.

[150] I. Mukherjee and B. K. Sovacool, ―Palm oil-based biofuels and sustainability in southeast Asia: A review of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand,‖ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 37, pp. 1–12, 2014.

[151] J. A. Garcia-Nunez et al., ―Evolution of palm oil mills into bio-refineries: Literature review on current and potential uses of residual biomass and effluents,‖ Resour. Conserv. Recycl., vol. 110, pp. 99–114, 2016.

[152] A. Hidayatno, A. R. Destyanto, and C. A. Hulu, ―Industry 4.0 Technology Implementation Impact to Industrial Sustainable Energy in Indonesia: A Model Conceptualization,‖ Energy Procedia, vol. 156, pp. 227–233, 2019.

international journal of scientific & technology … · 2020. 10. 22. · international journal...

Documents